bird adaptations zoology. 1. types of feathers 2. forelimb modified into wing 3. modifications for...
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Bird AdaptationsBird Adaptations
ZoologyZoology
Bird AdaptationsBird Adaptations
1. Types of feathers1. Types of feathers
2. Forelimb Modified into Wing2. Forelimb Modified into Wing
3. Modifications for Flight3. Modifications for Flight
4. Specialized Feet4. Specialized Feet
5. Specialized Bills5. Specialized Bills
ReviewReview What is one thing birds have that no What is one thing birds have that no
other animal has?other animal has? Feathers!Feathers!
What are modified bird forelimbs What are modified bird forelimbs called?called? Wings!Wings!
Name 3 uses for bird hindlimbs.Name 3 uses for bird hindlimbs. Walking, swimming or perchingWalking, swimming or perching
What do birds have in place of jaws What do birds have in place of jaws and teeth and why?and teeth and why? Beaks (or bills), weight reductionBeaks (or bills), weight reduction
What fossil was the link What fossil was the link between reptiles and birds?between reptiles and birds?
Archaeopterix lithographica
FeathersFeathers Modified scalesModified scales Used for insulation, Used for insulation,
breeding display & breeding display & camouflagecamouflage
3 main types:3 main types: ContourContour feathers feathers DownDown feathers feathers FiloplumesFiloplumes
Contour FeathersContour Feathers
Cover body, wings and tailCover body, wings and tail 2 main types2 main types
General body feathersGeneral body feathers Overall body coveringOverall body covering Color for camouflage or breeding Color for camouflage or breeding
displaysdisplays Flight feathersFlight feathers
Wings and Tail - long & strong feathersWings and Tail - long & strong feathers Needed to produce lift and for steering Needed to produce lift and for steering
& balance& balance
Flight FeathersFlight Feathers
Wing feathersWing feathers or or RectricesRectrices PrimariesPrimaries SecondariesSecondaries TertiariesTertiaries
Tail feathersTail feathers
or or RemigesRemiges
RetricesRetrices (plural)(plural) Retrix Retrix (singular)(singular)
Remiges Remiges (plural)(plural)
Contour Feather PartsContour Feather Parts
Calamus or quillCalamus or quill RachisRachis Vane or bladeVane or blade
Contour Feather Contour Feather StructureStructure
Vanes made up of interlocking parts – Vanes made up of interlocking parts – why is this needed?why is this needed? BarbsBarbs BarbulesBarbules BarbicelsBarbicels
Barbicels are hooks that Barbicels are hooks that hold the barbs togetherhold the barbs together
Must be preened to Must be preened to maintain structuremaintain structure Uropygial or preen or oil glandUropygial or preen or oil gland
Down FeathersDown Feathers Lack stiff barbules andLack stiff barbules and
barbicelsbarbicels Short, fluffy and soft barbsShort, fluffy and soft barbs
Found underneath and betweFound underneath and between en contourcontour feathers and on juvenile feathers and on juvenile birdsbirds
Function in insulation by trapping airFunction in insulation by trapping air Birds like ducks and geese tend to have Birds like ducks and geese tend to have
more down – Why?more down – Why? Powder DownPowder Down
Special type of down on aquatic birds - Special type of down on aquatic birds - waterproofwaterproof
FiloplumesFiloplumes
Probably Sensory Probably Sensory feathers – still debatedfeathers – still debated
Other typesOther types SemiplumesSemiplumes BristlesBristles
Feather ColorationFeather Coloration
Why are females usually not as bright as Why are females usually not as bright as males?males?
Why do some birds have Why do some birds have similarly plumaged similarly plumaged sexes?sexes?
Why would some birds Why would some birds change color in the change color in the winter?winter?
How do they change?
MoltingMolting Birds shed feathers and grow new Birds shed feathers and grow new
onesones Most do it graduallyMost do it gradually Some do it all at onceSome do it all at once
Alternate or Breeding PlumageAlternate or Breeding Plumage Brightest colors, usually in springBrightest colors, usually in spring
Basic or Winter PlumageBasic or Winter Plumage Usually fairly drabUsually fairly drab
Most birds molt twice a yearMost birds molt twice a year
4 Ways Birds are Adapted 4 Ways Birds are Adapted for Flightfor Flight
1.1. Bones of a bird’s Bones of a bird’s forelimbs form forelimbs form wingswings
2.2. Weight reductionWeight reduction Bones are nearly Bones are nearly
hollow (pneumatic)hollow (pneumatic) Air sacs, no bladder Air sacs, no bladder
etc.etc.
3.3. Large chest Large chest muscles that move muscles that move the wingsthe wings
4.4. FeathersFeathers
Airfoil in Airfoil in a Bird’s a Bird’s WingWing
Leading edge
Trailing edge
Top
Birds vs. Birds vs. AirplanesAirplanes
If a bird is just gliding (or "soaring"), that is, not flapping its wings, it flies in pretty much the same way that an airplane flies. The wings push air down, so by Newton's third law the air must push them up. The pushcomes partly from the angle of the wings and partly from the curvatureof the wings. Swainson’s Hawk
Flapping Flapping FlightFlightThe bird uses its strong muscles to push its wings downwards, pushing air downwards, generating lift, and, if the wings are angled properly, also thrust. The big problem then becomes not pushing air back upwards when the bird moves its wings up for the return stroke.
Fixed vs. Flexible Fixed vs. Flexible WingsWings
Birds have hinged wings. On the downstroke, the wing is fully extended, offering its full surface area for pushing air downwards. On the upstroke, the wing folds up, presenting less area.
Osprey ?
Bird Wings Can Move in Many Bird Wings Can Move in Many WaysWays
Many can use their tails like a rudder for steering
Motionless FlightMotionless Flight
Hummingbirds' wings Hummingbirds' wings are pointed and swept are pointed and swept back, and they rotate back, and they rotate at the shoulder, not at at the shoulder, not at the wrist, allowing the wrist, allowing the wing to be turned the wing to be turned over in midstroke, so over in midstroke, so that backward motion that backward motion cancels forward cancels forward motion and the bird motion and the bird remains motionlessly remains motionlessly poised in the air to sip poised in the air to sip the nectar of flowers.the nectar of flowers.
Hummingbird flightHummingbird flight
Black-chinned hummingbird
Hummingbird FactsHummingbird Facts
How many times does a How many times does a
hummingbird's wings beat per hummingbird's wings beat per SECOND?SECOND?
80 times per second!80 times per second!
How many heartbeats per minute?How many heartbeats per minute? Their hearts beat at over Their hearts beat at over 1,263 beats 1,263 beats
PER MINUTE. PER MINUTE.
♂ broad-tailed
Wing Shape Can Help to Determine What Type of Bird You are Seeing
And what their job or niche is…
Wing Wing ShapesShapes
What does raptor mean?What does raptor mean?Any species (dinosaur, bird etc.) Any species (dinosaur, bird etc.)
that catches and kills its prey that catches and kills its prey with its with its feetfeet
Raptor Raptor SilhouettesSilhouettes
Raptor Raptor WingsWings ButeosButeos – soaring wings – soaring wings
Found in open countryFound in open country AccipitersAccipiters – maneuverable – maneuverable
wings and long tailwings and long tail Found in forestsFound in forests
FalconsFalcons – built for speed – built for speed Found in the open or above Found in the open or above
the forestthe forest VulturesVultures – soaring wings – soaring wings
Feet – Another Feet – Another AdaptationAdaptation
Bird FeetBird Feet
SHAPE TYPE ADAPTATION
GraspingRaptors like Osprey use their large curved claws to snatch fish from the water.
ScratchingPheasants and other birds that scratch the soil for food have nail-like toes.
SwimmingDucks and other webbed lined swimming birds use their feet like paddles.
PerchingRobins have a long back toe, which lets them grab a perch tightly.
RunningMany fast-running birds have three toes rather than four.
ClimbingA woodpecker's hind toes enable it to climb without falling backward.
Bird Beaks – Another Bird Beaks – Another AdaptationAdaptation
You Can Tell a Lot About You Can Tell a Lot About a Bird’s Niche by the a Bird’s Niche by the
Shape of the BillShape of the Bill
Bird BillsBird BillsSHAPESHAPE TYPETYPE ADAPTATIONADAPTATION
CrackerCracker Seed eaters like sparrows and cardinals have short, Seed eaters like sparrows and cardinals have short, thick conical bills for cracking seed.thick conical bills for cracking seed.
ShredderShredder Birds of prey like hawks and owls have sharp, curved Birds of prey like hawks and owls have sharp, curved bills for tearing meat.bills for tearing meat.
ChiselChisel Woodpeckers have bills that are long and chisel-like for Woodpeckers have bills that are long and chisel-like for boring into wood to eat insects.boring into wood to eat insects.
ProbeProbe Hummingbird bills are long and slender for probing Hummingbird bills are long and slender for probing flowers for nectar.flowers for nectar.
StrainerStrainer Some ducks have long, flat bills that strain small plants Some ducks have long, flat bills that strain small plants and animals from the water.and animals from the water.
SpearSpear Birds like herons and kingfishers have spear-like bills Birds like herons and kingfishers have spear-like bills adapted for fishing. adapted for fishing.
TweezerTweezerInsect eaters like warblers have thin, pointed bills.Insect eaters like warblers have thin, pointed bills.
Swiss Army Swiss Army KnifeKnife
Crows have a multi-purpose bill that allows them to eat Crows have a multi-purpose bill that allows them to eat fruit, seeds, insects, fish, and other animals. fruit, seeds, insects, fish, and other animals.
Bird AdaptationsBird Adaptations Types of feathersTypes of feathers Forelimb Modified into WingForelimb Modified into Wing Modifications for FlightModifications for Flight Specialized FeetSpecialized Feet Specialized BillsSpecialized Bills