The Changing Nature ofScholarly Publications

Julia C. Blixrud

New Approaches to Scholarly Communication and Publishing

Binghamton University Libraries April 15-16, 2009

THE SCHOLARLY PUBLISHING & ACADEMIC RESOURCES COALITION21 Dupont Circle NW, Suite 800Washington, DC 20036(202) 296-2296

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New Models and Open Access:

Overview

• About SPARC • Universities and Publishing• Some Models• Issues and Concerns• What’s Next

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About SPARC

Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition

Alliance of over 800 institutions

Who’s Involved

• Researchers/Authors/Readers

• Libraries• Publishers

– Scholarly societies– University presses– Commercial

companies

• Academic administrators

• Students• Taxpayers• Non-profit

organizations• Government agencies• Funding agencies• Legislators/national

governments

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University Publishing in a Digital Age

What will, or should, the future scholarly communications system look like? First, every university that produces research should have a publishing strategy.

Ithaka Report, 2007

The Vision•Creation of new knowledge•Investment of resources•Products that benefit society and advance further research, scholarship, and the teaching and service mission•Local and global•Value of intellectual capital is in effective dissemination

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Types of Digital Scholarly Works (n=206)

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E-journal –JoVE: Journal of Visualized Experiments

A journal of “video articles”

A for-profit effort, independently supported

The first video journal to be accepted by National Library of Medicine

Review –Bryn Mawr Classical Review

Publishes a “review a day, every day”

Pushes content to subscribers via email list

Low admin costs in general, aside from postage to mail books to reviewers

Preprint Server –PhilSci Archive

Modeled on arXivServes a well-defined

niche: philosophy of science

Goal is to stay in the niche, but to serve it well

Encyclopedia –

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Online reference work for philosophy

Encyclopedia articles are volunteered by academics

~1,000 entriesContinuously updatedOperates from an

endowment

Data-based Resource –eBird

Community data project

Amateur-supplied data creates large database for researchers

Trains users and engages them to participate

Large scale makes sponsorship possible

Blog –PEA Soup

Aggregates researchers in this niche field from around the US and the world

Speed of exchanges allows members to work through ideas in days, rather than months or years

List –H-France Forum

Founded in 1991Goal of mimicking

“types of conversations that occurred around the coffee machine”

Restricted access, list moderation, list archiving enhance credibility

Hub –Alzheimer Research Forum

Includes original articles and news updates, as well as job notices and announcements

User generated content includes a “hypothesis factory” where people can post ideas and comment on others.

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A Definition of Open Access• Immediate, free electronic availability of research

that scholars produce without expectation of payment– A vision of scholarly communication in the networked

digital environment where:• Barriers to access and use the results of research are eliminated• Potential usage is maximized• Value of research is more fully realized• Dysfunctions in the legacy system are addressed

– An access model, not a business model

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Open Access Models

Two main approaches:

1. Open-access journals – require alternative business models to replace subscription-based models

2. Open-access archives – publicly available digital repositories, exist alongside traditional publishing

Potential Open Access Revenue Streams

SELF GENERATED INCOME• INPUT FEES

– Author submission charges– Article processing fees– Off-print sales

• AFFINITY RELATIONSHIPS– Advertising Sponsorships– Co-hosting of conferences and exhibits

• ALTERNATIVE DISTRIBUTORS– Convenience-format licenses or distributor

format fee

• RELATED PRODUCTS AND SERVICES– Journal publication in off-line media– Value-added fee-based services

• ELECTRONIC MARKETPLACE– Contextual E-commerce – Community Marketplace

INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL SUBSIDIES

• INTERNAL SUBSIDIES– Dues Surcharge

• GRANTS AND CONTRIBUTIONS– Foundation Grants– Institutional Grants and Subsidies– Government Grants– Gifts and Fundraising– Voluntary Contributors– In-kind Contributions

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The Gold Road

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The Green Road

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NIH Public Access Policy

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Deposit Policies

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Issues and Concerns• Peer review• Academic reward structures (promotion &

tenure)• Business models• Role of funding organizations• Copyright & intellectual property• Adjustments to accessing scholarly information

disseminated differently

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Author Rights

• To publish and distribute a work in print or other media

• To reproduce it (e.g., through photocopying)• To prepare translations or other derivative works• To perform or display the work publicly • To authorize others to exercise any of these rights

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Know Your Rights• The author is the copyright holder• Assignment of rights matters• The copyright holder controls the work• Transferring copyright doesn’t have to be

all or nothing• Read your publisher agreements

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Retaining Rights

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Faculty Activism

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Open Access and the Academy

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“Open access serves scholarly communication by: facilitating text-mining; data and literature integration; construction of large- scale knowledge structures; and creation of co-laboratories that integrate the scholarly literature directly into knowledge creation and analysis environments…It also honors our commitments to the democratization of teaching, learning, scholarship, and access to knowledge throughout our society and globally.”

- Clifford Lynch, CNI, Closing comments, ARL/CNI/SPARC Public Access Forum, October 20, 2006

What’s Next• Campus conversation • Society/discipline conversation• Policy development • Repository consideration

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Students and Faculty

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This work was created by Julia C. Blixrud on April 14, 2009

and is licensed under the Creative Commons

Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 United States License.

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/