biology mr. velázquez understanding chemical reactions
TRANSCRIPT
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BiologyMr. Velázquez
Understanding Chemical Reactions
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Chemical Reaction
A + B C + D
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
Reactants Products
Photosynthesis equation
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A + B C + H2O
Condensation/ dehydration synthesis reaction
Reactants Products
This is a chemical process by which 2 molecules are joined together to make a larger, more complex, molecule, with the loss of water.
BigSmall Small
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A + H2O B + C
Hydrolysis reaction
Reactants Products
A Hydrolysis is the process in which water is used to split a substance into
smaller particles
Big Small Small
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A + H2O B + C
Reactants Products
Big Small Small
H2O B C
+
A
+Small Small Big
condensation
Hydrolysis
Condensation vs. Hydrolysis
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Who undergoes condensation dehydration Rx. ?
CarbohydratesProteinsLipids Nucleic Acids
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Monosaccharide
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Disaccharide
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Polysaccharide
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Saccharides
Monosaccharides Monosaccharides
Animation
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Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Monosaccharides Examples
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Disaccharides
Monosac + Monosac = Disac + H2O
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A disaccharide is produced by joining 2 monosaccharide (single sugar) units.
2 glucose molecules are combined using a condensation reaction, with the removal of water to produce maltose.
Maltose is a disaccharide.
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Glucose + Glucose =
Glucose + Fructose =
Glucose + Galactose =
Fructose + Galactose =
Disaccharides Examples
Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose
Lactulose
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Polysaccharides Examples
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Cellulose is the carbohydrate that makes up the main structure of plants.
It is also referred to as "fiber" and is indigestible by humans.
Cotton fiber is almost pure cellulose.
Cellulose is a very strong substance because the straight-chain molecules hydrogen bond
In plant cell walls this gives rigidity to structure.
Cellulose
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Polysaccharides are carbohydrate polymers consisting of tens to hundreds to several thousand monosaccharide units.
All of the common polysaccharides contain glucose as the monosaccharide unit.
Polysaccharides are synthesized by plants, animals, and humans to be stored for food, structural support, or metabolized for energy.
Polysaccharide
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Chitin is the primary component in the exoskeleton of an insect and other arthropods that gives it strength.
Second most abundant polysaccaride in nature.
Stronger than cellulose.
Chitin is generally collected from crab and shrimp shells.
It is used in waste water clearing, in cosmetics, and for several veterinary applications.
Chitin is also used for surgical thread. Surgical thread made of chitin is strong and flexible, and decomposes over time once the wound heals so that it's not necessary to remove stitches.
Chitin
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Glycogen is a polysaccharide that is the principal storage form of glucose in animal and human cells.
A polysaccharide that is the main form of carbohydrate storage in animals and occurs primarily in the liver and muscle tissue.
It is readily converted to glucose as needed by the body to satisfy its energy needs.
Also called animal starch.
Glycogen
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Amino Group
Carboxil Group
Amino Acid
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Amino AcidAmino Acid
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Amino Acid Condensation
Animation
Water Molecule Release
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The molecule formed when two amino acids are combined is called a dipeptide.
The condensation process can be continued repeatedly to form polypeptides.
Protein
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Proteins are macromolecules.
They are constructed from one or more chains of amino acids.
A typical protein contains 200–300 amino acids.
Also know as polypeptides these are the largest to date is titin a protein found in skeletal and cardiac muscle; one version contains 34,350 amino acids in a single chain.
Proteins
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Lipids
Fats and oils are made from two kinds of molecules: glycerol and three fatty acids.
The main distinction between fats and oils is whether they’re solid or liquid at room temperature.
Fats animal source solid at room temp.
Oils plant source liquid at room temp.
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Glycerol
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Fatty Acid
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Fatty Acid
Fatty Acid
Fatty AcidGlycerol
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Triglycerides
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Three fatty acids bonded to Glycerol.
Triglycerides are Energy-storage molecules.
Triglycerides
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Saturated Fat
Unsaturated Fat
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Any Questions?
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Starch Grains
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