Biology 1111K

Lecture 5

Slide 2 - genetics

Slide 3 - Alleles

Slide 4 – Dominant and recessive alleles

Slide 5 – homozygous dominant and recessive

Slide 6 - heterozygous

Slide 7 - genotype

Slide 8 - phenotype

Slide 9 – punnett square

Slide 10 - Mendel

Slide 11 – P or parent generation

Parent 1 – TT • Homozygous dominant tall

plants

Parent 2 – tt• Homozygous recessive short

plant

Slide 12 – F1 generation

100% heterozygous Tall plant

Slide 12 – F2 generation

25% Homozygous dominant tall plant

25% Homozygous recessive short plant

50% heterozygous dominant tall plants

Slide 14 – Laws of segregation

Slide 15 – dihybrid inheretance

Flower color

• Red flower – R

• Yellow flower – r

Petal length

• Long petal – P

• Short petal – p

Slide 16 – dihybrid test cross

• 1/16 RRPP – Red flower and long petals dominant homozygous

• 2/16 RRPp – Red flower dominant homozygous and long petals dominant heterozygous

• 2/16 RrPP– Red flower dominant heterozygous and long petals dominant homozygous

• 4/16 RrPp – Red flower and long petals dominant heterozygous

• 2/16 Rrpp – Red flower dominant heterozygous and short petals recessive homozygous

• 1/16 RRpp – Red flower dominant homozygous and short petals recessive homozygous

• 2/16 rrPp – yellow flower recessive homozygous and long petals dominant heterozygous

• 1/16 rrPP – yellow flower recessive homozygous and long petals dominant homozygous

• 1/16 rrpp – yellow flower recessive homozygous and short petals recessive homozygous

Slide 17 – incomplete dominance

Hair color• Black hair – B1• Blond hair – B2

Hair texture• Course hair – C1• Fine hair - C2

Slide 18 – test cross for incomplete dominance• 1/16 B1B1C1C1 – black and course hair

dominant homozygous

• 2/16 B1B1C1C2 – black hair dominant homozygous and course hair dominant heterozygous

• 2/16 B1B2C1C1– brown hair heterozygous and course hair dominant homozygous

• 4/16 B1B2C1C2 – brown hair and moderately course hair heterozygous

• 2/16 B1B2C2C2 – brown hair heterozygous and fine hair recessive homozygous

• 1/16 B1B1C2C2 – Black hair dominate homozygous and fine hair recessive homozygous

• 2/16 B2B2C1C2– blond hair homozygous recessive and moderately course hair heterozygous

• 1/16 B2B2C1C1 – blond hair recessive and course hair dominant homozygous

• 1/16 B2B2C2C2 – blond hair and fine hair recessive homozygous

Slide 19 - codominance

Slide 20 – codominance and multiple alleles

Slide 21 – epistaisis and polygenic inheritance

Parental Malvidin Producer (KKdd) x Malvidin Non-Producer (kkDD)

     

F1 Malvidin Non-Producer

     

F2 13 Malvidin Non-Producer:3 Malvidin Producer

Genotype Malvidin Gene actions

9 K_D_ No malvidin no malvidin because dominant D allele is present

3 K_dd Malvidin malvidin productions because dominant K allele

present

3 kkD_ No malvidin no malvidin because recessive k and dominant D

alleles present

1 kkdd No malvidin no malvidin because recessive k allele present

Slide 22 – Autosomes and sex chromosomes

Slide 23 - Amniocentesis

Slide 24 - Chorionic Villus Sampling

Slide 25 - nondisjunction

Slide 26 - translocation

Slide 27 - Deletion

Slide 28 - Klinfelter syndrome (47 XXY)

Slide 29 – karyotype of Klinfelter’s

Slide 30 – Turner’s syndrome (45 X)

Slide 31 – Trisomy X (XXX)

Slide 32 – Trisomy XYY

Slide 33 – Trisomy 13

Slide 34 – Down’s Syndrome

Low set ears

Shorter, broader stature, shorter legs and arms

Low nasal bridge and dorsum

Abnormal and excessive facial fat distribution

Short broad neck

Flat facial profile, underdevelopment of middle third of face and smaller head (brachycephalic skull)

Short broad hands with thick short fingers, fifth finger curves inward

Small oral cavity, broad lips, and open mouth with protruding, enlarged tongue, fissured and congenitally missing teeth and delayed eruption of teeth

Slide 35 – Down’s syndrome

RELATIONSHIP OF DOWN SYNDROME INCIDENCE TO MOTHERS' AGE

Mothers AgeIncidence of Down

Syndrome

Under 30 Less than 1 in 1,000

30 1 in 900

35 1 in 400

36 1 in 300

37 1 in 230

38 1 in 180

39 1 in 135

40 1 in 105

42 1 in 60

44 1 in 35

46 1 in 20

48 1 in 16

49 1 in 12

Slide 36 – Edwards syndrome (Trisomy 18)

Slide 37 – translocation 14/21 – Down’s syndrome

Slide 38 - Cri du chat syndrome

Slide 39 – genetic disorders

Slide 40 – Cystic fibrosis

Slide 41 – cystic fibrosis

Slide 42 – Tay Sachs disease

Slide 43 - Sickle cell disease

Slide 44 - Progeria

Slide 45 - Achondroplasia

Slide 46 - Polydactyly

Slide 47 – recombinant DNA technology

Slide 48 – bacterial/prokaryotic fission

Slide 49 – bacterial conjugation

Slide 50 – bacterial transformation

Slide 51 – virus (bacterial phage)

Slide 52 – viral infection

Slide 53 – lytic and lysogenic phase