biochem notes
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7/21/2019 Biochem Notes
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BIOCHEMISTRY
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½ cup of CHEX MIX
contains 13 g of carbs = 4%
daily value….
How much more can you have
the rest of the day???
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½ cup of CHEX MIX
contains 13 g of carbs = 4%
daily value….
How much more can you have
the rest of the day???
_ _ = 13
100 X
X= 325 g
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These spinach imposters contain less than 2 percent of “spinach powder” seasoning. Yum! And thewraps’ green color? Courtesy of food dyes yellow #5 and blue #1.
When was the last time you saw a flowering field of disodium phosphate? Or how about a freshcrop of maltodextrin? Didn’t think so. These cheese puffs consist largely of corn, but they’ve been
processed to the point that no 20th-century farmer would ever recognize them as food.
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Carbon
Can form large and complex structures
Can bond with other non metals likeoxygen and hydrogen
Organic Chemistry - study of carboncompounds
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Organic vs. Inorganic Compounds
Organic Compounds –Compounds that containcarbons.
Lipids, proteins, nucleicacids, carbohydrates
Inorganic Compounds –Compounds that do NOTcontain carbon.
Salts, water, oxygen
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Macromolecules
Macromolecules –“Giant molecules” madefrom smaller molecules
Formed by a processknown aspolymerization, (thesmaller units, or
monomers, join
together to formpolymers.)
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Organic Compounds
Four groups found in living things are:
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic acids
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Carbohydrates (carbo =carbon hydrate = H20)
Compounds made up of carbon,hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
Ratio of 1 : 2 : 1.
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Uses of Carbohydrates
Living things use carbohydrates as:
1. Main source of energy (starches and sugars)
2. Plants and some animals also use
carbohydrates for structural purposes
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Uses of Carbohydrates
Plants
Store excess sugar in the form of starch forenergy
Use tough, flexible cellulose fibers to givethem their strength and rigidity
Animals
Store excess sugar in the form of glycogen
Located/made in liver and muscles
Both
Glucose is main energy source for cells
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Classification of Sugars
Monosaccharides (monomer) – Single(simple) sugar molecules
Examples: Glucose, Galactose, Fructose
Disaccharides – Double sugar molecules Examples:
Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose
Glucose + Galactose = Lactose
Glucose + Glucose = Maltose
Polysaccharides (polymer) – More thantwo monosaccharide molecules
Examples: Starch, Cellulose, Chitin, Glycogen
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Classification of Sugars
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Composition of Lipids
Made mostly from carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen atoms Usually has relatively small amounts of
oxygen
Monomer :Glycerol molecule+ fatty acids
Steroid (4 rings)
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Saturated and Unsaturated Lipids
Saturated - If each carbon atom in alipid's fatty acid chains is joined toanother carbon atom by a single
bond. “ Saturated ” means it has the maximum
possible number of hydrogen atoms
Solid at room temperature
Examples – Cholesterol, butter, chocolate
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Saturated and Unsaturated Lipids
Unsaturated- If there is at least onecarbon-carbon double bond in a fattyacid. Liquid at room
temperature
Examples - Corn oil,sesame oil, canola oil,
and peanut oil
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Lipids
Common categories of lipids are1. Fats
2. Oils
3. Waxes Functions:
1. Can be used to store energy
2. Some lipids are important parts of biological
membranes and waterproof coverings3. Can serve as chemical messengers (steroids
only)
Generally not soluble in water
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Protein Proteins - Macromolecules that contain
nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen,oxygen and nitrogen
Made up of chains of amino acids foldedinto complex polypeptides.
Amino Acids - Compounds with an aminogroup (−NH2) on one end and a carboxyl
group (−COOH) on the other end.
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Amino Acids
There are more than 20 different aminoacids.
What distinguishes one amino acid from
another is the R-group (functional group)section of the molecule.
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Functions of Proteins
Each protein has a specific
role.1. Some proteins control the rate
of reactions and regulate cellprocesses.
Enzymes2. Some are used to form bones
and muscles and tissues.
Structurally = collagen and keratin
3. Others transport substances intoor out of cells or help to fightdisease. Antibodies
Transport channels in the cellmembrane
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Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids - Macromoleculescontaining hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,carbon, and phosphorus.
Made up of repeating units callednucleotides
Each nucleotide contains:
1. 5-Carbon Sugar
2. Phosphate Group3. Nitrogenous Base
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Nucleic Acids
Function: Store genetic information
Transmit genetic information
Two Kinds of NucleicAcids:1. Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Contains the sugar ribose
Single stranded
2. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Contains the sugar deoxyribose
Double stranded
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Dehydration Synthesis
Dehydration synthesis – A chemical reaction that buildsup molecules by losing water molecules.
Used to put together monomers to build polymers.
The “dehydration” part is the removal of water
The “synthesis” part is the joining of the two smallercompounds to create one larger one
TRICK: There will always be one less water produced thanthe number of monomers joining together.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UyDnnD3fMaU
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Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis – The breaking of chemical bonds bythe addition of water. (lysis= break)
Used to break down polymers into theirmonomers.
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Chemical Reactions
Chemical Reaction - A process thatchanges one set of chemicals into anotherset of chemicals.
Always involve the breaking of bonds inreactants and the formation of new bonds inproducts.
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Chemical Reactions
Reactants - The elements or compoundsthat enter into a chemical reaction.
Products - The elements or compounds
produced by a chemical reaction.
Na + Cl NaClReactants Products
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Energy in Reactions Because chemical reactions involve
breaking and forming bonds, they involvechanges in energy.
Did you know? ( Not in notes) Chemical reactions that release energy often
occur spontaneously.
Energy is released in the form of heat, light, and
sound. Chemical reactions that absorb energy will not
occur without a source of energy.
Every organism must have a source of energy tocarry out necessary chemical reactions.
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Organisms and Energy
Plants Get their energy by trapping and storing the
energy from sunlight in energy-richcompounds.
Animals Get their energy when they consume plants or
other animals.
They release the energy needed to grow tall,
to breathe, or to think through the chemicalreactions that occur when humans metabolize,or break down, digested food.
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Activation Energy
Activation Energy - Theenergy that is needed toget a reaction started.
The peak of each graphrepresents the energyneeded for the reaction togo forward.
The difference between thisrequired energy and theenergy of the reactants isthe activation energy.
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Catalysts
Some chemical reactions that make lifepossible are too slow or have activationenergies that are too high to make them
practical for living tissue and cells.
Catalyst - A substance that speeds up therate of a chemical reaction by lowering areaction’s activation energy.
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Enzymes
Enzymes - Proteins that act as biologicalcatalysts.
Speed up chemical reactions that take place in
cells. (by lowering activation energy) Very specific, generally catalyzing only one
chemical reaction.
Part of an enzyme's name is usually derived
from the reaction it catalyzes.
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Enzyme Substrate Complex
Active site
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How Do Enzymes Work?
Substrates - The reactants of enzyme-catalyzedreactions.
The Enzyme-Substrate Complex
Enzymes provide a site where reactants can be brought
together to react.
This site reduces the energy needed for reaction.
Each protein has a specific, complex shape.
Active Site – The site on the enzyme where substratesbind.
The active site and the substrates have complementaryshapes, which is often compared to a lock and key model.
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Regulation of Enzyme Activity
Enzymes can be affected by any variablethat influences a chemical reaction suchas:
1. pH2. Temperature
3. Cells contain proteins that help to turn keyenzymes “on” or “off ”
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Animations to help explain:
http://www.lpscience.fatcow.com/jwanamaker/animations/Enzyme%20activity.html