biochar use in the poultry industry 2010... · poultry litter nutrient source the poultry industry...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Biochar Use in the Poultry Industry 2010... · Poultry Litter nutrient source The poultry industry in the US produces: •580,000 Mg of Nitrogen (480,000 Mg in excess) and, •280,000](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050801/5b497dd97f8b9a403d8b68a6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Christoph Steiner, K.C. Das, Nathan Melear, Julia Gaskin, Casey Ritz, Keith Harris, Donald Lakly
and Winfried E. H. Blum
Biorefining and Carbon Cycling Program www.biochar.org
Biochar Use in the
Poultry Industry
![Page 2: Biochar Use in the Poultry Industry 2010... · Poultry Litter nutrient source The poultry industry in the US produces: •580,000 Mg of Nitrogen (480,000 Mg in excess) and, •280,000](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050801/5b497dd97f8b9a403d8b68a6/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Poultry litter (PL) Broiler Production by state
![Page 3: Biochar Use in the Poultry Industry 2010... · Poultry Litter nutrient source The poultry industry in the US produces: •580,000 Mg of Nitrogen (480,000 Mg in excess) and, •280,000](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050801/5b497dd97f8b9a403d8b68a6/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Poultry Litter nutrient source
The poultry industry in the US produces:
• 580,000 Mg of Nitrogen (480,000 Mg in excess) and,
• 280,000 Mg of Phosphorus (250,000 Mg in excess)(Gollehon et al., 2001, Agriculture Information Bulletin)
Poultry Manure Production in the Continental United States
www.thepoultrysite.com
![Page 4: Biochar Use in the Poultry Industry 2010... · Poultry Litter nutrient source The poultry industry in the US produces: •580,000 Mg of Nitrogen (480,000 Mg in excess) and, •280,000](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050801/5b497dd97f8b9a403d8b68a6/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Poultry litter stabilization, pathogen and odor reduction
Ash (complete combustion)
• high concentration of minerals (P, K, Ca, Mg,.• Loss of nitrogen (N)
Biochar (pyrolysis, carbonization)
• concentration of minerals (P, K, Ca, Mg,.• 70% of N lost (400 °C depending on temp.)
Compost (composting)
• Concentration of minerals (P, K, Ca, Mg,.• Loss of nitrogen (NH3 volatilization, 70 –88%, Ogunwande et al., 2008)
![Page 5: Biochar Use in the Poultry Industry 2010... · Poultry Litter nutrient source The poultry industry in the US produces: •580,000 Mg of Nitrogen (480,000 Mg in excess) and, •280,000](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050801/5b497dd97f8b9a403d8b68a6/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
pH C N P K
-------- g kg-1 ---------
Poultry Litter 9.74 392 30.9 35.9 58.6
Peanut Hulls 10.1 804 24.8 1.97 16.4
Pine Chips 8.30 817 2.23 0.14 1.45
Biochar Nutrient Contents
Gaskin et al. 2008, Transactions of the ASABE
![Page 6: Biochar Use in the Poultry Industry 2010... · Poultry Litter nutrient source The poultry industry in the US produces: •580,000 Mg of Nitrogen (480,000 Mg in excess) and, •280,000](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050801/5b497dd97f8b9a403d8b68a6/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Poultry litter
Peanut hulls
Pine chips
Co
nse
rve
d N
in
ch
ar
(%)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
400 C
500 C
Temperature p < 0.05
a
b
c
Biochar Nutrient ContentsGaskin et al. 2008, Transactions of the ASABE
![Page 7: Biochar Use in the Poultry Industry 2010... · Poultry Litter nutrient source The poultry industry in the US produces: •580,000 Mg of Nitrogen (480,000 Mg in excess) and, •280,000](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050801/5b497dd97f8b9a403d8b68a6/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Carbonized Poultry litter consequences for N availability?
Knicker and Skjemstad (2000) “Alterations in chemical structure have long-term consequences for N availability” “Black nitrogen” Knicker (2007)
Chan et al. 2008 “The yield increases were largely due to the ability of poultry litter char to provide N”
Tagoe et al. 2008 “Less N derived from poultry manure if carbonized (C = 12%) but more total uptake”
![Page 8: Biochar Use in the Poultry Industry 2010... · Poultry Litter nutrient source The poultry industry in the US produces: •580,000 Mg of Nitrogen (480,000 Mg in excess) and, •280,000](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050801/5b497dd97f8b9a403d8b68a6/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
http://www.sjroe.com
Carbonizeit!
Char it !
?
![Page 9: Biochar Use in the Poultry Industry 2010... · Poultry Litter nutrient source The poultry industry in the US produces: •580,000 Mg of Nitrogen (480,000 Mg in excess) and, •280,000](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050801/5b497dd97f8b9a403d8b68a6/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Poultry litter carbonization
maximum carbonization temperature of 500°C for 0.5h using N2 carrier gas.
![Page 10: Biochar Use in the Poultry Industry 2010... · Poultry Litter nutrient source The poultry industry in the US produces: •580,000 Mg of Nitrogen (480,000 Mg in excess) and, •280,000](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050801/5b497dd97f8b9a403d8b68a6/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Carbonized PL as fertilizer
Amendments C N P K Ca Mg
Mg ha-1 -----------------------------kg ha-1------------------------------
CL 1.5 441.9 52.7 29.9 48.9 44.3 11.3
3.0 883.8 105.4 59.8 97.8 88.6 22.6
6.0 1767.6 210.8 119.6 195.6 177.2 45.2
CLc 1.5 627.2 52.5 63.8 105.7 82.9 23.2
3.0 1254.4 105.0 127.6 211.4 165.8 46.4
6.0 2508.8 210.0 255.2 422.8 331.6 92.8
Table 1 Elements applied in kg ha-1
![Page 11: Biochar Use in the Poultry Industry 2010... · Poultry Litter nutrient source The poultry industry in the US produces: •580,000 Mg of Nitrogen (480,000 Mg in excess) and, •280,000](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050801/5b497dd97f8b9a403d8b68a6/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Experiment fertilization
MF = NH4NO3
KClCaHPO4
and MgSO4
In addition one unfertilized control
1.5 Mg ha-1 (52.5 kg N ha-1)
3 Mg ha-1
(105 kg N ha-1)
6 Mg ha-1
(210 kg N ha-1)
![Page 12: Biochar Use in the Poultry Industry 2010... · Poultry Litter nutrient source The poultry industry in the US produces: •580,000 Mg of Nitrogen (480,000 Mg in excess) and, •280,000](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050801/5b497dd97f8b9a403d8b68a6/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Experiment greenhouse setup
Five plants per pot, 4 replicatesFirst harvest 72 days after planting, thereafter once a month for 3 consecutive harvests
Chromi-Alumic Acrisol = Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults
![Page 13: Biochar Use in the Poultry Industry 2010... · Poultry Litter nutrient source The poultry industry in the US produces: •580,000 Mg of Nitrogen (480,000 Mg in excess) and, •280,000](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050801/5b497dd97f8b9a403d8b68a6/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Results total biomass production (sum of 4 harvests)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
CO PL MF PLc MFc
L1
L2
L3
Bio
mas
s p
rod
uct
ion
g p
ot-1
CO = control, PL = poultry litter, MF = mineral fertilizer based on PL, PLc = carbonized PL, MFc = MF based on PLc
![Page 14: Biochar Use in the Poultry Industry 2010... · Poultry Litter nutrient source The poultry industry in the US produces: •580,000 Mg of Nitrogen (480,000 Mg in excess) and, •280,000](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050801/5b497dd97f8b9a403d8b68a6/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
y = 0,2449x + 88,978R² = 0,9777
y = 0,0052x + 93,097R² = 0,0287
y = 0,723x + 78,404R² = 0,9964
y = 0,6973x + 88,493R² = 0,9996
70
90
110
130
150
170
190
210
230
-10 40 90 140
N u
pta
ke m
g kg
-1so
il
N fertilized mg kg-1 soil
CO
PL
PLc
MF
MFc
Linear (PL)Linear (PLc)Linear (MF)Linear (MFc)
Results N uptake in relation to N fertilized
![Page 15: Biochar Use in the Poultry Industry 2010... · Poultry Litter nutrient source The poultry industry in the US produces: •580,000 Mg of Nitrogen (480,000 Mg in excess) and, •280,000](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050801/5b497dd97f8b9a403d8b68a6/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
http://www.sjroe.com
! ?
Char it !
![Page 16: Biochar Use in the Poultry Industry 2010... · Poultry Litter nutrient source The poultry industry in the US produces: •580,000 Mg of Nitrogen (480,000 Mg in excess) and, •280,000](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050801/5b497dd97f8b9a403d8b68a6/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Experiment II biochar as bulking agent in composting
![Page 17: Biochar Use in the Poultry Industry 2010... · Poultry Litter nutrient source The poultry industry in the US produces: •580,000 Mg of Nitrogen (480,000 Mg in excess) and, •280,000](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050801/5b497dd97f8b9a403d8b68a6/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Experiment II biochar as bulking agent in composting
3 Treatments (0, 5, and 20%)3 Replicates3 Repetitions
Moisture content 60%
42 Days of composting
Weekly turns and sampling
![Page 18: Biochar Use in the Poultry Industry 2010... · Poultry Litter nutrient source The poultry industry in the US produces: •580,000 Mg of Nitrogen (480,000 Mg in excess) and, •280,000](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050801/5b497dd97f8b9a403d8b68a6/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Experiment II biochar as bulking agent in composting
RespirometerMicro-Oxymax
CO2 every 2h for 72 h
![Page 19: Biochar Use in the Poultry Industry 2010... · Poultry Litter nutrient source The poultry industry in the US produces: •580,000 Mg of Nitrogen (480,000 Mg in excess) and, •280,000](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050801/5b497dd97f8b9a403d8b68a6/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Faster decomposition temperature
![Page 20: Biochar Use in the Poultry Industry 2010... · Poultry Litter nutrient source The poultry industry in the US produces: •580,000 Mg of Nitrogen (480,000 Mg in excess) and, •280,000](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050801/5b497dd97f8b9a403d8b68a6/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Faster decomposition increased respiration
![Page 21: Biochar Use in the Poultry Industry 2010... · Poultry Litter nutrient source The poultry industry in the US produces: •580,000 Mg of Nitrogen (480,000 Mg in excess) and, •280,000](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050801/5b497dd97f8b9a403d8b68a6/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Ammonia emissions reduced by up to 64%
Total N losses reduced by up to 52%
Reduced Nitrogen Losses with 20% biochar
Steiner et al. 2010, J. Environ. Qual.
![Page 22: Biochar Use in the Poultry Industry 2010... · Poultry Litter nutrient source The poultry industry in the US produces: •580,000 Mg of Nitrogen (480,000 Mg in excess) and, •280,000](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050801/5b497dd97f8b9a403d8b68a6/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Compost with and without biochar
0% biochar 20% biochar 20% biochar
![Page 23: Biochar Use in the Poultry Industry 2010... · Poultry Litter nutrient source The poultry industry in the US produces: •580,000 Mg of Nitrogen (480,000 Mg in excess) and, •280,000](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050801/5b497dd97f8b9a403d8b68a6/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
http://www.sjroe.com
Sit and Sh.. on Char !
Char it !
?
![Page 24: Biochar Use in the Poultry Industry 2010... · Poultry Litter nutrient source The poultry industry in the US produces: •580,000 Mg of Nitrogen (480,000 Mg in excess) and, •280,000](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050801/5b497dd97f8b9a403d8b68a6/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Regular bedding 50/50 bedding Biochar bedding
Biochar as bedding
![Page 25: Biochar Use in the Poultry Industry 2010... · Poultry Litter nutrient source The poultry industry in the US produces: •580,000 Mg of Nitrogen (480,000 Mg in excess) and, •280,000](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050801/5b497dd97f8b9a403d8b68a6/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Biochar as bedding
32 birds per pen
![Page 26: Biochar Use in the Poultry Industry 2010... · Poultry Litter nutrient source The poultry industry in the US produces: •580,000 Mg of Nitrogen (480,000 Mg in excess) and, •280,000](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050801/5b497dd97f8b9a403d8b68a6/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Biochar as bedding
Equal Development• Weight•Mortality
![Page 27: Biochar Use in the Poultry Industry 2010... · Poultry Litter nutrient source The poultry industry in the US produces: •580,000 Mg of Nitrogen (480,000 Mg in excess) and, •280,000](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050801/5b497dd97f8b9a403d8b68a6/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Biochar as bedding
pH
Weeks
2,0 5,0
pH
6,5
7,0
7,5
8,0
8,5
9,0
Regular
Char
50/50 mix
NH4
Weeks
1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5 5,0 5,5
NH
4 p
pm
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Regular
Char
50/50 mix
NO3
Weeks
1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5 5,0 5,5
NO
3 p
pm
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Regular
Char
50/50 mix
No differences in:• pH• NO3
• NH4
• NH3
![Page 28: Biochar Use in the Poultry Industry 2010... · Poultry Litter nutrient source The poultry industry in the US produces: •580,000 Mg of Nitrogen (480,000 Mg in excess) and, •280,000](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022050801/5b497dd97f8b9a403d8b68a6/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Black Carbon S/A
ÖFG (Austrian Science Society)