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Digestive
SystemPHS
Warm-up—answer on your own sheet of paper and
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When splinting an injured extremity, it is important to check for _____________ before and after splinting.
You are babysitting your 6 month old cousin and she starts to choke. What should you do to help her?
Digestive System
Gastrointestinal System
Consists of Alimentary Canal and
accessory organs
Physical and chemical breakdown of
food
Nutrients are taken into the bloodstream
and used by the body cells and tissues
Oral cavitypharynx
Alimentary Canal
Long muscular tube
Begins at the mouth and ends at the anus
Includes
Mouth
Begins chemical and physical digestion
Tongue
Muscular organ that aids in chewing and swallowing
Teeth—physical breakdown of food
Salivary glands—produces saliva that contains
enzymes that chemically breakdown food.
Alimentary Canal Pharynx
Tube that carries air to the trachea and food to the
esophagus
Epiglottis: prevents food from entering the respiratory
tract
Esophagus
Muscular tube behind the trachea
Relies on peristalsis to move food forward
Receives food bolus from pharynx
Carries bolus to stomach
Mouth
Stomach
Largest area of the
alimentary canal
Receives food from
the esophagus
Food usually remains
1-4 hours
Secretes gastric
juices
Food is converted
into semi fluid
material
Chyme
Small Intestine• ~20 feet in length
• ~1 in in diameter
• Divided into 3
sections:
• Duodenum
• Jejunum
• Ileum
• Receives chyme
from the stomach
• Digestion is
complete
• Absorbs nutrients
Large Intestine• Final section of the
alimentary canal
• ~ 5 ft in length
• ~2 ft in diameter
• Absorbs water and
remaining nutrients
• Stores indigestible
materials
• Transports waste out of the
body
• Divided into the colon,
rectum and anus
Anus
• Fecal material leaves the body here
Accessory Organs
Salivary glands
Saliva—moistens food for easy swallowing
Contains enzyme that begins breakdown of
carbohydrates
Tongue
Teeth
Physically breaks down food
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Accessory Organs
Liver
• Largest gland in the
body
• RUQ of abdomen
• Secretes bile
• Emulsifies fats in digestive tract
• Stores sugar, Fe and
other vitamins
• Produces heparin
(blood thinner) and
prothrombin (helps
blood to clot)
• Produces cholesterol
• Detoxifies alcohol, pesticides & other
substances
Gallbladder
• Small, muscular
sac
underneath the
liver
• Stores and
concentrates
bile
• Contracts and
pushes bile
through the
common bile
duct and into
the duodenum
• Bile emulsifies
fats in the
digestive tract
Pancreas
• Located behind
the stomach
• Produces
pancreatic juices to
help in food
digestion• Pancreatic juices
enter the
duodenum through
the pancreatic
duct
• Produces insulin• Regulates the
metabolism of
carbohydrates to
convert glucose
into energy
Digestive
Diseases and
Disorders!!
Appendicitis—
• Symptoms:• Generalized abdominal pain
• Pain later localizes to LRQ
• Nausea and vomiting
• Mild fever
• Elevated white blood cell count
• If the appendix ruptures, infectious material spills into
the peritoneal cavity, causing peritonitis
• Treatment:
• Appendectomy• What’s an appendectomy?
Acute inflammation of the
appendix due to obstruction and
infection
Hiatal Hernia
• Hernia: occurs when
an internal organ
pushes through a
weakened area or
natural opening in a
body wall
• Hiatal hernia• Stomach protrudes
through the
diaphragm and into
the chest cavity
• Symptoms• Heartburn• Stomach distention
• Chest pain• Difficulty swallowing
Pancreatitis Inflammation of the pancreas
Pancreas becomes necrotic, inflamed and edematous due to the enzymes beginning to digest the pancreas itself
Causes:
Excessive alcohol consumption
Gallstones (blocking pancreatic duct)
Idiopathic (cause unknown)
Symptoms
Severe abdominal pain radiating to the back
Nausea and vomiting
Diaphoresis
Jaundice (if common bile duct blocked)
Pancreatitis
Treatment
Cholecystectomy
Removal of gallbladder
Performed if gallstones are the cause
Analgesics
For pain
Nutritional Support
If pancreatitis is due to alcoholism or idiopathic
POOR PROGNOSIS AND OFTEN RESULTS IN DEATH
Gastroenteritis An inflammation of the mucous membranes that
line the stomach and intestinal tracts
Causes
Food poisoning
Infection
toxins
Symptoms
Abd cramping, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea
Treatment
Rest, increase fluids, hospitalization as needed
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the gallbladder
Cholelithiasis—formation of gallstones from
crystallized cholesterol, bile salts and bile pigments
Symptoms
Indigestion, nausea and vomiting
Pain that starts under rib cage and radiates to right
shoulder
If bile duct blocked, the gallbladder can rupture and
cause peritonitis
Cholecystitis
Treatment
Low fat diet
Lithotripsy
Shock waves that are used to shatter
gallstones
Cholecystectomy
Surgical removal of the gallbladder
Hepatitis—inflammation of the
liver Type A (infectious hepatitis)
Transmitted in food or water contaminated by
the feces of an infected person
Type B (serum hepatitis)
Transmitted by blood and serum
More serious than A
can lead to cirrhosis
and chronic hepatitis
Other types identified
types C,D &E
Hepatitis Symptoms
Fever
Anorexia
Nausea & vomiting
Fatigue
Dark colored urine
Clay colored stool
Enlarged liver
jaundice
Treatment
Rest
Diet high in protein and
calories
Diet low in fat
Liver transplant if severe
damage
Prevent further damage
Avoid alcohol
Constipation Fecal material remains too long in colon
Excessive reabsorption of water takes place
Feces become hard, dry and difficult to pass
Causes
Poor bowel habits
Chronic laxative use leads
to lazy bowel
Diet low in fiber
Treatment
High fiber diet
Adequate fluid intake
Exercise
Bowel medications as needed
Diarrhea
Frequent watery
stools
Cause
Infection
Stress
Diet
Irritated bowel
Toxic substances
Treatment
Eliminate cause
Adequate fluid
intake
Modify diet
Hemorrhoids Painful, dilated or varicose veins of the rectum
and/or anus
Causes
Straining to defecate
Constipation
Pressure during pregnancy
Insufficient fluid intake
Laxative abuse
Prolonged sitting
Symptoms
Pain, itching bleeding
Treatment—Sitz bath, moist compresses, stool softeners, hemorrhoidectomy, diet changes
Diagnostic Tests
Colostomy