Biology EOC Review 2012Copies available upon request. Please see Ms. H during TUTORING only!

About the EOC

Required for graduation 15 percent rule is still up for debate You STILL have to pass, or you won’t graduate!

Biology EOC has 54 Multiple Choice Questions

You have 4 hours Don’t rush! Take the time to actually READ the material!

Scores won’t come out until school is done.

Study Strategies Identify strengths and weaknesses

Try to improve your weakest areas, but don’t neglect the other areas!

Don’t just “look at” your notes! Interact with the information Find practice problems Rephrase notes in your own words Explain a concept to someone else

Study Strategies

DON’T just blindly copy someone to get the practice problems done. YOU are responsible for the information. Are

you really going to let someone else think for you and cripple you on test day because you never learned to think?

Come to tutoring! If you don’t understand something or can’t

explain it in gorey detail, GET HELP!

Study Strategies

Form a study group- actually study! Keep it small, be selective of who you study with Divide and conquer- if pressed for time, try to have

someone in your group each tackle a particular unit or topic, have them explain it to the group.

Meet regularly to discuss the material, but don’t over do it

Get a good night’s sleep and eat well (eat a real meal, not chips, candy, and a soda)

Make a flash card of things you know you tend to forget. Tape it to your bathroom mirror and recite the things on your flash card every day while you get ready for school.

Test Taking Strategies

Test taking strategies

Process of elimination If you can narrow a question down to two possible choices,

you’ve increased your odds of guessing correctly by 50% !

If you don’t know a question, SKIP IT and come back later Don’t leave things blank, but make sure you give yourself

enough time to answer the questions you do know where you can earn points.

Breathe!

Breakdown words you don’t know. We’ve talked about prefixes and suffixes all year long

Physically cover distracting information with scratch paper or your hand.

Test Taking Strategies

If you find yourself glazing over, put your pencil down, close your eyes and take a few deep breaths. Sit up straight and try again.

DON’T sleep!

Take your time! You have four hours to answer 54 questions. That’s a little less than twice the questions we normally give you on an exam.

Sit up! You’ll increase the flow of oxygen to your brain and increase your chances of understanding the stuff you’re reading

Test Taking Strategies

Write in your booklets! Don’t be afraid to take notes, hi-lite, or

underline important words Draw diagrams if it helps you break down a

problem.

Identify what the problem is asking for. Sometimes you will be given a lot of information! It helps to know what you’re looking for in a problem.

Test Taking Strategies

You are NOT penalized for guessing (unless you guess on the whole test…) Make your best guess if you do not know!

Use information from previous problems Sometimes you can find answers to other problems on

the test just by answering a different question that might jog your memory

Plan something fun to do after the EOC- see a movie, get some ice cream, visit a friend, etc. Don’t party too hard! You’ve got other exams to think

about!

Unit 1: Safety and Scientific Method

Unit 1 : Safety & Scientific Method

MSDS- material safety data sheet Dangers/ precautions to take/ action to take

Hazard Diamond (NFPA Safety Diamond)

Flammability HazardStability/Reactivity HazardSpecial or Specific HazardHealth Hazards

Rated 0- 4, (least to most dangerous)

Unit 1: Safety/Scientific Method

Scientific Method: Observe Question Research Hypothesis Collect Data/ Do

experiment Draw conclusions

Unit 1: Safety/Scientific Method

Experimental Design Control Controlled experiment Dependent Variable Independent Variable

Draw Conclusions

Replication Accuracy Vs. Precision

Theory Vs. Hypothesis Vs. Law

Unit 2: Biochemistry

Unit 2: biochemistry

Macromolecules – smaller molecules form larger ones

Carbohydrates (Short term energy) Starches, sugars Monosaccharide

-Ose means sugar

Lipids (long term energy) glycerol, waxes,

steroids, fats, phospholipids

Glycerol

Proteins (building block, enzymes) (Amino Acids)

-Ase means enzyme

Nucleic Acids (DNA/RNA) (Nucleotides)

Unit 2: biochemistry

Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts

Lock and Key mechanism Enzyme fits onto

substrate at active site

Things that affect enzyme activity: Temperature (Too

high- denatures (kills), too cold (slow))

pH- optimal range Salts (can denature

protein) Inhibitors

Competitive- block active site

allosteric- change shape of active site to prevent binding.

Unit 2: biochemistry

Bonding Ionic: two oppositely charged ions steal/give

electrons to each other (easily broken) Covalent: two atoms share electrons

Peptide Bonds: usually between amino acids to make proteins Dehydration synthesis- remove a water molecule,

create a larger molecule

Hydrogen bonds: form between base pairs in DNA- gives DNA

Unit 2: biochemistry

LipidsSaturated – most carbon atoms

are bonded to two hydrogen atoms.

Unsaturated – most carbon atoms are bonded to one hydrogen atom.

Unit 3: Cells

Unit 3: Cells Important scientists:

Hooke First compound

microscope Looked at cork cells

Van Leewenhoek First living cells

Schleiden Cells make up all parts of

plants Virchow

Cells come from other cells

Schwann Animals are made of cells

They developed Cell theory: 1. All living things are

made of one or more cells. 2. Cells are the basic units

of structure and function in organisms.

3. All cells arise from existing cells

Homeostasis

Unit 3: Cells

Organelles:

Cell membrane

Cell wall

Ribosomes

Centrioles

Chloroplasts

Mitochondria

Endoplasmic

Reticulum RoughSmooth

Golgi Bodies

Lysosome

Nucleus

Vacuole

Cilia/Flagellum

Pili

Unit 3: CellsCharacteristic

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

Nucleus Absent Present

Organelles Limited Many different organelles present

DNA structure

Single looping strand Many chromosomes

Chlorophyll Dissolved in cytoplasm (when present)

Found in chloroplasts (when present)

Ribosomes Free floating in cytoplasmSmaller than eukaryotes

Free or attached to membranesLarger than prokaryotes

Cell Walls Present and chemically complex

May or may not be present and chemically simple

Reproduction Binary fission Mitosis

Plant & Animal Cells

Unit 4: Transport

Unit 4: osmosis/Diffusion

Diffusion: Particles move from high concentration to low Passive Transport (no energy required to move particles) Osmosis: Same thing, but with water

Facilitated Diffusion: Some particles are too big to fit through a membrane Use a special hole in membrane to pass down concentration

gradient.

Active Transport (need energy- ATP) Use proteins to transport things AGAINST concentration

gradient. Example: Sodium/Potassium Pump

Endo/Exocytosis

Unit 4: Transport

Unit 4: Photosynthesis/Respiration

Unit 4: Photosynthesis/Respirati

on

Unit 4: Photosynthesis/Respirati

onStage 1: Pigments in chloroplasts capture

energy (light) from the sun Water molecules split, O2 is released

Stage 2: Convert light energy in electron transport chain (makes ATP/NADPH)

Stage 3: Carbon fixation

Stage 4: Reduction

Stage 5: Regeneration of Co2 Acceptor

Ligh

t R

eactio

ns

Dark

Reactio

ns

(Calv

in

Cycle

)

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP

Unit 4: Photosynthesis/Respirati

onCellular Respiration: Makes ATP from sugar

Opposite reaction of photosynthesis Occurs in Mitochondria Aerobic Respiration

In Oxygen Krebs Cycle ETC Makes 32 ATP

Anaerobic Respiration- Makes 2 ATP Fermentation (Lactic Acid or Alcoholic)

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP

Unit 4: Mitosis/Meiosis

Unit 4: Cell Cycle (Mitosis/Meiosis)

Unit 4: Cell Cycle

Mitosis- asexual reproduction Somatic Cells 2 Identical cells IPMAT (Interphase,

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and Cytokinesis)

Diploid Cells Spindle fibers Centrioles

Cancer- uncontrolled Cell growth

Unit 4: Mitosis/Meiosis

Meiosis: Sexual reproduction Make genetically distinct four haploid cells 2 rounds of division Makes Gametes

Egg Sperm

Recombination

Unit 4: Mitosis/Meiosis

During Meiosis, Chromsomes undergo

“Crossing Over”

It allows for genetic variation

Unit 5: Genetics

Unit 5: Genetics

DNA Replication (in nucleus) DNA copies itself during S Phase Semiconservative Helicase, polymerase, ligase,

topoisomerase New strand assembled 5’ 3 ‘

Lagging strand 3’ 5’ Creates okazaki fragments

Synthesis pairs complementary base pairs, bind with hydrogen bonds. A-T C-G

Unit 5: Genetics

DNA is a double helix Smallest unit is a nucleotide.

Mutations happen when a mistake is made during replication, transcription, or translation Mutation- change in nucleotide base sequence

of a gene. Point mutation- change 1 base Frame shift- add or delete base, changes

reading frame Germ line mutation occurs in gamete cells

Unit 5: GeneticsProtein synthesis- 2

steps: Transcription Translation

Transcription: convert DNA RNA in nucleus RNA Primase finds TATA

box to begin transcription

New transcript is mRNA (messenger RNA)

mRNA leaves nucleus to find a ribosome

Translation: convert mRNA Protein mRNA associates with

large and small ribosomal subunits

tRNA brings amino acid that corresponds to codon

Chain of AA held together by polypeptide bonds continues until a stop codon is reached

Ribosome falls off, protein synthesized.

Unit 5: GeneticsNuclearmembrane

Transcription

RNA Processing

Translation

DNA

Pre-mRNA

mRNA

Ribosome

Protein

Unit 5: Genetics

RNA DNA

Has Ribose sugar Has Deoxyribose sugar

Contains the base

Uracil(U)

Has Thymine (T)

RNA is Single stranded DNA is Double

stranded

Unit 5: Genetics

Gregor Mendel- Pea Plant study for patterns of inheritance (color, height, seed shape, etc.) Genotype- alleles of an individual Phenotype- physical appearance of an individual Capital Letter means dominant Lower case letter means recessive.

Use punnett squares to figure out inheritance patterns Dominant BB (homozygous dominant) or Bb

(heterozygous) Recessive bb (homozygous recessive)

Bb Bb

Bb bb

b

b

B b

Unit 5: Genetics

Can use punnett square to study two traits- dihybrid cross: TtPp X TtPp

TP Tp tP tp

TP TTPP TTPp TtPP TtPp

Tp TTPp TTpp TtPp Ttpp

tP TtPP TtPp ttPP ttPp

tp TtPp Ttpp ttPp ttpp

Unit 5: Genetics

Non-Mendellian Genetics Polygenetic

inheritance Eye color

Co-Dominance Roan Cows

Sex Linked Trait Color blindness Hemophilia

Incomplete dominance Pink snapdragons

Environmental factors can affect phenotype! Acidity of soil and

hydrangeas Arctic Fox

Unit 5: Genetics

Pedigree- diagram that shows a family’s pattern of inheritance Circles- girls Squares- boys Shaded means have trait Half shaded means carrier

Unit 5: Genetics

Gene technology Karyotype

Helps to determine trisomy Recombinant DNA Stem Cells DNA Fingerprint Electrophoresis Cloning

Human Genome Project Mapped DNA sequence of

humans

Unit 6 Evolution

Unit 6: Evolution

How Earth formed Earth released gas bubble Primordial soup

Miller-Urey Experiment Small molecules eventually formed together to make first

cells Cyanobacteria photosynthesize to add O2 to atmosphere Prokaryotes form partnerships with other prokaryotes to

make first Eukaryotes. To move to land, bacteria and fungi formed partnerships

No soil, just large rocks, no organic nutrients on land. Fungi added nutrients.

Multicellular eukaryotes evolve

Evolution occurs gradually

Unit 6: Evolution

Natural Selection Organisms that are better

adapted to environment survive better

Lamarck’s theory- physical features of an organism increase or decrease depending on use, traits are then passed on to offspring WRONG!

Darwin’s theory- survival of the fittest, organisms that are better suited to their environment survive and pass those traits on to offspring Finches

Requirements Specific geographical area

(geographic isolation) can not interbreed

(reproductive isolation) All populations have genetic

variation Individuals tend to have

more babies than an environment can support.

Adaptations become common in a population because it gives selective advantage.

Unit 6: Evolution

Types of Adaptations:MigrationHibernationCamouflageMimicryMetamorphosis

Homologous structures – different appearance, same ancestorDivergent evolution

Analogous Structures- same appearance, different ancestorConvergent Evolution

Vestigial Structures- not used by the organism anymore

Unit 6: Evolution

Unit 7: Classification

Unit 7: Classification

Taxonomy- science of studying and classifying organisms

Binomial Nomenclature (Genus species)

8 levels of classification (Dear King Phillip Came Over For Great Spaghetti)• Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order

Family Genus Species

• Classify based on Morphology (looks), DNA Evidence, Fossil Evidence• Ancestral Characteristics- from a common ancestor• Derived Characteristics- only in one group

Unit 7: Classification

Organize using: Cladogram Phylogentic Tree

Dichotomous Key- uses differences between two very similar species to classify

Mosses

Ferns

Pine trees

Flowering plants

Unit 7: Classification

6 Kingdoms:

Eubacteria

Archaebacteria

Protista

Animalia

Plantae Fungi

Unit 8: Microbiology

Unit 8: Microbiology Bacteria (Prokaryotic)

Reproduce asexually by fission or sexually with Pili Conjugation allows for passing of antibiotic

resistance Archaebacteria -Extremophiles Eubacteria- Photosynthetic Identify with Gram stain, shape,

arrangement Gram positive (purple), Gram negative

(pink) Shapes: Rod, Coccus, Spirilum Arrangement: Diplo, Staphylo (grapes),

Strepto Jobs: Nitrogen fixation, make food, cause

illness Kill with antibiotics

Capsule Cell Wall

Chromosome

Flagellum

PlasmidPilus

Plasma membrane

Examples: TB, Strep

Unit 8: Microbiology

Viruses Microscopic disease

causing agents Need a Host to reproduce Not alive (no cell type) Very small – can only see

with electron microscope Structure- capsid

(proteins), envelope (glycoprotein), RNA/DNA, Attachment Spikes Bacteriophage,

spherical, tubular, polyhedral

Infection: Lytic: Invade host cell,

make new viral parts, burst out of cell

Lysogenic: invade host cell, integrate to host genome, wait for ideal conditions to reproduce.

No cure- but can prevent with Vaccines

Examples: Hepatitis, AIDS, Epstein-Barr, Chicken Pox, small pox, flu, herpes, rhino virus

Unit 8: Microbiology

Protista Very diverse- animal like, plant like Multicellular or single celled Sexual or asexual production Autotrophic or heterotrophic

Eukaryotic

Examples: Euglena, Amoeba, Algae, Diatoms, Dinoflagellates (red tide), Malaria (plasmodium Vivax)

Unit 8: Microbiology

Fungi (eukaryotic)HeterotrophicMost are multicellular

(except yeasts)Sexual ReproductionHyphaeCell wall made of

chitinExtracellular digestionCan be saprophytes

(dead tissue), mutualists (mycorrhizae), parasites (athlete’s

foot)Decomposers

Types: Zygomycotes (mold)Ascomycotes (sac

fungi like morels)Basidiomycotes

(mushrooms)Deuteromycotes

(Bleu cheese, penicillin)

Lichens- fungus + algae

Unit 9: Plants

Unit 9: Plants

Plant classifications: Non-Vascular

Mosses, Liverworts Pollinate by water

only (need water for sperm to swim)

Seedless vascular Ferns Pollinate by

wind/water (water not required)

Vascular Angiosperms

(flowering plants) Monocots Dicots Wind, Animal

pollination

Gymnosperms (Naked seeds- cones) Animal pollination

Unit 9: Plants

•Growth of plants occur at roots and shoots (meristem)•Flowers are reproductive structures• Fruits are ripened

plant ovaries with seeds

•Guard cells open stoma in leaves for gas exchange during respiration/photosyntehsis.

Unit 9: Plants

Annuals- plants that complete life cycle in one year

Perenials- complete life cycle over many growing seasons.

Growth- plants germinate if given right soil/water/temp conditions Tropisms are factors affecting growth

Thigmotropism- touch response when growing (vines) Phototropism- bend toward light Geotropism- bend according to gravitational pull of earth Photoperiodism- growth occurs according to how long plant

has been exposed to light.

Unit 9: Plants

Important hormones: Auxin – control phototropism Giberellin – plant growth, germination Abscisic Acid – slows/stops growth in times of

environmental stress

Defense 1st- secrete chemical that destroys bacterial cell

wall 2nd- Lignin- forms a “jail cell” around infected plant

cell 3rd- kill neighboring cells to prevent further spread

of infection.

Unit 10: Animals

Unit 10: Animals

Characteristics of Animals:HeterotrophyMobilityMulticellularityDiploidySexual

reproductionBlastula formationNo cell wall

Made of tissues

Coelom- internal body cavity

Parthenogenesis

Notochord- internal rod in spinal column, precursor to spinal cord.

Unit 10: Animals

Invertebrates Sponges (porifera) Cnidarians (coral, jellyfish) Annelid (earthworm –

segmented body) Echinoderm (starfish) Mollusks

Gastropod Cephalopod Bivalve

Chordates

Arthropods Insects Crustaceans

Unit 10: Animals Vertebrates

Fish Ectothermic 2 chambered heart

Amphibians Ectothermic 3 chambered heart Need water to hatch

babies Reptiles

Ectothermic 3 or 4 chambered heart Do not need water for

eggs Birds

Endothermic 4 chambered heart Eggs Feathers Keeled sternum

Mammals Monotremes Marsupials Endothermic 4 chambered heart Fur Live young Nurse young

Unit 11: Body Systems

Unit 11: Body Systems

Skeletal- provides support to body, made of bones

Muscular system- movement, made of muscles

Endocrine system- secretes hormones to tell body what/when to do something, made of

endocrine glands and hormones

Nervous system- takes sensory input, processes it, and tells body how to respond. (brain, nerves)

Digestive system- digests/absorbs nutrients (stomach, pancreas, liver, intestines)

Circulatory system- transports O2/CO2 in body, delivers nutrients from digestive system, immune response

Immune system- body’s defense against pathogens

Reproductive system- allows human body to reproduce

Integumentary system- skin, part of immune systems.

Excretory System- rids body of wastes

Respiratory System- gas exchange of O2/CO2

Unit 11: Body Systems

4 Tissue Types Epithelial Connective Muscular Nervous

Unit 12: Ecology

Unit 12: Ecology

Ecosystem Vs. Population Vs. Community Biotic factors Abiotic factors

Sucession Primary Secondary

Relationships

Mutualism Parasitism Commensalism

Producers can photosynthesize (plants, algae, SOME protists, SOME bacteria)

Consumers eat (everything else)

Unit 12 Ecology

Energy- only 10% gets passed on to next trophic level Producers Primary Consumers Secondary Consumers

Biogeochemical Cycles Water Carbon Nitrogen Phosphorus

Eutrophication

Biomagniciation

Unit 12 Ecology

Human Environmental Impact Global warming Air pollution/CO2

Emissions Pollution of water Loss of natural

resources and wildlife Increased cancer risk

due to hole in ozone layer

Various Biomes (large ecosytems) Tundra Taiga Desert Temperate Deciduous

Forest Savana (grass land) Chaparal Aquatic Biomes

Unit 12: Ecology

Population changes as available resources change/are limited Carrying Capacity Exponential growth Punctuated

equilibrium R strategists K Strategists

Biodiversity