BIOCHEMISTRYBIOCHEMISTRY

The study of The study of

Elements and compoundsElements and compounds

In organismsIn organisms

ElementElement the most basic form of any pure the most basic form of any pure

material. material. Example: Hydrogen (H)Example: Hydrogen (H) Example: Potassium (K)Example: Potassium (K)

CompoundCompound

•A combination of elements. Many elements on earth remain bonded to other elements as compounds.

•Examples: H2O, CO2, C6H12O6

MacronutrientsMacronutrientselements required in large amounts by elements required in large amounts by

living thingsliving things..

HydrogenHydrogen OxygenOxygen

• Carbon

•Nitrogen

MicronutrientsMicronutrients

Elements needed in Elements needed in SMALL quantities SMALL quantities

(vitamins/minerals)(vitamins/minerals)ZincSodiumChlorineIronPhosphorousCalciumMagnesiumIodinePotassiumSulfurEtc…

Organic CompoundOrganic Compound

•A Combination of elements found in living things.

•Organic compounds ALWAYSALWAYS contain C and H (and usually O)

FOUR MAJOR ORGANIC FOUR MAJOR ORGANIC COMPOUNDS!!!!COMPOUNDS!!!!

SUBUNIT SUBUNIT (monomer)(monomer)

Monosaccharides Monosaccharides

(simple sugars)(simple sugars) 3 fatty acids+ 1 3 fatty acids+ 1

glycerolglycerol Amino acidsAmino acids NucleotidesNucleotides

COMPOUND COMPOUND (polymer)(polymer)

CarbohydrateCarbohydrate

LipidLipid ProteinProtein Nucleic AcidNucleic Acid

CARBOHYDRATESCARBOHYDRATES

ElementsElements CarbonCarbon HydrogenHydrogen OxygenOxygen

(2 hydrogen:1 oxygen)(2 hydrogen:1 oxygen)

Subunit Subunit (monomer)(monomer)

MonosaccharidMonosaccharidee

CARBOHYDRATESCARBOHYDRATESFUNCTIONFUNCTION

Quick EnergyQuick Energy Plant Cell Plant Cell

WallsWalls ExoskeletonsExoskeletons Animal StarchAnimal Starch

CARBOHYDRATESCARBOHYDRATESEXAMPLESEXAMPLES

MonosaccharideMonosaccharides s (simple sugars)(simple sugars)

GlucoseGlucose FructoseFructose LactoseLactose SucroseSucrose

PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides

StarchStarch ChitinChitin GlycogenGlycogen CelluloseCellulose

Carbs are found in:Carbs are found in:

Breads/cereals/pastas/grains Breads/cereals/pastas/grains (complex carbohydrates)(complex carbohydrates)

Fruits and vegetables (complex carbs Fruits and vegetables (complex carbs and simple sugars)and simple sugars)

Candy, sweets, junk food, juices, Candy, sweets, junk food, juices, sodas (simple sugars)sodas (simple sugars)

LIPIDSLIPIDS Subunit Subunit (monomer)(monomer)

3 fatty acids 3 fatty acids and and

1 glycerol1 glycerol

LIPIDS LIPIDS functionfunction

• • Stored EnergyStored Energy InsulationInsulation Cushions Cushions

OrgansOrgans Regulation of Regulation of

reproductive reproductive systemsystem

LIPIDSLIPIDS examples examples

• • Fats, oils, waxesFats, oils, waxes Myelin sheathMyelin sheath Cell membraneCell membrane Steroid hormonesSteroid hormones

Lipids are found in:Lipids are found in:

Cooking oils and grease (from Cooking oils and grease (from vegetables and animals)vegetables and animals)

Fish, Meats and eggsFish, Meats and eggs

Dairy foodsDairy foods

NutsNuts

Human adipose cells swollen Human adipose cells swollen with fat!!!!!with fat!!!!!

Humans can grow more fat cells, but can never get rid of them!!

As we gain and lose weight, they just swell and shrink.

…Makes you think twice about those French fries!!!

PROTEINSPROTEINS SubunitSubunit

Amino AcidAmino Acid

There are 20 There are 20 differentdifferent amino amino acids found in acids found in nature.nature.

PROTEINS PROTEINS FunctionFunction

• • structurestructure

• • cell cell communicationcommunication

• • control chemicalcontrol chemical

reaction ratesreaction rates

• • fight diseasesfight diseases

PROTEINSPROTEINS ExamplesExamples• • MusclesMuscles Cell receptorsCell receptors Most Most

hormoneshormones EnzymesEnzymes AntibodiesAntibodies

Proteins are found in:Proteins are found in:

Meats, fish, poultryMeats, fish, poultry

Nuts and beans (soy!!)Nuts and beans (soy!!)

Eggs, milk and dairy products.Eggs, milk and dairy products.

tofu

NUCLEIC ACIDSNUCLEIC ACIDS SubunitSubunit

NucleotideNucleotide

Phosphate

Nitrogenous

base

Sugar (5C)

NUCLEIC ACIDSNUCLEIC ACIDSExamplesExamples

• • DNADNA Deoxyribonucleic Deoxyribonucleic

acidacid

RNARNA Ribonucleic acidRibonucleic acid

NUCLEIC ACIDSNUCLEIC ACIDSFunctionFunction

Instructions Instructions for:for: TraitsTraits Protein Protein

synthesissynthesis EnzymesEnzymes

Nucleic Acids are :Nucleic Acids are :

NOT FOUND IN FOODS!!!NOT FOUND IN FOODS!!!

They must be They must be synthesizedsynthesized in the in the body!body!

Let’s Play “Which compound is Let’s Play “Which compound is it?”it?”

Which compound does the picture Which compound does the picture represent? (carbs, lipids, nucleic acids or represent? (carbs, lipids, nucleic acids or proteins) proteins) 1 point for your team1 point for your team

then, roll the dice…if you get…then, roll the dice…if you get…1, 2 or 3 = name a use in the body (if your 1, 2 or 3 = name a use in the body (if your

picture was food) OR name a food (if your picture was food) OR name a food (if your picture was of a use in the body).picture was of a use in the body).

(3 more points for your team)(3 more points for your team)

4, 5 or 6 = name the monomer that makes it 4, 5 or 6 = name the monomer that makes it upup

(4 more points for your team)(4 more points for your team)

CHEMICAL CHEMICAL REACTIONSREACTIONS

CATALYSTCATALYST

A

CATALYST is a chemical that SPEEDS UP

a chemical reaction WITHOUT being CHANGED

by that reaction!

ENZYMES

- Enzymes ARE protein catalysts!

- So…Enzymes SPEED UP chemical reactions in our bodies WITHOUT being changed in that reaction!

- Enzymes are reused many times before the body gets rid of them.

There are

OODLES

of Enzymes!!

Each

ENZYME

is

specific

to its

SUBSTRATE.

Most Most enzyme enzyme

names end names end in –ase!in –ase!

Enzyme Activity

Called the enzyme-substrate complex

Enzyme Action…Enzyme Action…againagain

Denature:Extreme conditions can cause enzymes to

denature, or change shape.

Based on what you know about enzyme function, how does this change of shape impact

how enzymes work?

Normal Denatured

Factors affecting Enzymes:

1.TEMPERATURE

•Increasing temperature generally increases the rate of enzyme activity (speeds up how they work on substrates)

• too HIGH of a temperature will denature enzymes

• too LOW of a temperature will ONLY SLOW DOWN their function…NOTNOT denature them!

Factors affecting Enzymes: 2.CONCENTRATION(amount of enzyme or substrate)

1. If there are 10 pizzas to deliver and ONE delivery guy…how fast do you get your pizza (assuming you are last on the list)?

2. What if there are 10 pizzas to be delivered (you are last again) and there are 5 delivery people working?

3. What if there are 10 pizzas to be delivered and 10 delivery people?4. Okay….now there are 20 pizzas and 10 delivery people? Can the delivery people work any faster?How does this scenario relate to enzyme and substrate concentration?

Factors affecting enzymes:Factors affecting enzymes:3. pH (percent hydrogen in a 3. pH (percent hydrogen in a

solution)solution) pH measures acidity or basicness of pH measures acidity or basicness of

a solutiona solution

AcidAcidlow pH low pH (0 – 6.9)(0 – 6.9)

Neutral Neutral

(pH of 7.0)(pH of 7.0)

BasicBasic

high pHhigh pH

(7.1 - 14.0)(7.1 - 14.0)

0 7 14

pH, continued…pH, continued…

Each enzyme is designed to work in a certain pH Each enzyme is designed to work in a certain pH range. range.

PH is TOO PH is TOO LOWLOW or TOO or TOO HIGHHIGH, , Enzyme denaturesEnzyme denatures..

pH

Relative rate of enzyme action

Gastric protease

Intestinal protease

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

BIOCHEMISTRY!!