biological and environmental nanotechnology: applications
TRANSCRIPT
Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology: Applications and Implications
Kristen M. Kulinowski, Ph.D.Department of Chemistry
CBEN Executive Director for Education and Public Policy
The only federally-funded nanotech center whose exclusive emphasis is
health and the environmentA National Science Foundation center of excellence
NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center, Vicki Colvin, Director
Investigating and developing nanoscience at the "wet/dry" interfaceExplore the interface between nanomaterials and aqueous systems at multiple length scales including interactions with solvents, biomolecules, cells, whole organisms and the environment
Significant education and outreach componentNanoscience introduction in K-12, with a focus on teachers
New curriculum and summer internships in research for undergraduates
Industrial connectionsAffiliates program
Entrepreneurship – Forums, classes and distinguished seminars
Nanomanufacturing facility
Policy and Government Interactions
What is Nanotechnology?
Nanotechnology is the creation of functional materials, devices,and systems through control of matter on the nanometer length scale, exploiting novel phenomena and properties (physical, chemical, biological) present only at that length scale.
“If I were asked for an area of science and engineering that will most likely produce the breakthroughs of tomorrow, I would point to nanoscale science and engineering.”
Neal LaneFormer NSF DirectorAssistant to President Clinton for Science and Technology
CBEN’s Organizing Principle
NanoX
Applications and Implications
The Wet/Dry Interface
Theme 2: NanoBioengineering
(West)
Theme 1: Nanoscience
(Colvin)
Theme 3: NanoEnvironmental Engineering
(Hughes/Alvarez)
Bioengineering Applications
1. Functional Bionanoconjugates
2. Engineered nanostructures for tissue replacement
Bioanalytical problemsDrug deliveryTherapeutic agentsBiological imaging
Tissue growth control(nanostructured surfaces)
Joint/Hip replacements(nanocomposites)
Bone Replacements(nanofibers and nanocomposites)
Collaborative Efforts between Engineers, Biologists, and Chemists
Metal Nanoshells for Cancer Therapy
Jennifer West
Tumor capillary
“Leaky” endothelium
Carcinoma cells
Nanoshells for Photothermal Cancer Therapy
Nanoshell BNCs + near IR light =Carcinoma cell death
Jennifer West
TCE Reduction
Mineralization of organics
Industrial wastewater treatments
Arsenic removal
Environmental Engineering Applications
2. Sorption1. S
epar
ation
s
3. Remediation
Arsenic in Drinking Water
Arsenic in water linked to cancer
EPA standards: 50 ug/L to 10 ug/L
Natural and anthropogenic sources
Enormous interest in removalPlants (phytofiltration)Muds and sedimentsZero valent iron – in-situMine tailings (e.g., iron oxides)
Ayotte et al, Envi. Sci. Tech. 2003 37, p.2075
Arsenic Sorption onto Iron Oxides
Models for surface interactions*
CBEN’s approach is to use nanoscale iron oxides as sorbentsIncreased capacity from high surface areaRemoval and reuse via magnetic filtersTailorability of surface chemistry
Strong and specific sorption Chemical transformationSubjected to interferences
Silicate and phosphatesHumic acids
* D. M. Sherman, S. R. Randall Geochimica et Cosmochimica v. 67 no. 22 p. 4223
Improved Recovery of Nanocrystals
Solution before
After column(one pass)
After recovery/wash
22 nm Fe3O4in hexanes
10 nm Fe3O4in water
Health and Environmental Implications of Nanomaterials
Fate and transport
Biological transformations and ecotoxicology
Health effects and toxicology
Engineered Nanostructures and Cells
• Receptor mediated endocytosisd > 100 nm colloids don’td < 50 nm do
• High reactivity of nanoparticle surfacesStrong oxidizing/reducing agentsFree radical activity
Bruchez, Alivisatos et al Science 281 (1998) p. 2013From J. West, Rice U.
100 nm particles, intercellular space 10 nm particles, inside cell
Environmental Implications: Fate, Transport, Transformation
Exposure assessment: framework for analysis
Developing hypotheses for nanosized materials
Little literature on engineered nanomaterials
Extrapolate from molecular or colloidal data
Molecular(dissolved)
Colloidal(particulate)
‘Nano’: Transition
Ängstroms Microns
Biological Implications: Hazard StudiesPulmonary Toxicology of SWNTs in Mice/Rats
Buckyball Clusters and Fish
Quantum Dots
Warheit et al. V. Colvin A. Derfus et al.
Warheit, D.M., et al, Toxicol. Sci., Jan 2004; 77: 117 - 125.Eva Oberdörster, Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 112, No. 10, July 2004Austin M. Derfus, et al., NANO LETTERS, 2004, Vol. 4, No. 1, 11-18Christie M. Sayes, et al., NANO LETTERS, 2004, Vol. 4, No. 10, 1881-1887
Emerging data on engineered nanomaterials
Polyaromatichydrocarbons Carbon soot
Add water0.3% NaCl
1% NaCl
3% NaCl
Bleach Extract 50 mg/L
Bayou Water
Vicki Colvin, Rice
Highly stable fullerene nanoparticleNegatively charged surfaceSizes range, typically 30-300 nm
Solid or solution
watern-C60
Important form of C60 in the aqueous environment
Nano-C60: Environmentally Relevant
Vicki Colvin, Rice
11,000THF
1,600Toluene
10Benzo[a]pyrene*
0.02n-C60
100Paraquat
0.001Dioxin*
17,000Ethyl Alcohol*
> 100,000C60-(OH)x
LC50, mg/kgToxin
* National Institute of Health, Registry of Cytotoxicity Data (ZEBET)
nano-C60 Relative Cytotoxicity
n-C60
Vicki Colvin, Rice
OHOH
OH
OH
HO
HO
OH
OHHO
HO
HOOH
OHHO
OHOH
O
O
O
O
OO
O
O
Na
Na
Na
Na
NaNa
Na
Na
10-4 10-2 100 102 104 106 108
0
20
40
60
80
100
% D
ead
Fullerene Species Concentraion (ppb)
COOHHOOC
HOOC
HOOC
HOOC
COOH
Towards Structure-Function Relationships
Fullerene Species Concentration (ppb)
Vicki Colvin, Rice
How can we engineer safe nanoparticles?
Are engineered nanoparticles dangerous?
Framing the question in nanotoxicology
Conclusions
Responsible nanotechnology acknowledges both BENEFITS and RISKS
Nanomaterials may pose novel risks requiring new management policies
Scientific, legal, advocacy and regulatory communities should work together to manage nanomaterial risk
Acknowledgementsn-C60 Group
Christie Sayes
Dr. Joe Hughes
John Fortner
Delina Lyon
Adina Boyd
Dr. Jennifer West
Andre Gobin
CBEN ResearchersDr. Vicki Colvin
Dr. Jennifer West
Dr. Mason Tomson
Dr. Mark Wiesner
Dr. Pedro Alvarez
Dr. Joe Hughes
Dr. Paul Laibinis
NSF-NSEC CBEN, ONRNSF-NIRT Chemistry/Engineering
Welch FoundationResearch CorporationDreyfus Foundation
• Dr. Wenh Guo• Dr. Yitzhi Jane Tao• Dr. Mason Tomson• Dr. Kevin Ausman• Dr. Jane Grande-Allen• Dr. Lon Wilson