black carbon air pollution in berlin

Andreas Kerschbaumer, Senate Department for Urban Development and Environment, Berlin 1

Black Carbon Air Pollution in Berlin

BC situation: measurements

Source apportionment

Abatement strategies

Andreas KerschbaumerBerlin Senate Department for Urban

Development and EnvironmentDirectorate IX, Environment Policy

2

Andreas Kerschbaumer, Senate Department for Urban Development and Environment, Berlin

Introduction Introduction Impact chain of air pollutionImpact chain of air pollution

other particles

agriculture

Industry & business

power plants

house heating

traffic

hydrocarbons

Ammonia

SO2

NOx

Particles

Acidification

Eutrophication

Troposphericozone

Crops

Materials

Ecosystems

Climate

Health

Nitrogendioxide

Sources negative effect on …

Black Carbon

EmissionPollutionImpact

3


Links relevant for particulate matter - BC

other particles

agriculture

Industry & business

power plants

house heating

traffic

hydrocarbons

Ammonia

SO2

NOx

Particles

Acidification

Eutrophierung

Troposphericozone

Crops

Materials

Ecosystems

Climate

Health

Nitrogendioxide

Sources negative effect on …

Black Carbon

EmissionPollutionImpact

Introduction Introduction Impact chain of air pollutionImpact chain of air pollution


Outline■ EC – OC measurements in Berlin

automated thermal analysis (daily means) PM10, PM2.5, PM1

RUBIS (small devices) thermal analysis (bi-weekly means) PM10

high temporal (automated) and spatial (RUBIS) coverage

■ Source apportionment EC and OC concentrations during high PM episodes EC (or TC) local street contribution

■ Abatement measures low emission zone (LEZ) wood burning in small combustion plants off-road machinery / construction sites


Air Quality Measurements

■ 16 automated measurements 6 at street level 6 urban background 4 semi-rural urban areas

■ 30 Mini-Samplers at streets higher spatial resolution 2-weekly sample periods on filters Elemental and Organic Carbon Passive Samplers for NO2 and NOx


Low emission zone

Automatic monitoring site in residential areas and at the cities’ periphery

Automatic monitoring site in busy roads at the kerbside

monitoring site with miniaturised sampling devices passive samplers for NO2 active PM10 mini samplers for EC/OC analysis

AQ monitoring in Berlin Focus on hot spots & urban exposure & source analysis


PM2.5 at kerbside

3.6 5.19.0

3.8 5.38.3

4.05.5

8.8 2.9 4.2 8.7

3.0 4.88.9

3.25.1

10.4

2.23.5

6.8

2.33.5

5.7

1.7

2.65.1

2.5

3.67.9

2.03.2

7.1

1.9

3.3

8.7

1.1 1.96.5

1.1

1.45.4

0.41.9 6.0 0.7

2.1 8.1

0.72.5 8.8

0.7 2.77.6

1.3 2.35.2

1.0

1.9 4.2

1.1 1.9

4.0

1.2 2.2

6.61.4 2.3

5.6

1.42.1 6.7

0.81.5

4.00.6

1.13.4

0.61.4

3.5

0.61.5

5.0

0.71.7

4.6

0.61.6

5.2

3.6 4.88.3 2.9

5.18.2

3.85.5

7.0

3.3 5.0

7.62.5 3.9

5.8

2.5 4.1 9.1

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

<15(13)

<15-25(46)

>25(55)

<15(22)

<15-25(46)

>25(43)

<15(23)

<15-25(59)

>25(40)

<15(44)

<15-25(46)

>25(31)

<15(51)

<15-25(40)

>25(30)

<15(36)

<15-25(17)

>25(14)

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

12.9 19.6 40.8 12.5 18.8 36.0 11.9 19.4 35.7 11.5 19.0 44.8 10.8 19.0 41.7 10.6 19.3 48.8

µg/m³

OM EC Cl NO3 SO4 NH4 Na K Mg Ca Rest


Trend EC+OC in Berlin

TOTAL CARBON [TC=EC+OM]Concentrations and street increment

126%

113%

100% 103%

94% 96%

101%

122%

111%

100% 101%

92% 92%99%

112% 101%

100%

80% 75%

49%40%

101% 99%

100%

78% 73%

47%44%

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

To

tal

ca

rbo

n [

µg

/m3

]

outside LEZ inside LEZ street increment - outside LEZ street increment - inside LEZ

local street increment

LEZ

9


Source analysis schematic of PM - TC distribution

PM10 [µg/m³]

urban background

regional background

hemispheric/natural background

Urban areas countryside

10

15

20

30

25

35

40 Traffic, local sources

monitoring sites

urban increment

hot spot increment

total urban contribution relevant for AQ LV compliance


Composition of PM2.5-Contributions

OMI5,5% OMII

5,4%EC

3,3%NO33,0%

SO48,7%

NH43,9%

Na, Cl, Mg1,2%

K, Ca0,5%

Fe, Al0,2%TM

0,1%

unspecified21,9%OMI

1,3%OMII1,6%

EC3,0%

NO32,9%

SO40,9%NH4

1,4%

Na, Cl, Mg0,1%

K, Ca0,2%

Fe, Al0,2%

TM0,0%

unspecified6,3%

OMI1,8%

OMII3,7%

EC2,0%

NO32,4%

SO41,1%

NH41,1%

Na, Cl, Mg0,4%

K, Ca0,1%

Fe, Al0,1%

TM0,1%

unspecified1,6%

OMI1,5%

OMII1,6% EC

6,3%

NO30,8%

NH40,4%

Na, Cl, Mg0,2% K, Ca

0,1%

Fe, Al0,5%

TM0,0%unspecified

2,6%

traffic

urban

suburban

background

Source analysis Berlin origin of kerbside PM2.5

background

regional background

local traffic

background

speciationsimplified receptor modelling

source contribution

other sources11%

combustion in energy and tranformation

industries9%

resuspension + abrasion by traffic

4%

road transport9%

road transport7%

resuspension + abrasion by traffic

2%combustion in manufacturing

industry2%

solvent and other product use

5%

production processes8%

non-industrial combustion

10%agriculture

4%

waste treatment and disposal

0%

combustion in energy and tranformation

industries1%

road transport12%

combustion in manufacturing

industry0% resuspension +

abrasion by traffic3%

other sources4%

other mobile sources and machinery

4%

production processes1%

additional combustion1%

non-industrial combustion

3%

local traffic

urbanbackground

regional background


Berlin, 2007

backgroundother sources

11%

combustion in energy

and tranformation

industries

9%

resuspension +

abrasion by traffic

4%

road transport

9%

road transport

7%

resuspension +

abrasion by traffic

2%combustion in

manufacturing

industry

2%

solvent and other

product use

5%

production processes

8%

non-industrial

combustion

10%agriculture

4%

waste treatment and

disposal

0%


and tranformation

industries

1%

road transport

12%

combustion in

manufacturing

industry

0% resuspension +

abrasion by traffic

3%

other sources

4%

other mobile sources

and machinery

4%


1%

additional combustion

1%

non-industrial

combustion

3%

other sources

11%


and tranformation

industries

9%

resuspension +

abrasion by traffic

4%

road transport9%

road transport

7%

resuspension +

abrasion by traffic

2%combustion in

manufacturing

industry

2%

solvent and other

product use

5%


8%

non-industrial

combustion

10%agriculture

4%

waste treatment and

disposal

0%


and tranformation

industries

1%

road transport

12%combustion in manufacturing

industry

0% resuspension +

abrasion by traffic

3%

other sources

4%

other mobile sources

and machinery

4%


1%

additional combustion

1%

non-industrial

combustion

3%

urban

large- scale

local traffic

homemade vehicle tailpipe contribution Source: M. Pesch Technical University - Berlin

Source analysis sources of kerbside PM2.5


Percentage of local traffic contribution to kerbside pollution

5259

46

1211

2

74

7

12 1035

17 1910

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

NO2 PM10 Total Carbon

heavy duty vehicleslight duty vehiclescoachurban buspassenger car

13


380

207

94

78

348

186

88

74

169

84 79

68

55

121

44

53

126

62

24

39

322

69

299

152

261

141

64

219

0

100

200

300

400

whole fleet cars LGV < 3,5 t HGV > 3,5 t

t/a2007Trend 2008 without LEZTrend 2009 without LEZTrend 2010 without LEZLEZ 2008LEZ 2009LEZ 2010

-25%

-32%

-58%

LEZ impact: change of LEZ impact: change of particleparticle exhaust emissions exhaust emissions based on fleet composition at Frankfurter Allee based on fleet composition at Frankfurter Allee (new emission factor data base HBEFa 3.1)(new emission factor data base HBEFa 3.1)

emissions extrapolated to the entire main road network based on the fleet composition at Frankfurter Allee (with DPF-retrofit, only warm emissions, no cold start impact) (preliminary results, vers. 22/3/2011)

-70%

14


Berlin LEZ – impact analysis Berlin LEZ – impact analysis total carbon concentrationtotal carbon concentration

traffic related* total carbon particle concentration in Berlin

120%

141%130%

100%119%121% 100%

112%

101% 100%

80%75%

49%

40%

101% 99% 100%

78% 73%

47%44%

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

6.0

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

To

tal

ca

rbo

n [

TC

= E

C +

1.2

* O

C]

in µ

g/m

3

0%

100%

200%

300%

400%

500%

600%

per

cen

tag

e sh

are

of

situ

atio

ns

wit

h l

ow

win

d s

pee

d

share of situations with low wind speed <2.4 m/s (2007=100%)

average TC over 12 mini samplers outside the LEZ

average TC over 10 mini samplers inside the LEZ

low emission zone in force

*traffic increment based on the difference between kerbside stations and urban background sites

-56%

traffic related* black¥ carbon particle concentration in Berlin

* local BC increment at traffic sites, adjusted to traffic volumes trend relative to 2007 before LEZ came into force

¥ elemental carbon (EC) particles plus other deposited organic compounds (OC)

15


Modernisation of public bus fleet

■ Objectives all busses with filter 600 busses With Euro5/EEV

■ Realisation 94 % busses with filter 520 busses with Euro5/EEV

■ Impact on Emission 37 t/ less exhaust particles 732 t/a less NOx

Emission reduction

100% 100%

54%

10% 6%

50%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

exhaustparticles

NOx

2004 2011 Target Clean Air Plan

16


small combustiongrowing relevance

■ biomass fuel use has become more attractive rising oil & gas prices promoted as a renewable fuel as climate protection measure projections suggest 50-100% growth in biomass burning

■ problem for PM and BC (TC) pollution? initially focused in Scandinavia and

Alpine region abandoned in the major cites of NW Europe

Berlin: <2% of homes still heated with solid fuel small source in urban emission inventories average contribution 1-2 µg/m³ PM10 in Berlin/Paris/London

much higher during stagnant winter episodes (>10 µg/m³ PM10) wood combustion in urban areas used as a secondary heating indication that old combustion units are still used

source: UBA Vienna, 2006)

17


result of speciation and PMF analysis

source analysis Berlin contribution of biomass burningcontribution of biomass burning

Source: Wagener et al. (EAC 2011)

18


Small combustionRegulation in Aachen – Option for Berlin

■ applies to single room heaters with 4-15 kW■ requires already now stricter standards for new equipment

40 mg/m³ for new devices

■ existing units need to comply already by 2015 75 mg/m³ for existing units

■ no extra transition periods granted requires filter technology for retrofit & sufficient market coverage

■ initial problems for the regulator: missing framework for monitoring and control of in use filter efficiency

project with real-world tests of retrofitted filters

lacking market for type-approved retrofit kits lacking demand for market development

similarity with road vehicle DPF retrofit development

retrofit costs relatively high compared to value of heating devices

19


Particle filters for construction machinery■ Problem:

ca. 140 t/a Diesel exhaust particles from construction machines

comparison: Diesel exhaust particles from road traffic:

2009: ca. 224 t/a (LEZ) 2015: ca. 124 t/a (LEZ without exemption)

■ Goal: Reduction of Diesel exhaust emissions: 75% until

2015 i.e. 100 t/a less

■ Obstacle: Filter-Regeneration at different operating conditions Costs Filter availability

20


Particle Limit Values for NRMM compared to heavy-duty vehicles

stage IIIA

stage II and IIIA

stage II and IIIA

stage II and IIIA

stage IIIB

Limit values for new registration

21


Emission standards for machinery operating for public construction sites in Berlin

■ Diesel machinery: from 2014: particle limit value stage IIIB (0,025 g/kWh), e.g.

Filter retrofitting for engines ≥ 37 kW from 2014: particle limit value stage IIIA for engines from

19 to 37 kW

■ Ignited machinery: engines < 19 kW emission standards stage II according to

directive 97/68/EG , also two-stroke engines

other two-stroke engines banned

22


Thank you !

23


black carbon air pollution in berlin

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