biomedical materials science first year modules ... · biomedical materials science first year...
TRANSCRIPT
Biomedical Materials Science
First Year Modules
Introduction to Biomaterials (A and B) – 20 Credits
Module Description
An introduction to biomaterials covering the historical evolution of the clinical use of materials and
the key terminology. Practical experience of the challenges in manufacturing a prosthetic device is
used to highlight the importance of materials characteristics in ensuring the successful use of a
biomaterial. To introduce students to the multidisciplinary nature of biomaterials science and to
provide a foundation in the skills needed to search, interpret and communicate information for the
duration of this degree course.
Learning Outcomes
Identify the nature of the most widely used biomaterials and their areas of application.
Identify the range of biomaterials currently in use, their historical development, strengths,
limitations, possible causes of failure and the potential biological and clinical consequences
of implantation into the body.
Have practical experience of using some commonly used dental materials to construct an
occlusal guard.
Use web-based resources for researching the nature of biomaterials.
Use available computer programs in the preparation of reports and assignments and the use
of basic statistical analysis in evaluating experimental data on the performance of
biomaterials.
Give a short oral presentation and prepare a handout.
Assessment Methods
Assessment Semester Week Module %
Occlusal device SAQs 1 6 5
MCQ or alternative test 2 1-2 10
Presentation/handout 2 9 20
Exam Biomaterials Module 2 Summer exam 65
Introduction to Biochemistry – 10 Credits
Module Description
This module provides a basic introduction to cellular biochemistry and to the experimental
procedures that are used to assess protein and cell responses to biomaterials. The information forms
the basis of cell and molecular biology which are covered in other first year modules and which
together with Anatomy provide a foundation for the biological sciences components of the
Biomedical Materials Science Programme in subsequent years.
Learning Outcomes
Demonstrate a basic knowledge and understanding of the structure of DNA and RNA and the
fundamental principles of replication, transcription and translation, proteins and enzymes.
Demonstrate a basic knowledge and understanding of the fundamental principles of
physiology including the role of cell membranes, fluid compartments and the principles by
which cell volume and composition is maintained.
Demonstrate a basic knowledge and understanding of the fundamental principles of
biochemistry including an appreciation of metabolic pathways such as glycolysis and the TCA
cycle, and the mechanisms by which energy is generated in the cell.
Demonstrate a basic knowledge and understanding of the fundamental principles of DNA
cloning and sequencing, polymerase chain reaction, the use of antibodies as experimental
tools and other experimental techniques that are routinely used in modern research
laboratories, especially in relation to biomaterials research.
Assessment Methods
The module is assessed by a combination of written examination (1 hour comprising 6/8 Short answer questions) in the main summer examination period and by course work. The examination and coursework components are worth:- Written examination: 60% Course work: 40% The course work consists of the following components:- Essay 15% Practical report 15% January MCQ 10%
Introduction to Cell Biology – 10 Credits
Module Description
The interactions of proteins and cells with implanted biomaterials can determine the success or
failure of a biomedical device. It is therefore important for biomaterials scientists to understand
processes in cell biology including cell structure, motility, adhesion, signalling, proliferation,
trafficking and regulation. This module provides a basic understanding of these key processes.
Learning Outcomes
Describe the underlying structure of the cell and the contributions of the cytoskeleton, cell
adhesion and membrane compartments to cell function.
Describe the basic strategies used by cells to communicate and how this influences cell
proliferation and to apply this knowledge to design experimental outlines to investigate its
consequences.
Describe key intracellular trafficking events used to transport cargoes between
compartments of the cell and the relationship of these processes to the activation and
degradation of proteins.
Assessment Methods
The module is assessed by a combination of written examination (1 hour comprising 6/8 SAQ) and
course work
Written examination: 75%
Course work: 25%
The course work component will consist of:
Practical report 20%
January MCQ 5%
Physiological Processes – 10 Credits
Module Description
The aim of this module is to provide students with a basic understanding of the physiology of a
healthy body so that they can begin to appreciate the challenges that biomaterials scientists face
when trying to replace a body part or function. It includes an overview of digestion, blood and the
cardiovascular system and serves as an introduction to second year studies on the mechanisms of
health and disease.
Learning Outcomes
Demonstrate an understanding of the anatomy, function and processes of the digestive
system.
Demonstrate an understanding of blood haemostasis, clotting and blood coagulation
disorders.
Demonstrate knowledge of the structure and function of the heart, describe the electrical
activity and the autonomic influence upon it; outline the cardiac cycle and understand the
physiological factors that regulate cardiac output.
Define the structure and function of the blood vessels throughout the circulation, describe
the cardiovascular reflex pathways and the outcome on the cardiovascular system.
Demonstrate an understanding of the structure and function of the respiratory system with
regards to lung mechanics, ventilation and gas exchange.
Describe the factors determining alveolar and arterial gas tensions, demonstrate an
understanding of how these are affected by ventilation and perfusion.
Describe the chemical and central control of breathing.
Assessment Methods
The module is assessed by a combination of written examination (1 hour comprising 6/8 SAQ) and
course work
Written examination: 60%
Course work: 40%
The course work will consist of the following components:
Practical reports/ questions (x 3): 30%
End of module MCQ (30 questions): 10%
Biomedical Applications of Cell and Molecular Biology – 10 Credits
Module Description
The aim of this module is to link and expand upon the molecular biochemistry and cell biology
covered in semester 1 in order to introduce students to genetic and tissue engineering methods for
medical applications. In the last part of the module students will be introduced to specific
applications of cell and molecular biology, together with the use of biomaterials for treatment of
metabolic disorders, tissue regeneration and repair.
Learning Outcomes
Demonstrate an understanding of the methods used for gene cloning, the study of gene
expression and gene function including the use of plasmids, restriction enzymes, PCR and
expression vectors.
Explain the differences between primary cells, cancer cells and cell lines.
Describe the general structure of a gene and explain the potential consequences of different
types of mutation.
Explain how gene expression is regulated at the levels of transcription and translation to
promote cell differentiation and tissue development.
Explain what is meant by gene therapy.
Explain what stem cells are, their link to cancer, and how they may be employed in tissue
engineering.
Explain in outline how stem cells combined with biomaterials can be employed in the
reconstruction of organs such as the trachea, bladder, retina, bowel, skin and bone.
Assessment Methods
The module is assessed by a combination of written examination (1 hour comprising 6/8 SAQ) and
course work
Written examination: 75%
Course work: 25%
The course work component will consist of:
Practical report 20%
End of module MCQ 5%
Principles of Biomechanics – 10 Credits
Module Description
After an introductory lecture to biomechanics the students are taught basic concepts of mechanics.
In the tutorial following every lecture it is shown in practical examples how to apply these concepts
to describe and calculate biomechanical processes. To monitor the students performance progress
throughout the module, tutorial sheets with biomechanical problems are provided and the solutions
have to be presented in additional tutorials. Additional tutorials will be provided to students
identifying problems coping with the necessary mathematics.
Learning Outcomes
Understand how mechanics can be related to structures in the body, the impact this has on
using biomaterials and how biomechanical problems can be described and solved
mathematically
Explain how forces and momenta of forces occur in parts of the body (spine, legs, arms, hip,
blood vessels) and prosthetic devices (arm- and leg- replacement)
Calculate and describe forces applied or occurring to parts of the body using the concept of
equilibrium and vector analysis.
Apply the concepts of mechanics to movement of bodies and man-machine interactions
(concept of leverage)
Explain how mechanical stresses affect the body and how biomaterials can fail mechanically.
Describe the dynamics of biomechanical motion mathematically.
Analyse and describe pressure as it is exerted on (air) and within (blood) in the human body.
Able to solve biomechanical problems mathematically, i.e. arrange and rearrange formulas.
Assessment Methods
10% Tutorial sheets and problem solution presentation (4 tutorial sheets over semester 1, handed
out 1-2 weeks before providing and presenting solutions, see session list)
20% Essay (1 per student, 900-1100 words not including references, topic handed out before the
Christmas break, submission 4-5 weeks later)
70% Final examination (in examination period, 90 minutes, 4 out of 6 questions)
Properties and Applications of Materials – 10 Credits
Module Description
This module introduces the range of materials used in engineering applications along with some
basic selection rules for determining the appropriate materials for a given application. The module
also introduces fundamental science that determines the properties of materials, such as bonding
types and atomic / molecular structures. Some of the key mechanical and physical properties of
materials will be covered in the lectures and in laboratory exercises.
Learning Outcomes
Classify materials into groups and identify key properties associated with different materials
groups.
Explain the difference between metals, polymers and ceramics in terms of bonding and
structure.
Explain how mechanical properties are related to atomic structure and bonding in metals.
Define specific terms related to mechanical properties e.g. yield / proof / tensile strength,
ductility, hardness and impact toughness.
Explain how specific properties can be measured e.g. strength, impact toughness and
hardness.
Discuss additional properties that influence materials selection e.g. fatigue, corrosion,
recycling, cost / availability.
Explain how the microstructure affects the properties of steel.
Select a material for a specific engineering application based on mechanical properties.
Analyse the data from a laboratory exercise and interpret the results in a report.
Assessment Methods
Coursework exercises (20%)
Examination (80%)
Coursework will comprise the undertaking of laboratory exercises and the reporting of the outcomes
of these studies.
Anatomy for Biomaterials – 20 Credits
Module Description
It is essential for Biomaterials Scientists to have a good knowledge and understanding of the
anatomy of the human body in order to understand how biomaterials and prosthetic devices can be
used to replace and repair damaged or missing body parts. This module provides an introduction to
the gross anatomy of the body and the structure, function and histology of major organs.
It is taught by a series of introductory lectures followed by small group teaching sessions with
models, videos and microscopy slides. Students are provided with worksheets in advance of the SGT
sessions and are expected to have completed these before each session so that time can be spent
going through the answers with the demonstrator.
Learning Outcomes
The vocabulary of Anatomy.
The gross anatomy of the body.
The structure, function and histology of major organs.
The histology of epithelia, muscle, connective and nervous tissues.
The function of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, endocrine and renal systems (i.e.
relate the structure of constituent parts to their function).
The musculoskeletal system.
Assessment Methods
Course Work 50% Week Semester
Test including spotter on Semester 1 work 12 11 1
Group presentation 10 1 2
Test including spotter on Semester 2 work 18 11 2
Group presentation 10 1 3
Summer Examination (2h)
Consisting of short answer questions and an essay question
50% May/June 3
Fundamentals of Materials Science (Shaping) – 10 Credits
Module Description
The module will introduce the following the fundamental properties of metals, polymers and
ceramics that control choices of shaping processes.
Metals:
The shape casting processes, sand, die, investment and Lost Foam casting. The nucleation of
solidification in metals. Growth of dendritic structures in metals. Formation of the macrostructure.
Defects associated with shape casting. Continuous casting. The rolling process. Work hardening.
Recovery processes and recrystallisation. Dynamic recovery and recrystallisation. The forging process
and directionality of properties. The extrusion process. Defects in rolling and extrusion. Springback.
Hot, warm and cold forming. Welding processes, (oxyacetylene, MMA, TIG, MIG, spot welding,
electron beam welding and friction stir welding). Weldability. Defects in welding. Machining as a
plastic deformation process. The development of machine tools. Electrochemical and electrical
discharge machining.
Polymers:
Properties of polymeric materials that affect processing routes. Injection moulding. Extrusion. Wire
cladding. Extrusion blow moulding. Crystallisation of polymers. Amorphous, crystalline and semi-
crystalline polymers. Biaxial stretching and affect on crystallisation and properties. Injection stretch
blow moulding. Die swell. Calendaring. Thermoforming. Blown film extrusion. Reaction injection
moulding. Rotational moulding. Compression moulding. Rapid prototyping methods.
Ceramics:
Properties of ceramic materials that affect processing routes. Ceramic powder preparation;
classification and elutriation. Sintering of green compacts. Sintering mechanisms; wetting and
capillarity, liquid state sintering, solid state sintering. Slip casting. Glassmaking; window glass and
safety glass.
Examples of products manufactured by different routes.
Learning Outcomes
Describe processes to shape metals using casting and solid state plastic deformation
processing.
Describe microstructures and properties of cast and wrought metallic alloys and how they
arise.
Demonstrate an understanding of how defects occur in a range of processing routes for
metals.
Describe plastic deformation processes such as rolling, forging and extrusion.
Differentiate between different welding processes.
Describe machining, and understands the development of machine tools.
Describe injection moulding indicating events in a cycle.
Describe other processes for polymer product manufacture.
Describe the production of ceramic powders.
Describe the several steps in high temperature sintering of powders.
Describe slip casting of ceramics.
Understand loss of dimensional tolerances during shaping processes in metals, polymers and
ceramics.
Select suitable processes for fabricating shapes from metals, polymers and ceramics.
Assessment Methods
Examination (70 %)
Course work: tutorials (15 %), 2 laboratory reports (15 %)
Polymers, Composites and Ceramics – 10 Credits
Module Description
The module aims to develop depth of knowledge in the areas of polymer science and
structure/property relationships in ceramics. The main focus will be to develop qualitative and
conceptual understanding with emphasis on mechanical and physical properties. The module will
develop concepts introduced in ‘Properties and Applications of Materials’ – Semester 1.The polymer
course will begin with an introduction to the means by which polymers can be produced and move
on to consider the range of possible morphologies. Thermal transitions such as crystallisation and
melting will be introduced as will the effect of crystallinity on mechanical properties. The use of
polymers as matrix materials in fibre reinforced composites will also be outlined briefly. The
ceramics course aims to develop a conceptual understanding of how both the atomic structure and
the microstructure of a ceramic material influences its behaviour and properties, with the main
focus being on its mechanical and physical properties.
Learning Outcomes
Polymers and Polymer Composites:
Describe the production of polymers, the resulting molecular weight distributions and the
relevance to mechanical properties.
Describe polymer microstructures including amorphous and semi-crystalline morphologies.
Ceramics:
Describe and distinguish the nature, characteristics, structure, and properties of
technological ceramics and glass forming systems, and understand the origin of the key
properties in terms of structure and morphology.
Describe the role of ceramics and glasses in engineering and medical applications.
Assessment Methods
Examination (70%), case study report (15%), laboratory exercise reports (15%)
Second Year Modules
Dental Biomaterials 1 – 10 Credits
Module Description
This is a 10 credit module delivered throughout Semester 1 of the Second Year. The module aims to
introduce the nature and characteristics of the principle dental biomaterials involved in oral &
maxillofacial surgery and fixed and removable prosthodontics. After outlining the primary cause of
tooth and alveolar ridge loss the role of biomaterials, such as impression materials and plasters in
the process of treatment planning, is covered highlighting the key material characteristics required.
The material design requirements for the biomaterial used in each treatment option are identified
and compared to current biomaterials in clinical use in the area. Approaches to the restoration of
functioning dentition using metal and ceramic crowns are then introduced and the factors
influencing the clinical performance of these approaches reviewed.
Learning Outcomes
Discuss the role of impression materials and plaster in treatment planning for the edentulous patient.
Identify the materials currently used for the construction of dentures and relate the clinical indications for use to the materials characteristics.
Discuss how the materials characteristics of artificial teeth influence their clinical performance.
Advise clinicians on the strengths and weaknesses of biomaterials currently used in oral surgery.
Assessment Methods
1 x Poster 1 x Work Flow
Dental Biomaterials II – 10 Credits
Module Description
This module introduces the chemistry, properties and setting characteristics of the key dental
restorative materials, including amalgam, glass ionomers, composites, dental porcelains and light
setting composites. The practical impact of these factors on the clinical application of these
biomaterials is demonstrated through a phantom head course where students prepare cavities in
teeth mounted in phantom heads. Through lectures and tutorials, linked to the laboratory course,
the practical factors limiting the use of these materials is considered.
Learning Outcomes
Relate the chemistry, setting behaviour and properties of glass ionomer cements,
composites amalgam and dental porcelain to their clinical performance.
Prepare a simple cavity in a tooth and fill it with a restorative material.
Outline the key stages in tooth preparation for cavities for filling with common dental
restorative materials.
Discuss the practical clinical difficulties associated with the use of common dental
restorative materials.
Assessment Methods
60% -2 hr written examination in summer examination period
25% - Phantom Head Laboratory assessment (3 questions relating to the practicals), set after session
10 (the last) of the practicals, to be handed in the first week of the summer term. Answers to each of
the questions should usually fall within the range of 200-400 words excluding references.
15% - Web-summary: Group-based assessment to discuss key aspects of a specific topic related to
direct restorative technologies and deliver a concise web-based summary on the Ecourse
Orthopaedic Biomaterials I – 10 Credits
Module Description
This module covers composition, development, mineralisation, maintenance and remodelling of
bone, including the roles of bone cells and proteins associated with ossification, bone development
and maintenance, bone fracture healing and the development of the bone-implant interface.
Lectures are also provided on hormonal control of calcium homeostasis and healing. This
information is developed to encompass Major bone diseases and disorders associated with
abnormalities in bone formation and remodelling are introduced in the lectures and reinforced by
student presentations on diseases and disorders such as: osteoarthritis, osteoporosis,
hypophosphatasia, Paget's disease of bone, osteopetrosis and osteogenesis imperfecta,
fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. The module provides a grounding in the cellular and molecular
biology of bone that forms scientific foundation for the subsequent study of the structure and
function of joints and the use of biomaterials for bone repair and reconstruction in Orthopaedic
Biomaterials II.
Learning Outcomes
Describe the structure and composition of healthy bone;
Describe the roles of osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts
Explain how mineralisation occurs and is regulated by non-collagenous proteins
Demonstrate an understanding of the role of bone morphogenetic proteins in bone development
Describe the differences between endochondral and intramembranous ossification
Explain the theory of mechanotransduction with reference to the impact of changes in stress on bone;
Discuss how bone cell behaviour can be studied in vitro
Discuss how implant surface topography can influence bone cell behaviour
Describe the stages in bone healing and bone remodelling following fracture and the development of the bone-biomaterial interface
Explain how calcium homeostasis is controlled
Explain how diabetes is diagnosed and discuss the impact of disorders such as diabetes on bone healing
Be able to describe the symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of some important bone disorders.
Assessment Methods
The module is assessed by a combination of written examination* (60%; 1 hour comprising 15 MCQs + 3/4 SAQ), and course work (40%), consisting of:- Presentation on a bone disease or disorder and hand-out 20% Short essay (1000 - 1500 words): 20% Orthopaedic Biomaterials II – 10 Credits
Module Description
The impact of material characteristics and performance on the clinical use of biomaterials in
orthopaedic surgery are reviewed through consideration of a range of orthopaedic interventions.
The impact of the presence of orthopaedic implants on the body is considered through coverage of
the response of the body to materials, with particular emphasis on the wear mechanisms occurring
in artificial joints and the associated physiological responses to wear debris. In parallel, sessions in
anatomy provide an overview of musculoskeletal anatomy, including the anatomy of the bones and
muscles of the spine and neck and joints of the upper and lower limb, movement and imaging.
Students are introduced to the basics of mechanical testing including a practical. More orthopaedic
topics are covered by the individual student presentations.
Learning Outcomes
Describe the anatomy and function of the bones and muscles of the spine and neck, joints of
the upper and lower limb, movement and imaging.
Discuss why joint replacement revision is needed.
Produce a design specification for artificial joints.
Discuss the impact of metals/ceramics and polymers on body wear.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of various treatment options.
Critically review new intervention approaches.
Describe the basics principle of mechanical testing.
Assessment Methods
20% Presentation on agreed topic of students’ choice (10% for presentation; 10% for hand-out)
10% Presentation on the Anatomy of Joints
10% Laboratory Practical Report
60% Examination in Main examination period: 1 hour; 15 MCQ and 3 out of 4 short questions.
Materials Engineering Design – 20 Credits
Module Description
This module covers some essential skills for materials engineers. These range from materials
selection to presentation skills. These skills will be acquired through a range of activities, ranging
from lectures to hands-on tutorials and group projects.
Semester 1:
In semester 1, the module will cover materials selection in mechanical design, which involves the use
of materials selection charts, materials indices (derived from basic mechanics), and specialist
software. The acquired materials selection approaches will then be used on two case studies
covering a range of applications. The case study application will depend on the programme of study,
and will be chosen from hip & knee joints, heart valves, pole vaults and functional & magnetic
materials.
Semester 2:
In semester 2, the module will cover the fundamentals of computer-aided drawing (CAD) to design
components and assemblies. The knowledge acquired will then be applied to two additional case
studies. These will be chosen from hip implants and their interaction with the body environment,
magnetic materials in medical applications and sports equipment, depending on the programme of
study.
Learning Outcomes
Understand and apply the material selection process to the mechanical design of a product
Use material selection charts and specialist software to select the most appropriate material for an application
Use computer-aided design (CAD) to draw components and assemblies and present graphical information in a professional manner
Analyse a product to determine its function, design parameters, requirements and objectives
Use acquired knowledge to independently examine a range of products
Recognise the values of effective teamworking, and ally principles of time management and project planning
Take effective part in team-based oral and written reports
Assessment Methods
100% assessment divided into 6 distinct pieces of coursework: one tutorial sheet, one technical drawing and four case studies.
Microscopy & Analysis – 20 Credits
Module Description
The aim of this module is to develop a capacity to identify material analysis strategies which can be used in studies of the clinical performance of biomaterials. The principles of operation of the main microscopical methods of biological and non-biological materials analysis are introduced, including both sample preparation and the physical principles underlying each of the methods covered. The basic understanding of the methods is then used to critically review the benefits and limitations of the different approaches when applied to the study of the clinical and materials performance issues, such as material failure or tissue responses. Coverage includes: light microscopy (including bright field, dark field, phase contrast, epiluminescence and fluorescence). Histology, histochemistry and immunocytochemistry, Electron microscopy {Transmission and scanning, Immunolabelling techniques; EDX, Scanning probe microscopy, X-ray and electron diffraction, Wet chemistry (gravimetry, atomic spectroscopy), XRF with WDX (C), Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy and ESCA (= Auger and XPS). Students will generate an understanding of the different types of cell culture, cells requirements to grow in culture and how cells can be used in vitro to examine specific problems and to understand the basis of the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986.
Learning Outcomes
Describe the basic operational principles of the materials analysis methods covered.
Critically assess the strengths and limitations of the materials analysis methods covered.
For a specified particular problem relating to biomaterials select an appropriate analysis technique.
Interpret a diffraction pattern obtained from a simple biomaterial.
Interpret an EDX spectrum. obtained from a simple biomaterial.
Use a light microscope, choosing an appropriate method of illumination and then obtaining an image of a biomaterial or tissue specimen by optimum adjustment of the light source, condenser, iris diaphragm, and choice of lenses.
Use a scanning electron microscope, to obtain an image of a biomaterial or tissue specimen using an appropriate method of electron detection.
Describe the principles of cell culture and the differences from organ and tissue culture.
Identify the differences between primary cells and cell lines, the processes involved and their relative advantages and disadvantages.
Demonstrate an understanding of techniques that can be used to dissociate cells in culture.
Discuss the similarities and differences between in vivo and in vitro studies.
Describe how cells adhere and migrate in culture.
Demonstrate an understanding of how cells can be counted and their viability, proliferation and activity assessed.
Demonstrate an understanding of the Animal (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986.
Set up a cell culture.
Examine cells in culture using phase contrast microscopy.
Assessment Methods
60% - 2hr written examination (including MCQ component) in Semester 2 exam period 5% - Problem solving exercises 15% - Assessed practical exercises in Semester 1 (Histology and SEM)
20% - Cell Culture Practical Report in Semester 2, set immediately after the final practical session, which usually occurs in weeks 8 and 9 and is due to be handed in before the end of semester. Usually reports are between 6000-10000 words excluding references. Introduction to Bacteriology and Infections Associated with Biomaterials - 10 Credits
Module Descriptions
This module provides a basic introduction to bacteriology followed by a more in depth study of bacterial virulence factors that enable them to colonise the host and spread within it. The problems of antibiotic resistance are highlighted. The module also provides an introduction to infections associated with biomaterials including routes to infection, major causative organisms, biofilms, diagnosis, prevention and treatment.
Learning Outcomes
Demonstrate a basic knowledge and understanding of bacterial genetics and methods of gene transfer including conjugation, transformation, and transfection, regulation of gene expression in relation to infection.
Demonstrate a basic understanding of the different classes of antibiotics, mechanisms of action and antibiotic resistance.
Demonstrate a basic understanding of bacterial growth kinetics and requirements for growth.
Describe basic laboratory procedures to identify clinically important classes of bacteria including Gram stain, use of selective and non-selective culture media and simple biochemical tests.
Demonstrate an understanding of how bacteria cause infection by invading the host and overcoming host defences, including bacterial adhesins, invasins, and exotoxins and other virulence factors that enable bacteria to spread within the host.
Demonstrate an awareness of the problem of infections associated with biomaterials, the consequences of infection for the patient and the NHS, major causative organisms, routes to infection and risk factors.
Discuss biofilm formation and properties with reference to implant –associated infection, prevention and treatment.
Assessment Methods
The module is assessed by a combination of written examination (1 hour comprising 15 MCQs + 3/4 SAQ), worth 60% and course work, worth 40% of the module marks. Course work is made up of:- Practical report: 20% Group presentation (10%) and individual hand-out on the presentation topic (10%) Physiology in Health and Disease – 10 Credits Module Description This module follows on from teaching in first year Physiological Processes, in providing students with a basic understanding of the physiology of a healthy body. In this module students are introduced to
the nervous, endocrine, reproductive and renal systems, vision and hearing. The use of biomaterials in treatment of associated disorders is emphasised where possible. Learning Outcomes
Demonstrate an understanding of the physiology of the nervous system including action potential, the sensory and motor pathways and how injured nerves may regenerate
Explain the function of the autonomic nervous system
Demonstrate an understanding of the structure and function of the parts of the eye and ear responsible for sight, hearing and balance and be able to explain how different types of hearing loss are diagnosed and treated.
Demonstrate an understanding of the endocrine system including the function of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands, adrenal cortex and medulla.
Demonstrate an understanding of the reproductive system, fertility and methods of contraception involving the use of biomaterials
Demonstrate an understanding of the physiology of the renal system
Assessment Methods
The module is assessed by a combination of written examination (1 hour comprising 15 MCQs + 3/4 SAQ) and course work. Written examination: 60% Course work: 40%, consisting of:- Short group presentation on nerves 10% Practical reports consisting of questions on:- Auditory function and diagnosis of deafness15% Renal Function 15% Wound Healing and the Immune Response – 20 Credits Module Description This module provides an overview of the immune system including non-specific and specific defences of the body, cells and tissues of the immune response; antigens, antibodies, T and B cell responses, the complement system and its importance in inflammation and immunology; hypersensitivity and immunological disease (HIV; cancer). The module also covers processes involved in normal wound healing, the development of the immune system with reference to why foetal wounds may heal without scarring. The impact of implanted biomaterials on wound healing is then discussed including possible reactions to foreign bodies such as wear particles and solid materials. Following on from the bacteriology lectures in Semester 1, students are introduced to diseases which are caused by a combination of the host immune response and opportunistic pathogenic bacteria e.g. periodontitis. Finally clinical lecturers provide instruction on placement of dental implants and factors that influence the choice of implant design, surgical method and the healing time for specific patients. Complications such as peri-implantis, leaching of wear particles into the tissues and potential treatment/consequences are discussed. Learning Outcomes
Demonstrate a basic understanding of the immune system
Describe the processes involved in normal wound healing
Discuss the impact of the presence of an implant on wound healing and describe the various possible reactions to particulate and solid materials in relation to infection prevention and treatment
Discuss host-pathogen interactions in the development of periodontitis
Describe how a dental implant is placed, the surgical options and patient factors that influence the healing process around a dental implant
Discuss potential complications and treatment outcomes following placement of a dental implant
Assessment Methods
The module is assessed by a combination of written examination (2 hour comprising 30 MCQs + 6/8 SAQ) and course work Written examination: 60% Course work: 40% The course work component will consist of:- Journal article presentation 10% Practical Report 15% Patient leaflet on dental implants 15%
Third Year Modules Design for Manufacture – 10 Credits Module Description The aim of this module is to provide a broad view of the design process: the stages of identifying customer needs, concept generation and selection, product architecture, industrial design, issues in the design of plastics products; part integration to minimise the part count, shape constraints related to injection moulding process, effective shapes that are stiff in bending, and the economics of production. The module also provides an introduction to engineering applications for computer aided design (CAD) and rapid prototyping technology including CAD 2D and 3D modelling methods and reverse engineering: data acquisition, translation to surface models and rapid prototyping, including solid freeform fabrication. Learning Outcomes
Explain the steps in the design process.
Critically evaluate aspects of the processing route for consumer products, and specify design features in injection mouldings.
Select rapid prototyping methods.
Perform CAD designs.
Discuss how to improve existing products in the biomedical field. Assessment Methods 10% CAD exercise 10% Artifact report 80%: 90 min examination in main examination period, 4 compulsary SAQs and a choice of 1 of 2 essay questions Advanced Materials – 10 Credits Module Description Polymers: 8 lectures Introduction to Biomaterials- terminology, bioactivity and biocompatibility, properties of natural and synthetic biopolymers, composites as biomaterials. In vivo degradation of biodegradable polymers- terminology, chemical structure of biodegradable polymers and its effect on the degradation process rate, enhanced degradation by enzymes and ions, hydrolysis and oxidation of polymers in the body. UHMWPE in hip replacement- processing and mechanical properties, implants for hip replacement. Ceramic and glasses: 8 lectures Summary of biological responses to implantation of ceramics Silicon nitride, alumina and zirconia: bonding, crystal structure, powder production effect of microstructure on properties key properties for biomedical applications Bioglasses - composition characteristics versus soda-lime glass; basis for and nature of bioactivity; effect of composition changes on bioactivity Bioactive Glass-Ceramics – general glass-ceramic processing and microstructure; Ceravital and A-W bioactive glass-ceramics: composition, bioactivity, and effect of composition changes on bioactivity
Metallic Alloys: 6 lectures Strengthening mechanisms and their applications for metallic biomaterials Austenitic stainless steel, titanium alloys and Co-Cr alloys- alloy development; structure & microstructure; mechanical and surface properties; biomedical applications Shape memory alloys- thermal and mechanical shape memory effects; biomedical applications Processing routes for manufacturing metallic body implants- investment casting; forging; post-treatments Biosurface engineering-patterning & biological fixation; surface treatments to combat wear and corrosion Composites 6 lectures + 2 labs Nature and characteristics of composites - fibres, particles, matrix and interface. Types of fibre and matrix - geometrical aspects. Stiffness and the rule of mixtures; strength and failure modes in long-fibre composites. Short-fibre reinforced composites and particulate-reinforced composites. Processing of composites. Textile composites for vascular prostheses.
Learning Outcomes
Explain how the required product properties arise from the medical requirements.
Justify the materials property levels needed.
Explain how the microstructure and/or processing are manipulated to achieve the properties.
Discuss the links between usage and the economics of the product.
Assessment Methods
Exam (80%) Continuous assessment (20%) Laboratory Assessment of Biomaterials – 10 Credits Module Description This module aims to generate an understanding of which laboratory techniques are useful for the development and investigation of biomaterials in particular applications, and to provide an insight into the process of publication of scientific work and the reviewing process.
Learning Outcomes
Classify and understand the differences in properties between the bulk and surface of a material. Describe and discuss how surface topography may be measured or assessed. Describe how surface topography may affect different cells. Describe what surface free energy is, how surface free energy may be measured or calculated
To demonstrate an understanding of the effects of surface free energy on subsequent protein adsorption and cell responses.
Demonstrate an understanding of protein adsorption to surfaces, its dynamic nature, how it is examined in the lab and the associated problems with both in situ and desorption studies.
Carry out critical reviews of scientific papers submitted for publication and understand the reviewing and process of publishing scientific work. Describe and discuss the factors involved
in determining the thrombogenicity of a material. Identify the basis for evaluating the following properties of biomaterials and to critically discuss the value of the results obtained: compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength, cyclic fatigue strength, toughness, elastic modulus, bond strength.
Discuss the various factors that can lead to the need to revise a modular based hip prosthesis.
To be able to carry out a simple cell adhesion assay.
Assessment Methods
Description Semester Week Module Percentage
Surface Topography Effects on Cell Behaviour Table
1 2
37.5 Surface Free Energy Practical 1 3-4
Cell Adhesion Practical (with Protein Adsorption data)
1 7
Exam 2 13 62.5
Biomaterials Applications – 10 Credits
Module Description
The aim of this module is to review the physiology and anatomy of the human body where
biomaterials are used in order to develop an understanding of the challenges and the strengths and
weaknesses of biomaterials currently used in specific applications. In addition it aims to provide an
overview of the biomaterials market. The gained knowledge should enable the student to assess the
potential applications of the results of their own final year project.
Learning Outcomes
Describe the normal anatomy and function of specific organs of the human body in which
biomaterials may be used to restore or replace function.
Discuss how biomaterials can be used to restore functions of the body and the current
strengths and limitations of these materials and techniques, for example, in the treatment of
heart diseases, to replace skin, in the ear, in the eye, as sensors, for drug delivery (smart
implants), cartilage resurfacing and plastic surgery.
Give an overview of the biomaterials market, new developments and possible future trends
in applied biomaterials research.
Discuss the relevance of their own final year research project in the light of recent
biomaterials developments in that area.
Assessment Methods
10% Case study group presentation
15% Individual student presentation on final year project related topic
75% 90min examination in main examination period, 3 out of 4 short and 1 out of 2 long questions
Interactions of Biomaterials with the Body – 10 Credits
Module Description
The aim of this module is to develop an in depth understanding of the interactions that may occur between the body and an implanted biomaterial, from initial implantation to later times. The module considers interactions of implants in contact with blood; implants in bone and the problem of aseptic loosening of joints; the problems of infections associated with biomaterials; differentiation of cells in relation to their 3D environment and biomaterials and cancer development.
Learning Outcomes
Discuss the reactions which may occur in contact with blood with reference to specified polymer, metal, ceramic and composite materials
Discuss the aetiology and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and its treatment with the aid of biomaterials
Discuss the development and characteristics of the bone-biomaterial interface in relation to bone substitute materials, dental implants and artificial joint replacements
Discuss the biological and implant-related factors associated with aseptic loosening of joint replacements
Discuss the possible routes to infection of implanted and indwelling medical devices, the major causative organisms, aetiology and pathogenesis, prevention and treatment.
Discuss the causes of cancer with reference to possible involvement of biomaterials in carcinogenesis.
Assessment Methods
Coursework: 3 Group presentations on blood: biomaterial interaction, aseptic loosening and infection (20%). Examination in the main Summer period: Written unseen 90 minute examination consisting of 3 short answer questions and an essay question (80%).
Emerging Technologies – 10 Credits
Module Description
This module aims to develop an understanding of how new technologies impact upon the
development of biomaterials and to inform students of the current possibilities and future potential
of such technologies. Tissue engineering, gene therapy and xenotransplants are covered and their
advantages/limitations discussed. Students are introduced to some of the non-science factors, like
regulatory/ethical issues and intellectual property rights, that affect the development of new
therapeutic solutions. The module also outlines novel technologies like for example 3D printing.
Learning Outcomes
Define the term "tissue engineering" (TE) and give examples of tissue engineered products.
Discuss the current state of research in TE and discuss the ethics, biomaterials requirements,
limitations, questions and potential problems which may arise.
Explain the difference between static and perfusion culture systems and discuss the key
factors which influence cell behaviour in each and the advantages of the latter for tissue and
organ culture.
Discuss potential problems that would need to be overcome when transferring cells grown
in a lab. to the human body.
Describe the role of intellectual property for the development of new emerging
technologies.
Discuss the current use and key requirements of biomaterials used in tissue culture and
transplantation such as scaffolds and synthetic membranes.
Describe the role of patents in the process of commercialisation.
Compare the regulatory and ethical issues that impact upon tissue engineered products and
conventional medical devices.
Assessment Methods
10% Case study
15% Essay (800 words)
75% 90min examination in main examination period, 3 out of 4 short and 1 out of 2 long questions
Research Project – 60 Credits
Module Description
At the beginning of the first Semester in your final year you will embark on a research project. Throughout the project you will acquire and/or develop a variety of technical and communication skills by planning and implementing well designed experiments. As you continue with your research throughout the first and second Semester you will learn to interpret and discuss your results appropriately. Principally, the research project will provide invaluable experience in good time management (balancing academic and experimental work) in order to complete a substantial piece of research and to work independently.
Learning Outcomes
Develop critical thinking and research skills
Develop methods of scientific enquiry
Become proficient time managers
Employ initiative
Communicate findings
Read, review and appraise original research articles effectively
Write an appropriate project plan and protocol
Design suitable experiments and possess experimental expertise
Identify problems and attempt to generate solutions to resolve these problems
Produce reliable results that might be published in a scientific journal
Analyse and present results appropriately
Write clearly and concisely as if you were writing for a scientific journal
Assessment Methods
The Final Year research project accounts for 50% of your year mark and the Table below summarises the allocation of marks for the project and when they occur throughout the academic year:
Assessment Semester Week Module / 50
Literature review 1 1 2 Supervisors mark for effort and achievement
1 4 2
Supervisors mark for effort and achievement
1 10 3
Extended abstract 2 1 2 Supervisors mark for effort and achievement
2 10 8
Poster 2 11 8 Dissertation 2 12 25