Biology Review for Anatomy and

Physiology

Atom• Smallest part of an element• Ca, Mg, Na

Molecule• Two or more atoms bonded together• NaOH, HOH

Organelle• Parts that make up cells• mitochondria

Cell• Makes up all living matter• Blood cell, nerve cell, muscle cell

Tissue• Makes up organs of the body• Skin, muscle, bone, brain

organ• Structure made up of tissues with specialized

function• Stomach, liver, brain

Organ system • Group of organs specialized for certain functions• Digestion, respiration

Organism• An individual living thing

Population• A group of organisms• Jasper Florida

Ionic

Covalent

Hydrogen

Synthesis

decomposition

Acid1 – 5pH

Neutral6 – 8pH

Base9 –

14pH

What does organic mean to you?

Organic Inorganic

I). Organic compounds

Contain carbon

covalently bonded

binds with hydrogen

units bind together

Why is water so important to the human body?

Why are salts so important?

CarbohydratesGlucosestarch

LipidsFatty acids

Saturated fats

Amino AcidsAmino Acids

Peptides and proteins

Nucleic AcidsNucleic AcidsDNA & RNA

Types of organic molecules

Enzymes are protein molecules that are manufactured by all plant and animal cells. All cells require enzymes to survive and function. Enzymes are catalysts, which means that they make chemical reactions go faster, but are not changed by the reaction.

Enzymes are composed primarily of proteins, which are polymers of amino acids.

What is protein denaturation?

Adenosine triphosphate

• Controls cell activities• Contains the hereditary material of the cellNucleus

• Synthesize protienRibosomes

• Support and protection• Controls movement of materials in/out of cell• Barrier between cell and its environment• Maintains homeostasis

Cell membrane

Cytoplasm (Cytosol)• Supports and protects cell

organellesMitochondria• Breaks down glucose molecules to

release energy• Site of aerobic cellular respiration

endoplasmic reticulum• Carries material through cell• Aids in making proteins

Golgi apparatus• Have a cis & trans face• Modify proteins made by the cells• Package & export proteins

• Breaks down larger food molecules into smaller molecules

• Digests old cell partsLysosomes

• Strengthen cell & maintains the shape

• Moves organelles within the cellCytoskeleton

• Where cell microtubules get organized

• Regulate the cell division cycle

Centrosome/Centrioles

Purpose of membrane proteins

Relay signals between the cell’s internal and external

environments

Move molecules and ions

across the membrane

Allow cells to identify each other. AKA –

immune response

Moving material in the direction of the

concentration gradient

No energy needed

Can move materials any direction regardless of

concentration gradient

Need energy to function

Examples: Pinocytosis

Phagocytosis receptor mediated

Energy is required

Example: secretion of certain hormones

There is also transcytosis.

Prophase MetaphaseAnaphase TelophaseG1 phase: cell growthS phase replicating genetic material

What is a gene?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5MQdXjRPHmQ