biographies of marx

7/17/2019 Biographies of Marx

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Marx/Engels Biographical Archive

arl Marx:

ographical overview (until 1869)

y F. Engels (1869)

arl Marxy V.I. Lenin (1914)n the love between Jenny and Karl Marx

y Eleanor Marx (his daughter; 1897-98)he Death of Karl Marx

y F. Engels, various articles (1883)

edrick Engels:

ographical Article

y V. I. Lenin (1895)ncyclopedia Article

andwrterbuch der Staatswissenschaften(1892)ncyclopedia Article

rockhaus' Konversations-Lexikon(1893)

ollections:

arious media Interviews on both Engels and Marx

871 - 1893)arl Marx and Friedrich Engels: An Intro

book by David Riazanov (1927)ecollections on Marx and Engels

y Mikhail Bakunin (1871)

amily of Marx and Engels:

nny von Westphalen,enny Marx) -- wife of Karl Marxdgar von Westphalen

rother of Jennynny Marx

aughter -- Various Articles by heraura Marx

aughterenaor Marx

aughter

Marx/Engels Biography

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harles Longuet

usband of Jenny Marxaul Lafargue

usband of Laura Marxdward Aveling

usband of Elanor Marxelene Demuth

amily friend and maid

Works| Biography | Letters| Images| Contact

arx/Engels Internet Archive

Marx/Engels Biography

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KARL MARX

yederick Engels

hort bio based on Engels' version written at the end of July 1868 for the German literary newspaper

artenlaube-- whose editors decided against using it.

ngels rewrote it around July 28, 1869 and it was published inDie Zukunft, No. 185, August 11, 186

anslated by Joan and Trevor Walmsleyanscribed for the Internet by Zodiac

.]

arl Marxwas born on May 5, 1818 in Trier, where he received a classical education. He studiedrisprudence at Bonn and later in Berlin, where, however, his preoccupation with philosophy soonrned him away from law. In 1841, after spending five years in the "metropolis of intellectuals", heturned to Bonn intending to habilitate. At that time the first "New Era" was in vogue in Prussia.

ederick William IV had declared his love of a loyal opposition, and attempts were being made inrious quarters to organise one. Thus the Rheinische Zeitungwas founded at Cologne, with

nprecedented daring Marx used it to criticise the deliberations of the Rhine Province Assembly, inticles which attracted great attention. At the end of 1842 he took over the editorship himself and wach a thorn in the side of the censors that they did him the honour of sending a censor [Wilhelm

aint-Paul] from Berlin especially to take care of theRheinische Zeitung.When this proved of no avather the paper was made to undergo dual censorship, since, in addition to the usual procedure, everysue was subjected to a second stage of censorship by the office of Cologne's Regierungspr?sident [Keinrich von Gerlach]. But nor was this measure of any avail against the "obdurate malevolence" of heinische Zeitung,and at the beginning of 1843 the ministry issued a decree declaring that theheinische Zeitungmust cease publication at the end of the first quarter. Marx immediately resignede shareholders wanted to attempt a settlement, but this also came to nothing and the newspaper cea

ublication.

is criticism of the deliberations of the Rhine Province Assembly compelled Marx to study questionaterial interest. In pursuing that he found himself confronted with points of view which neitherrisprudence nor philosophy had taken account of. Proceeding from the Hegelian philosophy of lawarx came to the conclusion that it was not the state, which Hegel had described as the "top of theifice", but "civil society", which Hegel had regarded with disdain, that was the sphere in which a kthe understanding of the process of the historical development of mankind should be looked for.

owever, the science of civil society is political economy, and thisscience could not be studied inermany, it could only be studied thoroughly in England or France.

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herefore, in the summer of 1843, after marrying the daughter of Privy Councillor von Westphalen iier (sister of the von Westphalen who later became Prussian Minister of the Interior) Marx moved

aris, where he devoted himself primarily to studying political economy and the history of the greatench Revolution. At the same time he collaborated with Ruge in publishing the Deutsch-Franzsis

hrbcher,of which, however only one issue was to appear. Expelled from France by Guizot in 184

ent to Brussels and stayed there, pursuing the same studies, until the outbreak of the Februaryvolution. Just how little he agreed with the commonly accepted version of socialism there even in iost erudite-sounding form, was shown in his critique of Proudhon's major work Philosophie de laisere,which appeared in 1847 in Brussels and Paris under the title of The Poverty of Philosophy. In

at work can already be found many essential points of the theory which he has now presented in futail. The Manifesto of the Communist Party, London, 1848, written before the February revolution

opted by a workers' congress in London, is also substantially his work.

xpelled once again, this time by the Belgian government under the influence of the panic caused byebruary revolution Marx returned to Paris at the invitation of the French provisional government. Tdal wave of the revolution pushed all scientific pursuits into the background; what mattered now wacome involved in the movement. After having worked during those first turbulent days against the

surd notions of the agitators, who wanted to organise German workers from France as volunteers tght for a republic in Germany, Marx went to Cologne with his friends and founded there theNeue

heinische Zeitung,which appeared until June 1849 and which people on the Rhine still remember w

day. The freedom of the press of 1848 was probably nowhere so successfully exploited as it was atme, in the midst of a Prussian fortress, by that newspaper. After the government had tried in vain toence the newspaper by persecuting it through the courts -- Marx was twice brought before the assizr an offence against the press laws and for inciting people to refuse to pay their taxes, and wasquitted on both occasions -- it had to close at the time of the May revolts of 1849 when Marx waspelled on the pretext that he was no longer a Prussian subject, similar pretexts being used to expel her editors. Marx had therefore to return to Paris, from where he was once again expelled and fromhere, in the summer of 1849, [about August 26 1849] he went to his present domicile in London.

London at that time was assembled the entirefine fleur [flower]of the refugees from all the natione continent. Revolutionary committees of every kind were formed, combinations, provisional

overnments in partibus infidelium,[literally: in parts inhabited by infidels. The words are added to tle of Roman Catholic bishops appointed to purely nominal dioceses in non-Christian countries; hereans "in exile"] there were quarrels and wrangles of every kind, and the gentlemen concerned no do

ow look back on that period as the most unsuccessful of their lives. Marx remained aloof from all oose intrigues. For a while he continued to produce hisNeue Rheinische Zeitung in the form of a

onthly review (Hamburg, 1850), later he withdrew into the British Museum and worked through thmmense and as yet for the most part unexamined library there for all that it contained on politicalonomy. At the same time he was a regular. contributor to theNew- York Tribune,acting, until the

utbreak of the American Civil War, so to speak, as the editor for European politics of this, the leadinglo-American newspaper.

he coup d'etat of December 2 induced him to write a pamphlet, The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis

onaparte, New York, 1852, which is just now being reprinted (Meissner, Hamburg), and will make

mall contribution to an understanding of the untenable position into which that same Bonaparte has ot himself. The hero of the coup d'?tat is presented here as he really is, stripped of the glory with wh

Karl Marx Biography

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s momentary success surrounded him. The philistine who considers his Napoleon III to be the greaan of the century and is unable himself how this miraculous genius suddenly comes to be makingoomer after bloomer and one political error after the other -- that same philistine can consult theorementioned work of Marx for his edification.

lthough during his whole stay in London Marx chose not to thrust himself to the fore, he was forcearl Vogt, after the Italian campaign of 1859, to enter into a polemic, which was brought to an end warx'sHerr Vogt(London, 1860). At about the same time his study of political economy bore its fir

uit: A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, Part One, Berlin, 1859. This instalmentntains only the theory of money presented from completely new aspects. The continuation was som

me in coming, since the author discovered so much new material in the meantime that he considerecessary to undertake further studies.

t last, in 1867, there appeared in Hamburg: Capital. A Critique of Political Economy, Volume I. Th

ork contains the results of studies to which a whole life was devoted. It is the political economy of orking class, reduced to its scientific formulation. This work is concerned not with rabble-rousinghrasemongering, but with strictly scientific deductions. Whatever one's attitude to socialism, one wiy rate have to acknowledge that in this work it is presented for the first time in a scientific manner,

at it was precisely Germany that accomplished this. Anyone still wishing to do battle with socialismill have to deal with Marx, and if he succeeds in that then he really does not need to mention the deinorum gentium."["Gods of a lesser stock;" meaning, celebrities of lesser stature.]

ut there is another point of view from which Marx's book is of interest. It is the first work in which tual relations existing between capital and labour, in their classical form such as they have reached

ngland, are described in their entirety and in a clear and graphic fashion. The parliamentary inquirieovided ample material for this, spanning a period of almost forty years and practically unknown evEngland, material dealing with the conditions of the workers in almost every branch of industry

omen's anti children's work, night work, etc.; all this is here made available for the first time. Then

ere is the history of factory legislation in England which, from its modest beginnings with the first 1802, has now reached the point of limiting working hours in nearly all manufacturing or cottage

dustries to 60 hours per week for women and young people under the age of 18, and to 39 hours peeek for children under 13. From this point of view the book is of the greatest interest for everydustrialist.

or many years Marx has been the "best-maligned" of the German writers, and no one will deny thatas unflinching in his retaliation and that all the blows he aimed struck home with a vengeance. Butolemics, which he "dealt in" so much, was basically only a means of self-defence for him. In the finalysis his real interest lay with his science, which he has studied and reflected on for twenty-five yith unrivalled conscientiousness, a conscientiousness which has prevented him from presenting hisndings to the public in a systematic form until they satisfied him as to their form and content, until has convinced that he had left no book unread, no objection unconsidered, and that he had examinedery point from all its aspects. Original thinkers are very rare in this age of epigones; if, however, a not only an original thinker but also disposes over learning unequalled in his subject, then he deserbe doubly acknowledged.

s one would expect, in addition to his studies Marx is busy with the workers' movement; he is one oe founders of the International Working Men's Association, which has been the centre of so much

Karl Marx Biography

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tention recently and has already shown in more than one place in Europe that it is a force to beckoned with. We believe that we are not mistaken in saying that in this, at least as far as the workerovement is concerned, epoch-making organisation the German element -- thanks precisely to Marx

olds the influential position which is its due.

arx/Engels Biographical Archive

Karl Marx Biography



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Encyclopedia of Marxism

eople

Ma

acDonald, James Ramsay (1866-1937)

orn at Lossiemouth, England, he became well known as a propagandist of socialist ideas and in 1893, togetith Keir Hardie, founded the Independent Labour Party of which he remained a member until 1930. He bec

n MP in 1906 and leader of the Labour Party in 1911 but resigned in 1914 on account of a short-lived pacif

1922 he became leader of the opposition and in 1924 Prime Minister and Foreign Secretary of the first Laovernment which depended upon Liberal support for a working majority. His policy both at home and abroas one of liberal capitalism, combining re-armament with a rapprochement with the Soviet Union. The elecf 1924 put him out of office but he returned to power in 1929. He responded to the capitalist crisis of 1931 ading a minority on the right-wing into a coalition with the Conservatives on the basis of economic policiehich meant the impoverishment of the working class. Prime Minister of this 'National' government until 19came Lord President under Baldwinuntil his death.

ach, Ernst (1838-1916)

ustrian physicist and philosopher who established important principles of optics, mechanics, and waveynamics and who supported the view that all knowledge is a conceptual organisation of the data of sensoryxperience. Mach is widely regarded as the leader of the extreme subjectivist school of positivism of the lateneteenth century, but even Einsteinacknowledged a debt to Mach for his persistent exposure of the unstate

sumptions of physical science. In retrospect however, all would agree that Machs positivism was naive anverly subjectivist. Mach was the main target of Lenins Materialism and Empiriocriticism.

ach was educated at home until the age of 14, and entered the University of Vienna at the age of 17, receivs PhD in physics at the age of 22 and was appointed Professor of Mathematics at the University of Graz in

864.

Encyclopedia of Marxism: Ma

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e Soviet government.

alon, Bnoit (1841-93)

ench Socialist, one of the founders and theoreticians of reformism. In 1865 a member of the First Internati

1871 a member of the Commune; after its fall he fled to Switzerland. He combated Marxism and stood fo

lectic theory of "integral socialism."

althus, Thomas (1766-1834)

nglish economist who became famous through his book,Essay on Population. He there developed the ideaopulation increases faster than the means of sustenence. This assertion is contradicted by facts. Engels in atter to Danielson remarks that the opposite is the case the means of sustenence must exist before populangrow. Marx called Malthus' pamphlet "a libel on the human race." But in spite of all the facts, thealthusian law of population, in one form or another, still remains part of the permanent stock of bourgeoisonomics. Malthus was an apologist for captialism and advocated a misanthropic theory of population.

alvy, Louis (1875-1949)

ench Radical Socialist, was minister of the interior from 1914-17, when he was charged with negligence axiled for five years, to Spain. In 1924 he was reelected to the Chamber of Deputies.

anilov

character in Gogol's Dead Souls, who had a very fertile imagination and loved to talk; a prattlinglf-complacent dreamer.

ann, Tom (1856-1941)ecretary of the British ILP, and leader of the famous 'dockers tanner' strike in Australia, which ended in victer receiving a huge donation from Australian unionists. Mann came to Melbourne in 1903, and conductedries of lectures on 'social problems'. He acted as a stimulus for the formation of the Victorian Socialist Parnder his mentorship, the VSP grew to 2,000 members by 1907 when it initiated the OBU project. While

dvocating revolutionary socialism it, still remained inside the ALP. Mann was invited to Broken Hill, and we craft unionists to the policy of industrial unionism. Mann later became disillusioned with the policy ofushing labor to the left'. On his return to Britain, took a pacifist position on the war; became a foundingember of the British Communist Party in 1920. Leader of Red International of Labour Unions through whi


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e CP maintained its united front with Jock Garden's group.

ao Tse Tung (1893 - 1976)

he son of a peasant farmer, Mao Tse-tung was born in the village of Shao Shan, Hunan province in China. ge 27, Mao attended the First Congress of the Chinese Communist Party in Shanghai, in July 1921. Two ye

ter he was elected to the Central Committee of the party at the Third Congress.

om 1931 to 1934, Mao helped established the Chinese Soviet Republic in SE China, and was elected as thhairman.

arting in October 1934, "The Long March" began a retreat from the SE to NW China. In 1937, Japanpened a full war of aggression against China, which gave the Chinese Communist Party cause to unite withationalist forces of the Kuomintang. After defeating the Japanese, in an ensuing civil war the Communistsfeated the Kuomintang, and established the People's Republic of China, in October 1949.

ao served as Chairman of the Chinese People's Republic until after the failure of the Great Leap Forward,

959. Still chariman of the Communist Party, in May 1966 Mao initiated the Cultural Revolution with arective denouncing "people like Khrushchev nestling beside us." In August 1966, Mao wrote a big posterntitled "Bombard the Headquarters."

erved as Party chairman until his death in 1976.

arcuse, Herbert (1898-1979)

erman-born U.S. political philosopher whose combination of Marxism and Freudian psychology was popur a time among student radicals in the late 1960s.

aving become a member of the Social Democratic Party while a student at the University of Freiburg, Mar




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as a co-founder of the Frankfurt Institute for Social Research. He fled to Geneva in 1933 when Hitler came

ower, then went to the United States in 1934, where he taught at Columbia University and became a US cit

1940. His Reason & Revolution, written in 1941, made an important contribution to the understanding of

egel and his influence on Marx.

n intelligence analyst for the U.S. Army during World War II, he headed the Central European Section of t

ffice of Intelligence Research after the war. He returned to teaching in 1951 at Columbia and Harvard,

randeis University (1954-65), and the University of California at San Diego (1965-76), where after retirei8
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was a member of the Royal Commission on Labour.

arshall's magnum opus, Principles of Economics (1890), was his most important contribution to economicerature. It was distinguished by the introduction of a number of new concepts, such as elasticity of demandnsumer's surplus, quasi-rent, and the representative firm, all of which played a major role in the subsequenvelopment of economics. His Industry and Trade (1919) was a study of industrial organisation; Money, Cr

nd Commerce was published in 1923. Writing at a time when the economic world was deeply divided on theory of value, Marshall succeeded, largely by introducing the element of time as a factor in analysis, inconciling the classical cost-of-production principle with the marginal-utility principle formulated by Willia

vons and the Austrian school. Marshall is often considered to have been in the line of descent of the greatnglish economists - Adam Smith, David Ricardo, and J.S. Mill.

artinov, Alexander (1865-1935)

ght-wing Menshevikbefore 1917 and for a few years after the revolution an opponent of the Soviet

overnment. Strong advocate of the two stage theory: that fully capitalistic government needed to run its couRussia before Socialism was possible. He joined the Communist Party in 1923, and became an opponent oe Left Opposition. He was a chief architect of the Stalinist theories used to justify subordinating the worke

e "progressive" bourgeoisie, including the concept of the "bloc of four classes."

artov, Tsederbaum, Yuli Osipovich (1873-1923)

enshevikleader. Until 1903 (at the time of the split in the Russian Socialist Democractic Labour Party),

osely associated with Lenin.(editted with Lenin Iskra) A Centristduring WWI, in 1920 left Russia.

arx Family:

arx, Caroline (1824-1847): Karl Marx's sister.arx, Edgar (Musch) (1847-1855): Karl and Jenny Marx's son who died of tuberculosis.arx, Eduard (3824-1837): Karl Marx's brother.arx, Eleanor (Tussy) (1855-1898):Karl Marx's youngest daughter. Tussy was a precocious youngster whoowed an early interest in politics including writing to major political figures around the world as a child.eanor and her two sisters grew up with their father's story-telling and immersed in literature. Tussy began

fe-long love of books and theater. She would later translate several works of literature as well as become aage actress.

nce engaged to Prosper Lissagary, she met Edward Avelingin 1883 and they would live together in commw for the reminder of her life. They became members of the Democratic Federation led by Henry Hyndma

e early 1880s. Tussy wrote in the draft of the program that the needed change in society will be a revolutioThe two classes at present existing will be replaced by a single class consisting of the whole of the healthy ne members of the community, possessing all the means of production and distribution in common...".

he Democratic Federation, later renamed the Social Democratic Federation broke up in 1884 over personaloblems and the issue of internationalism. The Avelings and William Morris formed the Socialist League w

ublished a monthly paper called Commonweal.In this vehicle Tussy wrote several articles and reviews onomen's and other issues as well as a pamphlet entitled The Woman Question.In 1886 Tussy toured in the U


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ong with Wilhelm Liebknechtfundraising for the German Social Democratic Party and in support of the

aymarket affair.

long with continuing work translating literature and acting, she became very involved in organizing, writincord-keeping and speaking for militant trade union such as the Gasworkers, and the Dockers Union and thruggles. In 1889 she was a delegate in Paris for the founding of the Second International.

ater in her life, Tussy became very involved in organizing the part of her father's papers left to her after theath of Engels, as well as continuing her own work. During a period of depression in 1889, she commit sui

the age of 43. For some of her translations and editing work, see the Eleanor Marxsection.arx, Franziska (1851-1852):Karl and Jenny Marx's daughter, died in infancy.arx, Heinrich (1777-1838):Lawyer in Trier, Karl Marx's father.arx, Heinrich Guido (Foxchen) (1849-1850):Karl and Jenny Marx's son, died in infancy.arx, Henriette (1787-1863):Karl Marx's mother.arx, Henriette (1820-1856): Karl Marx's sister.arx, Hermann (1819-1842):Karl Marx's brother.arx, Laura (1845-l9ll):(see also Lafargue, Laura) Karl and Jenny Marx's daughter who married Paul Lafargarx, Louise (1821-1893):Karl Marx's sister, wife of Johann Carel Juta.arx, Sophie (181-1883): Karl Marx's sister, wife of Wilhelm Robert Schmalhausen.

arx, Jenny von Westphalen (1814-1881)

arl Marx's wife. See also the Jenny von Westphalensection in the Women and Marxism page.

arx, Jenny (Jennychen) (1844-1883)Also Longuet, Jenny)

arl and Jenny Marx's eldest daughter, married to Charles Longuet. In 1870 she took action in the Irish strug

y publishing in a French paper revelations of the treatment of the Irish political prisoners by the Englishourgeoisie; by this means she forced the Gladstone government to conduct an investigation into the questiohe wrote under the name of ".J. Williams." See also the Jenny Longuetsection in the Women and Marxism

age.

arx, Karl (1818-1883)

And now as to myself, no credit is due to me for discovering the existence of classes in modern society or truggle between them. Long before me bourgeois historians had described the historical development of thiass struggle and bourgeois economists, the economic anatomy of classes. What I did that was new was toove:

) that the existence of classes is only bound up with the particular, historical phases in the development ofoduction [See: Historical Materialism]

) that the class struggle necessarily leads to the dictatorship of the proletariat.

) that this dictatorship itself only constitutes the transition to the abolition of all classes and to a classless

ciety.

arl Marxetter to Weydemeyerarch 5, 1852


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arl Marx was born on May 5, 1818 , in the city of Trier in Rheinish Prussia. His family was Jewish, but

nverted to Protestanism in 1824. The family waspetty-bourgeois; his father was a lawyer. After graduatin

om a Gymnasium (High School) in Trier, Marx entered the university, first at Bonn and later in Berlin, wh read law, majoring in history and philosophy. He concluded his university course in 1841, submitting a

octoral thesis on the philosophy of Epicurus. At the time Marx was a Hegelian idealistin his views. In Berl

belonged to the circle of "Left Hegelians" (with Bruno Bauerand others) who sought to draw atheistic an

volutionary conclusions from Hegel's philosophy. Ludwig Feuerbachbegan to criticize theology, particula

ter 1836, and he began his turn to materialism, which in 1841 gained ascendancy in his philosophy (The

ssence of Christianity).

fter graduating from university, Marx moved to Bonn, hoping to become a professor. However, the reactio

olicy of the government made Marx abandon the idea of an academic career, after Ludwig Feuerbach had bprived of his chair in 1832 (and who was not allowed to return to the university in 1836); and in 1841 the

overnment had forbade the young Professor Bruno Bauer to lecture at Bonn.

t the begining on 1842, some radicalbourgeois in the Rhineland (Cologne), who were in touch with the Le

egelians, founded a paper in opposition to the Prussian government, called the Rheinische Zeitung. Marx a

runo Bauer were invited to be the chief contributors, and in October 1842 Marx became editor-in-chief and

oved from Bonn to Cologne.he newspaper's revolutionary-democratic trend became more and more pronounced under Marx's editorshipnd the government first imposed double and triple censorship on the paper, and then on January 1 1843ppressed it. Marx was forced to resign the editorship before that date, but his resignation did not save the

aper, which suspended publication in March 1843. Of the major articles Marx contributed to Rheinischeeitung, Engels notes, an article on the condition of peasant winegrowers in the Moselle Valley. Marx'surnalistic activities convinced him that he was insufficiently acquainted with political economy, and healously set out to study it. (See: Marx's articles for the Rheinische Zeitung)

1843, Marx married, at Kreuznach, a childhood friend he had become engaged to while still a student. His

ife came from a bourgeois family of the Prussian nobility, her elder brother being Prussia's Minister of theterior during an extremely reactionary period 1850-58.

the autumn of 1843, Marx went to Paris in order to publish a radical journal abroad, together with Arnold

uge(1802-1880). Only one issue of this journal, Deutsch-Franzsische Jahrbcher, appeared. Publication w

scontinued owing to the difficulty of secretly distributing it in Germany, and to disagreement with Ruge.arx's articles in this journal showed that he was already a revolutionary who advocated "merciless criticism

verything existing", and in particular the "criticism by weapon", and appealed to the masses and to theoletariat.

lso in 1843, Feuerbach wrote his famous Principles of the Philosophy of the Future. "One must have

xperienced for oneself the liberating effect" of these books, Engels subsequently wrote. "We [i.e., the Leftegelians] all became at once Feuerbachians."

September 1844, Frederick Engelscame to Paris for a few days, and from that time on became Marx's clo

end. Shortly after meeting, Marx and Engels worked together to produce the first mature work of Marxism

he German Ideology. In this work, largely produced in response to Feuerbach's materialism, Marx and Eng

t down the foundations of Marxismwith the materialistic conception of history, and broke from Left Hege

ealism with a critique against Bruno Bauer and Max Stirner. "The philosophers have only interpreted the wvarious ways;" Marx wrote in an outline for the begining of the book, " the point is to changeit."


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the mid to late-1840s both Marx and Engels took a most active part in the then seething life of thevolutionary groups in Paris (of particular importance at the time was Proudhon'sdoctrine), which Marx br

to pieces in his Poverty of Philosophy, (1847).

t the insistent request of the Prussian government, Marx was banished from Paris in 1845, considered by bovernments a dangerous revolutionary. Marx then moved to Brussels. In the spring of 1847 Marx and Engeined a secret propaganda society called the Communist League. Marx and Engels took a prominent part in

eague's Second Congress (London, November 1847), at whose request they drew up the Communist Manif

hich appeared in February 1848. With outstanding clarity, this work outlines a new world-conception baseaterialism. This document analysises the realm of social life; the theory of the class struggle; the tasks of th

ommunists; and the revolutionary role of the proletariat the creators of a new, communist society.

n the outbreak of the Revolution of February 1848, Marx was banished from Belgium. He returned to Parihence, after the March Revolution, he went to Cologne, Germany, whereNeue Rheinische Zeitungwas

ublished from June 1 1848 to May 19 1849, with Marx as editor-in-chief. The victorious counter-revolutionrst instigated court proceedings against Marx (he was acquitted on February 9, 1849), and then banished hiom Germany (May 16, 1849). First Marx went to Paris, where he was again banished after the demonstratif June 13, 1849, and then went to London, where he lived until his death.

arx's life as a political exile was an extremely difficult one, as the correspondence between Marx and Engeearly reveals. Poverty weighed heavily on Marx and his family; had it not been for Engels' constant andlfless financial aid, Marx would not only have been unable to complete Capitalbut would have inevitably

en crushed by hunger and malnutrition.

he revival of the democratic movements in the late fifties and in the sixties thrusted Marx back into politicaork. In 1864 (September 28) the International Working Men's Association the First International wa

unded in London. Marx was the heart and soul of this organization, and author of its first addressand of a

f resolutions, declaration and manifestos. In uniting the labor movement of various forms of non-proletariancialism (Mazzini, Proudhon, Bakunin, liberal trade-unionism in Britain, Lassalleandeviations to the right,

c.), and in combating the theories of all these sects and schools, Marx here hammered out uniform tactics fe proletarian struggle of the working in the various countries. (See Marx's writings for the First Internation

ollowing the downfall of the Paris Commune(1871) of which Marx gave a clear-cut materialistic analy

ese events in The Civil War In France, 1871 and the Bakunin cleavage in the International (See: Marx's

nflict with Bakunin), the organization could no longer exist in Europe. After the Hague Congress of the

ternational(1872), the General Council of the International had played its historical part, and now made w

r a period of a far greater development of the labor movement in all countries in the world, a period in whie movement grew in scope, and mass socialist working-class parties in individual national states were form

arx's health became undermined by his strenuous work in the International and his still more strenuousritings and organising. He continued work on the refashioning of political economy and on the completionapital, for which he collected a mass of new material and studied a number of languages (Russian, for instaarx was fully fluent in German, French, and English). However, ill-health prevented him from completingst two volumes of Capital (which Engels subsequently put together from Marx's notes).

arx's wife died on December 2, 1881, and on March 14, 1883, Marx passed away peacefully in his armchae lies buried next to his wife at Highgate Cemetery in London.

y V.I. Lenin (Edited)ranat Encyclopedia: Karl Marx


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hpt 1: Karl Marx

ee Also: The Marx/Engels Biographical Archive.

asaryk, Jan (d. 1948)

omas Masaryk, A Czech intellectual and statesman, led the Czech Legion of prisoners of war against theussian Revolution and was the founder-President of Czechoslovakia in December 1918 until his death in 1is son Jan Masaryk was Foreign Minister of the Czech government-in-exile in London 1941-45, and continn after returning to Prague in 1945, as a symbol of the continuity of Czech government. Leapt to his death fwindow of the Foreign Ministry in 1948, a few days after the success of the Communist Party in the Febru948 elections.

aslov, Pyotr Pavlovich (1867 - 1946)

enshevik. Wrote a number of works on the agrarian question. During the first world war took a

cial-chauvinststand. Following the October revolution, Pyotr reisgned from politics and took up teaching

ientific work.

aslow, Arkady (1891-1941)

op German CP leader expelled in 1927 because of his support of the Russian Left Opposition. He helped fo

e oppositional periodical Volkswille[People's Will] and the Leninbund, which for a short time was associaith the Left Opposition. He withdrew from the Leninbund leadership before it broke with the Left Oppositi

nd for a short time sympathized with the movement for the Fourth International in the mid-thirties.

cob, Mathilde (1873-)

ecretary and member of Rosa Luxemburg'sinner circle. Jacob eventually broke with Luxemburg but later

uthored an unpublished manuscripts of her memoirs.

aurer, Georg Ludwig von (1790-1872)

erman jurist and historian. Distinguished for his investigations into the history of the development of commoperty in land, the formation of towns in the Middle Ages and relations.

azzini, Guiseppe (1805-72)

alian politician who played a leading part in the bourgeoisie revolutionary movement (especially among th


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wn intelligentsia and liberal aristocracy). He lived abroad as a refugee. In 1831-32 he founded "Young Italvolutionary organisation aiming at the unification of Italy, which was at that time still split up into manyfferent states. He took part in the revolutionary struggles of the year 1848 in Italy. After this be was again

migre abroad (London), and there founded the European Democratic Committee, which was intended to une revolutionary movements in the different countries. His republican programme demanded the independe

nd unity of Italy and a democratic republic; his slogan was "Dio i Popolo " (God and the People). Marxiticised the inconsistent and anti-proletarian character of Mazzini's programme and carried on an energeticruggle against him and his Committee.

dex of the Letter M

lossary of People| Encyclopedia of Marxism


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iographical Comments on Karl Marx

y his daughtereanor Marx

arl was a young man of seventeen when he became engaged to Jenny. For them, too, the path of truve was not a smooth one. It is easy to understand that Karl's parents opposed the engagement of a

oung man of his age ... The earnestness with which Karl assures his father of his love in spite of cer

ntradictions is explained by the rather stormy scenes his engagement had caused in the home. Myther used to say that at that time he had been a really ferocious Roland. But the question was soonttled and shortly before or after his eighteenth birthday the betrothal was formally recognised. Sevears Karl waited for his beautiful Jenny, but "they seemed but so many days to him, because he lover so much".

n 19 June 1843 they were wedded. Having played together as children and become engaged as a yoan and girl, the couple went hand in hand through the battle of life.

nd what a battle! Years of bitter pressing need and, still worse, years of brutal suspicion, infamous

lumny and icy indifference. But through all that, in unhappiness and happiness, the two lifelong frid lovers never faltered, never doubted: they were faithful unto death. And death has not separatedem.

is whole life long Marx not only loved his wife, he was in love with her. Before me is a love letter ssionate, youthful ardour of which would suggest it was written by an eighteen-year-old. Marx wro1856, after Jenny had borne him six children. Called to Trier by the death of his mother in 1863, h

rote from there saying he had made "daily pilgrimages to the old house of the Westphalens (inoemerstrasse) that interests me more than the whole of Roman antiquity because it reminds me of mppy youth and once held my dearest treasure. Besides, I am askcd daily on all sides about the form

most beautiful girl in Trier' and 'Queen of the ball'. It is damned pleasing for a man to find his wife ln in the imagination of a whole city as a delightful princess..."

arx was deeply attached to his father. He never tired of talking about him and always carried an oldguerrotype photograph of him. But he would never show it to strangers because, he said, it was so

nlike the original. I thought the face very handsome, the eyes and brow were like those of his son bue features were softer about the mouth and chin. The type was in general definitely Jewish, butautifully so. When, after the death of his wife, Marx undertook a long, sad journey to recover hisalth -- for he wanted to complete his work -- he always had with him the photograph of his father, d photograph of my mother on glass (in a case) and one of my sister -- Jenny. We found them after

ath in his breast pocket. Engels laid them in his coffin.

ritten in German for theNeue Zeit, Vol. 1, 1897-8,n the publication of the young Marx's letter to his father.nline version: transcribed by Zodiac,

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Biographical Comments on Karl Marx

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THE DEATH OFKARL MARX

Marx was was laid to rest in Highgateemetery on Saturday, March 17 1883, in the

me grave as his wife, Jenny, buried 15 monthsrlier.

ARTICLES BY ENGELS:

Mar 17Highgate Cemetery, London:Engels' speech

Mar 20La Justice: Draft of a Speech atthe Graveside of Karl Marx

Mar 22Der Sozialdemokrat: Karl Marx's

Funeral

May 03Der Sozialdemokrat: On The

Death of Karl Marx

May 17Der Sozialdemokrat: On The

Death of Karl Marx

Marx / Engels

Archive

Marxist writers'

Archives

883: The death of Karl Marx

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Vladimir Lenin

Biographical Article on Fredrick Engels

Written:Autumn 1895ource:Collected Works, Volumeublisher:Progress Publishers, Moscow, USSRrst Published:In 1896, in the miscellanyRabotnik, No. 1-2.nline Version:marx.org, marxists.org 1999ranscribed:Zodiac

hat a torch of reason ceased to burn,hat a heart has ceased to beat!

rom N. A. Nekrasov's poemn Memory of Dobrolyubov"]

n August 5 (new style), 1895, Frederick Engels died in London. After his friend Karl Marx (who di1883), Engels was the finest scholar and teacher of the modern proletariat in the whole civilised wom the time that fate brought Karl Marx and Frederick Engels together, the two friends devoted th

fe's work to a common cause. And so to understand what Frederick Engels has done for the proletarne must have a clear idea of the significance of Marx's teaching and work for the development of thntemporary working-class movement. Marx and Engels were the first to show that the working clad its demands are a necessary outcome of the present economic system, which together with the

ourgeoisie inevitably creates and organises the proletariat. They showed that it is not the well-meanforts of noble-minded individuals, but the class struggle of the organised proletariat that will delive

umanity from the evils which now oppress it. In their scientific works, Marx and Engels were the fiplain that socialism is not the invention of dreamers, but the final aim and necessary result of thevelopment of the productive forces in modern society. All recorded history hitherto has been a histclass struggle, of the succession of the rule and victory of certain social classes over others. And th

ill continue until the foundations of class struggle and of class domination -- private property andarchic social production -- disappear. The interests of the proletariat demand the destruction of theundations, and therefore the conscious class struggle of the organised workers must be directed aga

em. And every class struggle is a political struggle.

hese views of Marx and Engels have now been adopted by all proletarians who are fighting for theimancipation. But when in the forties the two friends took part in the socialist literature and the sociaovements of their time, they were absolutely novel. There were then many people, talented and witlent, honest and dishonest, who, absorbed in the struggle for political freedom, in the struggle againe despotism of kings, police and priests, failed to observe the antagonism between the interests of t

ourgeoisie and those of the proletariat. These people would not entertain the idea of the workers actan independent social force. On the other hand, there were many dreamers, some of them geniuses

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mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


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ho thought that it was only necessary to convince the rulers and the governing classes of the injustie contemporary social order, and it would then be easy to establish peace and general well-being onrth. They dreamt of a socialism without struggle. Lastly, nearly all the socialists of that time and thends of the working class generally regarded the proletariat only as an ulcer, and observed with ho

ow it grew with the growth of industry. They all, therefore, sought for a means to stop the developmindustry and of the proletariat, to stop the "wheel of history." Marx and Engels did not share theneral fear of the development of the proletariat; on the contrary, they placed all their hopes on itsntinued growth. The more proletarians there are, the greater is their strength as a revolutionary clas

d the nearer and more possible does socialism become. The services rendered by Marx and Engelse working class may be expressed in a few words thus: they taught the working class to know itselfconscious of itself, and they substituted science for dreams.

hat is why the name and life of Engels should be known to every worker. That is why in this collecarticles, the aim of which, as of all our publications, is to awaken class-consciousness in the Russi

orkers, we must give a sketch of the life and work of Frederick Engels, one of the two great teachere modern proletariat.

ngels was born in 1820 in Barmen, in the Rhine Province of the kingdom of Prussia. His father was

anufacturer. In 1838 Engels, without having completed his high-school studies, was forced by famircumstances to enter a commercial house in Bremen as a clerk. Commercial affairs did not preventngels from pursuing his scientific and political education. He had come to hate autocracy and theranny of bureaucrats while still at high school. The study of philosophy led him further. At that timegel's teaching dominated German philosophy, and Engels became his follower. Although Hegelmself was an admirer of the autocratic Prussian state, in whose service he was as a professor at Berniversity, Hegel's teachingswere revolutionary. Hegel's faith in human reason and its rights, and thndamental thesis of Hegelian philosophy that the universe is undergoing a constant process of chand development, led some of the disciples of the Berlin philosopher -- those who refused to accept tisting situation -- to the idea that the struggle against this situation, the struggle against existing wrd prevalent evil, is also rooted in the universal law of eternal development. If all things develop, ifstitutions of one kind give place to others, why should the autocracy of the Prussian king or of theussian tsar, the enrichment of an insignificant minority at the expense of the vast majority, or theomination of the bourgeoisie over the people, continue for ever? Hegel's philosophy spoke of thevelopment of the mind and of ideas; it was idealistic.From the development of the mind it deducevelopment of nature, of man, and of human, social relations. While retaining Hegel's idea of the etocess of development, [1]Marx and Engels rejected the preconceived idealist view; turning to life,

ey saw that it is not the development of mind that explains the development of nature but that, on thntrary, the explanation of mind must be derived from nature, from matter.... Unlike Hegel and the

egelians, Marx and Engels were materialists. Regarding the world and humanity materialistically, trceived that just as material causes underlie all natural phenomena, so the development of humanciety is conditioned by the development of material forces, the productive forces. On the developmthe productive forces depend the relations into which men enter with one another in the production

e things required for the satisfaction of human needs. And in these relations lies the explanation of e phenomena of social life, human aspirations, ideas and laws. The development of the productiverces creates social relations based upon private property, but now we see that this same developmee productive forces deprives the majority of their property and concentrates it in the hands of ansignificant minority. It abolishes property, the basis of the modern social order, it itself strives towa




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e very aim which the socialists have set themselves. All the socialists have to do is to realise whichcial force, owing to its position in modern society, is interested in bringing socialism about, and to

mpart to this force the consciousness of its interests and of its historical task. This force is the proletngels got to know the proletariat in England, in the centre of English industry, Manchester, where httled in 1842, entering the service of a commercial firm of which his father was a shareholder. Herengels not only sat in the factory office but wandered about the slums in which the workers were coop, and saw their poverty and misery with his own eyes. But he did not confine himself to personalbservations. He read all that had been revealed before him about the condition of the British workin

ass and carefully studied all the official documents he could lay his hands on. The fruit of these stud observations was the book which appeared in 1845: The Condition of the Working Class in Engle have already mentioned what was the chief service rendered by Engels in writing The Condition e Working Class in England.Even before Engels, many people had described the sufferings of theoletariat and had pointed to the necessity of helping it. Engels was thefirstto say that the proletaria

ot onlya suffering class; that it is, in fact, the disgraceful economic condition of the proletariat thatives it irresistibly forward and compels it to fight for its ultimate emancipation. And the fightingoletariat will help itself.The political movement of the working class will inevitably lead the workerealise that their only salvation lies in socialism. On the other hand, socialism will become a force

hen it becomes the aim of thepoliticalstruggle of the working class.Such are the main ideas of Enook on the condition of the working class in England, ideas which have now been adopted by allinking and fighting proletarians, but which at that time were entirely new. These ideas were set out

ook written in absorbing style and filled with most authentic and shocking pictures of the misery ofnglish proletariat. The book was a terrible indictment of capitalism and the bourgeoisie and createdofound impression. Engels' book began to be quoted everywhere as presenting the best picture of thndition of the modern proletariat. And, in fact, neither before 1845 nor after has there appeared so

riking and truthful a picture of the misery of the working class.

was not until he came to England that Engels became a socialist. In Manchester he established con

ith people active in the English labour movement at the time and began to write for English socialisublications. In 1844, while on his way back to Germany, he became acquainted in Paris with Marx,hom he had already started to correspond. In Paris, under the influence of the French socialists andench life, Marx had also become a socialist. Here the friends jointly wrote a book entitled The Holy

amily, or Critique of Critical Critique.This book, which appeared a year before The Condition of thorking Class in England, and the greater part of which was written by Marx, contains the foundatiorevolutionary materialist socialism, the main ideas of which we have expounded above. "The holy

mily" is a facetious nickname for the Bauer brothers, the philosophers, and their followers. Thesentlemen preached a criticism which stood above all reality, above parties and politics, which rejectl practical activity, and which only "critically" contemplated the surrounding world and the events

oing on within it. These gentlemen, the Bauers, looked down on the proletariat as an uncritical massarx and Engels vigorously opposed this absurd and harmful tendency. In the name of a real, humanrson -- the worker, trampled down by the ruling classes and the state -- they demanded, notntemplation, but a struggle for a better order of society. They, of course, regarded the proletariat asrce that is capable of waging this struggle and that is interested in it. Even before the appearance ofoly Family, Engels had published in Marx's and Ruge'sDeutsch-Franzsische Jahrbcherhis "Critssays on Political Economy," in which he examined the principal phenomena of the contemporaryonomic order from a socialist standpoint, regarding them as necessary consequences of the rule ofivate property. Contact with Engels was undoubtedly a factor in Marx's decision to study political




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onomy, the science in which his works have produced a veritable revolution.

om 1845 to 1847 Engels lived in Brussels and Paris, combining scientific work with practical activmong the German workers in Brussels and Paris. Here Marx and Engels established contact with thecret German Communist League, which commissioned them to expound the main principles of thecialism they had worked out. Thus arose the famousManifesto of the Communist Partyof Marx an

ngels, published in 1848. This little booklet is worth whole volumes: to this day its spirit inspires anuides the entire organised and fighting proletariat of the civilised world.

he revolution of 1848, which broke out first in France and then spread to other West-Europeanuntries, brought Marx and Engels back to their native country. Here, in Rhenish Prussia, they tookarge of the democraticNeue Rheinische Zeitungpublished in Cologne. The two friends were the hd soul of all revolutionary-democratic aspirations in Rhenish Prussia. They fought to the last ditch fence of freedom and of the interests of the people against the forces of reaction. The latter, as we

now, gained the upper hand. TheNeue Rheinische Zeitungwas suppressed. Marx, who during his exd lost his Prussian citizenship, was deported; Engels took part in the armed popular uprising, fough

berty in three battles, and after the defeat of the rebels fled, via Switzerland, to London.

arx also settled in London. Engels soon became a clerk again, and then a shareholder, in theanchester commercial firm in which he had worked in the forties. Until 1870 he lived in Manchesthile Marx lived in London, but this did not prevent their maintaining a most lively interchange of idey corresponded almost daily. In this correspondence the two friends exchanged views and discoved continued to collaborate in working out scientific socialism. In 1870 Engels moved to London, aeir joint intellectual life, of the most strenuous nature, continued until 1883, when Marx died. Its fras, on Marx's side, Capital, the greatest work on political economy of our age, and on Engels' side,umber of works both large and small. Marx worked on the analysis of the complex phenomena ofpitalist economy. Engels, in simply written works, often of a polemical character, dealt with moreneral scientific problems and with diverse phenomena of the past and present in the spirit of the

aterialist conception of history and Marx's economic theory. Of Engels' works we shall mention: tholemical work against Dhring (analysing highly important problems in the domain of philosophy,tural science and the social sciences), [2]The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State

ranslated into Russian, published in St. Petersburg, 3rd ea., 1895),Ludwig Feuerbach(Russiananslation and notes by G. Plekhanov, Geneva, 1892)," an article on the foreign policy of the Russiaovernment (translated into Russian in the Geneva Social-Demokrat, Nos. 1 and 2), splendid articlese housing question, and finally, two small but very valuable articles on Russia's economic developm

Frederick Engels on Russia, translated into Russian by Zasulich, Geneva, 1894). Marx died before huld put the final touches to his vast work on capital. The draft, however, was already finished, and

e death of his friend, Engels undertook the onerous task of preparing and publishing the second andird volumes of Capital.He published Volume II in 1885 and Volume III in 1894 (his death prevente preparation of Volume IV). These two volumes entailed a vast amount of labour. Adler, the Austocial-Democrat, has rightly remarked that by publishing volumes II and III of CapitalEngels erecteajestic monument to the genius who had been his friend, a monument on which, without intending indelibly carved his own name. Indeed these two volumes of Capitalare the work of two men: Mad Engels. Old legends contain various moving instances of friendship. The European proletariat my that its science was created by two scholars and fighters, whose relationship to each other surpase most moving stories of the ancients about human friendship. Engels always -- and, on the whole,

uite justly -- placed himself after Marx. "In Marx's lifetime," he wrote to an old friend, "I played sec




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ddle." His love for the living Marx, and his reverence for the memory of the dead Marx were bound

his stern fighter and austere thinker possessed a deeply loving soul.

fter the movement of 1848-49, Marx and Engels in exile did not confine themselves to scientific

search. In 1864 Marx founded the International Working Men's Association, and led this society fo

hole decade. Engels also took an active part in its affairs. The work of the International Association

hich, in accordance with Marx's idea, united proletarians of all countries, was of tremendous

gnificance in the development of the working-class movement. But even with the closing down of t

ternational Association in the seventies, the unifying role of Marx and Engels did not cease. On thentrary, it may be said that their importance as the spiritual leaders of the workingclass movement g

ntinuously, because the movement itself grew uninterruptedly. After the death of Marx, Engels

ntinued alone as the counsellor and leader of the European socialists. His advice and directions we

ught for equally by the German socialists, whose strength, despite government persecution, grew

pidly and steadily, and by representatives of backward countries, such as the Spaniards, Rumanianussians, who were obliged to ponder and weigh their first steps. They all drew on the rich store of

nowledge and experience of Engels in his old age.

arx and Engels, who both knew Russian and read Russian books, took a lively interest in the count

llowed the Russian revolutionary movement with sympathy and maintained contact with Russianvolutionaries. They both became socialists after being democrats, and the democratic feeling of ha

r political despotism was exceedingly strong in them. This direct political feeling, combined with a

ofound theoretical understanding of the connection between political despotism and economic

ppression, and also their rich experience of life, made Marx and Engels uncommonly responsive

olitically.That is why the heroic struggle of the handful of Russian revolutionaries against the migh

arist government evoked a most sympathetic echo in the hearts of these tried revolutionaries. On th

her hand, the tendtwe TDauseakrugglilluse me and ecoHia guntr pod aus saw itfromcause tstn theh


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ootnotes

]Marx and Engels frequently pointed out that in their intellectual development they were much

debted to the great German philosophers, particularly to Hegel. "Without German philosophy," Enys, "scientific socialism would never have come into being."

]This is a wonderfully rich and instructive book. Unfortunately, only a small portion of it, containi

storical outline of the development of socialism, has been translated into Russian (The Developmenientific Socialism, 2nd ea., Geneva, 1892).

arx/Engels Biography

enin Works Archive


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ngels, Frederick

orn in Barmen on November 28, 1820. Took up commerce and worked as an office clerk from 18341, first in Barmen and from 1838 in Bremen. After serving for a year as an army volunteer (1841joined his father's business in Manchester in 1843, staying there until 1844. From 1845 to 1848 he

ved in Brussels (with K. Marx) and, alternately, in Paris; from 1848 to May 1849 he worked for the

eue Rheinische Zeitungin Cologne. In June and July of that year he took part in the uprising in Souermany as an aide-de-camp in Willich's volunteer corps. Then he went to London for a short time a1850, rejoined his father's concern in Manchester, working first as a clerk and, from 1864, as a joinoprietor. In 1869 he retired from business for good. He has lived in London since 1870.

f his works we shall mention the following:

Umrisse zu einer Kritik der National-konomie" (inDeutsch-Franzsische Jahrbcher, published buge and Marx, Paris, 1844 (Issues 1 and 2), pp. 86-114; reprinted inDie Neue Zeit,IX Jahrgang90/91, Bd. 1, p. 236 et seq.).

ointly with Karl Marx.)Die Heilige Familie oder Kritik der kritischen Kritik Gegen Bruno Bauer uonsorten, F. E. und K. M. Frankfurt a. M., 1845.

ie Lage der arbeitenden Klassein England, Leipzig, 1845 (English translation, New York, 1887).

ointly with Karl Marx , anonymously.)Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei,London, 1848 (also ench, Spanish, Italian, Danish, Russian, Polish, English).

Worked as coeditor, editor-in-chief respectively (substituting Marx) inNeue Rheinische Zeitung,48-1849 in Cologne and inNeue Rheinische Zeitung. Revue,1850 in London.)

Anonymously.) Po und Rhein, Berlin, 1859.

Anonymously.) Savoyen, Nizza und der Rhein, Berlin, 1860.

Die Preussische Militarfrage und die deutsche Arbeiterpartei", Hamburg, 1865,Der deutscheauerkrieg. (Reprinted fromNeue Rheinische Zeitung. Revue.)Leipzig, three editions, the latest of 1

ur Wohnungsfrage. Three issues, 1st edition, Leipzig, 1872, 2nd edition, Zurich, 1887.

oziales aus Russland, Leipzig, 1875.

Anonymously.) Preussische Schnaps in Deutschen Reichstag, Leipzig, 1876.

ie Bakunisten an der Arbeit. Denkschrift uber den Aufstand in Spanien,Leipzig, 1873.

err Eugen Duehring's Umw?lzung der Wissenschaft, 1st edition, Leipzig, 1878, 2nd edition, Zurich86.

ie Entwicklung des Sozialismus von der Utopie zur Wissenschaft,1st, 2nd, 3rd editions, Zurich, 188h edition, prepared for publication, Berlin, 1891 (also in French, Russian, Polish, Italian, Spanish,omanian, Dutch, Danish).

Engels, Frederick (encyclopedia)

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er Ursprung der Familie, des Privateigenthums und des Staats. Im Anschluss an Lewis H. Morgan

orschungen, Zurich, 1884, 3rd edition, Stuttgart, 1889 (also in Italian, Romanian, Danish; Frenchition under preparation).

udwig Feuerbachund derAusgang der klassischen deutschen Philosophie,Stuttgart, 1888.

Die ausw?rtige Politik des russischen Zarenthums" (inDie Neue Zeit,VIII Jahrgang, 1889/90, Bd. Iso in Russian, English, French, Romanian).

eber den B?rgerkrieg in Frankreich(inDie Neue Zeit,IX Jahrgang, 1890/91, Bd. 11, p. 33 et seqq

Sachen Brentano contra Marx wegen angeblicher Zitatsf?lschung. Geschichtserz?lung und

okumente, Hamburg, 1891.

esides he prepared for publication the following works to which he wrote introductions and preface

In German:

Marx. "Das Kapital". Vol. 1, 3rd edition, 1883; 4th edition, 1890 (Preface about Brentano). Also, (Preface about Rodbertus), 1885.

Marx. Das Elend der Philosophie.Deutsch von Bernstein und Kautsky. Stuttgart, 1885 (Preface aodbertus).

Marx. Vor den K?lner Geschwornen. 1849, Zurich, 1885 (Preface).

Marx. Enth?llungen ?ber den Kommunisten-Prozess zu K?ln. 1852, Zurich, 1885 (Introduction: "Zeschichte des 'Bundes der Kommunisten").

. Wolf. Die Schlesische Milliarde.Zurich, 1886. (Introduction: Biography of Wolf and "Zur Geschr preussischen Bauern").

Borkheim. Zur Erinnerung fur die deutschen Mordspatrioten. Zurich, 1888 (Introduction: BiograpBorkheim).

Marx. Lohnarbeit und Kapital(Introduction). Berlin, 1891.

In English:

Marx. Capital.Translated by S. Moore & E. Aveling, published by F. Engels, London, 1887 (editanslation and wrote a preface).

Marx."Free Trade". A Speech delivered in Brussels in 1848. Translated by F. Kelly-Wischnewetzoston and London, 1888 (Introduction on Free Trade, published in German inDie Neue Zeit).

Engels. The Condition of the Working-Class in England in 1844.Translated by F. K. Wischnewetew York, 1887 (Preface and Appendix, the latter was published also as a separate edition: "Theorking Class Movement in America"; in German: "Die Arbeiterbewegung in Amerika", New York87; reprinted in English, London, 1887. In German also inDie Neue Zeit).

rst published in the encyclopaedic dictionaryandworterbuch der Staatswissenschaften




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ol. 3, Jena, 1892





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Biography on Engels

ngels, Frederick, socialist, born in Barmen on Nov. 28, 1820, the son of a well-to-do manufacturer.ook up commerce, but already at an early age began propagating radical and socialist ideas inwspaper articles and speeches. After working for some time as a clerk in Bremen and serving for o

ar as an army volunteer in Berlin in 1842, he went for two years to Manchester, where his father w-owner of a cotton mill.

1844 he worked for the Deutsch-Franzsische Jahrbcherpublished by Arnold Ruge and Karl Ma

aris. In 1844 he returned to Barmen and in 1845 addressed communist meetings organised by Moseess and Gustav K?ttgen in Elberfeld. Then, until 1848, he lived alternately in Brussels and Paris; in46 he joined, with Marx, the secret Communist League, a predecessor of the International, andpresented the Paris communities at the two League congresses in London in 1847. On the League'sstructions, he wrote, jointly with Marx, the Communist Manifesto addressed to the "working men ountries", which was published shortly before the February revolution [1848] (a new edition appear

eipzig in 1872).

1848 and 1849 E. worked in Cologne for theNeue Rheinische Zeitungedited by Marx, and after i

ppression he contributed, in 1850, to the Politisch-oekonomische Revue. He witnessed the uprisingberfeld, the Palatinate and Baden and took part in the Baden-Palatinate campaign as aide-de-campillich's volunteer corps. After the suppression of the Baden uprising E. returned as a refugee to Engd re-entered his father's firm in Manchester in 1850.

e retired from business in 1869 and has lived in London since 1870. He assisted his friend Marx inoviding support for the international labour movement, which arose in 1864, and in carrying on

cial-democratic propaganda. E. was Secretary for Italy, Spain and Portugal on the General Councile International. He advocates Marxian communism in opposition to both "petty bourgeois" Proudhd nihilistic Bakuninist anarchism. His main work is The Condition of the Working-Class in Englan

eipzig, 1845; new edition, Stuttgart, 1892), which, although one-sided, possesses undeniable scienlue. His Anti-Duehringis a polemic of considerable size (2nd ed. Zurich, 1886). E.'s other publishe

orks include Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy(Stuttgart, 1888), The

rigin of the FamilySocialism: Utopian and Scientific(4th ed., Berlin, 1891). E. also published Vol

d 3 of Karl Marx's Capitaland the 3rd and 4th editions of Vol. I, and contributed many articles to t

eue Zeit.

om the encyclopaediaBrockhaus' Konversations-Lexikonol. 6, 14th ed., Leipzig and Vienna, 1893anscribed for the Internet by Zodiac


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Marx and Engels

News Media Interviews

fter the Paris Communeshocked the world -- including the state-led massacres of the Communards

llowed right after -- Karl Marx became a very famous person. The myth ran that he was theastermind behind the uprising and the International Working Men's Association was a vast

nspiratorial organization of destruction and nefarious violence.

ecause of all this rumor-mongering going on -- indeed, if you read Usenet, still going on -- the repothe following pieces usually felt compelled to draw great attention to Marx's actual living conditiohis general demeanor -- which hardly befit the "diabolical genius" they expected. As a British

olitician tells Queen Victoria's eldest daughter in a private letter (below), after doing a wee bit of spr her and met with Marx:

The face is somewhat round, the forehead well shaped and filled up -- the eye rather hard but the whpression rather pleasant than not, by no means that of a gentleman who is in the habit of eating bab

Marx/Engels News Media Interviews

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their cradles -- which is I daresay the view the Police takes of him."

his is not yet a complete list. Articles will be added as volunteers submit them.

arl Marx:

ew York World

ly 18, 1871

hicago Tribunenuary 5, 1879letter to Princess Victoria concerning Dr. Marx

ebruary 1, 1879ew York Sun

eptember 6, 1880

edrick Engels:

Eclair

n Russia: April 1, 1892e Figaro

ay 11, 1893aily Chronicle

ly 1, 1893


Marx/Engels News Media Interviews

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David Riazanov's

KARL MARX and FREDERICK ENGELSAn Introduction to Their Lives and Wor

written 1927

first published 1937

Translated by Joshua Kunitz

Transcribed for the Internet

by [email protected] in between January and April 1996.

When Monthly Review Press reprinted this classic work in 1973, Paul M. Sweezy wrote the reasonoing so in a brief foreword:

"Back in the 1930s when I was planning a course on the economics of socialism at Harvard, Ifound that there was a dearth of suitable mateiral in English on all aspects of the subject, butespecially on Marx and Marxism. In combing the relevant shelves of the University library, I cupon a considerable number of titles which were new to me. Many of these of course turned oube useless, but several contributed improtantly to my own education and a few fitted nicely intthe need for course reading material. One which qualified under both these headings and whicfound to be of absorbing interest was David Riazanov's Karl Marx and Friedrich Engelswhich

had been written in the mid-1920s as a series of lectures for Soviet working-class audiences anhad recently been translated into English by Joshua Kunitz and published by InternationalPublishers.

"I assigned the book in its entirety as an introduction to Marxism as long as I gave the course.results were good: the students liked it and learned from it not only the main facts about the livand works of the founders of Marxism, but also, by way of example, something of the Marxistapproach to the study and writing of history.

"Later on during the 1960s when there was a revival of interest in Marxism among students an

927: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

biographies of marx

Documents