blackholes (main)i

8/2/2019 Blackholes (Main)i

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Black Holes The Technical Aspect

1. Overview (Abstract)

Black holes which raised due to the phenomenon of the general theory of relativity explained by Albert Einsteinduring year 1915, this was later on explained by numerous scientists using different physical, mathematica

deductions and assumptions. This paper is in accordance with some basic theories on black holes explained prior

to this. Some articles and their statements are contradicted in this. And is been explained by using only the

physical parameter of energy and energy theorems, which is explained in fundamental principles. The principleson which the whole universe is governed and is later concluded applying the same.

This article has deeply explained the formation of black hole from a collapsed star, taking an assumption of suntending towards a black hole, and the physical dimensions of the black hole if formed by sun. Using certain

elements how a black hole can be made in the laboratory and their technical applications.

Is a black hole isolated from the universe, or the phenomenon that black hole performs by trapping energy ofdifferent forms in a single energy form. Is the information lost or can it be retained back. If it can be retained, how

can the information be gathered?

All the answers to the above questions are explained in later topics.

Vineeth [email protected]

Ajay [email protected]


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2. Fundamental Principles

Universe such vast having infinite physical parameters & is composed with small microscopic particles toimmeasurable heavenly bodies .The spatial relation among both the kind of bodies is a variable.

Then we look ourselves & the things around us on earth, engaged up in all possible defined but varied kinds of

static and dynamic conditions, put a big question mark? to us. It tends man think that what, where, when & howare this things formed, Why are they formed? & What are their functions.

Living 2000 years after domini, this reasoning by several intellectual minds generation after generation puts in apostulation of PRINCIPLES OF EXISTANCE & FUNCTIONS.

The principles are as follows:

Ist PRINCIPLE: Every particle its composition in matter or wave, in all possible ways is just a form of

energy in infinite various forms.

Nothing is living or non-living, particles, the stars, we, galaxies are all forms of energy in different forms. The

functions among them are inter-related. This energy can be disposed but cant be destroyed, as the destruction is

temporary. The disposed energy converts in another equivalent form of energy. The statement is very similar tothe Work-Energy principle in classical physics This postulates IInd principle.

IInd PRINCIPLE: Energy is never lost, its certain relatively original form is converted due to external

factors. But the derivative we obtain is either whole or discrete part of the original, depending on Isolationof systems.

This lose & gain of energy is aimed to establish equilibrium in all systems existing All day-to-day events, our

motion, motion of planets, stars etc. all going through processes achieving equilibrium, at some infinite point of

time, which is highly complicated to calculate, as laws of modern physics & mathematics are heavily tedious to be

applied and concluded. And chances of contradictions is maximum as modern equipment is highly inadequate todefine exact positioning of all matter forms existing in the whole universe.

This is well explained by reasoning, What was before Universe? It takes us back to BIG BANG theory, whichexplains the state of NOTHING or state of Absolute Zero. Learning about three states of matter, here gaseous

state was most stable & static. Only thing existing there was static gas, which constituted all chemical elementsspaced so far that no Reaction occurred. But this only thing was nothing because there was no light. First this lightcame & this light energy is responsible for all energy today.

Photons of light bombarded on this static gas bought to disequilibria & resulted in chemical reactions among

elements. And today the most complex & advanced world around us including us are composed of highlycomplex derivatives of fundamental chemical elements existed before BIG BANG. This postulates third principle.




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IIIrd PRINCIPLE: Dynamic state is distortion of energy & this state tends to go in most stable state called

static equilibrium.

E.g.: Universe will be most stable when, whole energy in universe converts into its respective mass (static gas),which is given by M=E/c2. This thing is out of imagination cause the existence of N-external factors favoring

equilibrium or disequilibria, instant to instant .In the above case N=countless. This puts IVth principle.

IVth PRINCIPLE: -The time taken for any dynamic system to achieve equilibrium is directly proportional

to N-no of factors favouring equilibrium.

N (=Time taken to establish equilibrium)Where, N=n(n= no of factors favoring equilibrium or disequilibrium)Note: These principles are postulated examining from a classical point of view, hence contradiction are

expected, but principles are followed. Application of these principles requires hard and deep understanding

in laws of classical physics.




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3. Black Holes Nomenclature and

Functions

3.1 Discovery of Black HolesThis phenomenon initially rose due to a consequence of General theory of relativity.The whole theory of relativity

describes the bending of light under the gravity of heavily massive stars. But it was predicted that there would besome bodies in the universe, which completely sucks up light, at this point the relativity tends a breakdown.

Through several observations made looking the universe, voids were discovered. They were not complete voids

as per observations, but they were very low densed areas in the galaxy which as per seen were areas where starswere few and by some minute observations were found that this particular areas were circles and the density of the

stars increased as we move away from the center of the circles. And by certain regular observations, it was noticed

that the circumference of the circle marked was stable enough and this questioned many observers thought there issomething fishy around here.

According to Einsteins General theory of relativity, which postulated the universe existence in four dimensions asspace-time relationship. Three co-ordinate axes representing space and one time dimension. Applying this in

such a condition concluded the existence of these voids named BLACK BODIES and those are huge and

spherical.

3.2 Why are those called Back Holes?

Past 30 years from the date, scientists mathematical deductions, conclusions and observations showed that these

bodies are not made of matter but absolute voids with vacuum, and the energy around this void is expected to flow

inside this voids due to the formation of potential difference or the state of disequilibria between them. This iswhat happens that anything that goes near the black hole, visits the end of time, and hence such distorted condition

that matter is sucked up in and loses all its physical dimensions. The matter in this state is the state in which laws

of classical physics and more intensively the equations of general theory of relativity encounters the breakdownand fails to apply.

It is either explained that every minute and huge matter in the universe should have a center of operation. Eg.

Nucleus as center of an atom. Hence, this void called as black hole should have center as the black body.

Most amazing fact about black hole was explained that, it is formed when star tends to go in the state of maximumstability, such as contraction of volume, increase in density to a very high limit. This tremendously increased the

gravitational force made it so high that, even a photon of light could not escape through it. Hence, those bodies

whose gravity is so high that light cannot escape through its surface are called as BLACK HOLES.




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Black holes should satisfy this equation of escape velocity, the minimum velocity required by any body to

escape against the gravitational field of the planet.

(2GM/r) c; {c=speed of light in vacuum}{M=mass of the planet or star}

{G=gravitational constant=6.67 10^-11}{r=radius of the planet}

We need to prove the existence of black holes formed by stars, by calculating the radius of the dead star aftercontraction. We see it in the next article. The image below is positioning of black holes in galaxy. Huge ones are

in center of galaxy.

They are the center of operation of the galaxies; the observation notes that huge spread hydrogen masses form a

curve towards the black holes.




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4. Sun to a Black HoleFrom the past article we are known that black holes are formed due to a gravitational collapse of stars. Its not a

collapse of gravity, but a state of maximum stability of stars. Its formation of dead star and is analogous to a deadbody. What exactly a star is?

4.1 Star and its Formation

Staris a highly stable body, which does not emit any energy of any kind or any form. Forms of heat, light etc.

Though its visible, it acts as a secondary source of light. Hence the sun is not a star, cause its emission of radiationin infrared and electromagnetic waves.

But according to the IInd principle, sun is tending towards becoming a star. But still it practically has a long timeto go, due to the IVth principle (Article I). Lets study in detail how sun will form a star.

Sun is mainly constituted of Hydrogen gas, in a bit condensed form, and due to its chemically highly reactiveproperty, the high temperature on suns surface due to whirlpools initially at the time of formation, makes it react

radioactively, and undergoes the process of nuclear fusion, and emits energy. And a part of its energy is incident

on earth. The reaction which goes on the surface as well as the core of sun is as follows:

2 1H + 2 1n He E = +ve emissionWhere E = nh + msT {n= no of photons emitted during radiation,

h= Planks constant,

=Frequency of electromagnetic radiation,m= mass of hydrogen lost during reaction,

s= latent heat of fusion of hydrogen,

T= change in temperature due to conversion}This reaction is a radioactive reaction, which should not depend on temperature. And hydrogen not a radioactive

element, but the cause of reaction is content of extremely large heat, which makes hydrogen molecules break into

atoms and later fuses the atoms. This heat is given by equation H=TS. {S=disorder, entropy of reaction}.The temperature on the suns core is 10^7K.

This reaction is luckily co-incident. That before the atoms get distorted, these atoms react with relatively more

distorted atoms, and this is what is the reaction of the neutrons with the hydrogen atom.




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This is happened by electron capture, better than emission of electron due to high energy, this electron of

hydrogen atom fuses with the nucleus as the escape of electron is bit difficult due to the density. The fusion with

the nucleus forms an additional neutron.

Proton + electron Neutron.Hence we conclude that, for the formation of helium atom three hydrogen atoms get converted. Before star

formation the hydrogen atoms boil at very high temperature due to entropy. But when hydrogen gets converted to

helium the entropy state almost drops, hence even the temperature drops gradually. The ultimate temperaturedrops to the boiling point of helium, which is1.1K. Through experiments its concluded the boiling point and the

melting point of helium is almost same.

Its very important to calculate the hydrogen equivalent for helium at same temperature, as sun is in the expanded

state, due to its temperature.

4.2 Star to a Black Hole

Sun goes out of fuel and forms helium and does not emit any kind of energy hence it becomes a star. Before

becoming a helium star, we have to consider the expansion of the radius of the sun due to its temperature. The

equation for change in diameter of sun is given by,

D = D T {D= diameter of sun, T= difference in temperature in Kelvin, = Co-efficient of linear expansion} D = 0.003 X 1392 X 10^6 X (23 10^7) m D = 4.176 X 10^13m

So, D = 1392 x 10^6x 0.33x 10^-4 = 46415.47m

This is called as the dropped diameter. This is the diameter of sun when temperature is low. We can call it as theoriginal diameter of sun. Contraction after this should be considered. This is an assumption for calculation

proficiency.




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In fact at this temperature Helium star is formed but has a bit smaller diameter than hydrogen equivalent.

This diagram shows the helium equivalent of hydrogen, 0.83 times the hydrogen size.

Now consider that the reaction is complete and the star is formed.

As no energy is emit by the star, except the secondary source of light that is reflection of light from others stars

spaced too far. The direction of energy potential inverses. Prior to the star formation the energy is scattered from

sun to the direction away from it.

As low potential is at star now, all the cosmic energy, matter, radiation present in the space far away from star

starts flowing towards the helium star. This is followed by the second principle, as this happens to establish the

equilibrium, and it always initially happens at small discrete levels of energy, but as the potential increases withdecrease in temperature. The intensity of energy flow increases making the infinitivally small discrete energy

level into continuous energy flow. This flow stops when the system is in accordance with the Gibbs free energy

change equation.

G =H -TSVineeth [email protected]



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For equilibrium conditions G=0, as there is no disorder or entropy S=0. Enthalpy as a heat contentproperty tends its value to 0.This is how equilibrium conditions are established.

Asall the gamma rays and charges are sucked up by the helium star, and is itself in the state of maximum stability

tends to freeze with temperature. And this initial low temperature does not allow these particles to react with

helium radioactively. A small increase in temperature can be observed, but ultimately it cools down. Now acomplete equilibrium between the star and the space around is formed. So to gain more stability it goes down in

temperature by dropping its diameter. Melting point of helium is 23Kbelow the melting point of hydrogen.

At the melting point of hydrogen the diameter was 46415.47m. Considering the atomic radiuses of helium and

hydrogen, the diameter of the star due to drop now is (0.93 /0.37 X 3) X 46415.47 m = 38888.637m.

Using this diameter we calculate the contraction in diameter of the star, and is given by the equation of thedropped diameter.

D = 0.0019 X 38888.637 X (-437) =3231.537mSo D = 6575.1m {D = D Do}

Where 0.0019 is for helium and 437 is change in temperature from 0Kto-437K is taken cause it is below themelting point of He and is in freezing state.

D= 6575.1m, so radius(r) is 3.2875 km {D= diameter of contracted star}

This contraction has bought no change in mass, hence putting the value of radius in the equation of escapevelocity satisfying the black hole condition,

2GM/r = c, then 2GM/r = c 2So 2 X 6.67 X 10 11 X 2.225 X 10 30 / 3.2875 X 10 3 = 9.0285 X 10 16 = c 2.

Hence the contracted star is a black hole, as satisfying the above equation.

This black hole is formed by sun, so when the sun becomes a black hole its radius will be 3.2875km in

length.

So density of the black hole is 1.391 X 10^19 Kg/m3. And the temperature on the black hole is more than710 degrees Celsius.




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5. Laboratory Black Holes

This theory can help you in making a black hole in laboratory.

Is it possible to think about the isolation of nucleus? Can a nucleus be fetched away from the atom.

If this is possible, then a black hole can be formed by binding the entire fetched nucleus together. But what

about the electrostatic repulsion of the positive charged nucleus?

It doesnt happen cause another force called nuclear force comes into action. Nuclear force is not yet

completely understood by physicists. Some qualitative properties of nuclear forces are as follows:

1) Nuclear forces are short ranged upto 10^-15m.

2) These forces are around 50-60 times stronger than electromagnetic forces.3) They are independent of charge

4) It is not a central force, this force depends on the direction of spins of nucleons

5) Force is stronger if spins are parallel.

The nuclear forces are dominant over others in case of light nuclei, as the atomic radius decreases and the space

among nucleons decreases. At this situation the nuclear force comes in real action. As per definition, nuclear forcedoes bind only a nucleon which lies under the nuclear range i.e 1 femtometre.

Hence in practice a nucleus can bind only a single nucleus with it. Doesnt matter even if all the nucleus are

discrete and no central force acts. If three dimensional spacing has to be done such that one nucleus can affectsome others ,then in the given range 12 nucleus surrounding a single nucleus affects all. This forms a cube. This

wont happen that if the other system of 13 nucleus is attached to this system, this system will be discrete. Then all

the 12 nucleus start affecting the surrounding 12.To stop binding of nucleus it has to be ended in a sphere as itends to maximum contraction due to the binding force. This reduces the original radius of the nucleus increasing

its density. This nuclear force wont be affected beyond the total radius of binded nucleus, as it is out of thenuclear range. The above example was just for the betterment of experimentation.

Lets consider an example of binding 2 hydrogen nuclei. After binding them the radius will decrease, but for

calculation well neglect them.

Density of the nucleus = mass of nucleons/ volume of nucleus.




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D = 1.6726 X 10^-27 X 4 / (4/3X3.14)X (0.37 X 10^-15)3.

D = 1.59 X 10^19 Kg/m3.

This value of D is almost equivalent to density of the black hole. Hence this isolated nuclei forms a blackhole, and light cant escape from this isolated nucleus.

We have taken an example of a hydrogen nucleus, but the disadvantage in case of others is the atomic radii goeson increasing with increase in their atomic weights. Though the density of nucleus remains the same, more

number of nucleons cause variety in their direction of spins, due to which electrostatic force is dominant over

nuclear forces. This can cause difficulty in binding of nucleus. Certainly the atomic weights of some elements go

so high that, the original elements and their isotopes have high proton- neutron ratio making them unstable, which

cause them to be radioactive. These elements emit ,,,or-rays, this activity is against the isolation of nucleus.

Hence, this observation is limited only for light nucleis.

The system of laboratory black holes can be used as light deflectors.

This is a model demonstrating how two or more nuclei can be bound.




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6. Contradiction Against Isolation ofBlack Holes

Do the characteristics of the particles somehow change the black hole so that a record of information is

maintained? Or is all the information destroyed? A new solution based on string theory predicts that material

sucked into the black hole is preserved as a tangle of strings, which fills its core to its surface. Every matter inuniverse is made up of 10 dimensions. In theory, a black hole could be traced back to its original condition by

following the trail of material consumed. Stephen Hawking and Kip Thorne need to pay up.

Yes the black hole could be traced back to the original condition. Can somebody wrap around his head for thebasic theory (aside from trying to figure out what 11 dimensions would look like), but it really doesnt seem to be

the Theory of Everything that it's proponents makes it out to be

There is one problem with this. Although the interior of the black hole might maintain the information of the

particles that it was built from, no information can still escape the event horizon. So the information may be

within, but since it can never escape, the information is still irrevocably lost to the universe! Its just the matter of

time, the information wont escape so easily, as the escape velocity of any black hole is more than c. Its so simplethat as the event horizon of black hole is analogous to the earths satellite orbit such that the velocity of the

satellite is >R}

So h=2GM/V^2

The value of h=2.92 10^24mSo the event horizon is at point >than 2.92 10^24m away from the center of the black hole.




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The picture above shows a black hole, the outer circle represents the event horizon. The inner circle

represents the border, after that matter distortion starts. The white dot at the center shows the black hole

(3.35 km in radius).

So anything that falls below this point from rest will hit the surface of black hole with c.

And again comes at rest, this is what happens on earth too with velocity 11.9km/hr. Due to low gravity on earth,

functions are dynamic and recyclable. Just think what would happen if functions were not recyclable? The energy

content on earth till today would be so high that some time later it would explode, due to imbalance. Is followedby 2nd principle (Topic1). No death, ultimately no end. What happens on earth is during recyclation; certain energy

is lost to universe in such forms that it easily escapes the orbit of earth (eg forms of radiation). This doesnt

happen on the black hole.

Due to heavily intense gravity, and relatively low energy potential anything can get entry beyond event horizon

Uptil traveling 600,000 km inside the horizon large velocity wont be achieved. When it crosses this, all matterforms get distorted into small sub-atomic particles and later photons as they have to travel with v


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So E(n)=Mo(1-1-(v/c)^2)/1-(v/c)^2)c^2 (n-1)h At this stage energy emission stops, but the total energy emitted is given as

E(t)=E(1)+E(2)+E(3)+..+E(n-1).

{Mo= rest mass of the matter fallen in black holes horizon;

v= initial velocity when matter distortion starts;

h=planks constant;

= frequency of light energy emitted due to distortion of matter}But the fact is this energy is not lost to the universe, but is gained by the black hole.

Due to such a high escape velocity no radiation can escape. But when this radiation is striked on holes surface it

cannot penetrate, but it reflects slightly but due to its intense gravity, it neither comes out, In fact traveling a

certain distance away from the surface it again strikes the surface and again reflects. This way it keeps performing

a reciprocating motion. This happens for infinite times because it cant come at rest, if the photon comes at rest, itwill die.

This is because, photon seen from any frame, is always seen to move at speed c. Hence this particle moving at this

speed has a time dilation of infinity i.e. It has got a lifetime of infinity.

t = to/ {1(v/c)2}1/2For a photon v = c, so t = infinity.

Just see an analogous example, a ball thrown above the earths surface travels up but definitely comes down, but

due to restitution of earths surface it bounces n no. of times and comes at rest. This law of restitution does not

imply for photon of light, as mass of photon is negligible in comparison to mass of a black hole.

If we experiment to look at these activities beyond the horizon, it looks as all this matter energy is tracked down in

images of light energy, we cant see light as light can never be seen unless reflected from any secondary surface

This is simply imaginable by seeing Iron pins stuck to the magnet, but the pins could not be seen.

But how long can it happen, as the expressed equation above such small mass emits such huge energy. Then what

if constantly something keeps entering the horizon. Someday this huge energy will cause imbalance not on thesurface, but somewhere near the horizon. This happens cause of gathering of energy packets rising up high, away

from surface and comes to the horizon. This can lead to explosion. Estimated time of such reaction is around

10^72years(for a 30 solar mass black hole).

And simple string theory is NOT the theory of everything. There are actually several branches of string theory that

are interrelated, and it is currently believed that all of them are linked by M (Membrane) Theory, which is ten

dimensional string theory with an additional spatial dimension.

We merely do not have the tools and knowledge to measure anything. But that doesn't mean nothing ever escapes.

Now every theory we have to explain the universe from the smallest sub-atomic particle to the largest galactic




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super cluster is based in part on the assumption that the speed of light in a vacuum is the ultimate speed limit. For

anything to ever be able to leave a black hole from within the event horizon, it would have to travel faster than the

speed of light. If something could do that, then we've got a lot bigger problems with our understanding of how theuniverse works than wondering whether information can ever be obtained from within a black hole.

As we know than nothing can do that, this simple theory tells, information only escapes due to imbalance . And thesource of outlet is an explosion. Ultimately we conclude, imagining huge time factor, that nothing in universe can

be isolated. This is in accordance with the second principle.




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6. Supernova Explosion Destinationfor Time Travel

In accordance, with the last topic, the imbalance due to energy content inside the even horizon of the black holecauses a huge explosion. And now, all the information tracked in form of light energy is released in free form. As

this explosion is in random, the probability of finding the exact positioning of the information retaination is

less. Though some or the other information will be always found.

The total energy emitted in the explosion, is the summation of all energy forms ,trapped in with no alterations,

those equation stated in last chapter and the energy due to explosion of black hole which is given by Einsteinsmass-energy relationship,

E = mc2, where m is the Mass of the black hole.

E = (2.19 x 1030) x (9 x 1016) E = 1.971 x 1044 JoulesThis energy and the energy trapped is total energy emitted in supernova explosion.

This explosion happens after1072 years after formation of black holes.

The supernova explosions main moto is to convert the whole black holes mass into energy. But this energyshoots up with extremely high entropy, which can cause too much disturbances in gaining the pure form of

energy trapped in the black hole earlier in the form of light.

So, this becomes a probability function of getting a desired ray of light in a particular direction. When externalmatter gulped by black hole stores the energy in form of light, the same light energy explodes out without

alteration, in the 3-dimensional space. This is how we can define a probability of finding a ray of light in a

particular direction.

We know a ray of light is composed of bunch of photons vibrating in vacuum or medium of defined frequency

and wavelength.

As these are bunch of subatomic particles, the probability of getting it can be defined by Heisenbergs Uncertainty

Principle of finding a line of photons in space.




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x . Px h / 2y . Py h / 2z . Pz h / 2x, y, z represent positions in 3-dimensional space from a frame of reference as origin, where at origin P(x,y,z,) =

(0,0,0). The choice of origin has to done through mapping. And should predict the direction where the ray of lightmust have entered the black hole and the probable direction from where the ray is out during explosion.

Px, Py & Pz represent the relativistic momentum of rays of light in x, y & z directions.

Px, Py & Pz are the uncertainty in momentum of light rays where,

Px = kx Px Py = ky Py Pz = kz Pzkx, ky & kz are constants defined by uncertainty percentage x 100.

In an explosion, the propagation of light is not in vacuum, but in a medium of explosive gases whose refractive

indexes could be calculated.

Let the R.I. of that medium be variable in 3 different dimensions as x, y, z, where {x, y, z < 1}

Velocity of light emerging from explosion is:

Vx = x . cVy = y . cVz = z . cx, y, z are the mean of the emitted explosives in the space.

Px = mo Vx / (1 (Vx / c)2)1/2 = mox c / (1 - x2)1/2

Py = mo Vy / (1 (Vy / c)2)1/2 = moy c / (1 - y2) 1/2

Pz = mo Vz / (1 (Vz / c)2)1/2 = moz c / (1 - z2) 1/2

kx, ky & kz depends on factors like probability of percentage of light to be deflected, interfered, suppressed or

diffracted due to obstacles, all factors contribute different variables.

Px = kx Px = kx mox c / (1 - x2)1/2 Py = ky Py = ky moy c / (1 - y2) 1/2 Pz = kz Pz = kz moz c / (1 - z2) 1/2 x (h (1 - x2)1/2) / (2 kx mox c)Vineeth [email protected]



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y (h (1 - y2)1/2) / (2 ky moy c)z (h (1 - z2)1/2) / (2 kz moz c)The values ofz, y, z gives you the probable positioning of the ray of light emerging through ezplosion,Hence, by using a technical devices like improvised spectrographs we can get the light images on the screen of

this device, which were stored in the black holes. These are past images, where you can see it live on the screen.

One advantage of using this technique of time travel is you see live images of thing happened billions of years in

past.

Shells of expanding gas due to Super Nova Explosion in 1987, which spread throughout the galaxy.




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6. Conclusion

From all the explanation regarding black holes, we conclude the fundamental principles.

Black holes having exceptionally heavy intense gravitational field, apart from that as per spectation they are static

in their mechanical state except revolution around the center of the universe, and do not make any chemical

reaction on the surfaces except the reciprocating impartation of photons of light.

Finally due to the overflow of the light energy disequilibria is caused leading to explosion. This is followed by

converse of the fourth principle, which says, more the time of isolation, more is the state of stability, but theexternal factors causing disequilibria, is equally intense corresponding the state of stability.

Hence, we conclude that if any system is isolated and the relative is not, it can cause distortion towards isolation

Thats why due to the part beyond the event horizon is always in non-equilibrium state, which has causeddisequilibria to the black hole by sending in the information.


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