biomass to gas - · pdf filebiomass to gas . bram van der drift . presented at the future...

Biomass to Gas

Bram van der Drift

Presented at the Future World of Biogas: Europe 2011, 24 November 2011, London, United Kingdom

ECN-L--11-122 November 2011

www.ecn.nl

BIOMASS to GAS

Bram van der Drift

2 Biogas - London -

24/Nov/2011

CONTENTS

• Digestion and gasification

• Processes, difference, synergy

• Status of gasification

• Costs

• Future/ambitions

3 Biogas - London -

24/Nov/2011

TERMINOLOGY

• Biogas Gas from digestion (CH4, CO2)

• Syngas Gas from gasification (CH4, CO2, H2, CO, .. )

• Bio-methane Upgraded gas to essentially 100% CH4

• SNG Substitute/Synthetic Natural Gas, biogas or

syngas upgraded to Natural Gas quality

can be made from coal or biomass (bioSNG)

4 Biogas - London -

24/Nov/2011

DIGESTION and GASIFICATION of biomass characteristics

technology: digestion gasification

status: commercially available in development (biomass)

scale: small (<1 MW) large (>100 MW)

fuel: wet biomass (local) dry biomass (local or import)

potential: limited (< 60 PJ in NL) “unlimited”

SYNGAS BIOGAS

5 Biogas - London -

24/Nov/2011

DIGESTION and GASIFICATION of biomass process

temperature: < 100°C > 500°C

process biological chemical

gas: CH4 CH4

CO2 CO2

… H2

CO

….

SYNGAS BIOGAS

6 Biogas - London -

24/Nov/2011

DIGESTION and GASIFICATION of biomass final products

CHP CHP

bio-methane bio-methane

Netherlands (2010): Netherlands (2010)

2.0 PJ heat 0

3.3 PJ power 1.5 PJ power

0.9 PJ bio-methane 0

SYNGAS BIOGAS

7 Biogas - London -

24/Nov/2011

DIGESTION a biological process BIOGAS

8 Biogas - London -

24/Nov/2011

GASIFICATION a thermal process SYNGAS

9 Biogas - London -

24/Nov/2011

PRODUCING BIO-METHANE

digestion

upgrading to

NG specification gas cleaning

solid/liquid

fuel

gaseous

fuel

contaminated

clean gaseous

fuel

NG quality

gas

10 Biogas - London -

24/Nov/2011

PRODUCING BIO-METHANE

digestion

upgrading to


solid/liquid

fuel

gaseous

fuel

contaminated

clean gaseous

fuel

NG quality

gas

gasification

upgrading to



24/Nov/2011

digestion

upgrading to


gasification

upgrading to


C2H4 … H2 + CO

3H2 + CO CH4 + H2O

tar removal

CO2 removal

water removal

S removal

dust removal


24/Nov/2011

PRODUCTION of BIO-METHANE digestion and gasification compared

• Many differences (size, residence time, process,

technology status, type of biomass, conversion, …)

• Similarities in gas cleaning/upgrading:

- S-removal

- CO2-removal

• Synergy:

- NG-specs development (e.g. H2 content)

- Certification

- Digestate gasification


24/Nov/2011

GASIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES

Air Air

Gas

Drying

Oxidation

Pyrolysis

Reduction

Fuel

Air

Fuel

Ash

Gas

Gas

& Steam

Oxygen

Slag

Fuel

Fixed bed Circulating fluidized bed Entrained flow

simple

cheap

tar in gas

limited scale

limited fuel choice

fuel flexible

up-scalable

tar in gas

conversion not 100%

commercial large scale

no tar in gas

O2-plant required

fuel milling <0.1 mm

too high T for biomass


24/Nov/2011

TECHNOLOGIES

Air Air

Gas

Drying

Oxidation

Pyrolysis

Reduction

Fuel

Gas

& Steam

Oxygen

Slag

Fuel

Fixed bed Indirect fluidized bed Entrained flow

simple

tar in gas

limited scale

limited fuel choice

fuel flexible

up-scalable

conversion is not 100%

tar in gas

no N2 in gas

commercial large scale

no tar in gas

O2-plant required

fuel milling <0.1 mm

too high T for biomass

raw producer gas

flue gas

air

biomass

pyrolysis

combustion

steam or CO2 or …


24/Nov/2011

STATUS OF GASIFICATION gasifier without gas cleaning

CFB FW, Lahti

(Fin), co-firing

PF boiler,

45 MWth_biomass

CFB Metso, Varo (Swe),

co-firing lime kiln,

35 MWth_biomass

Updraft Nexterra, Tolko

(Can), boiler,

12 MWth_biomass


24/Nov/2011

STATUS OF GASIFICATION gasifier without gas cleaning

Updraft Bioneer, 8

plants with boiler,

4-5 MWth_biomass

PRME, # plants with

boiler, 1-30 MWth_biomass

Indirect fluidized bed

FERCO, Burlington (US),

boiler, 40 MWth_biomass


24/Nov/2011

STATUS OF GASIFICATION combined heat and power (engine)

Volund updraft

gasifier, Harboore

(Denmark), 1 MWe

Repotec indirect

gasifier, Gussing

(Austria), 2 MWe

Ortner indirect

gasifier, Villach

(Austria), 3.7 MWe

Ortner indirect

gasifier, Oberwart

(Austria), 2.8 MWe


24/Nov/2011

STATUS OF GASIFICATION combined heat and power (engine)

Carbona fluidized bed

gasifier, Skive

(Denmark),

6 MWe Weiss 3-stage gasifier,

Hadsund (Denmark),

0.15 MWe

Pyroforce downdraft

gasifier, Stans

(Switzerland), 1.2 MWe


24/Nov/2011

STATUS OF GASIFICATION (ambitious) plans

• 20 MW production of SNG (Goteborg Energi, Sweden)

• 300 MW production of SNG (E.On, Sweden)

• 12 MW production of SNG (Dahlman, Netherlands)

• …

• 200 MW FT diesel (Carbona, UPM, Finland or France)

• 200 MW FT diesel (Foster Wheeler, Neste Oil, Finland)

• 75 MW methanol (Uhde, Sweden)

• 25 MW ethanol (Enerkem, US)

• …

• 55 MWe power IGCC (Rentech, US)


24/Nov/2011

GASIFICATION for SNG SNG: Substitute Natural Gas (bio-methane)

- Entrained Flow (oxygen-blown)

- CFB: Circulating Fluidized Bed (oxygen-blown)

- Indirect Fluidized bed

53%

64%

70%

50%

60%

70%

Entrained Flow CFB MILENA

eff

icie

ncy

Ba

sis

: w

oo

d (

20

%

mo

istu

re)

to S

NG

,

gro

ss e

ffic

ien

cy L

HV

C. M. van der Meijden et.al., Biomass

and Bioenergy 34, pp 302-311, 2010.

22

INDIRECT FLUIDIZED BED MILENA technology

Complete conversion

High methane yield

Fuel flexible

www.milenatechnology.com

raw producer gas

flue gas

air

biomass

pyrolysis

combustion

steam or CO2 or …

Biogas - London -

24/Nov/2011

http://www.milenatechnology.com/

23

TAR REMOVAL OLGA technology

collecto

r

raw gas

absorb

er

str

ipper

tar free gas

tar tar

Biogas - London -

24/Nov/2011

Complete tar removal

No methane removal

Tar recycle

www.olgatechnology.com


24

MILENA gasification

OLGA tar removal

25 kW

800 kW

2 m3/h

200 m3/h

2 000 m3/h

2 000 m3/h

Biogas - London -

24/Nov/2011


24/Nov/2011

SNG DEMONSTRATION PLANT

- First phase 12 MW: ~900 Nm3/h bio-methane

from waste wood

- Second phase 50-100 MW

- HVC main partner

www.hvcgroep.nl

http://www.hvcgroep.nl/


24/Nov/2011

SNG PLANTS in SWEDEN

• Goteborg Energi: recently started construction of 20

MWSNG from clean wood

• E.On Sweden aims at 10 TWh/a in 2020 (1200 MWSNG)


24/Nov/2011

SNG PLANTS on COAL

• 3 GW plant in US since 1984, ~180 000 Nm3/h SNG

• Several large-scale coal plants planned or under

construction in China, Korea, …


24/Nov/2011

WHAT DOES bioSNG COST? total capital investment

• Total Capital Investment (TCI) of the 10th bioSNG plant

with 1 GWth_biomass capacity

(1 GWth_biomass = 20 PJSNG/y = 0.6 bcm/y)

• Investment is estimated by:

- Assuming existing/planned GtL, IGCC, CtL, and

CtSNG as references

- Expressing investment per kW input capacity

- Quantifying differences in scale, technology, time, …


24/Nov/2011

arrows indicate actual plants or plants under construction

$/k

W-i

np

ut

GtL BtL IGCC CtL CtSNG BtSNG


24/Nov/2011

WHAT DOES bioSNG COST? total capital investment large commercial plant

• Average from references: 1400 $/kW (thermal input)

• After learning: 1000 $/kW (thermal input)

• Translating to 15 $/GJ (bioSNG) production costs


24/Nov/2011

GREEN DEAL GREEN GAS a deal between NL government and industry

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

Gre

en G

as i

n N

L [b

cm/y

]


24/Nov/2011

EU AMBITIONS on BIOGAS/BIOMETHANE

• National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP-

EU27): projected 535 PJ/y in 2020

• NL: 25 PJ/y in 2020 (1200 MWSNG), 700 PJ/y in 2050

• S: 36 PJ/y in 2020

• D: 200 PJ/y in 2020, 360 PJ/y in 2030

• Only NL mentions biomethane as a product


24/Nov/2011

SUMMARY

• Digestion and gasification are non-competing

processes

• Very different in feedstock, scale, …

• Both however can be used for CHP and

SNG/biomethane

• Happening now: digestion for SNG/biomethane

• Gasification will follow for the larger quantities

• Gasification still needs technological development

and upscaling, but benefits from coal-based

technologies

• Do not forget BECCS: bioenergy with CCS


24/Nov/2011

MORE INFORMATION

Bram van der Drift

e: [email protected] PO Box 1

t: +31 224 56 4515 NL 1755 ZG Petten

w: www.ecn.nl the Netherlands

publications: www.ecn.nl/publications

fuel composition database: www.phyllis.nl

tar dew point calculator: www.thersites.nl

IEA bioenergy/gasification: www.ieatask33.org

Milena indirect gasifier: www.milenatechnology.com

OLGA: www.olgatechnology.com / www.renewableenergy.nl

SNG: www.bioSNG.com and www.bioCNG.com

http://www.ecn.nl/publications

http://www.phyllis.nl/

http://www.thersites.nl/

http://www.i/


http://www.biosng.com/

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