biodiversity & conservation of indonesian primates
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BIODIVERSITY AND
CONSERVATION OF
INDONESIAN PRIMATES
by Azis Kemal Fauzie
Save theSave the
PrimatesPrimates
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According to fossil evidence, primate
existed since Late Cretaceous.
Specific characteristics:
large brain
forward-facing & binocular vision
pentadactyly & opossable thumbs.
Mode of locomotion:
leaping climbing
brachiation
bipedalism
quadrupedalism
walking knuckle-walking
fist-walking
combination of
these methods.
PrimateIts Origin & Characteristics
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Indonesia as one of five
megadiversity countries in primates
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Brazil2 families52 species35 endemic
Indonesia5 families36 species50 endemic
D.R. of Congo3 families31 species
7 endemic
Madagascar5
families28 species93 endemic
Peru2 families27 species7 endemic
WORLD
16 families
433 species
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Suborder
Tarsiiformes
Infraorder
Lorisidae
Lemuridae
Tarsiidae
Cebidae
Callitrichidae
Cercopithecidae
Hylobatidae
Hominidae
Primate
Platyrrhini
Galagidae
Lemuriformes
Lepilemuridae
Lorisiformes
Cheirogaleidae
Daubentoniidae
Indriidae
Pitheciidae
Aotidae
AtelidaeSimiiformes
Catarrhini
ParvorderOrder FamilySuperfamily
Haplorrhini
Strepsirrhini
Cercopithecidea
Hominidea
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The Diversity of Indonesian Primates
Lorisidae
Tarsiidae
Cercopithecinae
Colobinae
Hylobatidae
Ponginae
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Sunda Loris (Kukang)Nycticebus coucang(EN)
Sumatran OrangutanPongo abelii(CR)
Borneo OrangutanPongo pygmaeus (EN)
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Family Lorisidae
Known as primitive primate species.
Characteristics:
light-reflecting area of the eye
(tapetum lucidum)
weigh around 0.1-1.1 kg
motionless while in danger
live in solitude (with no group),
arboreal and nocturnal.
Slow Loris (Kukang)Nycticebus coucang(EN)
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Family Tarsiidae
Known as the smallest primate species.
Characteristics:
leg (tarsus) twice longer than head
and body (10-15 cm), tail 20-25 cm,
weight 100 g
able to rotate their head 180o
active at night with huge eye balls
move by leaping and famous as treefrogs rather than primates.
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Known as the tailed apes, but
popularly as old world monkeys.
Characteristics:
long tail
medium to large in size
live in group, arboreal/terrestrial,
diurnal and matrilineal.
Divided into two subfamilies:
1. Subfamily Cercopithecinae
2. Subfamily Colobinae
Family Cercopithecidae
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Subfamily Cercopithecinae
Known as cheek pouch monkeys.
Major species are the macaques.
Characteristics:
high adaptive to any type of
habitats
have wide habitat spread eat various type of food: fruits,
leaves, flowers, insects, snails,
crabs, etc.
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Subfamily Colobinae
Known as leaf eating monkeys
(the most vegetarian primates).
Characteristics:
digestion organ system that
support bacteria to help on
digesting high fibrous food some of the species have
anatomical oddities.
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Family Hylobatidae
Also called as the lesser apes.
Major species are the gibbons.
Characteristics:
tailless M.B. (Master of Brachiation),
swing speed up to 56 km/h
social and territorial animals
monogamy loud voices (some species
have enlarged throat sac).
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Subfamily Ponginae
Known as the great apes and
among the most intelligent primates.
Characteristics:
use tools for foraging and nest-
building activities
learn signs for communication
play games and use 'calculated
reciprocity'
do wrestling, chasing and tickling
65-90% of diets are fruits.
25 Sumatran OrangutanPongo abelii(CR)
Borneo OrangutanPongo pygmaeus (EN)
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Phylogeny of MacaqueSubfamily Cercopithecinae, Genus Macaca
acaca n g a
acaca och eata
acaca n g escens
acaca au a
acaca tonkeana
ac ac a ne es t na
acaca heck
acaca pagens s
acaca s enus
acaca fasc cua s
acaca s n ca
acaca u atta
acaca sy vanus
acaca fuscata
acaca a cto des
acaca eon na
acaca th betana
acaca assa ens s
acaca cyc ops
P esbyt s c status
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Common Threats to Primates
Habitat loss due to forest
fragmentation, forest
fires, forest clearing for
agriculture plantation,
logging, mining, road anddam construction
Illegal primate hunting
and trade for use in
medicines, lab testing,for foods and as pets
Monkey drives (resulting
from primate crop raiding)
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National Parks
in Indonesia
Sundaland
Hotspot
Wallacea
Hotspot
Gunung Leuseur National Park
Tanjung Puting National Park
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1. Gunung Leuseur National Park2. Siberut National Park
3. Ujung Kulon National Park4. Gunung Halimun National Park
5. Gede-Pangrango National Park6. Gunung Ciremai National Park
7. Bromo Tengger-Semeru National Park
15. Danau Sentarum National Park16. Betung Kerihun National Park
17. Kayan Mentarang National Park18. Bantimurung-Bulusaraung National Park
19. Lore Lindu National Park20. Togean National Park
21. Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park
8. Meru Betiri National Park9. Alas Purwo National Park
10. Western Bali National Park11. Gunung Palung National Park
12. Tanjung Puting National Park13. Sebangau National Park
14. Kutai National Park
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WHERE ELSE COULD WE LIVE?
IF FOREST DISAPPEAR,