biology practical-2 semester - ibn · pdf filebiology practical-2nd semester 1 ... they are...

Biology practical-2nd Semester 1. Microscope2. Tissuesa) Epithelial tissuesb) Connective tissuec) Muscular tissued) Nervous tissue3. Cell divisiona) Mitosisb) Meiosis4. Blood groups5. Rabbit dissectiona) Digestive systemb) Respiratory systemc) Urinogenital systemd) Circulatory system

CLO No

P. LO No

Lecture – Intended Learning Outcomes

1.1 P1.1 List the parts of microscope and its functions

1.1 P1.2 Write the basic characteristics of plant and animal cells after the preparation of wet mount of cheek epithelium and onion cells.

At the end of this lesson you will be able to:

1.Compound Microscope2. How to use Microscope?

3. How to prepare wet mounts?

Compound Microscope

Parts of Microscope Functions1. Arm Support body tube and help to carrying

microscope2. Base support3. Ocular lens Magnify 5, 10, 15X4. Objective lens Magnify 4, 10, 40, 100X5. Nose Piece Revolving part to which objective lenses are

attached6. Body Tube Joins nose piece with ocular lens7. Mechanical Stage Supports the Slide8. Coarse adjustment Moves the stage up and down to focus the object.

9.Fine adjustment Fine Focusing10. Light Source (illumination) Bulb from below to light the specimen

11. Iris Diaphragm Regulates the amount of light passing through Specimen

12. Condenser Help in concentrate the light before entering the specimen

Steps for using the Microscope• 1. Carry the microscope with two hands• 2. Plug the microscope in and switch it on .• 3. Click the lowest power objective (scanner4X) into position . • 4. Use-coarse adjustment to lower the stage • 5.Place the slide onto the stage.• 6. look through the ocular and adjust the condenser for

brightness.• 7.Using the coarse adjustment to raise the stage until touch

the slide. • 8.Look into the microscope and adjust until object comes into

focus .

Steps for using the Microscope

• 9. Finish focusing with the fine focusing knob . • 10. Move the slide back and front - note the object moves in

opposite direction.• 11. Turn the next higher power objective (40X, 100x)into

position .• 12. Now, use only fine adjustment to fine tune the focus

,coarse adjustment should not be disturbed• 13. When complete viewing ,retune to low power, raise the

objective and remove the slide.

Wet Mount - preparationTools & Materials• Microscope • 2 Flat slides • 2 Cover slides• Water • Stain (safranin-methylene blue)• Paper towel (Tissues)• Toothpick• Scissors-forceps • Onion • Plastic dropper

Wet Mount - preparation

Mount specimen as shown in the diagram to avoid air bubbles under the cover slip

1.Place the

specimen in the centre + stain

2. Place the cover glass as shown in the figure

3. Observe

under microscope

11

In the Laboratory!• Carefully observe each type of epithelium under the microscope.• Use only the fine focus to adjust to your comfort.• Do not disturb the stage or position of the slide.• Draw the tissue image as you see under the microscope.

Onion cell

Human Cheek Epithelial Cells

Plant vs. Human Cell Lab• We did a Lab , comparing plant and animal cells. We looked at cheek cells

and onion cells.

• Plant cells have cell walls that protect and support the cell, which makes the cells look so geometric.

• Cheek cells are different; they don’t have a cell wall to support the structure, so they are not as geometrical as and rounder than the onion cells.

• Plant and animal cells also have many similarities, like both being eukaryotic. They are more complex than prokaryotic cells.

• Both types of cell have a nucleus, a cell membrane and cytoplasm.

http://blogs.saschina.org/cillian01pd2016/2011/01/20/plant-vs-animal-cell-lab/

Animal cell & plant cell

At the end of this lesson you will be able to answer:

1. List out the different parts of microscope and its functions


2. Give 3 differences between animal and plant cells

Note: ILO is achieved if you can answer the above questions:

S.NO Plant Cell Animal Cell1.

2.

3.

CLO No

P. LO No


1.1 P 2.1 Name the types of epithelial tissues with respect to its characters, function and location.


• What is Histology?

Human Tissues

Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue Muscular Tissue Nervous Tissue

One Cell thick More than one layer

1. Simple Squamous2. Simple Cuboidal3. Simple Columnar4. Pseudo stratified

1. Keratinised2. Non keratinised3. Transitional

Classified into two depending on the number of layers

FunctionLocation CharactersName

Protection1. Cheek epithelium

2. lining of blood vessel

3. air sacs of lungs

1. Single layer of Flat cells

2. Bulged nucleiSimple Squamous

TissueEpithelial( النسيج الطالئي الحرشفي البسيط(

FunctionLocation CharactersNameAbsorption1.Lining of kidney tubules

2.Ducts of salivary gland

and mammary glands

1.Single layer of cubical cells

2. Large, central & round nuclei

CuboidalSimple TissueEpithelial

( النسيج الطالئي المكعب البسيط(

Secretion

FunctionLocation CharactersNameProtectionAbsorption

Lining of small intestine1.Single layer of columnarcells

2. Oval and basal nuclei

Simple ColumnarTissueEpithelial

( النسيج الطالئي العمادي البسيط(

Secretion

FunctionLocation CharactersNameProtection1.Trachea

2. Ducts of many glands

1.Single layer of columnar cells of different height

2. Nuclei at different levels giving false appearance of many layers

stratified-PseudoTissueEpithelial

)النسيج طالئي طبقي كاذب (

Secretion

Types Simple EpitheliumTypes Character Location function

Simple Squamous

1. Single layer of Flat cells2. Bulged nuclei

1. Cheek epithelium2. lining of blood vessel 3. air sacs of lungs

protection

Simple Cuboidal

1. Single layer of cubical cells2. Large, central & round nuclei

1. Lining of kidney tubules

2. Ducts of salivary gland and mammary glands

SecretionAbsorption

Simple Columnar

1. Single layer of columnar cells2. Oval and basal nuclei

Lining of small intestine ProtectionSecretionAbsorption

Pseudostratified

1. Single layer of columnar cells of different height2. Nuclei at different levels giving false appearance of many layers

1. Trachea2. Ducts of many glands

ProtectionSecretion

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Pseudo -Stratified Epithelium

Simple EpitheliumSquamous Cuboidal Columnar Pseudo stratified

FunctionLocation CharactersNameProtectionMouth

Buccal cavity

Vagina

esophagus

1.Many layers2. basal cells –cubical or columnar and surface cells - Squamous

Non-keratinizedStratified Epithelial

)النسيج طالئي طبقي غيرالمقترن(Covering

FunctionLocation CharactersNameProtectionSkin1.Many layers

2. Top layer cells – dead (keratinized)

keratinizedStratified Epithelial

)النسيج طالئي طبقي المقترن(Covering

FunctionLocation CharactersNameexpansionUrinary bladder1.It is 4-8 layers

2. basal cells - columnar Intermediate cells – cubicalWhen bladder expands the cells - Squamous (flat)

Transitional Epithelial

)النسيج طالئي طبقي اإلنتقالي(

Types of stratified epitheliumTypes Character Location function

Non-keratinized

1. Many layers2. basal cells - cubical or columnar and surface cells - squamous

MouthBuccal cavityVaginaesophagus

CoveringProtection

Keratinized 1. Many layers2. Top layer cells – dead (keratinized)

Skin Protection

Transitional 1. It is 4-8 layers2. basal cells - columnar Intermediate cells – cubicalWhen bladder expands the cells -squamous (flat)

Urinary bladder expansion

Non keratinized epithelium

Keratinized epithelium

Transitional epithelium

Stratified epithelium

Non keratinized Keratinized Transitional


1. Name the types of epithelial tissues


2. Tabulate the characters, function and location of epithelial tissues .


Simple epithelial tissue

Character function Location

1.

2.

3.

4.

Stratified epithelial tissue


1.

2.

3.

The End of Lab -3-

Lab - 4Connective Tissue


CLO No

P. LO No


1.1 P 3.1 Name the types of loose and dense connective tissues with respect to its characters, function and location.

A.Loose Connective Tissue B.Dense Connective Tissue

Areolar .C.T

Adipose.C.T

Reticular .C.T

Dense Regular .C.T

Dense Irregular .C.T

Elastic .C.T

1.Cartilage

2.Bone

3.Blood

Connective Tissues (C.T)

2.Spiecialized Connective Tissue1.Proper Connective Tissue

Types Character Location functionAreolar connective tissue

Areolar tissue

Fibroblasts Collagen fibers Elastic fibers ( Strength & flexibility ) ( stretch )

1. Below skin in most internal organs

Support

Protection

Types Character Location functionAdipose connective tissue

Loose connective tissue containing fibroblast in between the adipocytes (Fat cells).

1. Below skin,around the kidneys & heart

Stores energy,

Insulating layer,

Cushion.

Types Character Location functionReticularConnective tissue

Fibers are small and highly branched forming network giving frame work to soft tissue organs

Liver, Spleen, Lymph nodes

SupportStrength

Areolar tissue –fibroblasts, collagen & Elastic fibresBelow skinSupport , protection

containing fibroblast in between the adipocytes (Fat cells).Below skinStores energy

Fibers are highly branched forming network.Liver, Spleen, Lymph nodesSupport

Connective tissue properTypes Character Location function

Dense regular connective tissue

Collagen fibers – Dense and regularly packed (one direction)

1. Tendon (muscle-bone)

2. Ligament (bone- bone)

Support

Ligament

Types Character Location functionDense irregular connective tissue

Collagen fibers - Dense and irregularly packed (different direction)

1.Deep layers of skin(palm and sole)

Palm sole

SupportStrength

Types Character Location function

Elastic Connective Tissue

Contain more elastic fibers than collagen fibers

Large arteries, lung tissue

elasticity

Collagen fibers – Dense & regularly packed (one direction)1. Tendon (muscle-bone)2. Ligament (bone- bone)Support

Collagen fibers - Dense & irregularly packed (different direction) Deep layers of skin (palm & sole)Support, Strength

Contains more elastic fibers.Large arteries, lung tissueElasticity

Areolar connective tissue

Adipose connective tissue

Reticular Connective tissue

Dense regular connective tissue

Dense irregular connective tissue

Elastic Connective Tissue


1. Give the classification of Connective tissues


2. Tabulate the types of loose and dense connective tissues with respect to its characters, function and location.


Loose connective tissue


1.

2.

3.

Dense Connective tissue


1.

2.

3.

Blood tissue Character function Location

1.

The End of Lab -4-

Specialized Connective Tissue

CLO No

P. LO No


1.1 P 4.1 Name the types of cartilage, bone and vascular (fluid) tissues with respect to its characters, function and location.


Types Character Location functionHyaline cartilage

1. It is glossy (halos= gloss) whitish appearance2. The matrix is clear homogeneouscontaining binucleated chondrocytesThe outer membrane is perichondrium

Trachea

Larynx

BronchiEnd of the long bones

Support

Perichondrium

Types Character Location functionElasticcartilage

matrix is semisolid with elastic fibers containing binucleated chondrocytes

Pinna

Nasal septum

Shape & support


Compact Bone

The bone shows haversian system in which osteocytes are arranged in concentric rings around haversian canal

bones Structural frame work, Support , protection


Spongy /cancellousBone

It consist of long slender bony trabeculae forming a net work enclosing irregular marrow cavities

Epiphysis of long bone

Blood cells are formed


Blood Fluid matrix-plasma, contains RBC, WBC and Platelets.

Heart & blood vessels

Transport O2, Co2, nutrients, hormone.etc

Hyaline cartilage

Elastic cartilage

Compact Bone

Spongy Bone


1. Tabulate the types of cartilage, bone and blood tissues with respect to its characters, function and location.


Cartilage tissue Character function Location

1.

2.

Bone tissue Character function Location

1.

2.

Blood tissue Character function Location

1.

The End of Lab -5-

CLO No

P. LO No


1.1 5.1 Name the types of muscle, nerve and reproductive tissues with respect to its characters, function and location


(1)Endocrine System

Reproductive Tissues

Testis

Types Character Location Function

Testis Testis shows semeniferous tubule lined by germinal epithelium give rise to sperm which are seen in various stages of development.

-Between semniferous tubules there are interstitial cells(Leyding cells)which produce testosterone.

Testis produce Sperms and testosterone

Germinal epithelium

Franz Leydig

Germinal epithelium

Primary spermatocyte

Secondary spermatocyte

Sprmatid

Sperm

Interstitial cell )(Leyding cell


Ovary -The ovary lined by germinal epithelium gives rise to egg which is seen in various stages of follicular development.-Primary follicle, growing follicle, mature Graffian follicle, corpus luteum, corpus albicans.Mature follicle releases the ovum and undergoes changes to form corpus luteum

ovary produce ovum estrogen

& progesterone

Germinal epithelium

Corpus albicans

1.Primary follicle

2.Growing follicle

Ovulation

3. Mature Graffian Follicle

Corpus luteum

ovum

(2)Muscular Tissues

Types Character Location function1.Skeletal Muscles

1.The muscle fibers are transversely striated with dark and light bands.2.Each muscle fiber is elongated unbranched with flattened nuclei

Voluntary muscles attached to the skeleton

Locomotion


2.CardiacMuscles

1.The fibers are elongated branched with one or two oval nuclei.2.At the end of each cell there are intercalated disk help in uniform distribution of nutrients and energy.

Heart Contraction to pump theblood


3.SmoothMuscle

1. The fibers are elongated, spindle shaped cells2.with elongated nucleus in the centre

Blood vessel,

urinary bladder

gastrointestinal canalReproductive system

Involuntary movement of blood ,food & fluids

: The muscle fibers Characterare transversely striated with

dark and light bands.Each muscle fiber is elongated

unbranched with flattened nuclei.

: Skeletal muscles / Locationvoluntary muscles

: LocomotionFunction

: Muscle fibers Characterspindle shaped, with

elongated nucleus in the centre.

: Blood vessel, Locationurinary bladder, GIT, Reproductive system

Function: Involuntary

movement

The fibers are Character:elongated branched with one or two oval nuclei.At the end of each cell there are intercalated

disc.: HeartLocation

: ContractionFunction

Skeletal Muscles

Smooth Muscle

Cardiac Muscle

(3)Nervous Tissues

Types Character Location functionNervousTissue

1.The cell body with prominent nucleus. 2.The cell body has cytoplasmic processes - long axon and many short –dendrites

The central nervous system; Brain, spinal cord

Conductnerveimpulse

Types Character Location functionMylinated nerve

fiber1.Myelin sheath appears as a thick dark band on the periphery of the nerve fiber .2.Dips at regular intervals called nodes of Ranvier.

Nerve axons Protection

Types Character Location functionSpinal cord

1.Cross section of spinal cord shows central gray matter and peripheral white matter.2.The dorsal and ventral horn of gray matter give H shape.

Spinal cord Conductnerveimpulse

The cell body Character:with prominent nucleus. The cell body has cytoplasmic processes -long axon and many short –dendrites

Brain, spinal cord: LocationConduct nerve : Function

impulse

Myelin sheath Character:appears as a thick dark band on the periphery of the nerve fiber and dips at regular intervals called nodes of Ranvier.

Myelinated axons: LocationAccelerate : Function

conduction of nerve impulse

Cross section of Character:spinal cord shows central gray matter and peripheral white matter.The dorsal and ventral horn of gray matter appears as H shape.

Spinal cord: LocationConduct nerve : Function

impulse

Nervous Tissue

Myelinated nerve fiber

Spinal Cord


1. Tabulate the types of muscle and nerve tissues with respect to its characters, function and location


Muscular tissue Character function Location

1.

2.

3.

Nervous tissue Character function Location

1.

2.

3.

Reproductive tissue Character function Location

1.

2.

CLO No

P. LO No


2.2 P 6.1 Explain the stages of mitotic cell division.


CELL DIVISION

MITOSIS MEIOSIS (somatic cells) (germ cells)

GROWTH SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

REPAIR

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

prophase• Chromosomes condense and become

visible – this prevents tangling with other chromosomes.

• Due to DNA replication during interphase, each chromosome consists of two identical sister chromatids connected at the centromere.

• Centrioles move to opposite poles of cell.

• Nucleolus disappears. • Phase ends with the breakdown of the

nuclear membrane.

Metaphase• Spindle fibers

(microtubules) connect centrioles to chromosomes.

• Chromosomes align along equator of cell and attaches to a spindle fiber by its centromere.

ANAPHASE• Centromeres

split, a • allowing

chromatids to separate.

• Chromatids move towards poles

TELOPHASE

• Spindle fibers disperse.

• Nuclear membranes form around each set of chromatids.

• Nucleoli form.

CYTOKINESIS

2 DAUGHTER CELL

- In Animal cells a ring of actin filaments forms round the equator of the cell, and then tightens to form a cleavage furrow, which splits the cell in two.

Phase

Character

Location

Function

PROPHASE METAPHASE ANAPHASE TELOPHASE

CHROMSOMES BECOME THICK AND

SHORT.

EACH CHROMOSOME ATTACH TO THE SPINDLE FIBRE WITH

THE CENTROMER.

THE CENTROMER

E DIVIDES AND THE SISTER

CHROMATIDS SEPARATE.

NUCLEOLUS REAPPEARS.

(somatic cells) (somatic cells) (somatic cells)

GROWTH GROWTH GROWTH GROWTH

(somatic cells)

PROPHASE

METAPHASE

ANAPHASE

TELOPHASE

ExperimentRoot of onion


1. Tabulate the different stages of meiosis.


Stages of Mitosis Character function Location

1.

2.

3.

4.

The End of Lab

CLO No

P. LO No


1.1 P 7.1 Describe the different types of blood cells andtheir functions

2.1 P 7.2 Write the different blood groups in humans and antigen antibody reaction.


BLOOD CELL

Types Character FunctionI. R.B.C / erythrocytes

Male – 4.2 – 5.4 m/µl Female - 3.6 – 5.0 m/µl

Non- nucleated biconcave cells.Transport of O2 , Co2

nutrients and hormones

II. W.B.C / Leucocytes Nucleated and classified into 2 types Defense

1. Granulocytes 3 types

a) Neutrophils 60-65% The nucleus is multilobed (3-5) Phagocytosis

b) Eosinophils 1- 3 % Nucleus is bilobedParticipate in Allergic reaction

c) Basophils 0.5 – 1 % Nucleus is ‘U’ or ‘S’ shaped Participate in Allergic and inflammatory reaction

2. Agranulocytes types

a) Lymphocytes 25-35% Large nucleus fills most of the cell Immune response

b) Monocytes 5-6% Kidney shaped or U shaped nucleus phagocytosis

III. Platelets

(thrombocytes) Round to oval flattened cells Clotting

Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil

Lymphocyte Monocyte

ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM

BLOOD GROUPS DEPENDING ON Rh(factor)- BLOOD GROUP

Blood Groups Antisera - A Antisera-B Antisera - D

A+ Agglutination No-agglutination Agglutination

B+ Agglutination

AB+

O+

A-

B-

AB-

O-

BLOOD GROUP LABORATORY REPORT

Agglutination

Agglutination

Agglutination

Agglutination

Agglutination

Agglutination

Agglutination

Agglutination

Agglutination

No-agglutination

No-agglutination

No-agglutination

No-agglutination

No-agglutination No-agglutination

No-agglutination

No-agglutination No-agglutination

No-agglutination

No-agglutination

RECIPIENT DONOR

O - O + A - A + B - B + AB - AB +

O -

O +

A -

A +

B -

B +

AB -

AB +

WHICH RECEPIENT CAN RECEIVE BLOOD FROM WHICH DONORMARK IN THE APPROPRIATE BOX

The End of Lab 7

biology practical-2 semester - ibn · pdf filebiology practical-2nd semester 1 ... they are...

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