Biology Final Review

Biology Final Review

Material to Review from the SpringDigestive system4 parts of bloodSteroid and Amino Acid HormonesBlood H2O control and Blood sugar controlNervous system and its divisionsBlood types and antigens Parts of the brainParts of a neuronTransmitting impulsesMovement of blood through the bodyUrinary systemDigestive enzymes in the bodyParts of the heart

Material to Review from the SpringBlood pressure and heart rateBlood flow between the heart and lungsInnate immune systemAcquired immune systemLymphatic systemCellular ImmunityAntibody ImmunityEndocrine system and feedback inhibitionAnimal BehaviorDifferences between animals and plantsAlternation of GenerationBasic plant life cycle trendsTypes of plants and their characteristicsTypes of virusesLytic and Lysogenic life cycles

The Digestive SystemExplain how food is broken down chemically and mechanically in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine

OrganChemicalMechanicalMouthAmylase in salvia breaks down sugarsTeeth mash and tear foodStomachPepsin and HCl (making a pH 2) break food to liquidCrossing muscles on stomach mix and mash foodSmall IntestinePancreases, Liver, and Gall bladder all release enzymes to breakdown fatsPeristalsis muscle contractions mix and mash food

The Digestive SystemWhat is the purpose of the large intestine?Its main job is to reabsorb water used in digestion. It also where anaerobic bacteria (E. coli) make vitamins B and K from waster material.

What is the role of the epiglottis?It covers the trachea when food is swallowed and opens up the esophagus which will lead to the stomach

The Endocrine SystemWhat are the two types of hormones and give an example of each:

TypeDescriptionActionExampleSteroids Hormones Lipid-soluble; can pass right youre the plasma membranePromotes mRNA synthesisTestosterone; gives male characteristics to growing boysAmino Acid HormonesWater-soluble; cannot pass through the membrane so it must bind to a receptorBinds to receptor activates enzymes, ion channels, protein synthesis, etcInsulin; regulates blood sugar by allowing glucose to enter body tissue

The Endocrine SystemExplain Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) and how connects to a negative feedback systemADH is release when the body is low on H2O. To keep blood plasma thin, ADH triggers the kidneys to absorb more H2O and sends signal we know as thirsty to encourage us to drink more water.

After H2O levels return to normal by us drinking and ending our thirst, ADH production stops and the body functions as normal

The is a negative feedback system because ADH promotes the thirsty feeling which in the end causes ADH to stop being produced once we drink enough water

The Endocrine SystemWhat is control center of the endocrine system and the glands it controls?The Hypothalamus is the region of the brain that connects the nervous system and the endocrine system. The pituitary gland, adrenal glands, thyroid, and parathyroid are all important glands in this systemExplain the flight or fight response and how it connects to the adrenal glandsIn times of stress, activity, or conflict the adrenal glands on the kidneys release 4 hormones. These hormones increase heart rate, blood sugar, respiratory rate, and blood pressure. With your body in heightened condition you can quickly run from danger or fight to survive.

ReviewBruce and Batman get into a fight. Batman punches Bruce in his shoulder. The pressure from Batmans fist pass into the skin, muscle tissue and bones in Bruces body. Pressure sensors are fired and an electrical signal is sent. 1) Where does the signal go?

2) What endocrine gland is activated because of the signal?

The pituitary gland releases endorphins (pain numbing hormones) which enter the blood stream3) Where in Bruces body do they go?

4) How do the endorphins react to the muscles cells?

The HypothalamusPituitary GlandMuscle cells in the shoulderBind to receptors on the plasma membrane

ReviewAs the fight continues, Batman is throwing many punches at Bruce. Bruce is quickly learning to dodge them so not to take any damage. Bruces reflexes are increasing and he is moving faster5) What has happened to Bruce?

6) What gland has caused this to happen?

7) What hormones are causing this increase in speed?

8) What physical changes has Bruces body gone through because of the hormones?

He is in Fight or Flight ModeAdrenal GlandIncrease heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, etc Glucocorticoids, aldosterone, epinephrine, norepinephrine

ReviewAfter a series of fast punches from Bruce, Batman gives up and runs away. Bruce starts to relax after a few minutes. His breathing is normal and his heart slows down. However, his glucose levels are still high. The glucocorticoid is still active.9) What type of hormone is glucocorticoid?

10) What hormone must be released to lower Bruces blood sugar level?11) What type of system is this called?

InsulinSteroidNegative Feedback Inhibition

The Nervous System

The Nervous SystemExplain how an impulse travels through a neuron A cell is stimulate by an impulse that is large enough to cause an action potentialAt the axon, Na+ channels open and Na+ ions rush into the cell.The cell depolarizes at the inside switches from - to +; near by Na+ channels open moving the impulse down the axonK+ channels open and K+ ions rush out of the cellCell repolarizes as the inside switches back to -Na+/K+ pump sets up concentration gradients of Na+ and K+ ions (3 Na+ out/2 K+ in per ATP) so more impulses can be sent

The Nervous SystemWhat is a synapse? How do impulses travel across them?A synapse is a very narrow space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of the next neuron.Impulses travel across this space by releasing neurotransmitters which move across the synapse and bind to receptors on the dendrite. This then sends the impulse through the next neuron.What are the three areas of the brain and what do they do?The brain is comprised of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem. The cerebrum controls language, memory, and personality. The cerebellum controls balance and the senses. The brain stem is the connection point between the brain and the spine.

The Nervous SystemWhat are the divisions of the nervous system and what do they control?

The Circulatory SystemWhat are the 4 parts of blood and what do they do?Red blood cells move O2 and CO2 around the bodyWhite blood cells protect the body from pathogensPlatelets stop bleeding with blood clots when the body sustains damagePlasma H2O and organic molecules that keep blood a liquid that can easily move throughout the body

The Circulatory SystemWhat are the 4 blood types and what antigens/antibodies do they have?A A antigens/B antibodies cant mix with B typeB B antigens/A antibodies cant mix with A typeAB A and B antigens/ no antibodies can take blood from anyoneO no antigens/ A and B antibodies can be given to anyone

The Circulatory SystemWhat is the path of blood through the body?

What are 3 differences between arteries and veins?Arteries use blood pressure to move bloodVeins use muscle contractions and one-way doors2) Arteries have thick elastic walls Veins have thin walls3) Arteries mostly carry oxygenated blood Veins mostly carry deoxygenated bloodHeartArteriesArteriolesCappillariesVenulesVeinsLungsHeart

Blood Flow Between the Heart and Lungs1) Body 2) Vena cava3) Right Atria4) Right Ventricle5) Pulmonary artery6) Lungs7) Pulmonary vein8) Left Atria9) Left Ventricle10) Aorta11) Body

DeoxygenatedOxygenated

The Urinary SystemWhat 4 parts of the Urinary system and what do they do?Kidneys filter blood to remove waster materialUreters carry urine from kidneys to bladderBladder hold urine until it is to be removed from the bodyUrethra tube the removed urine from the bladder and carries it outside the body

The Urinary SystemWhat is the difference between the Bowmans Capsule and the U-Shaped tube? Where do we find these two things?Bowmans Capsule filters all material (H2O, waster material, glucose, organic molecules, etc) from the bloodU-shaped Tube allows the controlled reabsorption of H2O, glucose, salts, and anything else the body still needsYou can find these in the nephrons inside the kidneys

The Immune SystemWhat are the 4 methods a disease can spread and give an example for each:Direct contact a infected person physically touching a healthy person and giving them the pathogenBy object an object (like food) is touched by an infected person, the pathogen moves to the object, and the pathogen infects those who touch the objectBy air person coughs/sneezes the pathogen out and it floats in the air until another person breaths it inVector some living host must carry the disease to healthy people and infect them through interaction (mosquitos and Malaria)

The Immune SystemWhat is the difference between the Innate immune system and the Acquired immune system?The innate immune system protects against non-specific pathogens and takes a longer amount of time to fight the infection because first the infection must activate the immune responseThe acquired immune system uses antibodies and memory B cells to specifically target pathogens that have infected the body before and remove them before an infection starts. This allows the acquired immune system to act very fast

The Immune SystemWhat are the 5 parts of the innate immune system?Skin protective barrierSecretions stops pathogens from getting in; digestive enzymes break them downInflammation histamine from basophils and eosinophils raise temperature of infected area in attempts to kill pathogenPhagocytes phagocytes (macrophages, neutrophils, and monocytes) catch and kill pathogens by phagocytosis (eating them)Interferons when a virus kills a host cell, interferons help prevent more viruses from attaching to hosts or reproducing inside a host cell

The Immune SystemWhat is the lymphatic system and what does it do?The lymphatic system filters tissue fluid (lymph) through lymph nodes so to catch pathogens circulating through out the body. Inside the lymph nodes, lymphocytes (white blood cells) capture pathogens to produce antibodies and memory B cells to build up the bodys acquired immune systemWhat is the difference between Antibody Immunity and Cellular Immunity?Antibody immunity produces antibodies and memory B cells while Cellular immunity destroys infected host cells

The Immune SystemWhat are the steps of Antibody immunity?Pathogen infects the body and is picked up by a macrophagesMacrophage breaks down pathogen and presents antigens from pathogen to a T-CellT-Cell activates B Cells.Some B cells become plasma cells that produce antibodies that match the antigen from the pathogenSome B cells become memory cells so the system can react quickly if the infection returns

The Immune SystemWhat are the steps of Cellular immunity?Pathogen infects the body and is picked up by a macrophagesMacrophage breaks down pathogen and presents antigens from pathogen to a Cytotoxic T-CellCytotoxic T-Cell finds host cells with matching antigens and releases perforinPerforin attacks host cells membrane and kills the host cell and the growing infectionAny escaping pathogens are killed by macrophages