black-clawson international ltd. appellants

8/12/2019 Black-clawson International Ltd. Appellants

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ICLR: Appeal Cases/1975/BLACK-CLAWSON INTERNATIONAL LTD APPELLANTS ANDPAPIERWERKE WALD!O"-ASC!A""ENB#R$ A$ RESPONDENTS - %1975& AC 591

%1975& AC 591

[HOUSE OF LORDS]

BLACK-CLAWSON INTERNATIONAL LTD. APPELLANTS ANDPAPIERWERKE WALDHOF-ASCHAFFENBURG A.G. RESPONDENTS

1974 Oct. 14, 1, 1!, 17, "1, "", #$, #1 197 %&'c(

L)'* R+*, c)/0t D()'0+, L)'* W2+'3)'c+, L)'* D)c5 &0* L)'* S6)0 )3 G&*&+

Conflict of Laws - Foreign judgment - Recognition - English bills of exchange not honoured byGerman company - Three-year limitation period in Germany - ction in German court by Englishcompany dismissed as time-barred under German law - !hether German judgment "conclusi#e"to bar English action - Foreign $udgments %Reciprocal Enforcement& ct '()) %*) Geo+ , c+ ')&s+ . %'& %)& - Reciprocal Enforcement of Foreign $udgments %Germany& /rder '(0' %1+2+ '(0' 3o+''((& 1ch+

1tatute - Construction - Report of committee appointed by Lord Chancellor - 4raft 5illincorporated in report - ct of 6arliament passed in terms of 5ill - Report as aid to construction

B' se()*+, .1 +0 )e "+e*g, 4g6e,)s .Re(*p+(al E,0+(e6e,) A() 1933:

a 84g6e,) )+ *( Pa) I +0 )*s A() appl*es + +4l ae appl*e *0 a s46 +0 6+,e' a ;ee,pa'a;le )ee4,e< sall ;e e(+g,*se *, a,' (+4) *, )e #,*)e K*,g+6 as (+,(l4s*e ;e)ee, )epa)*es )ee)+ *, all p+(ee*,gs 0+4,e +, )e sa6e (a4se +0 a()*+, a, 6a' ;e el*e +, ;' a' +0e0e,(e + (+4,)e(la*6 *, a,' s4( p+(ee*,gs

Te pla*,)*00s< a, E,gl*s (+6pa,'< ;e(a6e +les *, 4e (+4se +0 )+ E,gl*s ;*lls +0e=(a,ge a((ep)e ;' )e pee(ess+s +0 )e e0e,a,)s< a Wes) $e6a, (+6pa,' *)+4) a,'asse)s *, E,gla, Te ;*lls ee a,< ,eg+)*a)e a, pa'a;le *, E,gla, Te pla*,)*00s

;e(a6e )e* +les +,l'7'(8,9 +C+ ,(' 6age ,(*

s+)l' ;e0+e a()*+, +, )e6 +4l ae ;e(+6e )*6e-;ae ;' e00l4=*+, +0 s*= 'eas 0+6 )e*a((ep)a,(e I, $e6a, la )e pe*+ +0 l*6*)a)*+, as )ee 'eas I, A4g4s) 1972< 84s) *)*, )es*=-'ea pe*+ +0 l*6*)a)*+, 4,e E,gl*s la )e E,gl*s (+6pa,' ;ega, p+(ee*,gs +, )+ +0)e ;*lls *s+,+4e *, 19>> .a *, $e6a,' *, )e D*s)*() C+4) +0 ?4,*( a, .; *, E,gla, *,)e !*g C+4)< ee )e' +;)a*,e leae e= pa)e )+ *ss4e )e *) a, see ,+)*(e +0 *) +, )e$e6a, (+6pa,' +4)s*e )e 84*s*()*+, 4,e RSC< O 11< 1 I, N+e6;e 1972 )e


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ep+) s+4l ;e aa*la;le )+ a (+4) +0 (+,s)4()*+, )+ e,a;le *) )+ pla(e *)sel0 *, )e p+s*)*+, +0 )eleg*sla)+s *, +e )+ as(e)a*, )e 6ea,*,g +0 )e +s 4se< *( *s +,l' as(e)a*,a;le *0 )e(+4) *s *, p+ssess*+, +0 )e ,+lege p+ssesse ;' )e p+64lga)+s +0 )e *,s)46e,) .p+s)< p!4!F-G

De(*s*+, +0 )e C+4) +0 Appeal %197@& B >>G %197@& 2 WLR 79G %197@& 2 All ER >11eese

Te 0+ll+*,g (ases ae e0ee )+ *, )e* L+s*ps +p*,*+,s:

ssam Railways and Trading Co+ Ltd+ #+ 2nland Re#enue Commissioners%1935& AC @@5

5arclays 5an< Ltd+ #+ schaffenburger =ellstoffwer7& 1 Ll+'s Rep 37

5arras #+ berdeen 1team Trawling and Fishing Co+ Ltd %1933& AC @2< !L.S(

5ernardi #+ >otteux.171 2 D+4gKB 575

5lunt #+ 5lunt%19@3& AC 517G %19@3& 2 All ER 7>< !L.E

5ondholders 1ecurities Corporation #+ >an#ille%1933& @ DLR >99

Car#ell #+ !allace.173 3 NSR 1>5

Casano#a and Co+ #+ C+ G+ >eier ? Co .15 1 TLR 213< DC

Courtauld #+ Legh.1>9 LR @ E=( 12>

Eastman 6hotographic >aterials Co+ Ltd+ #+ Comptroller-General of 6atents 4esigns andTrade >ar@>< !L.E

Godard #+ Gray.17 LR > B 139

Gundry #+ 6inniger.151 1@ Bea 9@G .152 1 De $? H $ 52

:arris #+ ;uine.1>9 LR @ B >53< DC

:aw De $? H $ 1


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:eatons Transport %1t+ :elens& Ltd+ #+ Transport and General !or& AC 155< PC

:uber #+ 1teiner.135 2 B*,gNC 22

Bingston@s %4uchess of& Case.177> 2 S)T 355

Letang #+ Cooper%19>5& 1 B 232G %19>@& 3 WLR 573G %19>@& 2 All ER 929< CA

>aunsell #+ /lins%1975& AC 373G %197@& 3 WLR 35G %1975& 1 All ER 1>< !L.E

3ational ssistance 5oard #+ !il@G %1952& 2 All ER 255< DC

3ational 6ro#incial 5an< Ltd+ #+ :astings Car >art Ltd %19>5& AC 1175G %19>5& 3 WLR 1G%19>5& 2 All ER @72< !L.E

/senton %Charles& ? Co+ #+ $ohnston%19@2& AC 13G %19@1& 2 All ER 2@5< !L.E

6edersen #+ oung.19>@ 11 CLR 1>2

6o#ey #+ 6o#ey%1972& "a6 @G %1971& 2 WLR 31G %197& 3 All ER >12< DC

6renn #+ 1immonds%1971& 1 WLR 131G %1971& 3 All ER 237< !L.E7'(8,9 +C+ ,(' 6age ,(D

Ricardo #+ Garcias.1@5 12 Cl H " 3>< !L.E

Ri#er !ear Commissioners #+ damson.177 2 AppCas 7@3< !L.E

Roo@& AC 1129G %19>@& 2 WLR 2>9G %19>@& 1 All ER 3>7< !L.E

Ross 1mith %orse+ Radford& #+ Ross 1mith %19>3& AC 2G %19>2& 2 WLR 3G %19>2& 1 AllER 3@@< !L.E

1henton #+ Tyler%1939& C >2G %1939& 1 All ER 27< CA


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1hiloh 1pinners Ltd+ #+ :arding%1973& AC >91G %1973& 2 WLR 2G %1973& 1 All ER 9< !L.E

Thoday #+ Thoday%19>@& P 11G %19>@& 2 WLR 371G %19>@& 1 All ER 3@1< CA

!arner #+ 5uffalo 4ry 4oc< Co .1933 >7 ".2 5@G .193@ 291 #S >7

!estern Coal and >ining Co+ #+ $ones.19@> 1>@ ALR >5

Te 0+ll+*,g a*)*+,al (ases ee (*)e *, ag46e,):

brahams #+ >ac Fisheries Ltd %1925& 2 KB 1

frican 5anG %1957& 2 WLR 1G%1957& 1 All ER @9< !L.E

5an< of :industan China and $apan 2n re.173 9 CApp 1

5ristol Tramways etc+ Carriage Co+ Ltd+ #+ Fiat >otors Ltd %191& 2 KB 31< CA

Carl =eiss 1tiftung #+ Rayner ? Beeler Ltd+ %3o+ *&%19>7& 1 AC 53G %19>>& 3 WLR 125G%19>>& 2 All ER 53>< !L.E

Coast Lines Ltd+ #+ :udig ? eder Chartering 3+ %1972& 2 B 3@G %1972& 2 WLR 2G%1972& 1 All ER @51< CA

Cooanagement Committee%19>>& 2 B 31G %19>>& 2 WLR113@G %19>>& 2 All ER 27>

4a#ies #+ 4a#ies $en& AC 197G %19>7& 2 WLR 1139G %19>7& 1 All ER913< !L.E

4ullewe #+ 4ullewe%19>9& 2 AC 313G %19>9& 2 WLR 11< PC

Eldon %Lord& #+ :edley 5rothers%1935& 2 KB 1< CA


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:agen The%19& P 19< CA

:ilder #+ 4exter%192& AC @7@< !L.E

:untington #+ ttrill%193& AC 15< PC

$aeger Co+ Ltd+ #+ $aeger.1929 @> RPC 33>< CA

Bir9>G %1955& 2 WLR 1135G %1955& 2 All ER3@5< !L.E

Bo< :oong #+ Leong Cheong Bweng >ines Ltd %19>@& AC 993G %19>@& 2 WLR 15G %19>@&1 All ER 3< PC

Laing and 2r#ine #+ nderson.171 1 ? 7@

Laacartney 2n re >acfarlane #+ >acartney%1921& 1 C 522

>idgley #+ >idgley%193& 3 C 22< CA

>ixnam@s 6roperties Ltd+ #+ Chertsey Arban 4istrict Council%19>5& AC 735G %19>@& 2 WLR121G %19>@& 2 All ER >27< !L.E

3ew 5runswic< Railway Co+ #+ 5ritish and French Trust Corporation Ltd %1939& AC 1G %193&@ All ER 7@7< !L.E

7'(8,9 +C+ ,(' 6age ,(,

6illai #+ >udanaya>9< DC


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Ree#es #+ 5utcher%191& 2 B 59< CA

Reg+ #+ Go#ernor of 6enton#ille 6rison Ex parte Cheng%1973& AC 931G %1973& 2 WLR 7@>G%1973& 2 All ER 2@< !L.E

1mith #+ Central sbestos Co+ Ltd %1973& AC 51G %1972& 3 WLR 333G %1972& 2 All ER1135< !L.E

1ocit nonyme >etallurgiHue de 6rayon Troo 5elgium #+ Boppel.1933 77 S

1ocit Cooperati#e 1idmetal #+ Titan 2nternational Ltd %19>>& 1 B 2G %19>5& 3 WLR@7G %19>5& 3 All ER @9@

1ugden #+ 1ugden%1957& P 12G %1957& 2 WLR 21G %1957& 1 All ER 3< CA

Thomson #+ Lord Clanmorris%19& 1 C 71< CA

Turner #+ >idland Railway Co .1911 LKB 51>< DC

Tyne 2mpro#ement Commissioners #+ rmement n#ersois 1I %The 5rabo& %19@9& AC 32>G%19@9& 1 All ER 29@< !L.E

APPEAL 0+6 )e C+4) +0 Appeal

T*s as a, appeal< ;' leae +0 )e C+4) +0 Appeal< 0+6 a, +e +0 )a) (+4) .L+De,,*,g ?R< ?ega a, S(a6a, L a)e ?a( 19< 197@< .a all+*,g a,appeal 0+6 )e +e +0 Tal;+) 6ae +, "e;4a' 7< 197@< ee;' e +ee )a))e appeal +0 )e pese,) esp+,e,)s< Pap*eee Wal+0-As(a00e,;4g A$ .)ee0e,a,)s< 0+6 )e +e +0 ?as)e B*(0+-S6*) g*e, +, De(e6;e 7< 19731 )e appella,)s agee )+ sell pape 6a*,g 6a(*,e' )+ a $e6a,(+6pa,'< +se *g)s a, l*a;*l*)*es ee a(4*e ;' )e esp+,e,)s as a es4l) +0 a6ege *, 197 B+) (+6pa,*es ae e0ee )+ as )e esp+,e,)s Te p*(e )+ ;epa* as 13 a, "e;4a' 19>


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I, 19>5 )e esp+,e,)s (+6pla*,e +0 ela's *, el*e' a, +0 e0e()s *, )e6a(*,e' el*ee T*s as e0ee )+ a;*)a)*+, a, esp*)e )e )*6e )a) aelapse< )a) a;*)a)*+, .*( as p+(ee*,g *, S*)Jela, a ,+) 'e) ;ee,(+,(l4e a, as ,+) l*el' )+ ;e 0+ a (+,s*ea;le )*6e

7'(8,9 +C+ ,(' 6age ,(0

Teea0)e )e esp+,e,)s e04se )+ +,+4 a,' +0 )e ;*lls *( 6a)4e

T+ ;*lls *( a ;ee, *s+,+4e e, pese,)e ;' Ba(la's Ba, ;' +6 )e'a ;ee, *s(+4,)e< ee )e s4;8e() +0 l*)*ga)*+, *, )*s (+4,)' a, *, $e6a,' Te;a,s (la*6 as s)e,4+4sl' es*s)e a) ee' s)age1 We, 84g6e,) as g*e, *, )*s(+4,)' 0+ )e ;a, .4,e RSC< O 1@< *) as ,+) sa)*s0*e We, )e ;a, s+4g))+ e,0+(e )e 84g6e,) *, $e6a,'< )a) as es*s)e +, )e g+4, )a) )eesp+,e,)s a a ,+ +pp+)4,*)' +0 s)a)*,g )e* (ase T*s plea as 0*,all' e8e()e

;' )e "eeal S4pe6e C+4) +0 $e6a,' +, ?a( 25< 197

I, *e +0 )e *00*(4l)*es )a) )e ;a, a e,(+4,)ee *, ge))*,g pa'6e,) +0 )ea6+4,)s 4e +, )ese )+ ;*lls< e, )+ ;*lls 4e 0+ pa'6e,) +, A4g4s) 31< 19>>orris The Conflict of Laws< 9) e .1973< 4le 19@< pp 15-159 T*s as ,+) (a,ges4;s)a,)*all' s*,(e )e 3 e .1922< 4le 115< pp @55-@5> T*s s4pp+)s )e (+,)e,)*+, )a) a0+e*g, 84g6e,) *, 0a+4 +0 a e0e,a,) *s ,+) a, a,se )+ a, a()*+, *, E,gla, *0 *) +es ,+)p4p+) )+ e(*e )e 6a))e +, )e 6e*)s

Se()*+, +0 )e "+e*g, 4g6e,)s .Re(*p+(al E,0+(e6e,) A() 1933< )e *)al se()*+, *, )*sappeal< +, *)s )4e (+,s)4()*+, +,l' appl*es )+ 84g6e,)s *, 0a+4 +0 a s4((ess04l pla*,)*00.*,(l4*,g a e0e,a,) (+4,)e(la*6*,g A 84g6e,) 0+ a e0e,a,) s*6pl' *s6*ss*,g a pla*,)*00s(la*6 *s ,+) *)*, se()*+, Te A() *s p*6a*l' (+,(e,e *) )e e,0+(e6e,) +0 84g6e,)sa, a 84g6e,) 0+ a e0e,a,) (a,,+) ;e e,0+(e: see )e A()s )*)le a, )e e0*,*)*+,s +084g6e,) (e*)+ a, 84g6e,) e;)+ *, se()*+, 11 .1 ;ea*,g +, )e 6ea,*,g +0 84g6e,)as 4se *, )e A() a, +0 *)s e0*,*)*+, Se()*+, +,l' appl*es )+ 84g6e,)s )+ *( Pa) I +0 )e

A() appl*es + +4l ae appl*e *0 a s46 +0 6+,e' a ;ee, pa'a;le )ee4,e

Se()*+, .1 p+*es 0+ )e (ase ee a pla*,)*00 +;)a*,s 84g6e,) 0+ el*e0 +)e )a, pa'6e,)+0 a s46 +0 6+,e'< eg< spe(*0*( pe0+6a,(e + a, +e 0+ )e el*e' +0 a (a))el A, +e 0+(+s)s +4l ;e a sepaa)e 6a))e a,al+g+4s )+ )e (ase +0 a e0e,a,) s4((ee*,g +, a(+4,)e(la*6 A, +e 0+ (+s)s +4l ;e e,0+(ea;le ;4) +4l ,+) ;e elea,) 4,e se()*+, *, ela)*+, )+ 4es)*+,s +0 (+,(l4s*e,ess a, es 84*(a)a

As )+ )e (ase +0 84g6e,)s eese +, appeal< see se()*+, 2 .2 a, se()*+, 5

I) +4l ,+) ;e *g) )+ sa' )a) )e 84g6e,) *, )e pese,) (ase +4l ae (+6e 4,e Pa) I +0)e A() *0 a s46 +0 6+,e' a ;ee, pa'a;le Pa) I * ,+) appl' ;e(a4se *) as ,+) a,e,0+(ea;le 84g6e,) a) all a, *) as *,(+,(e*a;le )a) a s46 +0 6+,e' +4l ae ;ee,pa'a;le 4,e *) Te +s a, 6a' ;e el*e +, ;' a' +0 e0e,(e + (+4,)e(la*6 *, a,' s4(


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p+(ee*,gs + ,+) 6ae se,se +,l' *0 se()*+, appl*es als+ )+ 84g6e,)s ee )e pla*,)*00s(la*6 as ;ee, *s6*sse Te' +4l appl'< 0+ e=a6ple< ee A s4es B *, a 0+e*g, (+4,)' 0+a6ages 0+ )espass a, +;)a*,s 84g6e,) *, a s4pe*+ (+4) 0+ a s6all a6+4,) +0 a6agesGs4;se4e,)l' e s4es B *, E,gla, 0+ a lage a6+4,) +0 a6ages 0+ )e sa6e )espassG )ee

As a()*+, *s ,+) ;ae ;' se()*+, > +0 )e A()< ;4) B (a, el' +, )e 0+e*g, 84g6e,) ;' a' +0e0e,(e as )+ )e a6+4,)

"4)e< )e +s 0+4,e +, )e sa6e (a4se +0 a()*+, (a,,+) ;e (+,s)4e s)*()l'< as )eesp+,e,)s ag46e,) e4*es< s*,(e< *0 )e' ae< )ee (+4l ;e ,+ (*(46s)a,(es *, *( apa)' (+4l ee el' +, a 0+e*g, 84g6e,) ;' a' +0 (+4,)e(la*6< as )+ +pp+s*,g pa)*es (a,,ee ae )e sa6e (a4se +0 a()*+, *, )e ,a+ se,se aga*,s) ea( +)e Te' 64s) 6ea,a*s*,g +4) +0 )e sa6e *sp4)e + )e sa6e 6a))e

7'(8,9 +C+ ,(' 6age ,(.

Al)e,a)*el'< )e +s sall ;e e(+g,*se *, a,' (+4) *, )e #,*)e K*,g+6 as (+,(l4s*e;e)ee, )e pa)*es )ee)+ *, se()*+, .1 +0 )e A() +0 1933 6ea, )a) )e 84g6e,) sall ;e

(+,(l4s*e +, )e 6a))e a84*(a)e 4p+, !ee )e +,l' elea,) 6a))e a84*(a)e +, ;' )e$e6a, (+4)s *s e)e )e appella,)s e6e' *s ;ae *, $e6a,' ;' )e $e6a, la +0l*6*)a)*+,s Te a84*(a)*+, +, )a) p+*,) as ,+ elea,(e e, a, a()*+, *s ;+4g) +, )e ;*lls*, E,gla, a, ee .as *, )*s (ase E,gl*s *s )e p+pe la +0 )e (+,)a() I,ee< ee, *0 *)ee ,+)< )e $e6a, la +0 l*6*)a)*+,s +4l ,+) e=)*,g4*s )e *g) A e(*s*+, +, a l*6*)a)*+,p+*,) *s ,+) a, a84*(a)*+, +, )e 6e*)s We, a pla*,)*00 ;*,gs p+(ee*,gs *, E,gla, )+e,0+(e a (la*6 a0)e p+(ee*,gs *, a 0+e*g, (+4) ae ;ee, *s6*sse +, )e g+4, +0 )el+(al la +0 l*6*)a)*+,s< )e (+66+, la p+s*)*+, *s )a) )ee as ,+) ;ee, a *s6*ssal +, )e6e*)s Te pes46p)*+, *s )a) a, A() *s ,+) *,)e,e )+ al)e )e (+66+, la 4,less *) +es s+e=pessl'

Te la +, )*s p+*,) as (+e()l' la* +, *, :arris #+ ;uine.1>9 LR @ B >53 *, *(el*a,(e as pla(e +, :uber #+ 1teiner.135 2 B*,gNC 22G see als+ 1ocit nonyme

>etallurgiHue de 6rayon Troo 5elgium #+ Boppel.1933 77 S Te la as als+ (+e()l'la* +, *, )e A6e*(a, Res)a)e6e,) +0 )e La: C+,0l*() +0 Las< 2, e .1971< paa 11

Tee *s ,+)*,g *, )e A() +0 1933 )+ s4gges) )a) a a*(al (a,ge *, )e la as *,)e,e a,)e pes46p)*+, s)a,s )a) Pal*a6e,) * ,+) *,)e, )+ al)e )e (+66+, la: see >ixnam@s6roperties Ltd+ #+ Chertsey Arban 4istrict Council%19>5& AC 735< 751 a, Lord Eldon #+ :edley5rothers%1935& 2 KB 1< 2@ I, )e C+4) +0 Appeal *, )*s (ase )a) p*,(*ple as ;ee, *g,+ea, )e e(*s*+, p+(eee +, )e +pp+s*)e ass46p)*+, I, )e l*g) +0 )e a4)+*)*es *) *s*,(+,(e*a;le )a)< *0 Pal*a6e,) a 6ea,) )+ epa) 0+6 )e (+66+, la< *) +4l ,+) ae+,e s+ *, pla*, )e6s A((+*,gl' )e la pla*,l' s)a)e *, 4icey ? >orris The Conflict of Laws< 4le 1< p @22 See als+ !estla7< paa 3 a, 7) e .1925< p 33< paa 239

I) *s es*e )+ e0e )+ )e ep+) +0 )e "+e*g, 4g6e,)s .Re(*p+(al E,0+(e6e,) C+66*))ee53< egae as a,e*l + e0e() )+ ;e e6e*e

Te a4)+*)*es ela)*,g )+ )e 0*e p+*,)s se) +4) ae as 0+ll+s: .1brahams #+ >ac FisheriesLtd %1925& 2 KB 1< 3@G 6illai #+ >udanaya< 11@< 123>G .2 Thomson #+ Lord Clanmorris%19& 1 C 71< 725G Eastman6hotographic >aterials Co+ Ltd+ #+ Comptroller-General of 6atents 4esigns and Trade >arGssam Railways and Trading Co+ Ltd+ #+ 2nland Re#enue


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Commissioners%1935& AC @@5< @57-@5G Letang #+ Cooper%19>5& 1 B 232< 2@G 4ullewe #+4ullewe%19>9& 2 AC 313< 32G :eatons Transport %1t+ :elens& Ltd+ #+ Transport and General!or


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S*,(e *, p*,(*ple )ee *s ,+ *00ee,(e ;e)ee, )e )+ pa)*es *, )e pese,) (ase as )+ )e6*s(*e0 eal) *) *, )e A()< *) *s 4,,e(essa' )+ l++ 04)e Te !+4se +0 L+s *s ,+) e,)*)le)+ l++ a) )e ep+) 0+ )e e(+66e,a)*+,s +0 )e (+66*))ee< )+ see a) )e (+66*))ee)+4g) +4l ;e e,a()e ;' )e )e6s +0 )e a0) B*ll

"+6 1mith #+ Central sbestos Co+ Ltd %1973& AC 51< 529-53< *) appeas )a) )+ l++ a) s4(a ep+) +4l *,+le a p+l+,ge (+6pa*s+,

7'(8,9 +C+ ,(' 6age 0J'

;e)ee, )e passages ela)*,g )+ )e 6*s(*e0 a*6e a) a, )+se ela)*,g )+ )e *,)e,)*+,s a,e(+66e,a)*+,s +0 )e (+66*))ee Te p+p+sal )+ e=a6*,e pas) *s)+' +4l (+,s*ea;l'e=)e, )e le,g) +0 a,' ea*,g

:ilder #+ 4exter%192& AC @7@< @77< p+*es a gap*( *ll4s)a)*+, +0 )e a0)s6a, +0 a s)a)4)e

e0a*,*,g 0+6 (+,s)4*,g *) 4a#ies #+ 4a#ies $en& AC 197< 112-1121otors Ltd %191& 2 KB 31< 3>

As )+ a) a6+4,)s )+ a6;*g4*)' *, a, A() +0 Pal*a6e,)< see Bir9>< 71-712< 713-71@< 72@< 73@ Wee )ee *s ,+ a6;*g4*)' *) *s ,+) pe6*ss*;le )+g+ ;a( )+ eal*e +(46e,)s + a, eal*e s)a)e +0 )e la *, +e )+ *6p+) +)e +s *,)+ )epla*, p+*s*+, Te (a,+, *s )e sa6e< e)e *) *s s+4g) )+ l++ a) la)e e,a()6e,)s + pas)

p+,+4,(e6e,)s +, )e la See als+ttorney-General #+ 6rince Ernest ugustus of :ano#er%1957& AC @3>< @>-@>1< @>< a, Reg+ #+ Go#ernor of 6enton#ille 6rison Ex parte Cheng%1973& AC 931< 9@9-95 Tee 64s) ;e a (+,s*ea;le la( +0 (la*)' ;e0+e )e (+4) *ll *,se)+s *,)+ a s)a)4)e

Te ep+) *ll ,+) ;e +0 64( ass*s)a,(e I) 6a' 4se04ll' ;e e0ee )+ *, +e )+ *,*(a)e )e6*s(*e0 a*6e a) ;' )e A() + )+ s+ a) )e la as ;e0+e *) as passe ;4) ,+) )+ s+a) )e (+66*))ee 6ea,) )e a0) B*ll )+ a(*ee< a, )e* e(+66e,a)*+,s s+4l ,+) ;eel*e +,


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%LORD REID *,)*6a)e )a) )e appella,)s 6*g) e0e )+ )e ep+)&

Dehn Q.C.(+,)*,4*,g Te ep+) as pese,)e )+ Pal*a6e,) *, De(e6;e 1932 Te A()e(e*e )e +'al asse,) +, Ap*l 13< 1933

Paagap 2 +, p 5 +0 )e ep+) eal) *) )e 6*s(*e0 a*6e a) A,,e= F .p > (+,)a*,s )e(+66e,)s +, a, e=pla,a)*+,s +0 )e a0) B*ll< a, paagap 7 .p >2 e0es )+ (a,ges +0 )e(+66+, la *, (+66e,)*,g +, (la4se @ +0 )e B*ll See als+ paagap .pp >2->3 a,paagap 11 .p >@ Tee *s ee ,+ e0ee,(e )+ :arris #+ ;uine< LR @ B >53 I, )e ep+)*)sel0< see paagap .p 9< paagap 1 .b .p 11< paagap 12 .e .p 13< paagap 1> .p15< paagap 17 .p 1>< paagap 1 .p 17< paagap 19 .p 1< paagap 2@ .p 21

N+)e a)*(le 3 .3 *, )e a0) C+,e,)*+, *) Belg*46 .p 3 a,7'(8,9 +C+ ,(' 6age 0J*

a)*(le 3 .2 *, )e a0) C+,e,)*+, *) $e6a,'< as )+ )e e(+g,*)*+, +0 84g6e,)s< a,paagap 19 +0 A,,e= F .pp >>->7

Pa) +0 )e 6*s(*e0 *( *) as *,)e,e )+ e6e' as )a) )e (+,*)*+,s 4,e *( 0+e*g,84g6e,)s ee e(+g,*se as 0*,al a, (+,(l4s*e 4,e E,gl*s (+66+, la ee ,+) se) +4)*, a,' s)a)4)e I) *s )ee0+e eas+,a;le )+ app+a( )e A() +, )e ;as*s )a) Pal*a6e,) * ,+)*,)e, )+ epa) 0+6 )e (+66+, la Te 6*s(*e0 as )a) 0+e*g, la'es (+4l ,+) 0*, *, a,'s)a)4)e a,' +;l*ga)*+, *, E,gl*s la )+ e(+g,*se 0+e*g, 84g6e,)s< a, a) as ,eee 0+)a) p4p+se as a s)a)4)e apa) 0+6 )e (+66+, la< s*,(e 0+e*g, la'es ee ,+) sa)*s0*e )+;e )+l s*6pl' )a) a) (+66+, la )e E,gl*s (+4)s * e(+g,*se 0+e*g, 84g6e,)s< ,+)4,es)a,*,g )a) )e (+66+, la as 84s) as e0*,*)e as a s)a)4)e

Te *6p+)a,) )*,g a;+4) se()*+, .1 +0 )e A() +0 1933 *s )a) *) *s )*e )+ )e (*(46s)a,(es )+*( Pa) I +0 )e A() *s e=)e,e

Te appella,)s 0*s) s4;6*ss*+, *s )a) se()*+, .1 eals +,l' *) e,0+(ea;le 84g6e,)sAl)e,a)*el'< a 84g6e,) )+ ;e e(+g,*se as (+,(l4s*e *s )+ ;e (+,(l4s*e +, )e 6a))ea84*(a)e 4p+,

T+ pe+ple (a,,+) ae )e sa6e (a4se +0 a()*+, aga*,s) ea( +)e "+ se()*+, .1 )++pea)e )e p+(ee*,gs 64s) ;e 0+4,e +, )e sa6e (a4se +0 a()*+, *, ;+) (+4,)*es Teesp+,e,)s ae +,g *, sa'*,g )e +s 6ea, *) 64s) ala's ;e p+ss*;le 0+ )e e0e,a,) *,E,gla, )+ el' +, )e 0+e*g, 84g6e,) S4pp+se A s4es B *, $e6a,' a, +;)a*,s a 84g6e,)53< as pesee ;' )e A()< )+4g *) as ,+) 6e,)*+,e *, *) S)*()l' spea*,g )e*,)e,)*+,s e=pesse *, )e $ee ep+) ae ,+) a6*ss*;le +, )e (+,s)4()*+, +0 )e A() ;4) *)(a, ;e l++e a) )+ s+ )e 6*s(*e0 I, )*s (+,,e()*+, )e (+66*))ee e=pesse )e* *es as)+ )e legal s*)4a)*+, *, 1932 Pal*a6e,) as g*e, e00e() )+ )e ep+) Te A() (+,s)*)4)es a (+e

0+ )e e(+g,*)*+, as ell as )e e,0+(e6e,) +0 0+e*g, 84g6e,)s Te appella,)s (+,)e,)*+,s+4l e0ea) )e *,)e,)*+, +0 )e A()< )e +s +0 *( ae pla*, a, s+4l ;e l*)eall'(+,s)4e

Te $e6a, (+4) e6;ae +, )e p+(ess +0 a84*(a)*+, +0 )e (la*6 O,e 64s) *s)*,g4*s;e)ee, (ases ee a e0e,a,) pleas )+ )e 84*s*()*+, a, (ases ee e pleas< 0+e=a6ple< l*6*)a)*+, I0 a plea )+ )e 84*s*()*+, *s 4pel )e (+4) +es ,+) a84*(a)e +, )e(la*6 Te 4se04l e=pess*+, +, )e 6e*)s as a 6ea,*,g *, )a) (+,)e=) B4) *0 )e (+4)e6;as +, a, a84*(a)*+, a, 4p+ls a pa)*(4la e0e,(e< )a) *s a, a84*(a)*+, *(


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es4l)s *, a *sp+s*)*e 84g6e,) *, )e se,se )a) *) *sp+ses +0 )e (la*6 s4;s)a,)*all' a, 0*,all'

S4pp+se A s4es B *, )e $e6a, (+4)s 0+ ;ea( +0 (+,)a() B pleas ,+ (+,)a() a,+;)a*,s 84g6e,) Ta) *s es 84*(a)a ;' l+(al la a, *, E,gla, .Res M 6a))e N+ 04)ea()*+, +, )a) (a4se +0 a()*+, (+4l ;e p4s4e *, E,gla, S4pp+se B a a*se a p+(e4alplea< eg< )a) )ee as ,+ 6e6+a,46 *, *)*,g< a, )a) )e plea s4((eee I0 )ee *s

84g6e,) 0+ B *) *sp+ses +0 )e (la*6 0*,all' a, (+,(l4s*el' ;' )e )e6s +0 )e l+(al la Ta))++ +4l g*e *se )+ a (a4se +0 a()*+, es)+ppel T+4g )e (+,(l4s*+, as ea(e as a es4l)+0 a p4el' p+(e4al plea< )ee +4l ;e es 84*(a)a *, )e 04ll se,se

I, :arris #+ ;uine< LR @ B >53< )ee as ,+ ag46e,) as )+ (a4se +0 a()*+, es)+ppelS4pp+se )a) *, a, E,gl*s (+4) a plea +0 *llegal*)' *s a*se ;' )e e0e,a,) .eg< )a) a e;)as a ga6;l*,g e;) I0 )e 84ge 4p+ls )e plea )e 84g6e,) *s (+,(l4s*e< s*,(e )e (+4)as e6;ae +, )e a84*(a)*+, +0 )e 6a))e a, )e es4l)a,) 84g6e,)

7'(8,9 +C+ ,(' 6age 0J,

g*es *se )+ (a4se +0 a()*+, es)+ppel O, )e 6e*)s *s a 0le=*;le e=pess*+, a, +,e ,+)al)+ge)e (lea P+(e4al pleas ae ,+ *00ee,) *, )e* e00e() 0+6 s4;s)a,)*e pleas

Ee, a e0a4l) 84g6e,) g*es *se )+ a (a4se +0 a()*+, es)+ppel +, )e ;as*s )a) )e e0e,a,)*s )ae, )+ ae asse,)e )+ )e pla*,)*00s allega)*+,s s+ )a)< al)+4g )e 84ge as ,+) )*e )e6a))e< )e 84g6e,) *s ee6e )+ ae ;ee, +, )e 6e*)s

I0 ,ee ;e< *) +4l ;e s4;6*))e )a) :arris #+ ;uine< LR @ B >53< as +,gl' e(*eorris The Conflict of Laws< 9) e< 4le 19@< pp 15-159 Se()*+, > +0 )e A() s4pp+)s )eesp+,e,)s (+,)e,)*+,s I, se()*+, .1 )e +s 0+4,e +, )e sa6e (a4se +0 a()*+, +4lsee6 )+ ae *, 6*, )e (ase +0 a pla*,)*00 a*,g a se(+, )' a, ae es*g,e )+ p+)e()e0e,a,)s + ae ;ee, s4((ess04l a;+a "+ a e0*,*)*+, +0 (a4se +0 a()*+, see Letang #+Cooper%19>5& 1 B 232< 2@2-2@3 Te +s +0 se()*+, .1 +0 )e A() 4p )+ 0+4,e +, )esa6e (a4se +0 a()*+, ae ap) )+ p+)e() a s4((ess04l e0e,a,) a;+a a, )+ (+6pel a ,+6al(+,s)4()*+, +0 )e ,+6al +s *)+4) l++*,g ;e*, )e6

Se()*+, .1 +0 )e A() as *,)e,e )+ eal *) (a4se +0 a()*+, es)+ppel Te (+6;*,a)*+, +0)e +s (+,(l4s*e a, (a4se +0 a()*+,


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as (+,(e,e *) as )e 6a))es a84*(a)e 4p+, Se()*+, .1 +0 )e A() +0 1933 *s eal*,g*) (a4se +0 a()*+,

7'(8,9 +C+ ,(' 6age 0J8

es)+ppel Se()*+, .3 *s eal*,g *) a,')*,g else *( 6a' ae ;ee, +el++e *, )e(+66+, la

Te eal 4es)*+, a84*(a)e 4p+, ee as: Ca, I ae 6' 6+,e' T+ sa' )a) a e;) *ss)a)4)e-;ae *s +,l' a pel*6*,a' )+ )e es4l) +0 )e (ase Te (e)*0*(a)e +0 a, E,gl*s

84g6e,) 4,e )e A() (+,)a*,s +,l' )e *sp+s*)*e pa) S+ )++ *) 6a,' 0+e*g, 84g6e,)sG)e' (+,)a*, +,l' )e *sp+s*)*e pa)< *) ,+ eas+,*,g Te 84g6e,) *s )e 0*,al a()< *( *s*sp+s*)*eG *,ee,) *, *) ae all )e g+4,s a, 0a()s ,e(essa' )+ *) I) 6a))es ,+) e)e)ese 0a()s ae p's*(all' 0+4, *, )e +(46e,) I, se()*+, .3 )e +s e(*e )ee*,6ea, *,ee,) *, A, E,gl*s (+4) *s ,+) pe(l4e 0+6 g+*,g ;e*, )e seale (+p' )+ seea) as *,ee,) *, )e 84g6e,) Te + 84g6e,) *s (+,(ep)4al T+ 0*, a) as *, *) +,e6a' ,ee e=)*,s*( e*e,(e Te eg*s)e ep) 4,e )e A() *s 84s) a ;++ *) (+l46,s g**,g

)e ;aes) p+ss*;le e(*)als Te a()4al +(46e,) +es ,+) ge) *,)+ )e eg*s)e

As )+ es 84*(a)a *, )e (ase +0 a e0a4l) 84g6e,)< see 3ew 5runswic< Railway Co+ #+ 5ritishand French Trust Corporation Ltd %1939& AC 1< 19-2< 37-3< a, Bo< :oong #+ Leong CheongBweng >ines Ltd %19>@& AC 993< 11

Te Re(*p+(al E,0+(e6e,) +0 "+e*g, 4g6e,)s .$e6a,' Oe 19>1 .SI 19>1 N+ 1199se)s +4) *, a)*(le F .2 a, .3 )e 84g6e,)s )+ *( *) appl*es I)s )e6s ae ,+) (+,0*,e )+pla*,)*00s s4((esses ;4) als+ e=)e, )+ e0e,a,)s s4((esses See als+ a)*(le I .3 C+6paea)*(le 5 .2 *, )e (+esp+,*,g a0) (+,e,)*+, *, )e $ee (+66*))ees ep+) a,,e= IF .;< p@7

Pa) I +0 )e A() +0 1933 *s e=pl*(*)l' (+,(e,e *) e0e,a,)s as 64( as pla*,)*00s Tee *s ,+eas+, ' )e leg*sla)4e s+4l ,+) ae ;ee, (+,(e,e *) s4((ess04l e0e,a,)s *, Pa) IITe A() as 6ea,) )+ ;e a (+6ple)e sel0-(+,)a*,e (+e

Te e,0+(e6e,) +0 a 84g6e,) 6ea,s ,+ 6+e )a, g**,g *) 0+(e a, al**)' Te 84g6e,) *s)e a() ;' *( )e legal ela)*+,s*ps ae e(lae: see $aeger Co+ Ltd+ #+ $aeger.1929 @>RPC 33>< 3@9-35

I, )*s (ase )e $e6a, 84g6e,) e(*e )a) )e e6e' as ;ae *, $e6a,' a, )e (la*6as *sp+se +0 ;' appl'*,g )e s4;s)a,)*e la Te e0e,(e p4) 4p s4((eee a, )e e6e'as ;ae< 84s) as *) +4l ae ;ee, *0 )e e0e,a,)s plea a ;ee, +,e +0 *llegal*)' A pla*,)*00

*, $e6a,' *s ,+) all+e )+ g*e e*e,(e +, *s +, ;eal0: *0 e l+ses *s (ase ;' eas+, +0)*s p+(e4al ;a< )ee *s ,+,e)eless a, a84*(a)*+, Te +,l' legal s's)e6 *( (a,e(lae )e p4p+) a, e00e() +0 a 84g6e,) *s )e l+(al s's)e6

I, E,gl*s la a )*6e-;ae e;) 6a' s4*e e=)a(4*all' )e e=p*' +0 )e )*6e l*6*) *, s+6e(*(46s)a,(es: .1 We, pa'6e,) as ;ee, 6ae 4,e a 6*s)ae +0 0a() as egas )e )*6e;a )e s46 *s *e(+ea;le .2 A (e*)+ 6a' app+p*a)e )e )*6e-;ae e;) )+ )e *s(age+0 a e;) +*,g )+ *6 .3 A l*e, +, p+pe)' se(4*,g a )*6e-;ae e;) e6a*,s: see >idgley #+>idgley%193& 3 C 22


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Te 6a))e e(*e *, $e6a,' as e)e + ,+) )e pla*,)*00s (+4l ge) )e 6+,e' )e'(la*6e Te 4g6e,) as (+,(l4s*e +, )a) a, )e E,gl*s (+4)s 64s) +,+4 84g6e,)s +,s4( 6a))es Te 84g6e,)

7'(8,9 +C+ ,(' 6age 0J.

+4l sa' e*)e )a) )e pla*,)*00s a a *g) + ,+ *g) )+ )e* 6+,e'< ,+) )a) )e' ees4((ess04l + 4,s4((ess04l *, espe() +0 )e l*6*)a)*+, plea I0 a 6a))e *s es 84*(a)a *, $e6a,'etallurgiHue de 6rayon Troo 5elgium #+ Boppel< 77 S )ee as ,+pe*+4s 0+e*g, 84g6e,) I) as a, appl*(a)*+, +0 :uber #+ 1teiner< 2 B*,gNC 22 I,Casano#a and Co+ #+ C+ G+ >eier ? Co .15 1 TLR 213< 215< )e s*)4a)*+, as s*6*la :arris#+ ;uine< LR @ B >53< as (*)e *, ag46e,) *, ela)*+, )+ (+*(e +0 la a, ,+) es 84*(a)aI, 2n re Low 5land #+ Low%19@& 1 C 1@7< 15@-155< 157< 15< 1>2< a :arris #+ ;uines*)4a)*+,* ,+) a*se *, )e (ase +0 )e S(+))*s 84g6e,) Laing and 2r#ine #+ nderson.171 1 ? 7@53< a, +4l ,+) es)+' *)s e00e() :uber #+ 1teiner< 2B*,gNC 22 as ;ee, (+,s)a,)l' s4pp+)e . I, +e )+ s4((ee )e esp+,e,)s 64s)s+ )a) :arris #+ ;uine< LR @ B >53< as +,gl' e(*e a, )e' ae ,+) p+*,)e +4)a,' e+ *, )e eas+,*,g + s+, )a) *) as (+,)a' )+ p*,(*ple: ee, (a4se +0 a()*+,es)+ppel as )ee (+,s*ee: see )e ag46e,) 0+ )e pla*,)*00s a) p >5> a, )e 84g6e,) +0C+(;4, C a) p >57 See als+ Thoday #+ Thoday%19>@& P 11< 197-19

I) +4l ;e a e' s)+,g )*,g 0+ a, a()*+, l*e )*s )+ ;e *s6*sse +, a, *,)el+(4)+'appl*(a)*+, e, *)s g+4, *s a p+*,) +0 la ag4e 0+ )e 0*s) )*6e *, )e !+4se +0 L+s )+ )ee00e() )a) a, a4)+*)' *( as s)++ 0+ 6+e )a, a (e,)4' as +,gl' e(*e

I) *s ,+) )4e )+ sa' )a) a) *s es 84*(a)a a;+a *s es 84*(a)a ee a,< *0 )ee *s (a4se +0a()*+, es)+ppel a;+a< )ee *s (a4se +0 a()*+, es)+ppel ee Tee *s ,+ a4)+*)' )a) (+6*)'+ e(*p+(*)' e4*es s4( a 4le )+ ;e appl*e Rel*a,(e *s pla(e +, )e a)*(le ;' P+0ess+$4))e*ge *, 13 5ritish ear 5oo< of 2nternational Lawa) pp 51 e) se *( s+s )a) )ee *s,+ 4,*0+6*)' *, )*s 6a))e a, )a) *) *s +,g )+ ass46e )a) 0+e*g, (+4)s e(+g,*se +,ea,+)es 84g6e,)s +, a 4,*0+6 ;as*s I,ee< )ee *s ,+ e*e,(e )a) all + a,' +0 )e6 appl's4( a 4le

I, seeal *6p+)a,) espe()s a 0+e*g, 84g6e,) *s ,+) )e e4*ale,) +0 a, E,gl*s 84g6e,)"+e*g, 84g6e,)s (a,,+) ;e *e()l' e,0+(e *, E,gla, Te (a4se +0 a()*+, +es ,+) 6ege *,)e 0+e*g, 84g6e,) as *) +es *, E,gl*s 84g6e,)s I) *s ,+) a p*,(*ple +0 )e la +0 ,a)*+,s )a)a s)a)e *s ;+4, )+ e,0+(e )e 84g6e,)s +0 a 0+e*g, )*;4,al: Godard #+ Gray.17 LR > B

139< 1@< 1@9-15 I0 a pla*,)*00 s4es ee +, )e +*g*,al (a4se +0 a()*+, e)e )e e0e,a,) *ses)+ppe 0+6 e,'*,g )a) )ee *s a (a4se +0 a()*+, epe,s +, a) )e 0+e*g, (+4)a84*(a)e I0 )e 0+e*g, 84g6e,) as +, )e 6e*)s )ee 6a' ;e a (a4se +0 a()*+, es)+ppelTe E,gl*s (+4)s ae ala's e=e(*se )e* *g) )+ e04se )+ e,0+(e a 0+e*g, 84g6e,) *0e,0+(e6e,) +4l ;e (+,)a' )+ p4;l*( p+l*(' + *0 *) *s pe,al: see 4icey ? >orris The Conflict ofLaws< 9) e< 17< pp 131-132< 19< p 137 See als+ 2n re >acartney >acfarlane #+>acartney%1921& 1 C 522 a, :untington #+ ttrill%193& AC 15 Tee *s ,+ eas+, *,p*,(*ple )+ e=pe() E,gl*s (+4)s )+ e(+g,*se as g**,g *se )+ (a4se +0 a()*+, es)+ppel 0+e*g,

84g6e,)s *(< a )e' ;ee, g*e, *, E,gla, +4l ,+) ae g*e, *se )+ *) ee I, >idgley#+ >idgley%193& 3 C 22< 29-299< el*e +, ;' )e esp+,e,)s< *) as ,+) el )a) )e (a4se+0 a()*+, a g+,e< +,l' )a) )e (la*6 as ,+) e,0+(ea;le ?ee p+(e4al pleas + ,+)e=)*,g4*s a *g) I, )e (ase +0 a e0a4l)

7'(8,9 +C+ ,(' 6age 0''

e0e,a,) a )e +pp+)4,*)' )+ e0e,< )+4g e * ,+) A pla*,)*00 6a' 0a*l al)+4g e as ag++ (a4se +0 a()*+,< ;4) e (a,,+) s4((ee *0 e as ,+) a g++ (a4se +0 a()*+, A (a4se +0a()*+, *s a *g) e*e 0+6 a 0a()4al s*)4a)*+, *( e,)*)les )e +le +0 a *g) )+ +;)a*, 0+6 a(+4) s+6eee< s+6e )*6e< ;' a()*+, + +)e legal p+(ee*,g< a e6e' aga*,s) a,+)epes+, B4) a pa)*(4la (+4) a) a pa)*(4la )*6e 6a' ,+) all+ )a) *g) )+ ;e e,0+(e< sa'53 I) *s *,(+,(e*a;le )a) )a) (ase(+4l ae ;ee, +el++e ;' )e (+66*))ee + )a) *) (+4l ae ;ee, *,)e,e )+ +e4le *)Te +,l' a((ep)a;le e=pla,a)*+, *s )a) )e (+66*))ee *,)e,e )e a0) A() )+ appl' )+e,0+(ea;le 84g6e,)s +,l' a, ee e0e*,g )+ e(+g,*)*+, *, )a) (+,)e=) a,< ee

84g6e,)s ae ,+) eg*s)a;le< e(+g,*)*+, *s a, esse,)*al s)ep )+ e,0+(e6e,) T*s (+,s)4()*+,+0 Pa) I +0 )e A() +0 1933 a+*s )e *00*(4l)' +0 e(+,(*l*,g :arris #+ ;uine< LR @ B >53< *)se()*+, Te +s ;' a' +0 e0e,(e *, se()*+, .1 ,ee ,+) 6ea, )a) (ases ee )epla*,)*00 l+s) a;+a ae (+ee A 6*g) *, a, a()*+, a;+a aga*,s) B 0+ a (e)a*, s46 I0a0)eas e s4e B *, E,gla, (la*6*,g a gea)e s46< B (+4l el' +, )e 0+e*g, 84g6e,) ;'a' +0 *ss4e es)+ppel +, )e p+pe a6+4,) )+ ;e aae O, (+s)s )e A() *s als+ (+,(e,e*) e,0+(ea;le 84g6e,)s "+e*g, g+e,6e,)s ee (+,(e,e *) e(*p+(al e,0+(e6e,) +0

84g6e,)s< ,+) *) (ases ee )e (la*6 as *s6*sse

As )+ )e l+,g )*)le +0 a, A() as a g4*e )+ *)s (+,s)4()*+,< see >axwell on 2nterpretation of1tatutes< 12) e .19>9< p @ I, se()*+, .1 (+,(l4s*e 6ea,s (+,(l4s*e +, )e 6a))esa84*(a)e 4p+, a, 84g6e,) (+es )e +le +0 )e +(46e,) p+*e ;' )e $e6a,(+4) as *)s s*g,e 84g6e,) L++*,g a) )a)< +,e sees )a) )e +,l' )*,g a84*(a)e 4p+, *s )e

$e6a, la +0 l*6*)a)*+, a, )a) )ee as ,+ a84*(a)*+, +, )e 6e*)s Ee, *0 )e 84g6e,)as 0+6all' es)*()e )+ )e +pea)*e pa)< a, E,gl*s (+4) (a, l++

7'(8,9 +C+ ,(' 6age 0'*

a) )e 0+e*g, (+4)s eas+,s< *0 g*e,< )+ see e)e )e a84*(a)*+, as +, )e 6e*)s Te(+4) 64s) l++ a) 6+e )a, )e *sp+s*)*e 84g6e,) )+ see a) )e (a4se +0 a()*+, *s: see )eBo< :oong case%19>@& AC 993< 113 O,(e +,e a((ep)s a *s)*,()*+, ;e)ee, s4;s)a,)*e laa, p+(e4al la *) *s *6p+)a,) )+ 0*, +4) )e g+4, +0 )e 84g6e,) A (ase (a, ;e *s6*ssep+(e4all' al)+4g )ee *s a g++ (a4se +0 a()*+,

Se()*+, +0 )e A() +0 1933 s+4l ;e (+,s)4e s+ as )+ ;e (+,s*s)e,) *) :arris #+ ;uine< LR@ B >53 Tee *s a pes46p)*+, )a) Pal*a6e,) * ,+) *,)e, )+ al)e )e (+66+, la T*s *s(+,0*6e ;' )e $ee (+66*))ees ep+)< *( * ,+) s4gges) )a) )a) (ase as pa) +0 )e6*s(*e0 )+ ;e e6e*e Te ep+) 6aes *) (lea )a) )e a0) B*ll as ,+) es*g,e )+ al)e )e(+66+, la< sae *, a l*6*)e ,46;e +0 (ases spe(*0*e I0 )ee *s a,' a6;*g4*)' )e A() s+4l;e (+,s)4e as ,+) al)e*,g )e (+66+, la Te B*ll as p+p+se *, )e l*g) +0 )e a0)(+,e,)*+,s *, )e ep+) a, *, a,)*(*pa)*+, +0 (+,e,)*+,s *, )a) 0+6 ;e*,g 6ae: seepaagaps 1>-17 .pp 15-17 +0 )e ep+) a, paagap 22 .pp 19-2

Te 6ee 0a() )a) se()*+, .1 p+*es )a) a 0+e*g, 84g6e,) *s )+ ;e (+,(l4s*e +es ,+)


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*,*(a)e a) *) *s )+ ;e (+,(l4s*e +0 "+ )a) +,e 64s) ea s+6e)*,g *,)+ *) *, a,' ee,) I) *s(+,(l4s*e +0 a) as a84*(a)e +, #,)*l +,e l++s a) )e eas+,*,g +0 )e 84g6e,) all +,e,+s *s )a) )e pla*,)*00 (a,,+) ee a, ,+ ae )e e6e' e (la*6s Be'+, )a)< +,e (a,l++ a) )e 84ges eas+,s Ca4se +0 a()*+, ;+al' (+,s)4e 6ea,s 6a))e *, *sp4)e Te,

)ee *s ,+)*,g *,(+,s*s)e,) *) :arris #+ ;uine< LR @ B >53< *0 (+,(l4s*e 6ea,s(+,(l4s*e +0 )e 6a))e *, *sp4)e

As )+ )e p*,(*ple +0 e(*p+(*)'< see 1ocit Cooperati#e 1idmetal #+ Titan 2nternational Ltd%19>>& 1 B 2< @@< @5< @>< @7

A 0+e*g,e +4l ,+) ;e 6*sle ;' )e )e6s +0 se()*+, *0 e l++e a) )e (+,e,)*+, 0*s) a,)e A() a0)eas

Te (+,(ep) +0 e(**,g (ases +, )e 6e*)s *s appl*e *, +)e (+66+, la 84*s*()*+,s a,ega s+4l ;e a )+ *) *, (+,s)4*,g )e A() +0 1933

As )+ )e 4es)*+, +0 *s(e)*+,< *0 :arris #+ ;uine< LR @ B >53< ee el )+ ae ;ee,+,gl' e(*e a, )e C+4) +0 Appeal ee el )+ ae ;ee, *g) *, *)s *,)epe)a)*+, +0se()*+, +0 )e A() +0 1933< )ee +4l ;e a, +eel6*,g (ase 0+ se))*,g as*e )e *) B4) *0)e !+4se +0 L+s +es ,+) s+ e(*e< )e !+4se s+4l ,+) *,)e0ee *) )e e=e(*se +0 )e**s(e)*+, ;' )e 6as)e a, )e 84ge Te 6a8+*)' +0 )e C+4) +0 Appeal agee *) )e a' *,*( )e *s(e)*+, a ;ee, e=e(*se

I) 64s) ;e *g) )+ le) )e a()*+, p+(ee ;e(a4se: .1 Tee +4l ;e ,+ g++ e0e,(e )+ )ea()*+, *, E,gla, .2 I0 *) * ,+) p+(ee< )e pla*,)*00s +4l l+se )e (a,(e +0 p+(ee*,g +,)e )+ ;*lls *, 4es)*+,< ee, )+4g )e' s)a)e p+(ee*,gs *, E,gla, *, )*6e a, *) 6*g)6ea, )a) )e' a l+s) all (a,(e +0 +;)a*,*,g )e p*(e +0 )e 6a(*,e' .3 E,gla, *s )e

p+pe a, (+,e,*e,) 0+46 0+ )*al e, a 0+e*g, ;4'e g*es ;*lls +0 e=(a,ge 0+ a p*(epa'a;le *, E,gla, .@ Tee +4l ;e ,+ as*p )+ )e e0e,a,)s T*s7'(8,9 +C+ ,(' 6age 0')

6a))e *s sepaa)e 0+6 )e a;*)a)*+, p+(ee*,gs "4)e< *0 )e "eeal S4pe6e C+4)eeses )e e(*s*+, +0 )e l+e (+4)< )ee *ll ;e ,+ *00ee,(e ;e)ee, )e E,gl*s (+4)sa, )e $e6a, (+4)s

Te 0a() )a) )e e0e,a,)s ae ,+ asse)s ee *s ,+ eas+, 0+ ,+) le))*,g )e pla*,)*00s s4eee I,ee )e 0a() )a) )e e0e,a,)s ae 0*g)*,g s+ a ,+) )+ ;e s4e ee +4l s4gges))a) )e' *,)e, )+ ;*,g asse)s ee Rel*a,(e *s pla(e +, Coast Lines Ltd+ #+ :udig ? ederChartering 3+ %1972& 2 B 3@< @5 I0 )e pla*,)*00s a,) )+ ge) a 84g6e,) *( *ll ;e +0 l*))le

4se )+ )e6< *) *s ,+) 0+ )e (+4)s )+ sae )e6 0+6 )e6seles

As )+ )e s4gges)*+, )a) )e (+4)s s+4l lea, *, 0a+4 +0 a 0+e*g,e *, s4( 6a))es< The:agen%19& P 19< 21 a, The 5rabo%19@9& AC 32> ee *00ee,) 0+6 )e pese,) (ase;e(a4se ee )e 0+e*g, (+6pa,' as a((ep)e ;*lls pa'a;le *, E,gla,

Te eas+, ' )e pla*,)*00s< a*,g s4e *, )e $e6a, 0+46< ,+ see )+ s4e *, E,gla, *s)e p+;le6 +0 )e* ;e*,g p+ss*;l' +4) +0 )*6e *, $e6a,' a, +,l' 84s) *, )*6e *, E,gla,< s+


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)a) )e' see )+ pesee )e* *g)s *, ;+) (+4,)*es Te' s4e *, $e6a,' ;e(a4se *) +4l;e 6+e sa)*s0a()+' )+ *, )ee I) *s ,+) )e* *,)e,)*+, )+ p4s4e )e a()*+, *, E,gla, 4,)*l )ee(*s*+, +0 )e "eeal C+4) *, $e6a,' *s ,+, We)e )e pla*,)*00s *, + l+se *, $e6a,'

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