biome a major regional terrestrial community with its own type of climate, vegetation, and animal...
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Biome
a major regional terrestrial community with its own type of climate, vegetation, and
animal life
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Tropical rain forestTemperate deciduous ForestTemperate rain forestBoreal Forest or TaigaGrassland
TropicalTemperate
DesertChaparral
Biomes we will discuss
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Q. What determines biomes? A. Mainly climate
Q. What determines climate?A. Many things, including tilt of
earth’s axis, proximity to oceans, presence of mountains, wind currents
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Tilt of earth’s axis affects climate in different parts of the world
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Q. Which two aspects of climate determine biomes most?
A. Temperature and precipitation
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See p. 144 in textbook.
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Zones
Arctic
Temperate
Tropic of cancer
Tropical
Tropic of Capricorn
Temperate
Antarctic
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Tropical Rain Forest
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Tropical Rain Forest
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-found near the equator (between Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn)
-temperature varies little from approximately 23°C
-the length of daylight varies from 12 hours by less than one hour
-rainfall > 2000mm
Tropical Rain Forest
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Tropical Rain Forest
- highest biodiversity of all biomes- canopy trees up to 55 m tall- largest biome, on an area basis
-soils are generally unfertile -nutrients and carbon stored in plant biomass, not soils-rapid decomposition
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Layers of rainforest
emergent layer- top, most light
canopy – 90% of species live in this layer
understory – filtered light, epiphytes grow on trees (type of commensalism)
forest floor – little light
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Adaptations of plants and animals
Buttresses provide support for trees in thin soil
Large leaves provide advantage in competition for light
Epiphytes grow on tall trees to reach light
Many animals have evolved as specialists to occupy a certain niche (reduces competition)
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Temperate Deciduous Forest
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Temperate Deciduous Forest
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-distinct winter season, frost a defining feature
-summer season usually moist with ppt > evapotranspiration
Temperate Deciduous Forest
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Temperate Deciduous Forest
-relatively large tree biomass
-also called the deciduous forest, but contains evergreen trees as well
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Adaptations of plants and animalsTrees are deciduousMany animals hibernate or migrate to avoid
winter temps
Temperate Deciduous Forest
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Sweet Home Alabama – this is our biome!
Temperate Deciduous Forest
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Temperate Rain Forest
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Located in temperate zones in North America (Pacific northwest), Australia and New Zealand near oceans
High precipitation (>1400mm) , high humidity and moderate temperatures (mean 4-12°C)
Lush growth of conifers, ferns, epiphytesLow instance of fires due to high moisture
Temperate Rain Forest
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Boreal Forest or Taiga
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Boreal Forest or Taiga-severe winters,Mean average temp can be < 0 deg C
-ppt is low, but evapo-transpiration low
-short growing season
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Boreal Forest or Taiga
-10-20 m treesevergreen needle and deciduous
-second largest biome, on an area basis
-fire dominated, but on longertimescale than grassland-more nutrients and carbon stored in soils than plants-slow decomposition
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Adaptations of plants needle shaped leaves with thick cuticle retain
water, can survive coldcone-shaped trees can shed snow without
losing branches
Boreal Forest or Taiga
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Adaptations of animalsThick fur to withstand coldMigration, hibernation Camouflage changes with the seasons
Boreal Forest or Taiga
Caribou migration
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Names vary with parts of the world:tropical savanna temperate grassland
prairies – N. Americasteppes – Asia
Characterized by vast seas of grass with some small trees and shrubs, extremely fertile soil, grazers, little precipitation, may have wet and dry seasons
Grasslands
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Tropical Savanna
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-found in the tropics (but > 10° latitude)
-pronounced dry seasonwith <5 cm rainfall in some months
Tropical Savanna
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Tropical Savanna
-scattered trees and grass-fire an important natural part of the biome that keepstrees from moving in
- grazing by animals also contributes to predominance of grassesas they crop plants close to the ground
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Temperate Grassland
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Temperate Grassland-similar to tropical savanna, but with cold winter
-relatively hot summer
-potential evapotranspiration > ppt
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Temperate Grassland
-scattered trees and shrubs
-trees are short statured
-fire & grazing by animals also contribute to predominance of grasses
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Prairies of North America
Temperate grasslands
Texas, where more than 98% of the prairie is now gone
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Steppes of Mongolia
Temperate grasslands
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Steppes of Russia
Temperate grasslands
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Grasslands (Tropical and Temperate)Adaptations of plantsGrasses have
extensive root system for efficient water absorption and to allow quick regrowth after fire or grazing
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Grasslands (Tropical and Temperate)Adaptations of animalsGrazing adaptations
(teeth, digestive system)
Migrate to avoid dry periods
Wildebeest migration
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Desert
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Desert-hot or cold deserts exist
-characterized by low precipitation <25cm, sporadic
-potential evapotranspiration > ppt
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Desert
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DesertAdaptations of plants Succulents – term for
plants such as cactuses with thick fleshy stems and leaves that store water
Thick cuticle, roots spread out near surface help conserve water
Thorns prevent animals from eating plants
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DesertAdaptations of animalsMany are nocturnal
to avoid heat of dayEstivation – similar
to hibernating, but during dry season
Spadefoot toad burrows in mud
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Chaparral
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Chapparal-mild winters
-seasonal rainfall:winter rain, summer drought
-located along coasts,effect of ocean is to moderate climate
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Chaparral
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ChaparralAdaptations of plants
and animals Plants contain oils
that encourage fires, maintains shrubby community
Plants can regrow quickly from small remains after fire
Many animals camouflaged
rosemary
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Tundra
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-severe winters
-short growing season,cool summer
-arctic or alpine
Tundra
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Tundra
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TundraPermafrost – layer of
permanently frozen soil under the topsoil, limits plant growth
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TundraAdaptations of plants
and animals Small size of plants
allows absorption of limited heat from soil, reduces exposure to wind
Migration and hibernation of animals common
Camouflage changes with the seasons
Caribou eating willow
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Increasing altitude has the same effect as increasing latitude (see p. 145)
Alpine – refers to community above the treeline (comes from Alps)
Effect of Altitude
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Tropical Rainforest – deforestation, urbanization, pollution, collection of species to sell, slash and burn agriculture
Some estimates have the rate at 13 million hectares annually……..a hectare is roughly 2.5 acres.
Do the math!
Threats to biomes
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Temperate Deciduous Forest – deforestation, acid rain, logging, urbanization, mountain top mining
Threats to biomes
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Temperate Rainforest – logging, loss of old growth forests
Threats to biomes
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Boreal Forest – acid rain
Threats to biomes
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Grasslands (tropical and temperate) – encroachment of agriculture, fire suppression
Threats to biomes
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Desert – urbanization, recreation damages fragile ecosystems
Threats to biomes
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Chaparral – fire suppression, urbanization, recreation
Threats to biomes
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Tundra – oil exploration threatens fragile ecosystems, oil spills
Threats to biomes
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Choose a biome and a threat to research(You can Google “threats to ______” and fill in the biome of your choice to get ideas)
Summarize your findings in your own words in a report (about 2 typed pages)
Give an overview, but focus on specific information from specific locations
Due date: _________________________
Assignment
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