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Gas Collection Strategies for Bioreactor Landfills: Issues for Developed and Developing Countries Timothy G. Townsend, PhD, PE Professor Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences University of Florida Bioreactor Landfill Workshop US EPA National Risk Management Laboratory and World Bank November 13, 2007 0 10 20 30 40 Time (Years) Gas Volume Bioreactor Landfill Traditional Landfill

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Page 1: Bioreactor Landfill Gas Volume - World Banksiteresources.worldbank.org/.../Townsend_Bioreactor... · bioreactor or not. – What role should bioreactors play in waste management in

Gas Collection Strategies for Bioreactor Landfills:Issues for Developed and Developing Countries

Timothy G. Townsend, PhD, PEProfessor

Department of Environmental Engineering SciencesUniversity of Florida

Bioreactor Landfill WorkshopUS EPA National Risk Management Laboratory and World Bank

November 13, 2007

0 10 20 30 40Time (Years)

Gas

Vol

ume

Bioreactor Landfill

Traditional Landfill

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Yard Trash from 20‐yr Waste

Gas Collection from Bioreactor Landfills

• Current status of gas management– Developed nations

– Developing nations

• Concerns with gas collection at wet landfills

• Bioreactor landfill gas collection strategies

• Landfill gas capture in developing countries

Landfill gas capture and energy production as part of green energy program

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Landfill Gas Management in Developed Countries

• Landfills are designed, constructed and operated to protect environment from leachate

• Depending on size of landfill, at some point landfill will be required to capture and treat landfill gas

Installation of Vertical Gas Wells

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Typical Landfill Gas Well (active system)

Waste

Cap

Gas Extraction Pipe

GravelPack

PerforatedPipe

WellHea

d

Geomembrane Cap

Boot

Wellhead

Control ValveFlow 

MeasurementDevice

Newly ConstructedLandfill Gas Well 

Page 5: Bioreactor Landfill Gas Volume - World Banksiteresources.worldbank.org/.../Townsend_Bioreactor... · bioreactor or not. – What role should bioreactors play in waste management in

Horizontal Wells

It is very common to use horizontal gas wells in some locations

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At some landfills, you wait until the facility reaches grade and theninstall gas collection wells.  At others, you continually build and expandthe gas collection network.

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The landfill may have a complex system of collection pipes by the completion of the project.

Collection ManifoldCentrifugal Blowers

A vacuum is applied to the manifold system to extract gas from the landfill.

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The landfill gas field has to beregularly “tuned” to make surethe appropriate amount ofvacuum is applied.

EnclosedFlare

CandlestickFlare

At a minimum, the gas is flared.

Page 9: Bioreactor Landfill Gas Volume - World Banksiteresources.worldbank.org/.../Townsend_Bioreactor... · bioreactor or not. – What role should bioreactors play in waste management in

Management of Condensate is a Major Design Issues

CondensateKnock‐out

Gas Engine for Electricity Generation

Page 10: Bioreactor Landfill Gas Volume - World Banksiteresources.worldbank.org/.../Townsend_Bioreactor... · bioreactor or not. – What role should bioreactors play in waste management in

Gas Turbine for Electricity Generation

Landfill Gas Used for Heating Leachate

Page 11: Bioreactor Landfill Gas Volume - World Banksiteresources.worldbank.org/.../Townsend_Bioreactor... · bioreactor or not. – What role should bioreactors play in waste management in

Landfill Gas for Leachate Evaporation

Gas well in Costa Rica

Page 12: Bioreactor Landfill Gas Volume - World Banksiteresources.worldbank.org/.../Townsend_Bioreactor... · bioreactor or not. – What role should bioreactors play in waste management in

Fuente: Hernández Barrios, Claudia P.; Wehenpohl, Gunther. Manual para la rehabilitación, clausura y saneamiento de  tiraderos  a  cielo  abierto  en  el  Estado  de México. México,  D.F.,  Secretaria  de  Ecología,  2000.  Fotografía:  G. Wehenpohl.

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Gas Collection at Bioreactor Landfills‐ Gas is produced more rapidly‐ How do you collect it?

0 10 20 30 40Time (Years)

Gas

Vol

ume

Bioreactor Landfill

Traditional Landfill

Issues with Gas Collection at Bioreactor Landfills

• If gas is produced more rapidly, then systems must be in place to collect it.

• Design issues:– Larger pipes, more capacity– More “condensate” to manage

• Environmental issues:– Atmospheric emissions– Seeps– Fires

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Lessons From Alachua County SW Landfill

Lessons From Alachua County SW Landfill

Leachate

Gas

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Lessons From Alachua County SW Landfill

Leachate

Gas

Lessons From Alachua County SW Landfill

Leachate

Gas

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Problems with Traditional Gas Collection

• Vertical wells often become flooded.  The presence of this water hinders gas collection efficiency.

• Horizontal collectors can become flooded as well.

• This problem occurs at many traditional landfills (especially in wet climates) and becomes exacerbated when liquids are purposefully added to the waste.

Gas Well

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Soil Layer

PerchedLiquids

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Issues with Gas at Bioreactor Landfills

Before Liquids Addition After Liquids Addition

Landfill gas well equipped with liquidpumping system

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Pump repairand maintenance

Strategies for Collecting Gas in Bioreactors

– Use leachate collection system– Let the cap serve as a primary gas 

collector– Smart of use of leachate recirculation 

devices– Strategic use of vertical wells

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MSW Landfill

Leachate collection pipe

Leachate wet well

Geomembrane cap

Geomembrane liner

Vertical gas collection wells

Horizontal gas collection wells

Landfill gas pressure

Landfill gas generation and flow

Use Leachate Collection System

• The leachate recirculation system can successfully used as a gas collection system.

• The driving force of gas out of the landfill is pressure.  If the pressure in the leachate collection system is near atmospheric, gas will migrate in that direction.

Page 26: Bioreactor Landfill Gas Volume - World Banksiteresources.worldbank.org/.../Townsend_Bioreactor... · bioreactor or not. – What role should bioreactors play in waste management in

Driving Force for Gas is Pressure

Gauge Pressure (cm of water column)

-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15

z/L

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

mLmk

smkgM

z

2010

104.4

212

37

==

×=

−γ+β+α−= zzp 2

ωμ

+α=βz

j kRT2z2

i2i

2i zzp β−α+=γ

MkRT

z

μ=α

Source: Townsend, T., Wise, W., Jain, P. (2005). “One‐dimensional Gas Flow Model for Horizontal Gas Collection Systems at Municipal Solid Waste Landfills.” Journal of Environmental Engineering, ASCE 131(12), 1716‐1723.

Top of Landfill

Bottom of Landfill

Design Considerations

• The landfill should be designed from the beginning with the idea of collecting gas from the leachate collection system

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Leachate collection system manholeretrofitted for gas collection

Gas Collection from LCS

MSW Landfill

Gas flow

Leachate clean‐out line

To flare

Leachate collection pipe

Leachate wet well

Leachate level

Pump

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Gas flow

Leachate clean‐out line

To flare

MSW Landfill

Leachate collection pipe

Leachate wet well

Minimum leachate level

Gas collection system being constructed on topof sand drainage blanketat Polk County NCLF.

Photos: Jones Edmunds(www.jonesedmunds.com)

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LCS Gas Collection System at New River Regional Landfill

LCS Gas Collection System at New River Regional Landfill

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Capping Systems for Gas Collection

• Use a cap system with a geomembrane as a gas collector.– Composite liner

– Buried geomembrane

– Exposed geomembrane

Geomembranes for Gas Collection

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Liner

LCS

MSW

Geomembrane

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Creative Use of Leachate Recirculation Devices

• Use leachate recirculation devices as gas collectors, but don’t count on them as primary collectors.

• Exception:  Horizontal trenches on the surface of the landfill.

• Also, use unused recirculation devices as gas collectors to collect gas being produced from other recirculated areas.

• Only use horizontal trenches for liquids addition when you an active level of gas collectors above.

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Strategic Use of Vertical Wells

• Vertical well still have a place, but their location and design should be planned with the wet condition of the landfill in mind.

• It would counter productive to put wells in the middle of areas that are planned to be very wet.

• Target for areas not well serviced by other devices.

• Shorter wells in greater number.

Timing of Liquids Addition• Given the challenges presented by liquids addition and gas collection, one option is to prolong the start of bioreactor activity until the landfill is filled, and then start liquids addition.

• Advantage: Gas collection should be more efficient

• Disadvantages:– Limited leachate recirculation capacity

– Harder to inject into deeper lines

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Limitations for Developing Countries

• Let’s separate the issues– What techniques can be used by developing countries to collect gas, whether they are a bioreactor or not.

– What role should bioreactors play in waste management in developing countries

Techniques for Gas Collection

• Important factors– Operating landfill or closed landfill

– Lined landfill or unlined landfill

• For newer modern landfills, use similar strategies as presented for developed countries– Key:  The landfill should be designed and constructed with gas collection in mind

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Techniques for Gas Collection

• When landfills are developed with only limited resources, utilize less elaborate and costly methods for gas extraction.– Something simple enough for the operators to install themselves

– Creative use of recycled materials

– Think collection from the bottom up and from the beginning

– Leverage gas value for site improvements

Crushed glass for drainage media

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Shredded tires for drainage media

The Role of Bioreactor Landfills in Developing Countries

• Depending on the composition of the waste stream, sufficient water may already exist, and it may be essentially a bioreactor already!

• For lined landfills, bioreactor techniques, if done correctly can optimize methane recovery and value.

• For unlined landfills, the benefits of liquids addition must be weighed against impact to the environment.

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Discussion Topic

• Should leachate recirculation be allowed in unlined landfills?

Discussion Topic

• How do landfills with methane recovery compare with composting?

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Summary

• Gas collection is critical to the operation of a bioreactor.  It is not really a “bioreactor” in the true sense of the word if gas is not managed well.

• Standard gas collection techniques do not always work well with bioreactors.  Alternative approaches should be considered.

• In developing countries, gas collection should be integrated into landfill design, construction and operation, whether a bioreactor or not.

• Additional discussion is needed on whether landfills operated for the purpose of methane recovery are appropriate for developing countries.

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Contact info

[email protected]

• www.ees.ufl.edu/homepp/townsend

• www.bioreactor.org

• hinkleycenter.org