biomass introduction 222

Transferencia de masa

Energa renovable vs sostenible

Departamento de Ingeniera Qumica - Universidad de los Andes - Biocombustibles - R. Sierra

Biomass

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Biomass usesDepartamento de Ingeniera Qumica - Universidad de los Andes - Biocombustibles - R. Sierra

HeatPower (electrical)Vehicle fuel (gas or liquid)3Most of the currently produced ethanol that is not oil based, comes from two main sources: starch (polymeric form of glucose in corn) and sucrose, a dimer of glucose and fructose found in sugarcane

Biomass & other renewables

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Land availabilityLow yieldsLow density: transportationStorageEnvironmental

Main issues5

Current feedstocks for bioethanol

Sierra, R.; Smith, A.; Granda, C. B.; Holtzapple, M., Producing Fuels and Chemicals from Lignocellulosic Biomass. Chemical Engineering Progress 2008, pp S10-S18.

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Main issues7

Types of biomass

8Yield per hectare of C3 plants

Yield per hecatare C4 plants

Theoretical potential

Multiplying the proportion of the main plant components by the entire vegetation, an averaged elementary composition of plants dry matter results:

Buswell (1930)11

Theoretical potential

Buswell (1930)

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Main issues13

Logstica de carga/descargaBalas, pellets, mdulos o reduccin de tamao

Logistics

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Constrains

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Land availabilityLow yieldsLow density: transportationStorageFire risk (if dry)Decomposition (if wet)Environmental

Main issues17

Land availabilityLow yieldsLow density: transportationEnvironmental

Main issues18

Environmental Issues: BiomassSignificant areas of land are required for energy crops, and some authorities question whether energy crops are in fact net producers of energy in view of significant quantities of fossil fuels used for machinery for transport etc.Area of 10 000 sq km could provide around 5% of transport requirements

Environmental Issues: Biomass There are emissions including CO2, although in sustainable use, this is neutral on the overall CO2 balance. Reduced SO2 but increased NOx can be expected from plant. Other emissions can include aromatic compounds such as benzene which are carcinogenic.Areas of crops need to be cleared and this can have a temporary visual impact, but such changes can lead to adverse changes in soil erosion characteristics and also soil chemistry and biology. Managed crops would reduce likelihood of fire damage to forests, but climate and ground water flow may be affected.

Cero net cabon?


21Most of the currently produced ethanol that is not oil based, comes from two main sources: starch (polymeric form of glucose in corn) and sucrose, a dimer of glucose and fructose found in sugarcane

Cero net cabon?



Cero net cabon?



Cero net cabon?



Biomass availability (US)Departamento de Ingeniera Qumica - Universidad de los Andes - Biocombustibles - R. Sierra

DOE: Technical potential to produce more than a billion tons of biomass for energy use (Perlack et al. 2005) which would meet 40% of electrical energy needsEIA assumed that 598 million tons of biomass would be available, and that it could meet 12 percent of the nations electricity needs by 2025 (EIA 2007).NREL estimated that more than 423 million metric tons of biomass would be available each year (ASES 2007) UCS (union of concerned scientists) Climate 2030 analysis, we assumed that only 367 million tons of biomass would be available to produce both electricity and biofuels

.25Most of the currently produced ethanol that is not oil based, comes from two main sources: starch (polymeric form of glucose in corn) and sucrose, a dimer of glucose and fructose found in sugarcane

Bioenergy proyections

Berndes, G.; Hoogwijk, M.; van den Broek, R., The contribution of biomass in the future global energy supply: a review of 17 studies. Biomass and Bioenergy 2003, 25, (1), 1-28.

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What does biomass comprises?

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Sweage

Sewage from human and animal waste can be digested to generate methane, but significant quantities of the methane are needed to keep the process up to temperature.Landfill causes releases of methane (a potent greenhouse gas), and burning this although generating CO2 reduces the effective greenhouse impact.Other waste may be collected and burnt to generate heat, processed to develop refuse derived fuel or used to generate electricity. There are numerous processes available

Departamento de Ingeniera Qumica - Universidad de los Andes - Biocombustibles - R. Sierra28

Sustainable biofuels

Departamento de Ingeniera Qumica - Universidad de los Andes - Biocombustibles - R. Sierra29

Biogas yield from different resources


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Environmental Issues: WasteRelease of dioxins and other toxins from incorrect combustion of waste products. Emission of carbon monoxide, NOx, HCl, SO2 etc, the exact proportions depend on the nature of the waste. HCl is in higher concentrations than the combustion of coal, SO2 should be less than for coal disagreement as to whether NOx emissions are greater for waste than for coal.Visual impact of the plant Smellbut less landfill space is required with its own attendant problems.

Victor Yushchencko (Austria)

Converting biomass to biopower

THERMOCHEMICALHeat, power, liquid, gasDirect combustion CofiringRepoweringCombined heat & power (CHP)GasificationPirlisis

BIOCHEMICALLiquid & gasAnaerobic digestion



Liquids/gas mainly for transportation1st, 2nd generation biofuels Departamento de Ingeniera Qumica - Universidad de los Andes - Biocombustibles - R. Sierra

EthanolBiodieselMethanolButanolGreen dieselBiofuel gasolineHydrogenated fatsBiogasSyngas33Most of the currently produced ethanol that is not oil based, comes from two main sources: starch (polymeric form of glucose in corn) and sucrose, a dimer of glucose and fructose found in sugarcane

2nd generation biofuels Departamento de Ingeniera Qumica - Universidad de los Andes - Biocombustibles - R. Sierra

Solid biofuelsCellulosic ethanolBiogasBiodiesel from waste34Most of the currently produced ethanol that is not oil based, comes from two main sources: starch (polymeric form of glucose in corn) and sucrose, a dimer of glucose and fructose found in sugarcane

Other biofuels Departamento de Ingeniera Qumica - Universidad de los Andes - Biocombustibles - R. Sierra


1st generation

Almidn (polmero)en mazSacarosa (dmero) en caa de azcar



1st generation

Departamento de Ingeniera Qumica - Universidad de los Andes - Biocombustibles - R. SierraJugo de caa de azcarFermentacin

Hidrlilsis de Almidn

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1st generation

10.8 mil mill-gal (2009)6.6 mil mill-gal (2009)http://www.ethanolrfa.org/


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1st generation


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Rocio SierraStarch vs cellulose ooooooooooStarch: Enzymatic hydrolysis is 100-fold fasterCellulose

Rocio SierraStarch vs cellulose

STARCHPOLY--D-glucoseCELLULOSEPOLY--D-glucose

2nd generation

Departamento de Ingeniera Qumica - Universidad de los Andes - Biocombustibles - R. SierraJugo de caa de azcarFermentacin

Hidrlilsis de Almidn

PretratamientoHidrlisis

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Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)19%Reduction28%Reduction52%Reduction86%Reduction78%ReductionGasolineNaturalGasBiomassCurrentAverageCellulosicEthanolCorn EthanolBiomassPetroleumSources: Wang et al, Environ. Research Letters, May 2007; Wang et al, Life-Cycle Energy Use and GHG Implications of Brazilian Sugarcane Ethanol Simulated with GREET Model, Dec. 2007.SugarcaneEthanolBiomass

43Additionally, it is very discouraging to learn that the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions is not as important as we wished, particularly in the case of corn. Sugarcane does a much better job but it is not widely available. The good news is that there is such thing as cellulosic ethanol which in addition to doing a much better job in regards to reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, is widely available

Rocio SierraCellulose polymer

Cellulose fibersmicrofibrilsCellulose polymerPlant cell wallmacrofibrils

Kinetic Modeling and Assessment of Lime Pretreatment of Poplar Wood - Rocio SierraLignocellulosic biomass

Kinetic Modeling and Assessment of Lime Pretreatment of Poplar Wood - Rocio SierraEffect of pretreatment

Cost of petreatment

Corn stover

Dilute acid Pretreatment

Enzymatic Hydrolysis

Septic FermentationNational Renewable Energy Laboratory, Report # NREL/TP-510-32438, June 2002

Kinetic Modeling and Assessment of Lime Pretreatment of Poplar Wood - Rocio SierraPretreatment assessment

CAFIConsortium for Applied Fundamentals and Innovation

Kinetic Modeling and Assessment of Lime Pretreatment of Poplar Wood - Rocio SierraPretreatment assessment

CAFI PRETREATMENTSLimeSO2 explosionAFEXDilute AcidpH controlledARP

Effect of pretreatment

Effect of pretreatment

Laccase

The biorefinery conceptConversin BioqumicaHidrlisis enzimtica y Fermentacin esterilizadaEl proceso MixAlco Conversin TrmicaPirlisisGasificacinBiorefinera integradaInfrastructura de DistribucinDistribucin (lneas, carrotanques, etc.)Estaciones de ventaVehculosCombustiblesEnergaBio-productosMateria primaProduccin & LogsticaCultivos EnergticosRecoleccin de desechos

54Biomass refineryProcesses

Selected technologies

Oil Refinery

Mark Holtzapple, revista de ingeniera. UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS ANDES. # 29. Mayo # 29Routes to biofuel

Mark Holtzapple, revista de ingeniera. UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS ANDES. # 29. Mayo # 29Three routes

Routes to biofuel

Mark Holtzapple, revista de ingeniera. UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS ANDES. # 29. Mayo # 29Biodiesel = fatty acid esters

Biodiesel Reactions

EsterificationBiodiesel Reactions

Biodiesel production

Produccin industrial de biodiesel en Colombia

http://www.fedebiocombustibles.com/files/Cifras%20Informativas%20del%20Sector%20Biocombustibles%20-%20BIODIESEL(32).pdfBiodiesel future

Otras rutas biodieselGreen dieselHydrodeogenation

Sugarcane

Mark Holtzapple, revista de ingeniera. UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS ANDES. # 29. Mayo # 29Bioethanol reactions

Produccin industrial de bioetanol en Colombia

http://www.fedebiocombustibles.com/files/Cifras%20Informativas%20del%20Sector%20Biocombustibles%20-%20ETANOL(43).pdfCorn

Mark Holtzapple, revista de ingeniera. UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS ANDES. # 29. Mayo # 29Fast pyrolysis

Mark Holtzapple, revista de ingeniera. UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS ANDES. # 29. Mayo # 29Fast Pyrolysis

Gasification

Mark Holtzapple, revista de ingeniera. UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS ANDES. # 29. Mayo # 29RangefuelsRange Fuels tried to develop a technology that converted biomass into ethanol without the use of enzymes. The company broke ground on its first commercial-scale cellulosic ethanol facility in November 2007. Range Fuels won the 2008 North American Fuels Technology Innovation Green Excellence of the Year Award

Fisher-Tropsch

Thermochemical-biochemical

Mark Holtzapple, revista de ingeniera. UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS ANDES. # 29. Mayo # 29Coskata: Demostration plant

http://www.coskata.com/facilities/index.asp?source=4ACD6CB3-881C-4F31-BFDE-ED3A413BD2CEAcid Hydrolysis

Mark Holtzapple, revista de ingeniera. UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS ANDES. # 29. Mayo # 29Enzymatic hydrolysis

Mark Holtzapple, revista de ingeniera. UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS ANDES. # 29. Mayo # 29Biological conversion

http://www.mascoma.com/pages/Metabolic engineering

Metabolic engineering

Metabolic engineering

Direct gasoline

Mark Holtzapple, revista de ingeniera. UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS ANDES. # 29. Mayo # 29

http://www.codexis.com/Direct gasoline

Mark Holtzapple, revista de ingeniera. UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS ANDES. # 29. Mayo # 29Virent technology

http://www.virent.com/technology/Aqueous Phase Reforming

Mark Holtzapple, revista de ingeniera. UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS ANDES. # 29. Mayo # 29ZeaChem

http://www.zeachem.com/technology/overview.phpTerrabon

Mark Holtzapple, revista de ingeniera. UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS ANDES. # 29. Mayo # 29

BiogasCurrent biogas use

biomass introduction 222

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