Biology--Unit 1--

Review Flashcards

•Store energy by adding a phosphate to ADP (forming ATP).•Release energy by removing a phosphate from ATP.

What can ATP be used for in cells?

•CHONPS

•Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur

List out all of the biological elements:

•Able to maintain homeostasis.•Able to grow/develop.•Able to respond/adapt/evolve.•Able to reproduce.•Able to metabolize and excrete.

What characteristics are required to be living?

•Basic Units of Matter = Atoms

•Basic Units of Life = CellsWhat are the basic units of matter? Of life?

•Chemical Potential Energy:Energy stored in the bonds of molecules.

•Kinetic Energy:Energy being used right now in a chemical reaction.

What is the difference between chemical

potential and kinetic energy?

•They cannot do any of the following on their own (or without a host cell):•Maintain homeostasis•Grow / Develop•Metabolize / Excrete•Reproduce

Why are viruses NOT considered to be living?

•Carbohydrate Monomers = Monosaccharides

•Lipid Monomers = Fatty Acids + Glycerol

•Protein Monomers = Amino Acids

•Nucleic Acid Monomers = Nucleotides

List out the Monomers for:

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins and Nucleic

Acids

•Carbohydrate Polymers = Polysaccharides

•Lipid Polymers = Phospholipids, Fats, Oils

•Protein Polymers = Polypeptides, Enzymes

•Nucleic Acid Polymers = DNA & RNA

List out the Polymers for:Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic

Acids

•Provide cells with:Immediate energy…and…Intermediate energyWhat are the functions

of carbohydrates?

•Provide cells with long term energy storage.

•Form cell membranes.What are the functions

of lipids?

•Catalyze chemical reactions.

•Express instructions in DNA.What are the functions of proteins?

•Provide cells with genetic instructions to make protein.

What are the functions of nucleic acids?

•There is an uneven distribution of charge across the surface of a molecule.(One end of the molecule is more positively charged, and the other end is more negatively charged.)

What does polar mean?

•The structure of the active site on the ENZYME changes.•The enzyme can no longer function in the reaction.•The enzyme can no longer INCREASE the speed of the reaction.

What happens when an enzyme is denatured?

1) Dehydration Synthesis2) Water is being removed.3) The monomers are being bonded

together to form a polymer.4) Cells use this to store energy in

newly formed bonds.

For this diagram:1) What is the name of the process?

2)What is happening with water?3) What is happening with the molecules?

4) What is this process used for?

1) Hydrolysis2) Water is being added.3) The polymer is being broken

apart into individual monomers.4) Cells use this to release energy

from the broken bonds.

For this diagram:1) What is the name of the process?

2)What is happening with water?3) What is happening with the molecules?

4) What is this process used for?

•Speed up the rate (make it go faster).

What do enzymes do to chemical reactions?

•Carbohydrates

What type of biomolecule are starches

and sugars?

•Carbon

What is the most common and important

biological element?

•To make/build cell membranes.

What is the function of phospholipids?

•Dehydration Synthesis

What reaction bonds together monomers to form larger polymers?

•Hydrolysis

Which reaction breaks apart polymers to form

smaller monomers?

•Hydrolysis

Which reaction is used to release energy?

•Dehydration Synthesis

Which reaction is used to store energy?

•A protein in our blood that allows oxygen to bind to our red blood cells.

What is hemoglobin?

•By removing a phosphate.

How is energy released from ATP?

•A phosphate is added.

How is energy stored in ADP?

•Since Benedict tests for Monosaccharides:•The solution contains monosaccharides.•The solution provides short term energy.

•Since Iodine tests for Polysaccharides:•The solution contains polysaccharides.•The solution provides intermediate energy.

A solution reacts with Benedict and Iodine (which test for

monosaccharides and polysaccharides).

List out everything you know about this solution:

•Since Sudan tests for Lipids:• It contains lipids.• It is made of fatty acids and glycerol.• It could form cell membranes or provide long term energy storage.

A solution reacts with Sudan (which test for lipids).

List out everything you know about this solution:

•Since Biuret tests for Proteins:• It contains proteins.• It is made of amino acids.• It could catalyze chemical reactions.A solution reacts with Biuret

(which test for proteins). List out everything you know

about this solution:

TimeTime

Energy PolysaccharideEnergyMonosaccharide

•The monosaccharide line shows a quick spike and drop in energy, because monosaccharides provide a short burst of energy.

•The polysaccharide line shows longer lasting energy, because polysaccharides provide intermediate energy.

Draw 2 graphs to compare monosaccharides and

polysaccharides.

Explain why you drew them like this…

TimeTime

Activ.Energy

“WITHOUT”Activ.Energy

“WITH”

•The “with” line is shorter, because enzymes allow reactions to happen with less (or decreased) activation energy required.

•The “without” line is taller, because without an enzyme, more activation energy is required to get the reaction going.

Draw 2 graphs to compare a reaction happening WITH an

enzyme, and one WITHOUT an enzyme.

Explain why you drew them like this…

•Enzymes denature at high temperatures (like what you have when you have a fever).

•When an enzyme denatures, the structure of its active site changes…

•This prevents the substrate from binding to it…

•Which means the enzyme can’t function in that reaction anymore.

•Living things rely on chemical reactions and enzymes to stay alive, so without enzymes, the living thing can die.

Explain why fevers are dangerous to enzymes and living organisms:

•A living thing should:•Be made of cells.•Be made of water.•Be made of 6 biological elements (CHONPS).•Be made of 4 biomolecules (Carbohydrates, Proteins,

Lipids, Nucleic Acids).•Be able to do the following on its own:

• Grow• Reproduce• Adapt/Evolve• Metabolize / Excrete• Maintain Homeostasis

Explain what scientists can use to identify if something is living: