block 13 mix design historical 13
TRANSCRIPT
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HMA Mix Designs 1
Hot Mix Asphalt Design
History
Senior/GraduateHMA Course
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HMA Mix Designs 2
Hot Mix Asphalt Concrete (HMA)Mix Designs• Objective:
•Develop an economical blend of aggregates and asphalt binders that meet design requirements
• Historical mix design methods
•Marshall
•Hveem
• New
•Superpave gyratory
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HMA Mix Designs 3
Requirements in Common
• Sufficient asphalt binder to ensure a durable pavement
• Sufficient stability under traffic loads• Sufficient air voids
•Upper limit to prevent excessive environmental damage
•Lower limit to allow room for initial densification due to traffic
• Sufficient workability
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HMA Mix Designs 4
MARSHALL MIX
DESIGN
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HMA Mix Designs 5
Marshall Mix Design
• Developed by Bruce Marshall for the Mississippi Highway Department in the late 30’s
• Waterways Experiment Station began to study it in 1943 for WWII•Evaluated compaction effort
•No. of blows, foot design, etc.•Decided on 10 lb.. Hammer, 50
blows/side•4% voids after traffic
• Initial criteria were established and upgraded for increased tire pressures and loads
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HMA Mix Designs 6
Automatic Marshall Hammer
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HMA Mix Designs 7
Marshall Mix Design
• Select and test aggregate
• Select and test asphalt binder
•Establish mixing and compaction temperatures
• Develop trial blends
•Heat and mix asphalt binder and aggregates
•Compact specimen (100 mm diameter<3.94”>)
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HMA Mix Designs 8
.1
.2
.3
.5
1
10
5
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200
Temperature, C
Viscosity, Pa s
Compaction Range
Mixing Range
Mixing/Compaction Temps
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HMA Mix Designs 9
Marshall Design Criteria
Light Traffic Medium Traffic Heavy Traffic ESAL < 104 10 4 < ESAL< 10 ESAL > 106
Compaction 35 50 75
Stability N (lb.) 3336 (750) 5338 (1200) 8006 (1800)
Flow, 0.25 mm (0.1 in) 8 to 18 8 to 16 8 to 14
Air Voids, % 3 to 5 3 to 5 3 to 5
Voids in Mineral Agg. (VMA) Varies with aggregate size
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HMA Mix Designs 10
Minimum VMA
10
20
30
40
1 10 100
Sieve Size, mm
VM
A,
%
10
20
30
40
Acceptable VMA
Deficient VMA
Marginal VMA
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HMA Mix Designs 11
Marshall Mix Design Tests
• Heights
•Used to correct stability measurements
• Bulk specific gravity of compacted sample
• Maximum specific gravity of loose mix
• Stability and flow
•60oC water bath (30 to 40 minutes)
•50 mm/min loading rate
•Max. load = uncorrected stability
•Corresponding vertical deformation = flow
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HMA Mix Designs 12
Marshall Stability and Flow
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HMA Mix Designs 13
Marshall Design Use of DataAsphalt Institute Procedure
Air Voids, %
Asphalt Binder Content, %
Stability Unit Wt.
Target optimum asphalt binder content = average
4%
Asphalt Binder Content, %
Asphalt Binder Content, %
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HMA Mix Designs 14
Marshall Design Use of DataAsphalt Institute Procedure
Flow VMA, %
Use target optimum asphalt binder content to check if these criteria are met
Lower Limit
Upper limit
Minimum
OKOK
Asphalt Binder Content, %
Asphalt Binder Content, %
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HMA Mix Designs 15
Marshall Design Use of DataNAPA Procedure
Flow VMA, %
Use target optimum asphalt binder content to check if these criteria are met
Lower Limit
Upper limit
Minimum
OKOK
Asphalt Binder Content, %
Asphalt Binder Content, %
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HMA Mix Designs 16
Marshall Design Method
• Advantages•Attention on voids, strength, durability• Inexpensive equipment•Easy to use in process control/acceptance
• Disadvantages• Impact method of compaction•Does not consider shear strength• Load perpendicular to compaction axis
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HMA Mix Designs 17
HVEEM MIX DESIGN
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HMA Mix Designs 18
Hveem Mix Design Method
• Francis Hveem developed for California DOT in mid 1920’s
• Limited use•Primarily in West coast states
• Addresses similar design considerations as Marshall
• Considers asphalt binder absorption by aggregate
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HMA Mix Designs 19
Hveem Mix Design Method
• Selection and testing of aggregates• Selection and testing of asphalt
binders• Centrifuge kerosene equivalent (CKE)
•Surface capacity of aggregate•Estimate optimum asphalt binder
content
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HMA Mix Designs 20
• Use kneading compactor to prepare specimens
• Determine stability with Hveem stabilometer
•Evaluates horizontal deformation under axial load
•Specimen loaded along axis of compaction
• Visual observation, volumetrics, and stability used to select optimum asphalt binder content
Hveem Mix Design Method
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HMA Mix Designs 21
Hveem Kneading Compactor
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HMA Mix Designs 22
Hveem Stabilometer
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HMA Mix Designs 23
Hveem Mix Design Method
Stability Air Voids, %
VMA
Heavy traffic = 37 stability min.Medium = 35 min.Light = 30 min.
Minimum
Minimum
Asphalt Binder Content, %
Asphalt Binder Content, %
Asphalt Binder Content, %
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HMA Mix Designs 24
Hveem Mix Design Method
Step 1Design Series
Step 2Flushing
Step 3Min. Stability
Step 4Max. AC with 4% Voids
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HMA Mix Designs 25
Hveem Mix Design
• Advantages
•Attention to voids, strength, durability
•Kneading compaction similar to field
•Strength parameter direct indication of internal friction component of shear strength
• Disadvantages
•Equipment expensive and not easily portable
•Not wide range in stability measurements
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HMA Mix Designs 26
QUESTIONS?