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Biogeochemistry of Indian estuaries: Influence of Human Interferences
V.V.S.S. Sarma National Institute of Oceanography
India
2-4th April 2012
GEOSS, Miraikan, Japan
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An estuary is… “a transition zone between river and sea in which fresh water gets mixed with seawater and tidal influence Is strongly felt ”
River
Fresh water
Seawater
Estuary Sea
A section along the main channel
A bird’s view of estuarine system
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Estuaries significance… • important in hydrological cycles • sediment supplies to ocean • habitats for a large variety of life • highly productive among aquatic systems • food resources of socioeconomic relevance • influence ocean dynamics in the neighbourhood
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Influence of different river discharges on oceans in our neighbourhood
INDIAN SUBCONTINENT
Bay of Bengal
Arabian Sea
1.6x1012 m3/y WATER 0.3x1012 m3/y
1.4x109 tons/y SPM 0.2x109 tons/y
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River and estuarine systems facilitated human settlements on
their banks through the civilizations
However, human interference with these systems is a cause for worry!
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ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN ESTUARIES
• Changes in sediment load and water caused by clearing forests for agriculture and development
• Construction of dams • Waste disposal • Commercial fishing • Dredging • Shipping • Habitat destruction
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Indian monsoonal river systems
Dis
char
ge (m
3 s-1
)
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Dry Wet Dry Wet
Modification of organic matter in the Dam reservoir
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DA
M
Dry Wet Dry Wet
ESTU
ARY
Influence on inorganic carbon system
Sarma et al., 2011; 2012
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pCO2 (matm)
Enhanced coastal CO2 fluxes…
Sarma et al., 2011
Winter monsoon - -0.66 Intermonsoon - +0.06
Summer monsoon +7.8
Fluxes in mmolC m-2 d-1
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4918
5798
8231
5806
1573
7262
3673
9608 721 17751
293
8616
686 516
1245
2423
10415
289 408
3388 1691
4126
2352
pCO2 in the Indian estuaries
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CH4-Flux(µmole m-2 Day-1)
1.06
1.07
0.44
-0.04
-0.04 0.61
0.04
-0.37
1.24 0.04 -0.03
2.13
11.8 4.03
114
1.39
0.3
1.27
5.33
11.8
10.2
0.26 2.97 1.14
Fluxes of CH4 and N2O from the Indian Estuaries
-0.01 -0.03
-0.08
-0.17
0.16
-0.03
-0.17 -0.11
0.02
-0.04
0.08
-1.11
-0.03 -0.04
7.9
0.19
0.75
1.12
3.60
-0.6
0.16
1.27 1.05 0.71
N2O-Flux(µmole m-2 Day-1)
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Estuaries (107 g y-1) East coast 1300 0.82 0.20 1.80 West coast 2300 1.04 8.43 0.80 TOTAL 3600 1.86 8.63 2.60 Coastal region (1012 g y-1) Bay of Bengal 1.30 -0.03 0.08 0.04 Arabian Sea 5.03 0.33 0.09 0.006 TOTAL 6.33 0.30 0.17 0.046
Region CO2 N2O CH4 DMS Fluxes of trace gases
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Yearly Average Discharge (m3/sec)
Discharge versus phytoplankton blooms
Acharyya and Sarma, 2012
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Magnitude and pattern of discharge has significant impact on phytoplankton bloom. Modification of this pattern may lead to change so far healthy Indian estuaries into eutrophicated.
Discharge versus phytoplankton
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Impact of Fertilizer usage on Phytoplankton diversity in the
Indian estuaries
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Estuarine systems under threat … Fertilizer washings – biological productivity
eutrophication & oxygen deficiency
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Fertilizer usage in India
Source: Ministry of Agriculture
N. India S. India
74% 26%
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Parameter N. India S. India
Nitrate 26.2±8 4.3±1 Ammonium 3.8±1 2.1±1 Silicate 32.8±8 157±48 DIN:DIP 8.3±2 1.9±2 Chl-a 2.1±1 4.3±1
Variable nutrients composition
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9.0
9.9
9.0
9.7
3.7 1.8
3.5
0.9
1.9 4.1 2.5
3.9
16.6 5.8
5.2
5.8
9.7
6.5
8.1
8.6
15.0
10.2 9.1 9.9
d15NPN (per mil)
Nitrogen isotopic ratios in the Indian estuaries
2.9 8.8
Mean
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3.61
0.79
0.49
0.58 0.67
0.41
0.06
0.09 1.09 0.16
8.96
0.49
1.01
0.15
0.05
0.25
0.00
0.31
0.13
0.07
0.02
0.04 1.36
0.12
1.36
2.95 0.27
0.08
0.54
0.16
0.21
0.78
0.24
0.46
0.15 1.06 0.15
0.05
0.41
0.53 0.5
Bacillariophy. Blue-green Alg. Fucoxanthin b-carotinoids
0.75 0.48 mg/L 0.28 1.68 mg/L
Variability in pigments composition in Indian estuaries
Fucoxanthin (mg/L) b-Carotinoid (mg/L)
Sarma et al, 2012
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XII Five Year Plan (2012-2017)
Ocean Science for Forecasting Indian Marine Living Resource
Potential (OCEAN FINDER)
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Forecasting Potential Fishery Zones (PFZ) : connection between sea surface temperature, chlorophyll & fish catch
What is the basis for this connection?
Forecast of PFZ for central west coast of India (2008)
From INCOIS
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Schematic of an ecosystem model
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Mesocosm (Expedition to Experiment)
Observations
Modelling
Glider Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler
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Forecasting living resources Organism Habitat
Benthic/Pelagic
ü Expedition to experiment ü Spatial & temporal observations (to supplement information for
ecosystem analyses & forecasting)
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Time-series locations
Estuarine time-series Coastal time-series
Coastal time-series ADCP moorings Sediment traps Profilling buoys Gliders Ship-based observations Mesocosm experiments
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Thanks!