BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE

BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE

• THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD– THE UNIVERSAL

SCIENTIFIC APPROACHTO PROBLEM-SOLVING

BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE

• IDENTIFY THE PROBLEM– A SCIENTIFIC PROBLEM

IS PHRASED IN THE FORM OF A QUESTION

– EXAMPLE??

• FORMULATE A HYPOTHESIS– A HYPOTHESIS IS AN

EDUCATED GUESS (*POSSIBLE EXPLANATION*)

– “IF, THEN” STATEMENT– NEVER IN THE FORM OF

A QUESTION!!!!!– EXAMPLE???

BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE

• TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS – EXPERIMENTATION– SCIENTISTS WILL SET UP A SITUATION WHERE A

PARTICULAR OBSERVATION CAN BE MADE– OFTEN SCIENTISTS USE CONTROLLED

EXPERIMENTS• TWO, OR MORE, EXPERIMENTS ARE SET UP WHERE

ONLY A SINGLE FACTOR IS DIFFERENT BETWEEN THEM• THAT SINGLE FACTOR IS CALLED A VARIABLE

BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE

• CONTROLLEDEXPERIMENT– CONTROL

GROUP VS.EXPERIMENTALGROUP

BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE

• OBSERVE AND RECORD DATA

• ANALYZE DATA• DRAW CONCLUSIONS• RETEST / RETEST /

RETEST / RETEST / RETEST / RETEST / RETEST / RETEST / RETEST / RETEST

• SCIENTIFIC THEORIES– EXPLANATIONS THAT

APPLY TO A BROAD RANGE OF PHENOMENA AND THAT ARE SUPPORTED BY EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE

• SCIENTIFIC LAWS– A STATEMENT THAT

DESCRIBES SOME ASPECT OF A PHENOMENA THAT IS ALWAYS TRUE…NOT AN EXPLANATION!!!

BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE

• SI SYSTEM

BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE

• TOOLS OF THE BIOLOGIST– THE LIGHT MICROSCOPE

• THE SIMPLE MICROSCOPE• THE COMPOUND

MICROSCOPE• THE PHASE-CONTRAST

MICROSCOPE• THE STEREOMICROSCOPE• THE ELECTRON

MICROSCOPE

• LABORATORY TECHNIQUES– CENTRIFUGATION– MICRODISSECTION– CHROMATOGRAPHY– ELECTROPHORESIS– SPECTROPHOTOMETERS

BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE

• THE LIGHT MICROSCOPE– MAGNIFICATION

VS.RESOLUTION

BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE

• PHASE-CONTRAST MICROSCOPES

BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE

• STEREOMICROSCOPES– HELPFUL TO SEE

EXTERIOR SURFACES, USUALLY PROVIDES A MORE 3-D IMAGE

BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE

• ELECTRON MICROSCOPES– TRANSMISSION VS SCANNING– 1,000,000x MAGNIFACTION, BUT…

BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE

• ELECTRON MICROSCOPES– TRANSMISSION VS SCANNING– 1,000,000x MAGNIFACTION, BUT…

BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE

• LABORATORY TECHNIQUES– CENTRIFUGATION– CHROMATOGRAPHY– ELECTROPHORESIS

BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE

• LET’S KEEP LEARNING…SO YOU ARE ALL SMART ENOUGH TO AVOID DOING…