biochemistry the chemistry of life. chemical elements elements: 105 single substances can’t be...
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Biochemistry
The Chemistry of Life
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Chemical Elements
• Elements: 105 single substances can’t be broken down.
• 4 Most Common Elements:• C- carbon• H- hydrogen• O- oxygen• N- nitrogen
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Periodic Table Of Elements
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Why Chemistry in Biology?
• Cells are involved in chemical reactions. Ex. H2O, O2, CO2, proteins.
• Elements alone are very lonely they join together (bond) to form compounds.
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Types of Compounds
• Organic• Contain both C and H.• Living or once living
• Inorganic• Does not contain both C and H.• Non-living
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Which are organic and which are inorganic?
• H2O• CO2
• C6H12O6
• C12H22O11
• NaCl
Remember: Water (H2O) is the most abundant
inorganic compound in the human body!
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Four Types of Organic Compounds
• Carbohydrates: C, H, O
• Proteins: C, H, O, N
• Lipids: C, H, O
• Nucleic Acids: C, H, O, N, P
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Carbohydrates:
• Contain C, H, O.• 2:1 ratio of H:O• Ex. C6H12O6, C12H22O11
• Ex. Sugars and starches• Names end in - ose. Ex. Glucose.• Function- quick energy (bread,
cereal, pasta, rice)
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• One sugar- –Monosaccharide –Simple Sugar –glucose
• Two sugars- –Disaccharide –Double Sugar –maltose, lactose & sucrose
• Many sugars- –Polysaccharide –starch & cellulose
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• Structure:Honey comb shape
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Lipids/Fats
• Contain C, H, O• No 2:1 ratio of H & O.• Stored energy• Fats, oils, milk, butter.• Building blocks of a lipid: 3 Fatty
Acids and One Glycerol
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Lipid
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Nucleic Acids
• Contains C, H, O, N, P• Ex.’s: DNA and RNA (hereditary
material in the nucleus)• DNA: double stranded• RNA: single stranded
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Structure of DNA
DNA:
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Proteins• Contains C, H, O, N• Found in meat, fish, eggs, beans.• Function: builds and repairs cells (muscle
cells)• Building blocks are called amino acids
– 1 amino acid= peptide– 2 amino acids= dipeptide–Many amino acids= polypeptide
Ex) enzymes, insulin, hormones, hemoglobin.
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• One amino acid:
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Amino Acid
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Polymer
• Chain of repeating units
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Dehydration Synthesis- Make a polymer by removing
water.
Simple Complex
Carbohydrate-monosaccharide + monosaccharide disaccharide
+ water
Protein-amino acid + amino acid protein + water
peptide + peptide dipeptide + water
Lipid-3 Fatty Acids + 1 Glycerol Lipid(Fat) + water
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Hydrolysis / Digestion: Break apart a polymer by adding water.
Complex Simple
Carbohydrate-Disaccharide + water monosaccharide +
monosaccharide
Protein-Protein + water amino acid + amino acid
Dipeptide + water peptide + peptide
Lipid-Lipid + water Glycerol + 3 fatty acids
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