biomass production and forest management in brazil
TRANSCRIPT
Biomass production and forest management in Brazil
Prof. Dr. Antonio Carlos Ferraz Filho
Joensuu, 2019
Source: FAO (2016)
Why Brazil?
Antonio Carlos Ferraz Filho (Poços de Caldas, Minas Gerais, Brazil)
2006: Bachelor degree - Forestry engineering - Universidade Federal de Lavras2009: Master in forest sciences - Universidade Federal de Lavras
2013: Doctorate in forest sciences - Universidade Federal de Lavras / University of Eastern Finland2014: Assistant professor - Universidade Federal de Lavras
2017: Professor - Universidade Federal do Piauí
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Bom Jesus = 22.629 habitantesUFPI/CPCE = 1.314 alunos
Lavras = 100.243 habitantesUFLA = 9.444 alunos de graduação
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Brazilian regions
NorthNortheast
Center-westSoutheastSouth
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Köppen’s climate classification (Alvares et al. 2013)
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Brazilian biomesSource: IBGE (2014)
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Percentage of biome area covered by natural forests
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Forestry production in Brazil in 2018
Source: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística – IBGE, 2019.
Production valueR$ 20.6 billion (€ 4.4 billion)
8 % in relation to 2017
4897 municipalities involved
(88% of the total)
Silviculture
R$ 16.3 billion (€ 3.5 billion)
11 % in relation to 2017
Extractivism
R$ 4.3 billion (€ 0.9 billion)
3 % in relation to 2017
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Participation of extractivism and silviculture in the value of primary forest
production (%)
Source: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística – IBGE, 2019.
Concentration of the planted forest sector
1980-1990: Migration to the South of Bahia.
2000-2010: Migration to the extreme south and
Uruguay.
2010-2020: Migration to the Center west,
Argentina and Paraguay.
2020-2040: Migration to the Northeast
1960-1970: Beginning of large scale plantations through fiscal incentives
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Economic importance of the planted forestry industry
Source: Industria Brasileira de Árvores– IBÁ, 2019.
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Source: Industria Brasileira de Árvores– IBÁ, 2019.
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Source: Industria Brasileira de Árvores– IBÁ, 2019.
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R$ 2720€ 586
Minimum wageR$ 998€ 215
Source: Industria Brasileira de Árvores– IBÁ, 2019.
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Forest plantations production chain
Source: Industria Brasileira de Árvores– IBÁ, 2019.
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Forestry production from plantations in Brazil in 2018
Source: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística – IBGE, 2019.
Total R$ 16.3 billion (€ 3.5 billion)
RoundwoodR$ 10 billion
50% Eucalyptus50% Pinus
Dominated by eucalyptus
90% Pinus resin8% Acacia bark
2% Eucalyptus leaves
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How much wood was harvested form plantations in 2018?
Product million m3 in 2018Charcoal 8 Firewood 53
Roundwood - Pulp and paper 93 Roundwood - Other 54
Total 207
Participation by region (%)
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Planted forests area in 2018
Source: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística – IBGE, 2019.
Total9.9 million hectares
Present in 3488 municipalities
(63% of the total)
Eucalyptus spp.7.5 million hectares
Pinus spp.2.0 million hectares
Other species0.4 million hectares
TeakRubber tree
ParicáAfrican mahogany
Other native timber trees
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21
22
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Source: Industria Brasileira de Árvores– IBÁ, 2019.
70% is exported
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Source: Industria Brasileira de Árvores– IBÁ, 2019.
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Source: Industria Brasileira de Árvores– IBÁ, 2019.
19% is exported
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Source: Industria Brasileira de Árvores– IBÁ, 2019.
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Source: Industria Brasileira de Árvores– IBÁ, 2019.
16% is exported
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Source: Industria Brasileira de Árvores– IBÁ, 2019.
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31
Source: Industria Brasileira de Árvores– IBÁ, 2019.
32Source: Industria Brasileira de Árvores– IBÁ, 2019.
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Of the 130 industries that use charcoal in the process of producing pig iron, steel, and ferro-alloys, only 70% are operating.
35Increase in domestic fuel prices
Weakening Real in relation to dollar
Eucalyptus spp.
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+ 115 million native hectares
Area of planted eucalyptus forests in the world
Fonte: Inglesias-Trabado & Wilstermann (2008)
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- 1855: First trees planted in Rio de Janeiro.- 1903/1904: Studies in the Companhia Paulista de
Estradas de Ferro.
Edmundo Navarro de AndradeDirector of the Forest Service
Introduction of Eucalyptus in Brazil
Andrade, 1939
First large-scale plantations, established in São Paulo
Firewood Railway sleepers Transmission poles
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5-year-old Eucalyptus in Horto Florestal de Loreto
6-year-old Eucalyptus in Horto Florestal de Rio Claro
12-year-old Eucalyptus in Horto Florestal de Jundiahy
Goats and Eucalyptus in Horto Florestal de Rio Claro
Andrade & Vecchi 1918
Operation Age Trees per hectare
Planting (4x4 m) 0 625
1st thinning 5 313
2nd thinning 7 156
3rd thinning 16 40
Clear cut 30 0
Eucalyptus spp. management as proposed by Andrade in 1909
Systematic thinning, removing
50% of the trees
Due to problems with stem form and excessive branching, by
1939 Andrade advocated planting 2x2 m and frequent application of light thinnings
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Horto Florestal de Rio Claro created in 1909Became the Floresta Estadual Edmundo Navarro de
Andrade in 2002
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Installation in 1919
Experimental design including different species,
spacings and seed origin
Plots ranging from 200 to 2000 m2
Castellano et al. (2013)
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A) E. urophylla, B) E. pilularis e C) E. grandis
Age = 93 yearsDBH = 70 cm
Height = 65 mVolume = 3500 m3/ha
Castellano et al. (2013)
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- 1960: First forestry graduate course in Forestry engineering established inViçosa, Minas Gerais. Later moved to Curitiba, Paraná.
- 1966: Law of tax incentives (Lei no5.106-02/09/66)
Allowed the use of up to 50% of owed taxes in reforestation programs.
Consolidation of Eucalyptus in Brazil
Requirements:- Must own or rend the land- Minimum of 10000 planted trees per year- Productive or protection forests
- 1988: End of tax incentives, beginning of the modern phase of silviculture,characterized by the search for efficiency through the control of productioncosts and increasing yields.
Planted forest in 19640.5 million hectares
Planted forest in 19845.9 million hectares
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Eucalyptus productivity evolution in Brazil
Source: Castro et al. (2016), adapted
Unimproved stock
Introduction of E. grandis from Coff’s Harbour
Genetic improvement programs
Predominance of clonal plantations
m3/h
a/ye
ar
Silvicultural regimes used for Eucalyptus management
Energy wood
Wood volume InvestmentProduct Rotation
Cellulose
Multiproduct
Clear wood
Lower
Higher
Lower
HigherLower
Higher
Agroforestry
Coppice with standards
Alternative management regimes
Initial stand establishment is
similar for all regimes
Stand establishment
First rotation – High forests (seedling planting)
Photo credit: Issa Ouedraogo
Harvest residues Grinder Cleaning the planting line
Subsoiling and fertilization
Planting
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Steps involved in stand establishment – estimated cost R$ 8000/hectare
Source: Franciscatte (2010)
Permission for planting
Ant controlForest residue
clearingSoil
preparationPlanting
FertilizationIrrigationReplantingWeed control
Ant control3 month
fertilization9 month
fertilization
Nutritional monitoring
Additional fertilization?
24 month fertilization
Weed controlAnt controlHarvestYes
No
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Ant control
Source: http://www.unibras.com.br/Atta laevigata – saúva-cabeça-de-vidro
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Ant control
- First silvicultural operation- Sulfluramida (N-ethylperfluorooctane - 1- sulfonamide)- Not possible in rainy days and wet soils
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Steps involved in stand establishment – estimated cost R$ 8000/hectare
Source: Franciscatte (2010)
Permission for planting
Ant controlForest residue
clearingSoil
preparationPlanting
FertilizationIrrigationReplantingWeed control
Ant control3 month
fertilization9 month
fertilization
Nutritional monitoring
Additional fertilization?
24 month fertilization
Weed controlAnt controlHarvestYes
No
52Source: Franciscatte (2010)
Fertilizer application in Fibria in 2007/2008
Before planting
Before planting
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Pre planting fertilization – Lime application
Source: Franciscatte (2010)
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Pre planting fertilization – Subsoiler (50 to 100cm deep)
Source: Lemos (2006)
Influence of sub soiling on root production
20cm 120cm
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Steps involved in stand establishment – estimated cost R$ 8000/hectare
Source: Franciscatte (2010)
Permission for planting
Ant controlForest residue
clearingSoil
preparationPlanting
FertilizationIrrigationReplantingWeed control
Ant control3 month
fertilization9 month
fertilization
Nutritional monitoring
Additional fertilization?
24 month fertilization
Weed controlAnt controlHarvestYes
No
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Seedling planting
Source: Mais (2009)
Application of hydrogel in dry areas
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Steps involved in stand establishment – estimated cost R$ 8000/hectare
Source: Franciscatte (2010)
Permission for planting
Ant controlForest residue
clearingSoil
preparationPlanting
FertilizationIrrigationReplantingWeed control
Ant control3 month
fertilization9 month
fertilization
Nutritional monitoring
Additional fertilization?
24 month fertilization
Weed controlAnt controlHarvestYes
No
59Source: Franciscatte (2010)
Fertilizer application in Fibria in 2007/2008
After planting
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Post planting fertilization
Source: Franciscatte (2010)
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Steps involved in stand establishment – estimated cost R$ 8000/hectare
Source: Franciscatte (2010)
Permission for planting
Ant controlForest residue
clearingSoil
preparationPlanting
FertilizationIrrigationReplantingWeed control
Ant control3 month
fertilization9 month
fertilization
Nutritional monitoring
Additional fertilization?
24 month fertilization
Weed controlAnt controlHarvestYes
No
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Irrigation
Source: Lemos (2006)
3 a 4 L/plant
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Weed control
Source: Lemos (2006); Hakamada (2006)
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Steps involved in stand establishment – estimated cost R$ 8000/hectare
Source: Franciscatte (2010)
Permission for planting
Ant controlForest residue
clearingSoil
preparationPlanting
FertilizationIrrigationReplantingWeed control
Ant control3 month
fertilization9 month
fertilization
Nutritional monitoring
Additional fertilization?
24 month fertilization
Weed controlAnt controlHarvestYes
No
Energy wood
ProductRotation
Cellulose
Multiproduct
Clear wood
Harvesting
6 to 7 years
12 to 25 years
Harvesting – How much wood is harvested?
Common spacings applied to Eucalyptus in Brazil:
- 3x2 m (1667 TPH)- 3x3 m (1111 TPH)- 4x3 m (833 TPH)
Energy woodMost commonVery high or very low site index
Depends on the spacing:
Depends on the site:
Source: Scolforo et al. (2013)
3x3 m
Energy wood
Product Rotation
Cellulose
Harvesting – Determining the rotation age
6 to 7 years
Rotation age that provides the maximumvolume production
SI
I
I
IG
I
I
ISV
2
15
2
141
2
13
2
2102 11lnln
Sullivan & Clutter (1972)
ICA
IMA
Incre
mento
em
volu
me
(
m /ha)
30
0
3
10
20
60
40
50
0 5
Idade (anos)
10 15
70
ICA
IMA
Idade (anos)
Incre
mento
em
volu
me
(
m /ha)
3
0
5
0
20
10
15
25
30
5 10 15
Age where the mean annual increment (MAI)and the periodic annual increment (PAI) cross
MAI
PAIMAI
PAI
Better site Worst site
Maximum MAI = 40 m3/ha/yearRotation age = 6 years
Maximum MAI = 19 m3/ha/yearRotation age = 7 years
Energy wood
Cellulose production
Harvesting
Harvester + Forwarder
Feller-buncher + Skidder
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Transportation
Source: Calfat (2010)
Forest residual management (Bark, branches and leaves)
36 million t/year
Forestry sector produces 63% of its total consumed
energy (120 million GJ)
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After the harvest:
Stand reform (new seedling planting)R$ 8000 / ha
Coppice regeneration (conduct sprouting capacity)R$ 4000 / ha
More common for energy and cellulose regimes
1st rotationPlantation
High forest
Clear cut
2nd rotation1st coppiceLow forest
3rd rotation2nd coppiceLow forest
Clear cut Clear cut Reform
1st cycle – 21 years 2st cycle
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Steps involved in stand establishment by coppice regeneration
Source: Franciscatte (2010)
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Criteria to decide to reform a stand
Source: Arbex & Silva (2015)
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What causes mortality of the stumps?
Source: Hakamada et al. (2015)
- Stump should be kept free of harvest residues
- Avoid damaging the stumps
- Harvest type has influence
Source: Arbex & Silva (2015)
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Steps involved in stand establishment by coppice regeneration
Source: Franciscatte (2010)
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Unmanaged coppice stand
Removing excess sprouts is key to guarantee productivity
Mechanical removal (Chaves & Marrichi, 2015)
Manual removal (Jesus 2015)
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When to remove the extra sprouts?
Source: Gomes (2015)
Effect of sprout height at time of removal on stand productivity
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How many sprouts should be left in each stump?
Source: Gomes (2015)
Effect of number of sprouts per stump on stand productivity
79Source: Chaves & Marrichi (2015)
Does a coppice stand produce as well as high forests stand?
80Source: Gonçalves (2004)
Does a coppice stand produce as well as high forests stand?
Old technology:
Residue burning
Excessive stumps/sprout
Small application of fertilizers
New technology:
Minimum cultivation of the soil
Lager amount of fertilizer
81Source: Gonçalves (2004)
When should the stand be reformed?
Depleted after the first rotation
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When should the stand be reformed?
1st rotationPlantation
7 years Option B (7 years)Reform the stand with or without genetic gain
Option A (7 years)Coppice the stand with different productivity Incremental NPV =
NPV A – NPV B
Source: Ferraz Filho & Scolforo (2011)
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References
Alvares, C.A. et al. Köppen’s climate classification map for Brazil. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, Vol.22, No. 6, 711–728, 2013.
Andrade, E.N. » A cultura dos Eucalyptus. Typographia Brazil de Rothschild & Comp. 154 pp. 1909. Available at: <www.ipef.br/publicacoes/navarro/>.
Andrade, E.N.; Vecchi, O. Os eucalyptos - sua cultura e exploração. Typographia Brazil de Rothschild & Comp. 238 pp. 1918. Available at: <www.ipef.br/publicacoes/navarro/>.
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References
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References
Iglesias-Trabado, G.; Wilstermann, D. 2008. Eucalyptus universalis. Global cultivated eucalypt forests map 2008. Version1.0.1. Available at: <http://git-forestry-blog.blogspot.com/>.
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