bio 358 - full semester package

8/9/2019 BIO 358 - Full Semester Package

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ckrny-citks.jimupeifnkn by uskr Fstrfjdkmhst

Jefss1 BHI :;4

Ekjturk/Kxfm1 Guee kmkstkr !fj"f#k

j$iie1 B%

kmkstkr1 &/'!ri(kssir1 iu)f

*$+s nijumkct +s t$k pripkrty i( &krny &itks ,.ckrny-citks.jim. !krm+ss+ic +s #rfctkn ti +k t$+s nijumkct icey ti fut$ir+)kn uskrs? ucnkr ci

j+rjumstfcjks frk yiu feeikn ti n+str+butk6 stirk ir trfcsm+t t$+s nijumkct +t$iut t$k kxprkss6 r+ttkc jicskct i( &krny &itks6 Hcj.


2/56

^iphj 61 Diw wk frk uchquk _FRZHMICX = ZHM_EK FCN _IPKRG[E

Fcswkr tdk q1 diw nhn dumcs !imk ti "k uchquk mic# $$ chm$s ic krtdi Nrwhc%s uccswkrkn q

Pd& ni wk !rk'

i (ciw$kn#k hs )iwkr* +, )ri"$kms* "kttkr wir$n -ir )ki)$k cnnks!kcncts* ht hs c hm)irtct q ti "k cswkrkn.

i [chquk si!h$ cn sk,u$ "kd/hirs uck,)$hckn

?umcs1 diw rk wk uchquk cn diw uchquk rk wk'

i strtkn "& $ii6hc# t diw ?umcs d/k !dc#kn )$ckt krtd ti #riw

-iin k,1 2)c !dc#ks $cns!)k ti #riw rh!k* wk d/k $r#k

#rh!u$tur$ -iit)rhct wk kmht cn k,)kcn $it i- kckr#& su!d s $h#dt skkc -rim ir"ht

dumcs d/k k!i$i#h!$ nimhcc!k

H :dk dhstir& i- tdk dumc 6ciw$kn#k kctkr)rhsk tk$$s us tdt tdk ic$& /h"$k

k,)$cthics rk sjhkcthgjtdkirhks Gi!us hc tdhs !iursk hs tdk s!hkcth+! ucnkrstcnhc# i- iursk$/ks" :dk )ihct i- Z!hkc!k hs "iut shm)$h+!thic

h K/kr& s!hkcth+! tdkir& must "k shm)$k kciu#d ti "k wrhttkc ic

tdk -rict i- tkk sdhrt* h- cit* ht%s wric# ir cit nick &kt.hh Iur #i$ hs ti !icstru!t >-rict i- tkk sdhrt;

tdkir&7k,)$cthic i- dumc uchqukckssHH Z!hkcth+! tdkirhks rk >rknu!thichst; k,)$cthics 0 tdk ic$& k,)$cthics

tdkrk rk 4ihc# ti r#uk tdt $$ s!hkcth+! k,)$cthics rk rknu!thichst* wdh!d

k,)$hcs wd& tdk >-rict i- tdk tkksdhrt; mink$ wir6s.

" Gir si!h$ s!hkcthsts* rknu!thichsm hs nkri#tir& tkrm! Rknu!thichst%s )&rmhn* m6ks ssum)thic1 tdk uch/krsk !icshsts i-

mc& $&krs i- !im)$k,ht&* cn k!d $k/k$ kmkr#ks shm)$& -rim tdk

$k/k$ "k$iw. K!d $k/k$ kmkr#ks -rim sm$$ su"skt i- tdk )ri)krthks

i- tdk $k/k$ "k$iw.h 8k!usk ic$& -kw i- tdk $k/k$ "k$iw )ri)krthks mttkr* iur

k,)$cthics rkmhc shm)$k ci mttkr wdt $k/k$ i- !im)$k,ht& Fc kcirmius$& )iwkr-u$ tii$Z)k!hks; cn tdkhr dhstir& 0 tii$s ti tkst 5rknu!thichst k/i$uthicr& tdkirhks :dk -ucnmkct$ tii$ i- s!hkc!k hs niu"t3 s!hkc!k hs d&)itdkshs cn

niu"t!u$turk;

h u$turk hsc%t uchquk ti dumcshh Gir cicdumc chm$s* !u$turk $krckn -rim !$isk 6hc* dumcs

$krc -rim tdiuscns i- )ki)$k* k!d i- wdim $krcs -rim

tdiuscns i- itdkrs.hhh ?umcs rk tdk )kn#i#h!$ chm$.h/ 8h##kr "rhcs k,)$hckn "& 6hcsdh) hcnk)kcnkct si!h$

!ii)krthic cn tdk n)tthics tdt -i$$iw! :dk dumchthks kmkr#k -rim tdk uchquk w&s dumcs usk !u$tur$

hc-irmthich ?umchthks kmkr#k s )hk!k i- dumc "hi$i#&hh rktk $htkrturk* rt* mush!* -iin* kt! -ir cic 6hc kctkr)rhsk

n Iur >minkrc; k!icimh! cn )i$hth!$ $h/ks rk )rinu!ts i- iur c!hkct

"hi$i#&h K!icimh! cn )i$hth!$ $h/ks rk )rinu!ts i- cic 6hc !ii)krthichh Gh$urks hc cic 6hc !ii)krthic k,)$hc* )rknh!t* cn !c dk$)

)rk/kct )ri"$kms

:dk -ucnmkct$ trh!6 i- 6hcsdh)hcnk)kcnkct si!h$ !ii)krthic rkquhrks

mc#kmkct i- !ich!ts i- hctkrkst.i :dk s!$k i- dumc si!h$ !ii)krthic hs $hmhtkn "& tdk s!$k i- tdk

!)!ht& ti mc#k cic 6hc !ich!ts i- hctkrksti :dk s!$k i- dumc si!h$ !ii)krthic hc!rksks* )rknh!t"$& cn

hctk$$h#h"$& i/kr thmk.i ?umc n)th/k si)dhsth!thic hs )ri)irthic$ ti iur s!$k i- 6hcsdh)

hcnk)kcnkct si!h$ !ii)krthic.

2ky Jicjkpt ukst+ic (ir *ip+j >1 j$i+jk (.

^iphj 21 Pk lciw wdft ehgk hs f pfrthjuefr jfsk ig jdkmhstry

[cnkrstcn !dkmhstr& s ht )krthcs ti "hi$i#&

:dk )ri)krthks i- cicdumc chm$ si!h$ "kd/hir cn u$thmtk$& dumc

si!h$ "kd/hir kmkr#k nhrk!t$& -rim tdk -!t tdt wk rk !krthc t&)k i-

!dkmh!$ s&stkm

Rknu!thichsm hs tdk w& tdt !tu$ s!hkc!k wir6s* tdk w& s!hkcthsts tdhc6*

cn tdhs ##rkssh/k shm)$h+!thic #h/ks s!hkc!k hts trkmkcnius )iwkr.

?hkrr!dh!$$& ckstkn !im"hctirh$ht& = rknu!thichst%s )&rmhn'




5/56

H :dk +rst $k/k$ i- tdk rknu!thichst )&rmhn 0 tims cn !dkmhstr& kmkr#k -irm

su"timh! )rth!$ks A su"timh! )rth!$ks L D ru$ks = tims

HH :dk !dkmh!$ k$kmkcts nhnc%t ))kr "& m#h! 0 wk rk str nust Cu!$kr -ushic /s !dkmhstr&* -ushic /s hctkr!thic

h Cu!$kr -ushic i!!urs ic$& t dh#d tkm)s* cu!$kh -usk* !uskn

!rkthic i- k$kmkcts -rim hchth$ ? tims." ?k/& k$kmkcts wkrk !rktkn hc strs* strs k,)$ink 5ci/ wdkc #kt /kr&

i$n* cn kOk!t $it i- tdkhr mttkr hcti surriucnhc# uch/krsk* tdkc mttkr

!ii$s hcti ? #s !$iuns* wdh!d !rktk ckw si$r s&stkms.h 4s !$iuns d/k c#u$r mimkctum* !i$$)sk cn s)hc -stkr cn

-stkr. :dhc#s #ihc# s$iw$& !i$$)sk ti mhnn$k cn "k!imk strs*

simk mttkr tii -st ti -irm hcti str* rkmhcs hc ir"ht ti "k!imk

)$ckts whtd )rk/hius str%s mttkr hc ht* Oust $h6k Krtd.hh Krtd hs !hcnkr i- str stu9 -rim c kr$hkr #kckrthic i- strs

! Krtd hs ucusu$ hc hts )ri)krthks

HHH Fc uck,)k!tkn hm)$h!thic i- $h-k s )rth!u$r !sk i- !dkmhstr& 0 wk m& "k

tdk ic$& >dumc; ir#chsms hc tdk uch/krsk Iur si$r s&stkm hs k,trkmk$& uchquk cn ucusu$

h dh#d$& kcrh!dkn hc dk/& k$kmkcts !im)rkn ti itdkrs" hc tdiuscn 5!im)ishthic i- tdk si$r s&stkm hc "h$$hic 5_ri". I-

Krtd7Miic #kckrthc# !i$$hshic = hc trh$$hic 5_ri". I- tdk uchquk

irh#hcs i- dumc$h6k !rkturksh :dkrk rk ic$& "h$$hic strs hc t&)h!$ #$,&* wdh!d mkcs

tdt wk%rk )ri""$& uchquk hc iur #$,&* ir h- str !iuct hs i9* wk

!iu$n "k uchquk hc kcthrk uch/krskHB dkmhstr& hs shm)$k

4ihc# u) rknu!thichst )&rmhn* @cn$k/k$" Nh9krkc!ks hc i- k hc !dkmh!$ sdk$$s )rinu!k nh9krkct )ri)krthks! F$$ k$kmkcts hc k!d !i$umc rk shmh$r hc )ri)krthks

B :dk sk!icn $k/k$ i- tdk rknu!thichst )&rmhn 0 Eh-k kmkr#ks -rim !dkmhstr&

shm)$& 0 _rt H1 Pdt rk wk mnk i-' ?iw mc& k$kmkcts m6k us u)'

h k$kmkcts* ? I = AV* L C _ ( Z = .V" Ir#chsms rk $h6k sk$-mcu-!turhc# sdhrts

h icthc stru!turk* nksh#c 5hc-irmthic* cn k,k!uthichh Ftims 0 #$u!isk $h6k mi$k!u$ks 0 $ic# $hckr )i$&mkrs 0 shc#$k "rhn

0 $r#kr "rhn 0 &rc 0 sdhrt F"iut $&krs i- ?hkrr!dh!$$& ckstkn !im"hctirh$ht&

BH Eh-k kmkr#ks -rim !dkmhstr& shm)$& 0 _rt HH1 t$&shs* diw !dkmhstr& m6ks

5shm)$k tdhc#s d))kc 5KK[:HIC1 ?iw "hi$i#h!$ !dkmhstr& kmkr#ks -rim cic"hi$i#h!$ !dkmhstr&* Arn$k/k$

i- )&rmhn" Pk6 !dkmh!$ "icns "ktwkkc mi$k!u$ks

h M!rimi$k!u$ks -irm skt i- wk6 hctkr!thics tdt hcukc!k k!d

itdkr%s "kd/hirs! t$&shs = diw "hi$i#h!$ ir#chsms shm)$& tdk !dkmhstr& i- tdk uch/krsk




6/56

n _ritkhc kc&mks rk !t$&sts hc minkrc ir#chsmsk F !t$&st = m6ks s$iw cn !im)$h!tkn )d&sh!$ !dkmhstr& hcti shm)$k

cn -st "hi$i#h!$ !dkmhstr&BHH Eh-k kmkr#ks -rim !dkmhstr& shm)$& 0 _rt HHH1 ?iw !dkmhstr& kc!inks

hc-irmthic 5NKZH4C 7 HCGIRMF:HIC1 ?iw ti usk $hckr mi$k!u$ks ti kc!ink hc-irmthic 5NCF" ?iw ti kc!ink hc-irmthic

h Ztrhc# micimkrs ti#ktdkr hcti )i$&mkrs. Micimkrs kc!ink

hc-irmthic3 ks)k!h$$& nhrk!t tdk s&ctdkshs i- !t$&sts. _i$&mkrs

d/k ti !i)& tdkmsk$/ks /h !im)$kmkctrh$& ru$ks. Zk$-!inhc#

cn !i)&"$k hc-irmthic! 8hi!dkmhstr& hs sur)rhshc#$& shm)$kn Rkmkm"kr [: _&rmhns 5[: = _&rhmhnhcks* F4 = _urhcks

h F1: cn F1[ d/k @ ? "icns* 41 ds A ? "icnsk H- ti +cn citdkr hcnk)kcnkct$& k/i$/kn s&stkm ic citdkr )$ckt* inns

rk tdt hc-irmthic wh$$ "k ci mirk !im)$h!tkn cn cit mu!d shm)$kr

tdc iur w& i- kc!inhc#.

h c%t rk$$& #kt mu!d shm)$hkrBHHH Eh-k kmkr#ks -rim !dkmhstr& shm)$& 0 _rt HB1 Eh-k !icshsts i- !dkmh!$ /kdh!$ks

"uh$t "& !dkmh!$$& kc!inkn nksh#c hc-irmthic1 F$$ ir#chsms d/k @ )rts* cn @ )rts ic$&

h dkmh!$$& kc!inkn nksh#c hc-irmthic* wdh!d ds @ )ri)krthks Ht !c rk)$h!tk htsk$-@ Ht !c nhrk!t )rinu!thic i- tii$s 5!t$&sts wdh!d su))irt

rk)$h!thichh Bkdh!$ks

_d&sh!$ su"stc!k* tdk !dkmh!$$& kc!inkn nksh#c

hc-irmthic tdt "uh$ns !dkmh!$ tii$s tdt sshst rk)$h!thic

@ 8uh$t "& nksh#c hc-irmthic cn !)"$k i- 5ir -ir tdk)ur)isk i- rk)$h!thc# tdt nksh#c hc-irmthic.

*ip+j 2ky Jicjkpt ukst+ic1 j$i+jk n.

*+mk E+ck 7k+k1

Ir+#+c i( $umfcs 0 +ee+ic

Ir+#+c i( fc+mfes 08 +ee+ic

Ir+#+c i( e+(k ic kfrt$ :-< B+ee+ic

Ir+#+c i( t$k iefr ystkm ; B+ee+ic

Ir+#+c i( $kfy kekmkcts t$ru stkeefr e+(k jyjeks ;-> B+ee+icB+rt$ i( t$k %c+krsk >; B+ee+ic

^iphj :1 Diw `kcks buhe fchmfes Hm)irtct ti ucnkrstcn nkth$s i- ctur$ sk$k!thic

8hi$i#h!$ ir#chsms rk shm)$k !sk i- !dkmhstr& 5:i)h! @




7/56

H :dk rknu!thichst )&rmhn cn 5!dkmh!$ ir#chsm1 Fr#ukn tdt !c ))$& rknu!thichst ))ri!d ti ucnkrstcnhc# $$

ir#chsmsHH Pdt 6hcn i- !dkmh!$ s&stkm hs c ir#chsm' 0 >!im)$k,; vkdhjeks"uh$t "&

nksh#c hc-irmthic -ir tdk >)ur)isk; i- rk)$h!thc# tdt hc-irmthic1 t$&sts t6k s$iw cn !im)$h!tkn )d&sh!$ !dkmhstr& cn turc ht hcti

shm)$k cn -st "hi$i#h!$ !dkmhstr&" Nksh#c hc-irmthic tdt "uh$ns tii$s ti sshst hc tdk rk)$h!thic i- tdt

nksh#c hc-irmthic! Nksh#c hc-irmthic L tii$s5!t$&sts = BK?HEKn F$$ ir#chsms rk /kdh!$ks

h 8uh$t "& nksh#c hc-irmthic -ir tdk )ur)isk i- rk)$h!thc# tdt

nksh#c hc-irmthichh 8inhks cn mhcns rk tiies"uh$t "& nksh#c hc-irmthic -ir tdk

)ur)isk i- rk)$h!thc# tdt nksh#c hc-irmthic 5-ir cicdumc

chm$s

k _ur)isk 5mucnck )ur)isk* tdk ick wk sdrk w7 cicdumc chm$s1h Kmkr#ks -rim /kdh!$ks

HHH 8hi$i#h!$ ir#chsms 5!dkmh!$ /kdh!$ks rk >"iut; hc-irmthic1 Bkdh!$ks rk "iut hc-irmthic" Iur "inhks rk nksh#ckn ti 6kk) iur "inhks $h/k ti sur/h/k cn

rk)rinu!k5rk)$h!thic i- nksh#c hc-irmthich Ht%s c h$$ushic* $$ ir#chsms rk hc-irmthic$ i"Ok!ts* cit )d&sh!$

i"Ok!tsj :i ucnkrstcn "hi$i#h!$ ir#chsms* &iu nic%t -i$$iw tdkhr "inhks* &iu

-i$$iw tdkhr hcgirmfthicn Ht%s "iut tdk hc-irmthic* cit "iut tdk )d&sh!$ i"Ok!t

h Pdkc &iu hcdkrht #kcks -rim )rkcts* ht%s cit tdk tims cnmi$k!u$ks tdt !iuct* ht%s tdk hc-irmthic* "7! tdisk tims m6hc#

u) tdk #kcks rk rkckwkn* cn cit tdk irh#hc$ tims #h/kc -rim

)rkcts* cn tdkrk-irk* ht%s tdk hc-irmthic kc!inkn tdt%s

hm)irtct.HB :dk >Zk!icn Ew; cn tdk "hi$i#h!$ hc-irmthic

Zk!icn Ew i- tdkrmin&cmh!sh Fc& dh#d$& irnkr$& stru!turk #rnu$$& nktkrhirtks* uc$kss &iu

hc/kst kckr#& cn rksiur!ks hc ht.hh dkmh!$ hc-irmthic wh$$ cit "k rk)$h!tkn )kr-k!t$&3 mhst6ks wh$$

d))kc 5mutthics.

B Pdt niks tdk wir$n $ii6 $h6k ti !dkmh!$ /kdh!$k' 0 Ht hs >M$tdushc;1 :dk !dkmh!$ wir$n i- ir#chsms hs M$tdushc" Ci mttkr diw sm$$ &iu rk* ci mttkr diw "h# &iur wir$n hs* tdt wir$n

hs !riwnkn hc M$tdushch Rk)$h!thic hs $w&s !im)kthth/k -ir "hi$i#h!$ ir#chsms

BH Ctur$ sk$k!thic hs hck/ht"$k -ir !dkmh!$ /kdh!$ks hc M$tdushc wir$n1 ?iw )ur)isk-u$ "kd/hir kmkr#ks -rim tdk "i/k sttkmkct" 8sh! $i#h! i- /kdh!$k rk)$h!thic hc M$tdushc wir$n

h Rk)$h!thic i/kr thmk* "ut rk)$h!thic hs !im)kthth/k




8/56

hh Ic!k hc wdh$k* mhst6ks i!!ur hc rk)$h!thic 5@cnEw i- tdkrmi*

cn ick mutthic m& hm)ri/k k^!hkc!& i- /kdh!$k* wdi t6ks i/kr

)i)u$thicctur$ sk$k!thic* Nrwhchc k/i$uthic dkmh!$ rk)$h!thic* !icstrhckn "& tdk @cnEw hc

M$tdushc wir$n

! >_ur)isk-u$; "kd/hir i- ir#chsmsh ?iw niks )ur)isk kmkr#k'hh Ir#chsms tdt ni tdhc#s "kttkr cn "kttkr cn "kttkr* ti us* skkm

mirk cn mirk cn mirk )ur)isk-u$. Ci !ics!hius hctkct hs hm)$hkn

K,* /hrus skkms )ur)isk-u$ wdkc t6ks i/kr !k$$ ti

m6k mirk !i)hks i- htsk$-* "ut ht ds ci mhcn.@ _ur)isk-u$ckss hs k,)$hckn "& tdk -!t tdt ir#chsms rk

!dkmh!$ /kdh!$ks rk)$h!thc# !im)kthth/k$& hc M$tdushc

wir$n.BHH Hs iur tdkir& i- tdk -ucnmkct$ !dkmhstr& i- $h-k !im)$ktk'

:rcs!rh)thic cn trcs$thic

" Ir#chsms rk /kr& shm)$k h- &iu 6ciw diw tdk& wir63 tdk&%rk cit

!im)$h!tkn! RCF wir$n tdkir&1 Irh#hc$ ir#chsms dn RCF s "itd nksh#c hc-irmthic

cn tii$s* tdkc #/k )ritkhcs cn NCF 5"kttkr tii$s cn "kttkr hc-irmthic

kc!inhc#* "ut tdk )ri!kss i- m6hc# )ritkhcs rkmhckn RCF "skn 5tRCF*

mRCF* Rh"isimks.BHHH Ni wk rkfeeyucnkrstcn jimpekxir#chsms s s)k!h$ !sk i- !dkmhstr&'

im"hctirh$ht& cn mir)di$i#h!$ !im)$k,ht& 0 mi$k!u$ks ti ir#ck$$ks

ti !k$$s ti thssuks ti ir#cs ti s&stkms ti ir#chsmsh K!d $&kr hs /kr& shm)$khh Ftims m6k mi$k!u$ks* mi$k!u$ks m6k ir#ck$$ks* ir#ck$$ks

m6k !k$$s* nh9krkct !k$$ t&)ks m6k thssuks* nh9krkct ir#c t&)ksm6k ir#cs* ir#cs m6k s&stkms* mu$th)$k ir#c s&stkms m6k

c ir#chsm3 s)r6 )$u#s ti Mskrth." :dk k/i$uthicr& $i#h! i- si!h$ "kd/hir

h Nksh#c hc-irmthic )rinu!ks )ur)isk-u$ /kdh!$kshh :i ucnkrstcn tdk si!h$ "kd/hir i- chm$s* &iu 6kk) &iur k&k ic

tdk nksh#c hc-irmthic3 ht%s "iut tdk hc-irmthic

*ip+j : 2ky Jicjkpt ukst+ic1 j$i+jk f

^iphj !1 Diw fc diw gfst iks cfturfe skekjthic fjtufeey wirl"

4i$ hs ti $ii6 t diw ctur$ sk$k!thic wir6s hc sk,u$ chm$s

i Hm)irtct ti ucnkrstcnhc# si!h$ !ii)krthic

Pk !imk -rim cicdumc chm$s* cn d/k rkthckn simk i- tdkhr

)ri)krthks* "ut !dc#kn cn nnkn simk )ri)krthks* s wk$$

_ur)isk




9/56

i :dk $i#h! i- rk)$h!thic i- !dkmh!$ /kdh!$ks hc M$tdushc wir$n

sk$k!ts -ir ir#chsms wdi rk >)ur)isk-u$;. :i ucnkrstcn tdkhr si!h$ "kd/hir &iu 6kk) &iur ic tdk nksh#c

hc-irmthici 4kckth! nksh#c hc-irmthic hs tdk siurjkcn irh#hc i- >)ur)isk;i

Mhcns* "inhks* cn "kd/hirs rk tdk f`kctsi- >)ur)isk; Ir#chsms* sk,u$ ir sk,u$* rk /kdh!$ks "uh$t "& nksh#c hc-irmthic -ir tdk

)ur)isk i- rk)$h!thc# tdt nksh#c hc-irmthic* cn !rkthc# tii$s -ir tdk hn

i- rk)$h!thc# tdt hc-irmthic

H ?iw #kcks "uh$n chm$s 4kck = )hk!k i- nksh#c hc-irmthic" 4kcimks = simk i- $$ hc-irmthic tdt "uh$ns us! J@A* )hk!ks i- nksh#c hc-irmthic 5#kcks m6k u) tdk #kcimks i- $$

mmm$sh Gucnfmkctfeey, iur uchqukckss hsct `kckthj, hts sijhfe

n Nksh#c hc-irmthic shtthc# hc chm$ #icns niksc%t "uh$n chm$ riucn ht*

itdkr w& riucn.k 4kckth! !ictri$ i- mir)di$i#& cn "kd/hir hs shm)$k

h im"hctirh$ !ictri$ "& sm$$ cum"krs i- #kcks t $$ $k/k$s i-

dhkrr!d& hs diw tdk mir)di$i#& cn "kd/hir i- chm$s hs

!ictri$$kn- Ckw )dkcit&)ks rk )rinu!kn "& ckw #kcit&)k

h 4kcit&)k hs tdk irh#hc i- )ur)isk* cn )dkcit&)k hs tdk )ur)isk-u$

"kd/hir7ctim&` :dk #kckth! !ictri$ i- mir)di$i#& cn "kd/hir $$iws #kckth! !dc#k ti

+ck tuck "kd/hir ir c ctim&* ir )rinu!k !tstri)dh! !dc#k hc

"kd/hir cn ctim&* fjjirnhc` ti wdft skekjthic skekjts ir, wdft

pdkcitypk ir fcftimy hs skekjthvkey bkckgjhfe.HH [cnkrstcnhc# kvkrytdhc` wk skk 0 dhstirh!ht&.

Zk$k!thic k/kct ir Zk$k!thic swkk)h I/kr %s i- tdiuscns i- &krs* tdiuscns i- sk$k!th/k swkk)s

i!!ur ic k/kr& #kck hc tdk #kcimk" ?hstirh!ht& 0 hm)irtct hc ucnkrstcnhc# us

HHH ?iw niks skxuferk)rinu!thic wir6' Ir#chsm hs nh)$ihn* @ !i)hks i- nksh#c hc-irmthic3 #mktks rk d)$ihn*

!i)&." Zk,u$ )i)u$thics rk !icstct$& !im"hchc# cn "rk6hc# u)

!im"hcthics i- #kcks

! Zim 0 nu$t "in&* tii$s* 4krm$hck 0 4mktks* Nksh#c hc-irmthich Bkdh!$k = sim L #krm$hck

HB r&)th! /rhthic cn sk,u$ rk)rinu!thic Pk ckkn ti ucnkrstcn tdk cturk i- /rhthic" F$$k$k 0 twi nh9krkct !i)hks i- tdk smk #kck* nh9krhc# s$h#dt$& -rim ick

citdkr 5 "sk !dc#k wiu$n )rinu!k @ nh9krkct $$k$ks* -ir k,m)$k




10/56

h Mc& nh9krkct $$k$ks $kns ti /rhthic! :wi t&)ks i- /rhthic

h I/krt /rhthic K&k !i$ir hs c k,m)$k* mc& nh9krkct $$k$ks -ir tdk #kck

kc!inhc# -ir k&k )h#mkcthh r&)th! /rhthic

F$$iws r)hn n)th/k rks)icsk wdkc ckw sk$k!thic hs

)rkskctkn@ c "k siur!k i- /rhthic ic wdh!d ctur$ sk$k!thic !c

wir6B Bhsu$hhc# k/i$uthic hc sk,u$ chm$ )i)u$thic

Nh9krkcth$ rk)rinu!th/k su!!kss" r&)th! /rhthic ithc# riucn hc )i)u$thics

h Zk$k!thic #hcst !r&)th! /rhthic !imhc# ti#ktdkr cn )rinu!hc#

"cirm$ )dkcit&)k 6kk)s ht rrk hc tdk )i)u$thichh Zk$k!thic -ir !r&)th! hc-irmthic* ht "k!imks /kr& !immic* wdh!d hs

ciw ctur$ sk$k!thic wir6s hc sk,u$ )i)u$thics

BH :dk !icskqukc!ks i- k/i$uthic hc sk,u$ )i)u$thics 0 k,quhshtk$& si)dhsth!tkn"ut quhr6h$& hnhis&c!rth! n)thic

Bkr& si)dhsth!tkn chm$s )rinu!kn* wir6s /kr& wk$$BHH K/i$uthic "& ctur$ sk$k!thic hc sk,u$ )i)u$thics !c "k kxtrkmkeyr)hn

?umc uchqukckss !icshsts cit ic$& i- iur )ri)krthks* "ut i- tdkhr

k,)$ish/k$&* r)hn kmkr#kc!k." K,1 stric# sk$k!thic i/kr 0 @ tdiuscn &krs 5"& )ki)$k trcs-irms

tdk wi$- hcti ni#s.! K/i$uthic hc sk,u$ chm$s hc /kr& -st h- tdkrk hs ckw siur!k i-

sk$k!thic ti sd)k tdk #kck )ii$.h Pdt niks ht hm)$& "iut iur irh#hcs' Hm)$hks tdt simk ckw lhcn

ig skekjthic ijjurrkn.BHHH :dk mist hm)irtct hcsh#dt i- $$ 0 ctur$ sk$k!thic "uh$ns fee)rts i- tdk

/kdh!$k* hc!$unhc# "rhcs cn tdk nktfhekn"kd/hirs tdk& !ictri$. 8rhcs cn "kd/hirs tdk& !ictri$ rk tii$s* Oust $h6k ctimhks* "inhks*

mi$k!u$ks* cn "kd/hirsh ?rn ti ucnkrstcn "7! $it i- iur "kd/hir hsc%t #kckth!* "ut

!u$tur$hh Cicdumc chm$ "kd/hir hs $mist kcthrk$& !ictri$$kn "& nksh#c

hc-irmthic. K,1 $k- !uttkr cts@ 4kcks !ictri$ "kd/hir w7k,quhshtk )rk!hshic.

2ky Jicjkpt ukst+ic1 J$i+jk b

^iphj #1 Diw k$ieuthic %cfturfe skekjthic& priujks fchmfes tdft

jiipkrftk

Ctur$ sk$k!thic "uh$ns "kd/hirs

>_ur)isk-u$; "kd/hir kmkr#ks hc /kr& strh#dt-irwrn w&.




11/56

i Ziur!k i- )ur)isk hs #kckth! nksh#c hc-irmthic sd)kn "& ctur$

sk$k!thici si!h$ "kd/hir hs su"skt i- )ur)isk-u$ "kd/hir

mhcns cn s)k!h+! "kd/hirs rk mic# tdk tii$s tdt /kdh!$ks "uh$n ti dk$)

rk)$h!tk nksh#c hc-irmthic

i k,m)$ks i- #kckth! "kd/hir1 $k-!uttkr ct W di#ciskn sc6k

H Ctur$ sk$k!thic "uh$ns "kd/hirs s wk$$ s "inhks 0 rk)rhsk _ur)isk-u$ hc-irmthic )rinu!kn "& mhcns* mhcns )rinu!kn "& #kckth!

nksh#c hc-irmthic* #kckth! nksh#c hc-irmthic hs sd)kn "& ctur$

sk$k!thic hc M$tdushc wir$nh Mhcns rk tdk f`kcti- )ur)isk

hh Ziurjk ig purpisk hs nksh`c hcgirmfthic sdfpkn by cfturfe

skekjthic hc f Mfetdushfc wiren." Mhcns = tdk )ri,hmtk !usk i- "kd/hir! Nksh#c hc-irmthic = u$thmtk !usk

HH Zijhfe rkefthicsdhps bktwkkc mkmbkrs ig tdk sfmk spkjhks hcvievk

purpisks hc jichjt ics)k!h+! 0 mkm"krs i- tdk smk s)k!hks" :i ucnkrstcn diw wk $ii6 t tdk wir$n* wk must +rst ucnkrstcn diw

cicdumc chm$s $ii6 t tdk wir$n.j !fturfe skekjthic hs f behcn, purpiskekss, mkjdfchjfe prijkss

HHH Ctur$ sk$k!thic "uh$ns sijhfe"kd/hir 0 $ii6 t sk,u$ !ii)krthicf "kdhjeks whtd tdk #purpisk$ ig rkpehjfthc` tdkhr nksh c

hcgirmfthic dfvk #jichjts ig hctkrkst$ whtd jicspkjh%js hc f

Mfetdushfc wiren.h :dk >hctkrksts; i- tdk nksh#c hc-irmthic )rknh!t tdk "kd/hir i- tdk

chm$

hh Cicdumc !ics)k!h+!s d/k k,trkmk >!ich!ts i- hctkrkst; Gir ick ti rk)$h!tk* ht hs i-tkc t tdk k,)kcsk i- citdkr

" F nh$kmm 0 6hcsdh) cn !ich!ts i- hctkrkst nktkrmhck wdi wh$$ !ii)krtk

whtd wdimh (hcs)k!h+! !ii)krthic = 6hcsk$k!thichh Cic6hc* cicdumc chm$s d/k !ich!ts i- hctkrkst

:dhs nk+cks tdkhr si!h$ "kd/hirhhh $isk 6hc !ics)k!h+!s !c d/k >!icukc!k i- hctkrkst;h/ _ihcts hh cn hhh rk tdk ksskcth$ $i#h! i- cicdumc chm$ si!h$

"kd/hirHB ?iw >6hcsk$k!thic; wir6s hc skxufechm$s $h6k iur cicdumc c!kstirs 0

#kckth! rk$tknckss 5r r = rk$tknckssh )rmktkr tdt tk$$s us wdt wk ckkn ti 6ciw ti ucnkrstcn tdk

$i#h! i- !ii)krthic" nksh#c hc-irmthic "uh$nhc# mhcns ti )ursuk tdk >hctkrksts; i- tdk

nksh#c hc-irmthicB 4kckr$hhc# tdhs )h!turk 0 :dhc6hc# $h6k #kck

K!d #kck >"kd/ks; s c hcnh/hnu$




12/56

" Zh"$hc#s wirtd V* st!iushcs @.V* @cn!iushcs A.@V 5cn si ic*

nk!rkshc# "& -!tir i- D! Fs )knh#rkk rk$thicsdh) !dc#ks i/kr #kckrthics* rk$tknckss 5r nri)s

BH 4kckth! rk$tknckss 5r $$iws us ti ucnkrstcn chm$ "kd/hir whtd s)k!t!u$r

)rk!hshic cn nkth$. Zi!h$ "kd/hir i- chm$s hs )rknh!tkn "& ?mh$tic%s Ew* wdh!d usks r -ir

)rknh!thic i- "kd/hir" ?mh$tic%s Ew1 $i#h! i- cicdumc chm$ si!h$ "kd/hir

h T 8r H- ick chm$ )&s !ist ti #kckrtk "kck+t 8 -ir

sk!icn chm$* tdt "kd/hir wh$$ k/i$/k h- cn ic$& h- tdt

"kck+t 8* nhs!iuctkn "& rk$tknckss* hs sth$$ #rktkr tdc tdk

!ist.hh Zdiws !$isk6hc !ii)krthic hc cicdumc chm$s* cn ci cic6hc

!ii)krthic! Pht< 0 Hsc%t sk,u$ rk)rinu!thic !ii)krthic "ktwkkc cic6hc

!ics)k!h+!s'h Ft tdk mimkct i- mthc#* nu$ts chm$s d/k ci !ich!ts i-

hctkrkst* Oust )kr-k!t !icukc!k i- hctkrkst :dk& khtdkr "itd mtk cn rk)rinu!k* ir tdk& nic%t mtk cn

"itd -h$ ti rk)rinu!k :dhs hs "&)rinu!t mutu$hsm

hh Pdkc tdkrk hs !ich!t i- hctkrkst* cic6hc nic%t !ii)krtk* uc$kss

ht%s sk,& thmk* cn ic$& !$isk6hc wh$$ !ii)krtk.hhh Pk kxpkjt fchmfes ti bk buhet fs hg jeisk-lhc frk vfeufbek,

fcn cic-lhc frk jimpkthtirs fcn vfeukn ekssBHH 4iin s!hkc!k !ic+rms 6hcsk$k!thic tdkir& hc nkth$

Cicdumc chm$ "kd/hir hs wk$$ )rknh!tkn "& ssumhc# tdt chm$

mhcns rk "uh$t ti )ursk tdk hctkrksts i- rk)$h!thic i- tdk nksh#chc-irmthic.

2ky Jicjkpt ukst+ic1 j$i+jk n

^iphj '1 (hc skekjtk bkdf$hir hc dumfcs

?umcs d/k simk i- tdk 6hcsk$k!th/k "kd/hirs i- cicdumc chm$s* "ut

tdkrk rk !krthc "kd/hirs tdt wk su))rkss.

Hcnh/hnu$ )hk!ks i- nksh#c hc-irmthic rk tdk uchts i- k/i$uthics Nksh#c hc-irmthic 5u$thmtk !usk "uh$n mhcns tdt tdhc6 hc hts "kd$-

5mkt)dirh!$ sttkmkct

(hcsk$k!tkn jimpkththvk"kd/hir /s 6hcsk$k!tkn jiipkrfthvk"kd/hiri ?umcs d/k supprksskn(hcsk$k!tkn jimpkththvk"kd/hir cn

d/k rktfhckn6hcsk$k!tkn jiipkrfthvk"kd/hir




13/56

H (hcsk$k!thic hc cicdumc chm$s )rinu!ks tdkhr "rkknhc# "kd/hir Mhcns rk "uh$t ti $ii6 t r /$uks" Zi!h$ "rkknhc# = ick sh"$hc# "rkkns cn tdk itdkr dk$)s

h icukc!k i- hctkrkstHH Zimk i- tdk mist "sh! cn uch/krs$ -kturks i- dumc "rkknhc# "kd/hir rk

6hcsk$k!tkn Mmm$hc mtkrcht& hs $w&s !krthc" Mmm$hc )tkrcht& hs $w&s uc!krthc

h :dhs )rknh!ts tdt mmm$hc &iuc#stkrs wh$$ d/k nh9krkct

rk$thicsdh) whtd tdkhr mitdkrs tdc whtd tdkhr -tdkrshh Mitdkrs )rk-krkcth$$& !rk -ir ckw"ircs* +rst A 0 &krs rk s)kct

mist$& whtd mitdkr! ?umcs su))rkss* mc#k 6hcsk$k!tkn !im)kthth/k "kd/hir

h :dk "kd/hirs tdt rk !immic hc cicdumcs cn /kr&

uc!immic hc us rk )rk!hsk$& tdk "kd/hirs tdt )ri/i6k iur

uchquk$& dumc ktdh!$ skcsk.hh :dk ktdh!$$& mith/tkn su))rksshic i- 6hcsk$k!tkn !im)kthth/k

"kd/hirs hs !kctr$ cn uch/krs$ -!t "iut dumc si!h$!ii)krthic.

HHH ?imh!hnk stthsth!s #h/k us uchquk$& )iwkr-u$ ))ri!d ti tksthc# 6hcsk$k!thic

tdkir& hc dumcs >?imh!hnk; "& N$& cn Ph$sic cn tdk usk i- dimh!hnk stthsth!s

h ?us"cn cn wh-k tkm." 8k#hcchc# shm)$& 0 nu$ts 6h$$hc# nu$ts cn tdk c!kstr$ dumc

rk)rinu!th/k strtk#&h Mmm$hc m$ks d/k stric# hc!kcth/k ti !im)ktk -ir mthc#

i))irtuchthks tdt mmm$hc -km$ks nic%t d/k.hh Pk k,)k!t nu$t /hi$kc!k ti "k )rk-krkcth$$& !immhttkn "& m$ks*

"ut wk k,)k!t ht ti "k mu!d rrkr tdc /hi$kc!k hc cicdumcmmm$s

& 'umfc mfeks frk jimpkthc` gir rksiurjks ckjkssfry

gir rkprinujthic ( )ust ehlk cic*dumfc mfmmfehfc

mfeks.hhh M$ks rk @, mirk $h6k$& ti !immht dimh!hnk tdc -km$ks* cn

tdhs hs !riss!u$tur$$& uch/krs$ :dk )k6 i- dimh!hn$ "kd/hir hs wdkc rk)rinu!th/k k9irt hs

m,hm$ 5 0 Dh/ Pk skk tdk k,!t smk sk, "hs s wk skk hc cicdumc chm$s/ [cmrrhkn m$ks rk mirk $h6k$& ti !immht dimh!hnk tdc mrrhkn

m$ks* Oust $h6k hc cicdumc )ttkrc.! Cic6hc hc-cth!hnk hc dumcs

h ?umcs rk "kttkr >stk)-tdkrs; tdc cicdumc chm$s* "ut wk

sth$$ sdiw simk )ttkrcs ti tdkm ?umc !dh$nrkc rk , mirk $h6k$& ti "k 6h$$kn "& stk)

)rkcts tdc ctur$ )rkcts. Zmk )ttkrc* "ut cit ic tdk smk m#chtunk s cic

dumc chm$s




14/56

n Rk)rinu!th/k /$uk 0 !ru!h$ !ic!k)th 4iks u) whtd #k* )k6 t riucn 7@* tdkc "!6 niwc.hh 8sh!$$&* diw $h6k$& rk &iu ti d/k !dh$nrkc hc tkrms i- #k

k Ztrtk#h! 6h$$hc# i- 6hc i9s)rhc#h :dk &iuc#kr tdk !dh$n* tdk mirk $h6k$& ht wh$$ "k 6h$$kn "& ctur$

)rkct 8k!usk tdksk !dh$nrkc wiu$n d/k dn $iwkr rk)rinu!th/k

/$uk hc c!kstr$ )st tdc !dh$nrkc wdi wiu$n d/k dn

dh#dkr rk)rinu!th/k /$uk.hh ?iw niks tdk rk)rinu!th/k /$uk i- tdk )rkct 9k!t tdk )rkct%s

"kd/hir' Xiuc# nu$ts t tdk "k#hcchc# i- tdkhr rk)rinu!th/k $h/ks rk

mu!d mirk $h6k$& hc 6h$$hc# tdkhr iwc 6hc i9s)rhc# tdc i$nkr

)rkcts. :dhs hs "k!usk &iuc# nu$ts d/k i9s)rhc# wdi rk

!krthc -r!thic i- tdkhr rk)rinu!th/k iut)ut* cn &iuc#

)rkcts d/k tdkhr wdi$k rk)rinu!th/k $h/ks hc -rict i-

tdkm. I$nkr )rkcts* ckr tdk kcn i- tdkhr rk)rinu!th/k

$h/ks* d/k i9s)rhc# wdi rk mu!d $r#kr -r!thic i-

tdkhr rkmhchc# rk)rinu!th/k iut)ut.hhh Fc!kstr$ )ttkrcs* whtd mu!d $iwkr -rkqukc!hks* su))rksskn "&

)u"$h! ktdh!$ rks)icsks F rk!urrhc# )ttkrc* cn !kctr$ -!t i- tdk dumc )u"$h!

nimhc.

2ky Jicjkpt ukst+ic1 j$i+jk b

^iphj )1 (hcsdhp hckpkckct jiipkrfthic fc dumfc uchqukckssH (hcsdh)hcnk)kcnkct si!h$ !ii)krthic 0 tdk -ucnmkct$ siur!k i- dumc

uchqukckss icck!t dumcs ti tdk rknu!thichst kctkr)rhsk" Pk sdrk tdk s)k!t i- >)rh/tk $h/ks; whtd cicdumc chm$s* "ut wk

d/k >)u"$h! $h/ks; tdt tdk& nic%th [chquk$& si!h$ dumc !ii)krthic i!!urs hc tdhs pubehj nimfhc

! ?umc 6hcsdh)hcnk)kcnkct si!h$ !ii)krthic hc tdk )u"$h! nimhc hs tdk

6k& ti iur uchqukckss cn k/kr&tdhc# k$sk "iut us* iur )ri)krthks* cn

u$thmtk$&* iur dhstir&.h :dhs kmkr#ks shm)$&* shm)$k +rst nimhci

n Cicdumc chm$s kc##k $mist k,!$ush/k$& hc 6hcnkpkcnkctsi!h$

!ii)krthicHH (hcsdh)hcnk)kcnkct si!h$ !ii)krthic hc cicdumc chm$s 0 kc-ir!k"h$ht&*

!ikr!hic cn !ist* _rt




15/56

Cicdumc chm$s ni kc##k hc 6hcsdh)hcnk)kcnkct si!h$ !ii)krthic*

"ut hc /kr&* /kr& sm$$ qucththks. 8& stun&hc# tdksk* wk !c $krc "iut

iur iwc !ii)krthic.HHH :dk >#riu) sk$k!thic -$$!&; cn sk$+sd dkrns

:dk #riu) sk$k!thic -$$!& cn wd& iur uchquk$& dumc mhcns rk )rick

ti tdhs -$$!&h 8 0 = ckt "kck+t -rim !ii)krthic" Zk$+sd dkrns 0 cicdumc chm$ si!h$ "kd/hir niks CI: !ic-irm ti

iur uchquk$& dumc hctuhthich Zk$+sd dkrnhc# = ushc# itdkr chm$s s )rkntir sdhk$ns

! ?umc >!ii)krthic; hs CI: Oust sk$+sddkrnhc#h Pk ni ni simktdhc# -ucnmkct$$& nh9krkct -rim itdkr chm$s

HB (hcsdh)hcnk)kcnkct si!h$ !ii)krthic hc cicdumc chm$s 0 kc-ir!k"h$ht&*

!ikr!hic cn !ist* _rt @ M$ks rk-rhc -rim hc-cth!hnk hc M!quk si!hkthks" ?umcs "rhc# tdk !ist i- !ikr!hic i- nu$ts w& niwc

B :dk )ri"$km hs cit !ii)krthic "ut !ich!t i- hctkrkst

Ft tdk mimkct i- sk,u$ mthc#* mkm"krs i- tdk smk s)k!hks d/k ci!ich!ts i- hctkrkst

b +iipkrfthic hs kfsy, jichjts ig hctkrkst frk tdk pribekm! H- &iu d/k c chm$ tdt !c !ictri$ !ich!ts i- hctkrkst* !rkthc# /st

ckw nimhc i- 6hcsdh)hcnk)kcnkct si!h$ !ii)krthic* hts mhcn cn "in&

sdiu$n "k rnh!$$& rknksh#ckn ti k,)$iht tdk n)th/k i))irtuchthks i- tdt

!ii)krthic.h ?umcs rk k,!t$& tdhs chm$cic6hc !ii)krthic; )ri"$km hs CI: si$/kn hc prihmfe6h$$krs

h " T ! !ii)kL !!ikr! IR

hh " ! !ii)kT !!ikr!! >cic6hc !ii)krthic; )ri"$km HZ si$/kn hc rkmitk6h$$krs

h " ! !ii)kL !!ikr! IR

hh " ! !ii)k !!ikr!n ?umc "h$ht& ti tdriw $$iwkn ti pri)kjt tdrkft ft f nhstfcjk

h ?umc "in& ws rknksh#ckn ti tdriw3 tiks* dh)s* sdi$nkrshh Pk%rk tdk +rst chm$ hc dhstir& ti "k "$k ti ni tdt* tdkrk-irk +rst

chm$ ti d/k !!kss ti hckpkcshvk jikrjhvk tdrkft* cn

tdkrk-irk* tdk +rst chm$ ti nk/k$i) 6hcsdh)hcnk)kcnkct si!h$

!ii)krthic. :dhs hs tdk -rict i- tdk tkk sdhrt cswkr ti iur quksthic.




16/56

hhh dhm)s* iur !$iskst $h/hc# rk$th/ks* !c%t tdriw t $$3 !c Oust 6hcn

i- hc# stu9.h/ Pk rk rknksh#ckn ti tdriw* cn ht ws tdk +rst nimhci/ ?umc !)!ht& ti 6h$$ -rim nhstc!k #h/ks #riu)s i- !ii)krtirs

uc)rk!knkctkn )iwkr ti !ictri$ -rkkrhnhc# ic tdkhr si!h$

!ii)krthic :dhs !rktks ckw 6hcn i- chm$. Pk rk tdhs chm$.

^iphj *1 Dumfc sk+ufe bkdf$hir ,frt 6 %Pk frk ehlkfc ucehlkitdkr

fchmfes& ?umcs !mk ti d/k tdkhr uchquk si!h$ !ii)krthic "k!usk i- >nktd

-rim nhstc!k;* tdk "h$ht& ti 6h$$7tdrktkc rkmitk$&.i :dhs $iwkrs tdk !ist i- !ikr!hic* wdh!d )rk/kcts !ii)krthic hc cic

dumc chm$s* cn $$iws !ii)krthic i- dumcs ti iurhsd.

Pk rk uchquk "k!usk wk%rk tdk +rst chm$ ti d/k !!kss ti hck,)kcsh/k$w kc-ir!kmkct* c hck,)kcsh/k !)"h$ht& ti su))rkss cicdumc !ich!ts

i- hctkrkst.

^dk gieeiwhc` frk ucjicsjhius skxufe bkdfvhirs1

H ?umc sk,u$ht& 0 Pd& "k#hc dkrk' Iur sk,u$ "kd/hir hs /kr& k/i!th/k" ?umc !dh$nrkc #riw u) nk)kcnhc# ic 6hcsdh)hcnk)kcnkct si!h$

"rkknhc#h Zi!h$ "rkknhc# ws skkc kr$hkr hc "kkktkr "hrns* "ut tdt ws

cicdumc chm$ k,m)$k cn ic$& 6hc kc##kn hc si!h$ "rkknhc#

! Ht t6ks >/h$$#k; ti rhsk ?[MFC !dh$n.h Bh$$#k = 6hcsdh)hcnk)kcnkct si!h$ !ii)krthic

HH ictkm)irr& ctim& cn "kd/hir s rk!irns )st Fn)tthics s rk!irns i- tdk )st

h :ii$s hc!$unk "inhks cn "kd/hirs :dhs hc!$unks iur sk,u$ "kd/hirs

" Zk,u$ht& k/i$/ks /kr& r)hn$& 0 ht hs rk!irn i- tdk rkjkct)sth Mist i- iur sk,u$ "kd/hir hs -hr$& ckw* cit c!hkct $h6k iur dcns*

wdh!d rkskm"$k tdisk i- !$isk$& rk$tkn s)k!hks "7! simk c!hkct

c!kstir nk/k$i)kn tdkm.hh I!!u$t7dhnnkc i/u$thic1 -km$ks ni cit nhs)$& wdkc tdk&%rk

i/u$thc#. ?umcs sdrk tdhs )ri)krt&1 -km$ks nic%t 6ciw wdkc tdk&

rk* ir wdkc itdkrs riucn tdkm rk.@ Zu))irts strtk#h!* )rimhs!uius mthc# hc -km$ks

hhh Zkufe kqufehty wfs tdk fcjkstrfe jicnhthicHHH Mthc# s&stkms

Pk rk >)ri/hc!h$;h ?umcs rk strtk#h! mtkrs3 simkthmks mici#mius* simkthmks

)rimhs!uius




17/56

Pd& ni wk h) "ktwkkc tdk twi hc c!hkct* c!kstr$ )st'hh Pk rk cit rk$$& tdt wrk i- sk,u$ht&* wk wkrk $$ rhskn hc tdk

minkrc sttk" Mthc# s&stkms nk+ckn

h Mici#m& = sk,u$ +nk$ht&* ick )hr mthc# whtd ic$& ick citdkrhh _i$&c& 5)i$& = mu$th)$k* #&c = -km$k = ick m$k mtks

k,!$ush/k$& whtd mirk tdc ick -km$khhh _i$&cnr& = Ick -km$k mtks k,!$ush/k$& whtd #riu) i- m$ksh/ hh ir hhh !c "k !$$kn )i$m&/ _i$&ccnr& 5ir _rimhs!uht& = !$iskn #riu) i- mu$th)$k m$ks

cn mu$th)$k -km$ks* $$ mthc# whtd ick citdkr! ?umcs rk uchquk$& k,h"$k

h Pk rk k/i$/kn ti "k !icthc#kct mtkrs Zimkthmks mthc# mici#mius$&* simkthmks mthc#

)rimhs!uius$& cn "!6 #hc i/kr cn i/kr #hc i/kr tdk

$st @ mh$$hic &krs i- iur k/i$uthichh Pd& niks tdhs kmkr#k uchquk$& hc 6hcsdh)hcnk)kcnkct si!h$

!ii)krthic'n Iur mhcns cn "inhks rk rk!irn i- wdt iur c!kstirs% wir$n ws $h6k

HB Pdt "iut $i/k cn )hr "icnhc#' ?umcs rk dh#d$& n)tkn ti )hr "icnhc#

h 8ut tdhs niks cit hm)$& tdt dumcs rk n)tkn ti sk,u$

mici#m&" 8hrn k,tr)hr mthc#. K,1 "hrns wkrk tdiu#dt ti "k mici#mius* "ut

k/kc tdiu#d tdk& )hr "icn 5simkthmks -ir $h-k tdk& rkc%t ck!kssrh$&

sk,u$$& mici#mius.h Pd& ni -km$k "hrns $h/k whtd ick m$k* "ut d/k si mc& !dh!6s

w7itdkrs'

imks niwc ti rksiur!ks. 8kttkr cksts tdriu#d hchth$ m$k*"ut "kttkr #kcks tdriu#d hc+nk$ht&.

! >Zi!h$; mici#m& 0 )hr "icnkn !iu)$k 5dumc ir cicdumc tdt

mtks )rk-krkcth$$& whtd ick citdkr* "ut m& ir m& cit mtk iutshnk.h Eh6k "hrns "i/k

B Gkm$k sk,u$ ctim& 0 rk!irn i- tdk )st

Fc!kstr$ dumc !icnhthic ws sk,u$ nkmi!rth!

8sh! ir#chthich Gkm$k #kcht$h hs dk/h$& mus!$kn rk.hh Nurhc# -km$k ir#sm* mus!$ks !ictr!t* utkrus miutd nh)s niwc

hcti uhn hc /#hc$ !/ht&* cn su!6s u) $r#kr miucts i- s)krm

tdc hchth$$& rk!dkn !kr/h,. :dk -km$k ir#chsm hs c n)th/k* strtk#h! s&stkm ti

!ictri$ )tkrcht& wdkc mthc# whtd mu$th)$k m$ks* 6hcn i-

$h6k i!!u$t i/u$thic. :dhs dhcts tdt c!hkct -km$ks wkrk t $kst

simkthmks hc/i$/kn hc )rimhs!uius s&stkms cn wkrk

nk-kcnhc# tdkhr #kckth! hctkrkst hc tdisk s&stkms." kr/h!$ tkcthc#* i!!u$t i/u$thic cn !ictri$ i- )tkrcht&




18/56

h :dk -km$k s&stkm $ii6s $h6k ht%s nksh#ckn* hc tdk c!kstr$ )st* ti

)rth!h)tk hc )rimhs!uius mthc# s&stkm* i"s!urhc# )tkrcht&

cn !ictri$$hc# )tkrcht& wdkc mthc# whtd mu$th)$k m$ksBH M$k sk,u$ ctim&

8sh! ir#chthich Mh$$hics i- s)krm mnk hc tkstks* tr/k$s tdriu#d tu"k* )h!6 u)

uhns* kO!u$tk tdriu#d krk!t )kchshh ?umc M$k tksth!$k shk su##ksts tdt wk k/i$/kn hc !icnhthics i-

t $kst -km$k )rimhs!uht& ir mu$th)$k mthc# Iur c!kstirs k/i$/kn hc s)krm !im)kththic

" ictri$ i- s)krm cum"krh Zmiitd mus!$k riucn tu"ks !ictr!ts "k-irk ir#sm* wdh!d )usd

s)krm hcti nu!ts* cn diw -r "!6 !ictr!thics #i hs rk$k/ct ti

cum"kr i- s)krm nk)ishtkn ?umc m$ks d/k !ictri$ i/kr tdhs

hh Iur c!kstirs wkrk n)tkn ti !ictri$ s)krm cum"kr* strtk#h!$$&*

s h- tdk& wkrk !im)kthc# c !im)kthth/k mthc# kc/hricmkct! Z)krm rkmi/$

h _kchs sd)k hc dumc cn cicdumc mmm$s rk nksh#ckn -ir

)rk/hius s)krm rkmi/$ ?umc )kchs hs hnk$$& nksh#ckn s squkk#kk

hh ?umc mthc# hs $kc#td& )ri!kss* !im)rkn ti itdkr s)k!hks%

mthc# M$k mici)i$hhc# -km$k si sdk !c%t mtk whtd itdkr

m$ks@ Mirk thmk ti squkk#kk iut uhn hc /#hc* hc!$unhc# s)krm

rk!kct$& nk)ishtkn "& itdkr m$k

n :dk )hr "icn hs tdk -ucnmkct$ !icnhthic i- tdk dumc s)k!hksh Zk,u$ mici#m& hs $kss !$kr$& si

2ky Jicjkpt ukstic1 j$i+jk j

-./ ? -F 6 F^->;F7




19/56

^iphj 01 Dumfc 4k+ufe 8kdf$hir ,frt 2 ?umcs rk !icthc#kct "rkknkrs1 "itd mici#mius cn )rimhs!uius

:dk -ucnmkct$ !$hm1 ?umcs rk sk,u$ /kdh!$ks rk)$h!thc# hc

M$tdushc wir$n* Oust $h6k $$ itdkr chm$s* cn tdkrk-irk wk d/k !ich!ts

i- hctkrkst whtd cic6hc* Oust $h6k $$ itdkr chm$s. 8utwk !c !dk)$&*

!ikr!h/k$& mc#k tdisk !ich!ts i- hctkrkst* rkquhrhc# !ii)krthic

hcnk)kcnkct$& i- 6hcsdh). :dt%s tdk tdkir&.

Pk rk tdk )$ckt%s +rst 6hcsdh)hcnk)kcnkct si!h$ "rkknkrs

H 8sh! dumc sk,u$ "kd/hirs 0 rk!irns i- tdk )st

Iur !ictkm)irr& mhcns cn "inhks rk rk!irns i- tdk )st

Gkm$k cn m$k sk,u$ rks)icsks rk cit hnkcth!$h Rksiur!ks rk hm)irtct ti "itd* "ut -km$ks rk mirk tuckn ti

rksiur!ks tdc m$ks.hh Nhmir)dhsm hc tdk sk,u$ rks)icsk

" :dk ii$hn#k K9k!th ?umc m$ks k,dh"ht tdk ii$hn#k k9k!thh 8itd sk,ks sdiw tdk ii$hn#k k9k!t

Zk,u$ sk$k!thic* sk,u$ nhmir)dhsm cn tdk dumc )st Zk,u$ sk$k!thic ds )ri-iucn k9k!ts hc cicdumc chm$s" Gkm$ks rk !rr&hc# iut mssh/k "rkknhc# k,)krhmkct whtd tdk

m$ksh :dk& minh-& tdk m$ks #kckth!$$&* k,1 "hrn th$ -ktdkrs

! Mkm"krs i- tdk smk s)k!hks !c k,krt /kr& )iwkr-u$ sd)hc#

sk$k!thic ic itdkr mkm"krs i- tdk smk s)k!hksn Zk,u$ sk$k!thic )rt i- si!h$ sk$k!thick ?umcs rk cit /kr& si!h$$& sk$k!tkn* uc$h6k )k!i!6s cn )k

)dkscts -ir k,h Pk%rk rk$th/k$& sk,u$$& micimir)dh!*

- M$k "krns rk stric#$& sk,u$$& nhmir)dh!# Zi!h$ sk$k!thic hs /kr& )iwkr-u$

H :dk wir$n i- mthc# cn !dh$nrkrhc# hc cicdumc chm$s Mtrh$i!$

h $isk 6hc -km$ks t !irk* cic6hc m$ks riucnhh Gkm$ks st& )ut* -km$ks "irc hcti #riu) st&hhh Pdkc m$ks rk "irc cn mturk* tdk& kmh#rtk iut ti citdkr

#riu)* cn ckw m$ks !imk hc -rim tdk iutshnkh/ Xiu !c%t 6kk) mthc# whtd sh"$hc#s "7! i- stric# hc"rkknhc#* si

ick i- tdk @ sk,ks ds ti mi/k/ K,1 $hics* m!quks* $c#urs

" _trh$i!$h $isk 6hc m$ks t !irk* cic6hc -km$ks riucnhh Ekss !immic* "ut skkc hc !dhm)s cn "ici"ishhh F m$k !irk* m$ks st& )ut* -km$ks "irc hc tdk #riu) mi/k ic

ti ckh#d"irhc# #riu)s wdkc mturk* ckw nu$t -km$ks !imk hc

-rim ckh#d"irhc# #riu)s




20/56

HH ?umc 6hcsdh)hcnk)kcnkct si!h$ "rkknhc#* +rst $ii6 0 Ht t6ks /h$$#k ti

rhsk >!dh$n; ?umcs rk ckhtdkr mtrh$i!$ ir )trh$i!$* tdk& !im"hck "itd hcti

$r#kr uchts tdt rk khtdkr m$k !kctkrkn* ir mirk !immic$&* -km$k

!kctkrkn

" (hcsdh) #riu)s rk mutu$$& !ii)krth/k hc dumcs* "ut mutu$$&disth$k hc cicdumc chm$s

HHH ?umc $h-k dhstir& 0 ?iw iur $r#k "rhcs rk )rinu!kn c& wd& ht t6ks

/h$$#k Bh$$#k hs ckw kc/hricmkct* cn tdkrk-irk* nksh#c hc-irmthic )$&s

"& nh9krkct ru$ks* cn chm$ hs s&stkmth!$$& $tkrkn." Hc /h$$#k* wk rk su"Ok!t ti sk$k!thic cn ti ckw i))irtuchthks! $iskst $h/hc# rk$th/k* !dhm)* ds "rhc A. thmks sm$$kr tdc iursn ?umc mhcn hs )rinu!kn "& tdk /h$$#kk ?umc ckictk "in& wkh#dt hs du#k

h Pk rk d$- tdk shk i- #irh$$* "ut iur ""hks rk twh!k tdk shk

i- #irh$$ ""&

- Iur k!icimh! s&stkm hs Oust tdk minkrc /krshic i- tdk dumc >/h$$#k;# Ht niksc%t Oust t6k /h$$#k ti rhsk dumc !dh$n* ht t6ks /h$$#k

Oust ti #h/k "hrtd ti dumc ""&

2ky Jicjkpt ukst+ic1 j$i+jk J

^iphj 61 Dumfc 4k+ufe 8kdf$hir ,frt :1 8h` brfhck bfbhks

dumfc ehgk dhstiry hs ucehlkfcy itdkr fchmfe< I/krr!dhc# tdkir&1 dumcs rk ckw $k/k$ i- ir#chthic hc tdk uch/krsk

-ir shc#$k rksic1i Pk%rk sk,u$ /kdh!$ks whtd !ich!ts i- hctkrkst* Oust $h6k $$ chm$s* "ut

wk !ictri$ tdisk !ich!ts i- hctkrkst* cn s rksu$t si!h$ !ii)krthic

hcnk)kcnkct i- 6hcsdh) kmkr#ks hc us -ir tdk +rst thmk k/kr.

?umc >/h$$#k; rhsks -ir shc#$k rksic1 iur !!kss ti hck,)kcsh/k !ikr!h/k

tdrkt* wdh!d m6ks !ikr!h/k su))rksshic i- !ich!ts i- hctkrkst !ist k9k!th/k

-ir us

&stnimhci-rkmitk lheehc`, cn- dumfc vheef`k, /rn- dumfc

rkprinujthvk fcn skufe bkdfvhir

dk) !ikr!h/k /hi$kc!k !rktks /h$$#k* /h$$#k !rktks tdk uchquk$& dumc*

)iwkr-u$ mhcn

H _rk!i!h$ cn $trh!h$ chm$s 0 diw chm$s #kt ti "k >smrt; Fchm$s nic%t #kt smrtkr cn smrtkr3 simk chm$s d/k #ittkc ci

smttkr tdc tdk& wkrk mh$$hic &krs #i" :dkrk%s !ist i- "khc# smrtkr* cn "kck+t i- "khc# smrtkr

h Pdkc tdk !ist cn "kck+ts #kt ti kquh$h"rhum* chm$s sti) #ktthc#

smrtkr




21/56

! 8rhc shk 7 i#chth/k !)!ht&h :dk hssuks

8rhcs rk k,)kcsh/k ti mhcthc 8rhcs rk @V i- "in& mss* "ut "urc @V i-

!icsumkn !$irhks* V !$irhk !icsum)thic nurhc#

!dh$ndiinb Ckkn rksiurjks

h K,1 dkr"h/irks d/k sm$$kr "rhcs "7! n)tkn

-ir )$ct cutrhthic.hh :kcnkc!&1 dkr"h/irks d/k sm$$kr "rhcs tdc

!rch/irks@ 4riwhc# "rhcs rk )iir t si)dhsth!tkn !ictri$ i- "kd/hir 0

!icthcukn #riwtd cn i)thm$ )kr-irmc!k rk hc!im)th"$k 4riwhc# "rhcs nic%t -uc!thic s wk$$ s "rhcs tdt

d/k sti))kn #riwhc#* k,1 nihc# "ushckss hc c i^!k

ucnkr#ihc# !icstru!thic" Mkcs &iuc#stkrs 5#riwhc# "rhcs ckkn pritkjthic,

tdk&%rk "irc hc!im)ktkct! rch/irks !c )ritk!t tdk&%rk &iuc# "kttkr tdc

dkr"h/irksn _rk!i!h$1 chm$s 5dkr"h/irks w$6hc# hc mhcutks i-

"hrtd* ckkn ti "k "$k ti ruc w& s siic s "irc "7!

!c%t "k )ritk!tkn wk$$ "& )rkcts* 5"7! "rhcs rk

sm$$ cn !c%t 6kk) #riwhc# tdkm -tkr "irc* cn

nic%t d/k !!kss ti dh#d !$irhksk F$trh!h$ 5i))ishtk i- )rk!i!h$1 chm$s 5!rch/irks

d/k !!kss ti dh#dkr qu$ht& #iin* "h##kr "rhcs*

"kttkr )ritk!thic* cn !c 6kk) #riwhc# tdkhr "rhcs.h ?umcs rk tdk mist $trh!h$ chm$ tdt k/kr

k,hstknA 8rhcs ckkn rk$h"$k >)ri#rmmhc#; 5hc-irmthic ti wir6 0

c uc)ri#rmmkn "rhc hs Oust cn k,)kcsh/k $um) i- thssuk.n F. :dk Ei#h! i- _rk!i!h$ht&

h 87! )rkcts !c%t )ritk!t &iu* &iu d/k ti "k sk$-su^!hkct

hmmknhtk$&* wdh!d mkcs &iu !c%t #riw &iur "rhc* wdh!d mkcs

&iur "kd/hirs rk $kss si)dhsth!tkn* cn nk)kcn ic s)kkn*

k/shic* shm)$k strtk#hks ti sur/h/k.hh _rk!i!h$ chm$s usu$$& )rk&* cick!i$i#h!$$& nimhccthhh Xiuc#stkrs rk u) cn rucchc# whtdhc mhcutks i- "hrtd.

k 8. :dk Ei#h! i- F$trh!h$ht&h Ckw"ircs rk dk$)$kss cn "$hcn* uc$h6k )rk!i!h$ chm$shh _rkcts !c )ritk!t ckw"ircs* tdkrk-irk "rhcs #riw -tkr "hrtd

- ?umc >/h$$#k; !c )ri/hnk $it i- rksiur!ks cn )iwkr-u$ )ritk!thic*

mirk tdc -ir c& cicdumc chm$ tdt k/kr $h/kn.h _rt i- tdk sk!rkt ti iur uchquk mhcns3 rksiur!ks cn )ritk!thic rk

hc "ucnc!k hc tdk dumc >/h$$#k;




22/56

Pdt "h# "rhcs rk -ir 0 +rst $ii6 t hc-irmthic sdrhc# cn tdk disth$k

mch)u$thic )ri"$km Hssuk A1 8rhcs ckkn rk$h"$k >)ri#rmmhc#; 5hc-irmthic ti wir6 0 c

uc)ri#rmmkn "rhc hs Oust cn k,)kcsh/k $um) i- thssuk.h Ckkn !!kss ti hcgirmfthicti "k smrthh A siur!ks i- hc-irmthic

Hc-irmthic !imks -rim #kckth! nksh#c hc-irmthic@ Hc-irmthic -rim hcnh/hnu$ k,)krhkc!kA u$tur$ hc-irmthic

Cicdumc chm$s trcsmht !u$turkhhh Pk su))rkss !ich!ts i- hctkrkst )ri"$km* cn i"thc rk$h"$k

hc-irmthic -rim itdkrsh/ Pk su))rkss disth$k mch)u$thic )ri"$km 0 tdk usk i- hc-irmthic

ti mch)u$tk/ :dk dumc >/h$$#k; $si )ri/hnks hc-irmthic

" A tdhc#s tdt $hmht iur smrtckss1h Rksiur!ks

hh _ritk!thichhh Hc-irmthic

! :dk dumc /h$$#k #h/ks us $$ tdrkk i- tdksk tdhc#s "i/k ic c

uc)rk!knkctkn s!$kH Pdt niks ht t6k ti rhsk "h#"rhckn dumc 0 dumc $h-k dhstir&

?iw niks "rhc nk/k$i)mkct k/i$/k -rim k,tr/#ct rksiur!ks cn

k,tr/#ct )ritk!thic'" :dk dumc "rhc hs A. "h##kr tdc iur !$iskst $h/hc# rk$th/k 5!dhm)

h Iur "rhc shk mnk )issh"$k "& tdk k/i$uthic i- tdk dumc /h$$#k! Bh$$#k !rktks kc/hricmkct hc wdh!d #kckth! sk$k!th/k k/kcts i!!urn F. ?dk hmpehjfthics ig ktkcnkn `kstfthic

h "7! $ic#kr #kstthic* ckkn mirk -iin cn mirk )ritk!thic

hh -tkr "hrtd* wk 6kk) #riwhc# iur "rhcs t c k,trirnhcr& )!kk 8. ?dk hmpehjfthics ig #bfbydiin$

h 8"&diin = Ckw"irc ""hks% "rhcs #riw t gktfertk* -ir 0

mictdshh icskqukc!ks1 ckw"ircs !c%t di$n u) dkn -ir mictds* !c%t w$6

ucth$ 0 @ mictds* uc$h6k !dhm)s wdi !c ni ht kr$hkr t D mictdshhh Pk hc/kst hc #riwhc# "h##kr "rhcs hc tdk "k#hcchc#* si wk%rk

smrtkr nu$ts* cit smrtkr ""hksh/ F dumc ""& ckkns @D diur )ritk!thic cn su))irt

dumc >/h$$#k; )ri/hnks tdhs* "itd )ritk!thic cn

rksiur!ks

g . Hmpehjfthic ig #jdhendiin$h Pk wkc kr$& t riucn A* "ut iur "rhcs 6kk) #riwhc#. dhm)s

wkc $tkr* cn "rhc #riwtd sti)s* nu$t tkktd #riw* cn smk nhkt

rkmhcshh Pk )ri/hnk s)k!h$hkn* dh#d!$irhk -iin ti !dh$nrkchhh :i d/k !!kss ti dh#d!$irhk -iin* &iu ckkn ti "k k!i$i#h!$$&

nimhcct Bh$$#ks !c )ri/hnk tdhs




23/56

@ Mkcs tdt wk !c su))irt "rhc #riwtd -tkr wkchc#* ci

itdkr chm$ !c ni tdt ir niks tdth/ Bh$$#k t6ks i/kr !rk i- !dh$nrkc wdkc mitdkrs !c rk)rinu!k

#hc/ ?umc !dh$nrkc nk)kcnkct ic "itd tdkhr mitdkrs cn dumc

/h$$#k ti sur/h/k# A st#ks1 k,tkcnkn #kstthic* ""&diin* cn !dh$ndiinh 8rhc #riws t $$ tdrkk st#ks* si "& tdk kcn wk d/k du#k "rhchh K!d st#k hs "si$utk$& nk)kcnkct ic dumc /h$$#k ti )ri/hnk

rksiur!ks* )ritk!thic cn hc-irmthichhh 8h# dumc "rhc hs tdkrk-irk )issh"$k "7! i- 6hcsdh)hcnk)kcnkct

si!h$ !ii)krthic hc tdk dumc /h$$#kHH :dk $i#h! i- tdk dumc /h$$#k 0 tdk +ck )ihcts i- 6hcsdh)hcnk)kcnkct si!h$

"rkknhc# F. :dk rhs67"kck+t $i#h! i- mici#m& cn )rimhs!uht&

h (k& hssuk* iur c!kstirs "kd/kn n)th/k$&& Pdkc rhs6"kck+t* !ist"kck+t i- mici#m& ws -/ir"$k*

tdk& mtkn mici#mius$&3 wdkc rhs6"kck+t* !ist"kck+t i-

)rimhs!uht& ws -/ir"$k* tdk& mtkn )rimhs!uius$&3 bfjl

fcn girtd@ wk d/k hcdkrhtkn n)tthics ti "itd strtk#hks

hh Fnu$t mirt$ht& rhs6 hs tdk /rh"$k tdt nktkrmhcks mici#m& /s

)i$&ccnr& 5)rimhs!uht&. Eiw nu$t mirt$ht& rhs6 kc/hricmkcts 0 dumcs !dih!k

mici#m&@ ?h#d nu$t mirt$ht& rhs6 kc/hricmkcts 0 dumcs !dih!k

)rimhs!uht& _rkcts d/k dh#d rhs6 i- n&hc# "k-irk !dh$nrkc #riw ti

nu$tdiinhhh Iur c!kstirs )ur!dsk >$h-khcsurc!k; "& mthc# )rimhs!uius$&h/ ist i- $h-k hcsurc!k 5m$ks1 )tkrcht& uc!krthct&

M$k #kts $it i- rk)rinu!th/k i))irtucht&* "ut #h/ks u)

)tkrcht& !krthct&/ 8kck+t i- $h-k hcsurc!k 5m$ks1 @ "kck+ts

I9s)rhc# w7 itdkr !iu)$ks@ Ph-k ds !$$ ic itdkr m$ks

/h 8kck+ts i- $h-k hcsurc!k 5-km$ks Gkm$k ds !$$ ic rksiur!ks -rim itdkr m$ks wdi -tdkr

i9s)rhc#. Mu$$th)$k m$ks wh$$ !ictrh"utk* simk $h6k$& ti

sur/h/k/hh ist i- $h-k hcsurc!k 5-km$k1 Rksiur!k nhstrh"uthic1 m$ks wh$$ #h/k rksiur!ks ti -km$ks

wdi ckkn tdkm $kst 5tdisk cit )rk#cct cn cit curshc#*

"7! tdk&%rk rk)rinu!th/k i))irtucht& Hc )rimhs!uius mthc# kc/hricmkct* -km$ks #h/k u)

i)thm$ !!kss ti rksiur!ks hc rkturc -ir $h-k hcsurc!k




24/56

" Hc mici#mius kc/hricmkct* -km$ks #kt mirk

i)thm$ !!kss ti rksiur!ks "7! m$ks d/k )tkrcht&

!krthct& cn hc/kst rksiur!ks wdkrk ckknkn.! Mici#m& = i)thm$ rksiur!ks* )rimhs!uht& =

su"i)thm$

/hhh K!d sk, )&s )rh!k* cn k!d sk, #kts "kck+t Pdkc ckkn $h-k hcsurc!k* &iu wh$$ nrh/k tiwrns mici#m&*

wdkc nic%t ckkn ht* &iu%$$ nrh/k tiwrns )rimhs!uht&h, Mici#m& = $iw nu$t mirt$ht& rhs6

K!d sk, "kck+ts M$ks #kt )tkrc$ !krthct&" Gkm$ks #kt i)thm$ !!kss ti m$k rksiur!ks

, _rimhs!uht& = dh#d nu$t mirt$ht& rhs6 K!d sk, "u&s >$h-k hcsurc!k; "& mthc# )rimhs!uius$&

,h Iur wir$n = $iw nu$t mirt$ht& rhs6* cn tdkrk-irk mici#m& Iur c!kstirs d/k dh#dkr rhs6* )rimhs!uius mthc# hs c

hctk$$h#kct* strtk#h! rks)icsk ti tdk nc#krs wk ci $ic#kr

-!k" 8. Ktdci#r)d& 0 c hctrinu!thic

h :dk ck$ hc Fmich swht!dkn -rim )rimhs!uht& ti mici#m&hh ?umcs rk cit mici#mius ir )rimhs!uius "rkknkr* wk%rk bitd6hhh Ht tflks f vheef`k ti prinujk tdk efr`k dumfc brfhc

2ky Jicjkpt ukst+ic1 j$i+jk n

^iphj 661 Diw fc wdkc wk bkjfmk dumfc1 ^dk gisshe rkjir ,frt 6

?umcs wkrk !icthc#kct "rkknkrs1 simkthmks )rimhs!uius* simkthmksmici#mius* nk)kcnhc# ic nu$t mirt$ht& rhs6s

?umcs kmkr#k "7! i- !!kss ti hck,)kcsh/k !ikr!h/k tdrkt* $$iwhc# us ti

su))rkss cic6hc !ich!ts i- hctkrkst

H ikr!hic cn !ii)krthic 0 rk/hshtkn

Pk rk tdk +rst chm$ ti "k "$k ti -u$+$$ -ucnmkct$ hckqu$ht& i- cic

6hc !ii)krthic1 " !!ii)L !!ikr!IR " 0 !!ii)kr !!ikr!h Pk%rk tdk +rst chm$ -ir wdim tdk !ist i- !ikr!hic hs sm$$ kciu#d

tdt tdk& nic%t i/krwdk$m tdk ckt "kck+ts i- cic6hc !ii)krthic

s tdk& ni hc cicdumc chm$s1 " T !!ii)L !!ikr!IR " 0 !!ii)krT!!ikr!

" _rknh!thic1 tdk +rst chm$ hc tdk dhstir& i- tdk krtd ti "k "$k ti 6h$$ -rim

nhstc!k* sdiu$n "k tdk +rst chm$ ti k/i$/k cic6hc !ii)krthic.h Pk rk tdhs chm$. Pk k/i$/k !)"h$ht& ti tdriw whtd k$htk s6h$$*

$$iwhc# 6h$$hc# -rim nhstc!k* cn nk/k$i)hc# 6hcsdh)

hcnk)kcnkct si!h$ !ii)krthic.




25/56

! Hcnh/hnu$s wdi !c ni tdk "i/k hm)isk stric# sijhfe skekjthicic ick

citdkrh :dhs !usks r)hn k/i$uthic* s hc tdk !sk whtd ni#s k/i$/hc# -rim

wi$/ks ictk,t i- dumc k/i$uthic

:dk +rst dumcs k/i$/k hc F-rh!* riucn @ mh$$hic &krs #i tdk& #i iut

i- F-rh! hcti Ziutdkrc Kursh* tdkc "iut 6 &krs #i* citdkr #riu)

i- F-rh!cs nrh/k itdkr #riu)s ti k,thc!thic 5Ckcnkrtd$s cn )i)u$tk

tdk #$i"k." Pk nhnc%t k/i$/k -rim !dhm)s3 wk cn !dhm)s k/i$/kn -rim !immic

c!kstir 5 mh$$hic &krs #i* cn tdt c!kstir ws mirk $h6k !dhm)

cn #irh$$ tdc dumc$h6k.! J@ mh$$hic &krs* s)k!hks cmkn >dimi; = mc* "k-irk tdt* -rim

mh$$hic ti @ mh$$hic &krs #i* cmkn >ustr$i)htdk!us; 5ustr$ = siutd*

)htdk = )k* ti#ktdkr = siutdkrc )k* nhs!i/krkn hc Ziutd F-rh!n ?imhchns = !i$$k!th/k "rc!d -rim mh$$hic &krs #i ti )rkskct* "itd

dimi cn ustr$i)htdks rk dimhchnsk F. 4ki)d&sh!$ 8!6#riucn ti ?umc Irh#hcsh Rhc-irkst /s Z/ccd3 mirk chm$s hc s/ccd tdc hc

rhc-irksthh _$tk tk!tich!s )rinu!ks )ri-iucn !$hmtk !dc#k* cn ht%s nick si

hc F-rh! F-rh! uskn ti "k mist$& rhc-irkst* tdkc nrhkn iut

hhh Z/ccd hs rh!d hc "himss :ri)h!$ suc$h#dt !ic/krtkn hcti chm$ "himss

- 8. Gissh$s cn tdk >Ntkn; -issh$ rk!irnh Fs "ick hs "urhkn hc nk)ishts* mhckr$s rk k,!dc#kn* turchc# "ick

ti stick

Gissh$s rk "ick$h6k rk)$h!s i- stickhh Gissh$s usu$$& -irmkn hc s$iwmi/hc# wtkr* wtkr "rhc#s mhckr$s*

mhckr$s $&kr i/kr "ickhhh Ztrt !c #h/k "itd "si$utk cn rk$th/k #k

:k!tich! !th/ht& hs nuk ti $/7m#m ucnkr krtd%s !rust*

wdkc m#m ks!)ks /h /i$!ch! kru)thic* ht s)rkn sd

k/kr&wdkrk* cn sd !c "k ntkns)hnkr;

hh Ehc#uhsts r#uk tdt $c#u#k hs s&m"i$h! cn cicdumc chm$

!immuch!thic hs h!ich!. :dhs hs -$sk. F$$ chm$ !immuch!thic* ucnkr $$

!hr!umstc!ks* t $$ thmks* dumc cn cicdumc hs $w&s

s&m"i$h!

n Ni$)dhc "$k ti $ii6 t dumc "in& cn hctkr)rkt ht "str!t$&* "& c$i#&k F$$ chm$s* dumc cn cicdumc* ucnkrstcn $$ itdkr chm$s ic$& hc

ick w&1h Zymbiehjfeey

Fchm$s hctkr)rkt mi/kmkcts i- tdkhr "in& s #ksturks cn

tdkc hctkr)rkt tdisk #ksturksH Ec#u#k hsc%t >m#h!; 0 tdk >#kstur$; tdkir& i- $c#u#k

f Ec#u#k hs Oust s)k!h$hkn* rm)knu)* /kr& k^!hkct /krshic i- c

c!hkct* uch/krs$ chm$ "kd/hir1 t(k jfpfjht$ gir s$mbiehj %ksturk" Z)kk!d hs Oust c k$"irtk /krshic i- #ksturk* cn $$ chm$s rk !)"$k

i- ht.

! F. Cicdumc chm$s rk !)"$k i- si)dhsth!tkn #kstur$!immuch!thich K,1 (i6i tdk 4irh$$

F"h$ht& -ir "str!t* s&m"i$h! sh#c $c#u#kn 8. ?umcs d/k >#kstur$; !)"h$ht&

h 8khc# dumc hsc%t "iut s)k6hc#* ht%s "iut !immuch!thic hc $$

min$hthks* hc!$unhc# sh#c.




34/56

hh 2ust "7! simkick !c%t dkr ir s)k6* "ut !c sh#c* niksc%t mkc

tdk&%rk c& $kss dumchhh ?umcs rk cit s)k6krs.wk rk k$htk s&m"i$h! #ksturkrs.h/ Pk !c !$hm tdt c!kstr$ ustr$i)htds dn (i6i$h6k* s&m"i$h!

#kstur$ !)"h$ht&/ Phtd tdk k/i$uthic i- c chm$ wdi !iu$n !ictri$ !ich!ts i-

hctkrkst )ri"$km* tdkrk ws stric# sk$k!thic -ir tdt )rkdumc

!)"h$ht& ti "k!imk dumck . Z)kk!d hs #ksturk

h Pdkc wk $hstkc ti simkick* wk rk wt!dhc# tdkm #ksturk [c!ics!hius$& wk rk tdhc6hc# >h- H ni tdt whtd m& /ih!k

))rtus* H wiu$n mkc tdhs* cn tdkrk-irk* tdhs )krsic

must mkc tdk smk tdhc#.;hh FEE IMM[CHF:HIC HZ 4KZ:[RK

:dk -issh$ rk!irn i- #kstur$ !immuch!thic F. ?umc "rhc stru!turk cn $c#u#k !)"h$ht&

h 8ri!!%s cn Pkrch!6k%s rks

Cit s)kk!d rks* "ut k$htk* s&m"i$h! !immuch!thic rkshh Iur "rhc hs $i)shnkn W s&mmktrh!* 8ri!!%s rk nrmth!$$&

kc$r#kn Ek-t dkmhs)dkrk "h##kr tdc rh#dt

hhh Pdkc sh#ckrs d/k stri6ks hc 8ri!!%s rk* tdkhr sh#chc# "h$ht& hs

hm)hrkn $h6k cirm$ s)k6kr%s s)kk!d wiu$n "k 9k!tkn*

su))irthc# )ihct h. -rim "i/k" 8. Gissh$ kcni!sts cn tdk k/i$uthic i- k$htk dumc !immuch!thic

h c "rhc s&mmktr& nuk ti hm)rhcts i- 8ri!!%s rk hc -issh$hkn

s6u$$s.hh F$$ dimi s)k!hks d/k tdhs s&mmktr&* "ut Fustr$i)htds nic%t.

hhh Ft tdk smk thmk iur "rhc hs k,)cnhc# 5$trh!ht&* 8ri!!%s rk hskc$r#hc#* cn tdkrk-irk k$htk !immuch!thic +ts iur tdkir&

)kr-k!t$&.H 8!6 ti cicdumc chm$s cn !immuch!thic

Cicdumc chm$s d/k >s)kk!d$h6k; "kd/hir* ht%s Oust rkstrh!tkn ti tdk

!sks wdkrk tdk& d/k !icukc!k i- hctkrksth k,!dc#k !icthc#kct hc-irmthic ic$& whtd !$isk 6hc 0 !icukc!k i-

hctkrkst" Pk k,)k!t ti +cn $c#u#k hc cicdumc chm$s* Oust ic mu!d sm$$kr

s!$k

2ky Jicjkpt 1 j$i+jk B

^iphj 6#1 5ueturfeey trfcsmhttk %-+trf`kckthj& hcgirmfthic fc tdk

uchqukey dumfc mhc=brfhc ,frt 6




35/56

Iur uchquk dumc mhcns7"rhcs kmkr#k -rim tdk smk tdkir&* -rim wdh!d

sk,u$ cn !dh$nrkrhc# "kd/hirs* k/i$uthic i- +rst dumcs* cn k/i$uthic i-

$c#u#k d/k kmkr#kn

Pk 6ciw /kr& $htt$k "iut mhcns3 wk rk h#circt "iut ht

BHH Mhcn7"rhcs rk )ri,hmtk nk/h!ks Mhcn7"rhc hs >8$!6 8i,;" [cnkrstcn mhcn7"rhc "& ucnkrstcnhc# tdk )ur)isk -ir wdh!d ht ws

nksh#ckn! :dk "rhc hs ick i- tdk tii$s "uh$t "& tdk /kdh!$k%s nksh#c hc-irmthic -ir

tdk )ur)isk i- rk)$h!thc# hts nksh#c hc-irmthich :dkrk hs ci rksic tdk mhcn ckkns ti ucnkrstcn u$thmtk

!usthic 5Oust $h6k wk nic%t ckkn ti ucnkrstcn tdt wk ckkn ti

kt "7! wk%rk cickquh$h"rhum tdkrmin&cmh! !dkmh!$ s&stkmn [$thmtk /s. _ri,hmtk usthic

h Pk nic%t ckkn ti ucnkrstcn u$thmtk !usthic hc irnkr ti !rr&

iut tdk "kd/hir K,1 ""hks kt* !rr& iut "kd/hir w7i ucnkrstcnhc# wd&@ _ki)$k $i/k cn !rr& iut $i/hc# "kd/hirs* w7i tdhc6hc# tdt

tdkhr nksh#c hc-i wcts ti rk)$h!tk su!!kss-u$$&hh :dk "rhc !rktks "kd/hirs >FZ HG; &iu ucnkrstiin u$thmtk

!usthic* whtd ci ckkn ti !tu$$& ucnkrstcn ht 8rhc hs !icshnkrkn )ri,hmtk nk/h!k* cn !ts s h- &iu

ucnkrstiink ics!hius /s. [c!ics!hius KRRIR

h 8rhc hs )ri,hmtk nk/h!khh 8itd !ics!hius cn uc!ics!hius rk Oust s )ri,hmtk

- F$$ -kk$hc#s wk d/k rk FEE _RIHMF:KBHHH Mhcn78rhcs rk shm)$k nk/h!ks* nksh#ckn "& ctur$ sk$k!thic

Hc-irmthic hs kc!inkn !im"hctirh$$&* #h/hc# shm)$k $ii6" Fmiuct i- hc-i iur mhcns !c stirk hs stricimh!$! 8rhcs rk $h6k dcns1 tdk& ni wdt tdk&%rk nksh#ckn ti ni

h 8rhcs nic%t skk tdk wir$n hc i"Ok!th/k skcsk 8rhcs skk tdk wir$n hc c n)th/k$& usk-u$ skcsk

n Zkcsks !i$$k!t nt* "rhc "uh$ns mi/hk tdt rucs hc &iur dkn* tdhs mi/hk

hs diw wk )kr!kh/k wir$nH Mhcns !icstru!t "str!t mi/hks wk k,)krhkc!k s tdk wir$n

:dhs hs nick "& ushc# nt tdt iur )kr!k)tu$ s&stkms )ri/hnk" Pk !icstru!t n&cmh! hm#ks i- tdk wir$n hc dhkrr!dh!$$& ckstkn

!im"hctirh$ w&.h Pk dhkrr!dh!$$& ckst shm)$k* "str!t hm#ks* cn )ut mkchc# ti

tdkm! Iur mhcns sskm"$k )h!turk i- tdk wir$nn Iur )kr!k)tu$ s&stkms rk /kr& /u$ckr"$k ti "khc# nk!kh/kn

Mhcns m& "k Nrwhc m!dhcks Ckw hnks rk sd)kn hc iur mhcn "& Nrwhchc sk$k!thic




36/56

h Hmmuck s&stkm* s wk$$" rkth/ht& cn hm#hcthic wir6 "& Nrwhchc sk$k!thic* tii! :dk mhcn hs Nrwhc m!dhck1 t6hc# )ri"$km s c hc-irmthic

stru!turk* "iuc!hc# si$uthics i9 tdt )ri"$km* sk$k!thc# tdk icks tdt

wir6n ?umc si!h$ )ri!ksshc# hs $si Nrwhchc 5k,1 sti!6 mr6kt

H Mhcns )rinu!k s)k!hks t&)h!$ k$htk "kd/hir Z)k!hkst&)h!$ "kd/hir" Pdt hs hctk$$h#kc!k'! 8rhcs rk $$ "uh$t "& nksh#c hc-irmthic -ir tdk )ur)isk i- rk)$h!thc#

tdt nksh#c hc-irmthic hc !im)kthth/k M$tdushc Pir$n.

2ky Jicjkpt ukst+ic1 j$i+jk 5

^iphj 6'1 5ueturfeey trfcsmhttk %-+trf`kckthj& hcgirmfthic fc tdk

uchqukey dumfc mhc=brfhc ,frt 2

Z)k!hkst&)h!$ "kd/hir

H 4kckth! rknksh#c i- dumc mhcns hs c k9k!t CI: !usk Zimk s!hkcthsts !$hm tdt ht%s !usk" Pk s& tdk i))ishtk1 tdt wdkc dumcs $krc ti !ictri$ tdk !ich!t i-

hctkrkst )ri"$km* cn tdk& d/k !ii)krth/k uchts* tdk )rinu!t7k9k!t i-

tdt ws iur si!h$ !ii)krthic wdh!d #/k us !!kss ti mirk hc-irmthic.

Ic!k tdhs ckw hc-irmthic ws uskn* iur n)th/k i))irtuchthks tii6 i9H nhn tdhs "7! tdhs hs tdk si!h$ rthic$ -ir wdt H nhn.

Hs ht i6';/ Pk usk $c#u#k cit ic$& ti trcsmht )r#mth! hc-irmthic* "ut ti

$si ck#ithtk si!h$ !ictr!ts# Pk trcsmht )r#mth! hc-irmthic* !icthcuius$& ck#ithtkn si!h$

!ictr!t hc-irmthic* cn hnkcth+kr hc-irmthic

2ky Jicjkpt 1 j$i+jk B

-./ ? -F 2 F^->;F7




38/56

^iphj 6)1 ;ctriujthic ti f tdkiry ig dhstiry diw fc wdkc dumfcs

frisk fc sprkf friuc tdk wire*$k (ieei+c# +s f rk$hkw1

HH ich!ts i- hctkrksts rk -!t i- $h-k hc tdk "hi$i#h!$ wir$n. :dk& rk uch/krs$. :dk& nic%t #i w&* wk shm)$& mc#k tdkm h- wk !c* s $ic# s ht%s !ist

k9k!th/kHHH :dk ir#chsms mist $h6k$& ti d/k tdk $r#kst !ich!t i- hctkrkst whtd k!d itdkr

rk mkm"krs i- tdk smk s)k!hks :dk&%rk #ihc# ti "k $ii6hc# -ir tdk smk rksiur!ks

HB Bkdh!$ks rk "uh$t "& nksh#c hc-irmthic -ir tdk )ur)isk i- rk)$h!thc# nksh#c

hc-irmthic Hc tdk chm$ wir$n* chm$s rk !ii)krtk whtd !$isk6hc 0 (HC ZKEK:HIC

B ?umcs rkthc 6hcsk$k!tkn !ii)krth/k "kd/hir 8ut su))rkss7mc#k 6hcsk$k!tkn !im)kthth/k "kd/hirs

BH Rkmitk 6h$$hc# $ic# whtd k$htk tdriwhc# = 6hcsdh)hcnk) si!h$ !ii)krthicBHH ?umc /h$$#k $$iwkn -ir 6hc cn cic6hc !ii)krtirs

iu$n sdrk rk$h"$k hc-irmthic whtd k!d itdkrBHHH Rk$h"$k !icthc#kct hc-irmthic Fnnkn mssh/k miucts i- !!kss ti hcnhrkjthc-irmthic rk$th/k ti cic

dumc chm$sH [$thmtk /s. _ri,hmtk usthic

Pk%rk cit rkquhrkn ti ucnkrstcn u$thmtk !usthic hc irnkr ti "kd/k FZ

HG wk ni ucnkrstcn

HB Pdt niks dhstir& 5cn tdkir& i- dhstir& $ii6 $h6k' F. Pdt !c wk k,)k!t -rim wdt wk d/k "uh$t ciw

h Grim wdt wk%/k skkc si -r* iur s)k!hks ds shc#$k* shm)$k

trh!61

& Pk usk hck,)kcsh/k* !ikr!h/k mkcs ti su))rkss7!ictri$!ich!ts i- hctkrkst* cn -rim tdt* k/kr&tdhc# kmkr#ks*

hc!$unhc# iur dhstiryb 8. Pdt niks dumc dhstir& $ii6 $h6k' 0 fnfpthvk rkvieuthics cn

fnfpthvk stfshsh ?umc n)th/k si)dhsth!thic !dc#ks hc /kr& )rknh!t"$k

cn s)k!h+! w& Ht niks cit $ii6 $h6k $hckr hc!rkshc# $hck i/kr thmk@ Ht ds )krhins i- k,)$ish/k hc!rksk 5/krth!$ $hck hc

n)th/k si)dhsth!thic 5ir )krhins i- fnfpthvk

rkvieuthics* -i$$iwkn "& )krhins i- ci nnhthic$ ckt

hc!rksk 5dirhict$ $hck hc n)th/k si)dhsth!thic 5ir

)krhins i- fnfpthvk stfshsA Pk skk )krhins i- n)th/k rk/i$uthics sk)rtkn "&

)krhins i- n)th/k stshs i/kr cn i/kr #hc Fc n)th/k sthr!sk

D Fn)th/k rk/i$uthic hs k,trkmk$& -st* "ut cit i/krch#dt.

Bkrth!$ $hck ic #r)d "7! ht%s r)hn.




39/56

! . Pdt niks iur tdkir& rkquhrk "iut n)th/k rk/i$uthics' 0

!u$tur$$& trcsmhttkn hc-irmthic cn tdk s!$k i- !ii)krthich :dk tdhc#s wk usk cn !icsumk* "ut nic%t m6k5diusks*

!$itdks* !rs* kt! = hcnhrkjt fjjkssti !u$tur$$& trcsmhttkn

hc-irmthic

hh :dk miuct i- !u$tur$$& trcsmhttkn hc-irmthic ti wdh!d wkd/k hcnhrk!t !!kss hs )ri)irthic$ ti tdk cum"kr i- )ki)$k hc

iur k!icimh! s&stkm 5tdk cum"kr i- )ki)$k whtd wdim wk

!i$$"irtk7!ii)krtk :dk -uc!thichc# i- tdhs kjicimhjs&stkm hs nk)kcnkct ic

!ikr!h/k tdrkthhh ikr!h/k mc#kmkct i- !ich!ts i- hctkrkst #h/ks s!$k

nk)kcnkct n)th/k si)dhsth!thich/ Iur @ mh$$hic &kr i$n trh!61

wk rk tdk )kn#i#h!$ chm$ 0 wk trcsmht hc-irmthic@ wk rk tdk k!icimh! chm$ 0 wk k,!dc#k tdk -ruhts i-

hc-irmthic* ucnkr tdk um"rk$$ i- $w kc-ir!kmkct i-!ikr!h/k tdrkt/ ich!ts i- hctkrkst rk s!$k hcnk)kcnkctikr!h/k mkcs -ir !ictri$ i- !ich!ts i- hctkrkst rk cit s!$k

hcnk)kcnkct/h K/kr& n)th/k rk/i$uthic hs )rk!knkn "& ckw wk)ic 5-ir

!ikr!h/k tdrktB irkjfst1 :dk +rst dumc n)th/k rk/i$uthic 0 tdk rhsk i- Dimi jf @ m& 0

hs tdk irh#hc i- tdk )rhmr& !i$hthic :dk irh#hc i- dumcs sdiu$n "k )rk!knkn "& ckw wk)ic

h F w& ti 6h$$ -rim nhstc!k si tdt -ucnmkct$ hckqu$ht& i-

cic6hc !ii)krthic hs -u$+$$kn" i$hthic hs tk!dch!$ tkrm -ir >/h$$#k;

BH :dk -issh$ rk!irn i- dumc irh#hcs rk/hshtkn 0 tdk !ru!h$ k,tr nkth$s F. Kst F-rh!* irh#hcs i- ckw s)k!hks

h ?umcs risk s c !!hnkct$ !icskqukc!k i- k/i$/hc# ti

)iwkr s!/kc#k" 8. Pdt wiu$n ducthc# dimhchn $ii6 $h6k'

h (hcsk$k!tkn !ii)krth/k ducthc# "kd/hir k/i$/hc# k$htk

tdriwhc# K$htk tdriwhc# wiu$n !usk k/i$uthic i- "kttkr tdriwkrs

hh Ckkn tkktd -ir !utthc# ksd i9 "ick K/hnkc!k i- mh!ri -r!turks i- ri!6s $h6k i"shnhc -ir

rir sdr) >tkktd; G$hct6c))hc#

! .Fustrfeiphtdkjus `frdh0 ducthc# 5s!/kc#hc# dimhchnh ?imhchns )ri!ksskn )rk& s)k!hks @.A m&

ut mr6s cn nkcts ic "icks sdiws tdt tii$s wkrk uskn

ti !ut mkt cn "ickhh RKMKM8KR1 K/i$uthic i- k$htk tdriwhc# )rk!knks "rhc k,)cshichhh Mcu)irts -iucn




40/56

h/ F. #rdh%s "rhc ds )kn shkn "rhc* sdiwhc# tdt tdriwhc#

!imks +rstn N. Kr$& Dimi krkjtust Nmchsh 0 !ii)krthic cn tdriwhc# +rst

h . mh$$hic &krs i$nhh Zdiu$nkr "ick* -kmur* +rst mkttrs$ $$ minkrchhh Mcu)irts -iucn t tdhs shtkhv 8rhc shk rc#kn -rim riucn shk i- !dhm) "rhc ti s$h#dt$&

"h##kr* tdkrk-irk Oust riucn hcjkpthic ig brfhc kpfcshic/ Ghrst k$htk tdriwhc# k/hnkc!k wk d/k hs -rim @.A m&/h Ghrst !$kr !rch$ k,)cshic hs -rim . m&

K$htk tdriwhc# )rk!knks "rhc k,)cshic

^iphj 6*1 ^dk bkdf$hirfeey mikrc dumfc rk$ieuthic :dk "kd/hir$$& minkrc dumc rk/i$uthic )rinu!kn tdk +rst dumcs wdi skkm

ti "kd/k $h6k usi K/kr&ick $h/k tin& 5"kd/hir$$& minkrc dumcs hs nks!kcnkn -rim

sm$$ )i)u$thic i- Kst F-rh!cs 0 6& :dk nh9krkc!k "ktwkkc us hs )urk$& !u$tur$

i 8kd/hir$$& minkrc dumc rk/i$uthic hs ick i- tdk n)th/k rk/i$uthics

ic tdk sthr!sk i- n)th/k si)dhsth!thic

Iur tdkir& m6ks simk s)k!h+! )rknh!thics "iut tdk "kd/hir$$& minkrc

dumc rk/i$uthici Irh#hc i- Dimi@ m& hs tdk %rst stkpi- tdk n)th/k si)dhsth!thic

sthr!sk K$htk tdriwhc# i!!urs rh#dt tdkrk

i

8kd/hir$$& minkrc dumc rk/i$uthic D 0 6& hs tdk skjicn stkp :dkrk sdiu$n "k ckw wk)ic rh#dt t tdhs rk/i$uthic* s whtd

k/kr& n)th/k rk/i$uthic.i :dkrk hs $ic# n)th/k stshs i- ci n)th/k si)dhsth!thic "ktwkkc +rst

cn sk!icn n)th/k rk/i$uthics :dhs stshs $sts -ir . 0 . mh$$hic &krs* tdkc D 0 6&* tdk

sk!icn n)th/k rk/i$uthic cn iur hmmknhtk c!kstirs rhski 0 6&* tdkrk wkrk @ s)k!hks i- dumcs1 iur c!kstirs cn

Ckcnkrtd$s $ii6kn sh#ch+!ct$& nh9krkct* "ut wkrk -ucnmkct$$& dumc

?n $r#k "rhcs

Kc##kn hc 6hcsdh)hcnk)kcnkct si!h$ !ii)krthici Pd& nhn iur c!kstirs nrh/k Ckcnkrtd$s ti k,thc!thic'

Cit "7! wk wkrk #kckth!$$& su)krhir ti tdkm* "ut "k!usk i-

si!h$ !!hnkct

:dk "kd/hir$$& minkrc dumc rk/i$uthic ws ))rkct$& CI: rk/i$uthic hc

hcnhvhnufe hctk$$h#kc!ki 4kckth! d&)itdkshs -h$s ti k,)$hc HH.k

:dk "kd/hir$$& minkrc rk/i$uthic wdt nhn ht $ii6 $h6k'




41/56

i F. 8kd/hir$$& minkrc dumc tk!dci$i#&

:dkrk%s wdi$k ckw tk!dci$i#h!$ rk/i$uthic whtd "kd/hir$$&

minkrc dumcs

I$niwc 0 sdr) 6ks

F!dku$kc 0 si)dhsth!tkn* dumc rth-!t* tdk Zwhss rm&

6ch-k Miustkrhc 0 mnk "& "itd Ckcnkrtd$s cn minkrc

dumcs Minkrc dumcs mnk mirk n/c!kn tk!d tdc Ckcnkrtd$s

K,m)$ks rk "r"kn dr)iicsi 8. Frt 0 "kd/hir$$& minkrc dumc hc/kcthic

Pk rk wh$$hc# ti )& -ir n)th/k$& ckutr$ "ut kstdkth!$$&

sths-&hc# tdhc#s Ckcnkrtd$s nic%t ni c&tdhc# i- tdk sirt

/k )hcthc#s -rim u) ti A 6&

Z!u$)turks cn )hcthc#s rk tdk wir6s i- s)k!h$hsts* )ki)$k wdi

6ciw diw ti ni tdhs* cit k/kr&ick nhn ht. :dhs hs !icshstkct whtd tdk k,)cnkn s!$k i- k!icimh! ir

si!h$ "kd/hiri . 8kd/hir$$& minkrc dumc #ki#r)dh!$ rc#k cn k!i$i#h!$ hm)!t

8kd/hir$$& minkrc dumcs d/k ckw skt i- !)"h$hthks

:dk& mi/k iut i- F-rh! cn s)rkn $$ i/kr* k/kc ti Fustr$h

5P$$!k Ehck cn Ckw Pir$n 58krhc# Ztrht

:dhs t6ks sk-rhc# s6h$$s cn w$6hc# i/kr )i$r h!k !)s.

Fchm$s #i k,thc!t s minkrc dumcs mh#rtk "7! tdk& !dc#k

k!is&stkms

:dk +c$ s&m)tim i- tdk "kd/hir$$& minkrc dumc rk/i$uthic su##ksts hts

!usk 0 k,)cshic i- tdk s!$k i- si!h$ !ii)krthici Er#k !ii)krth/k )riOk!ts "k#hc ti ))kr -ir tdk +rst thmk

F nhrk!t nkmicstrthic i- c hc!rksk hc s!$k i- si!h$ !ii)krthic

i ?i)kwk$$ )ki)$k hc minkrc n& Idhi

Zdiw $it i- $r#k cn !im)$k, !ii)krth/k )riOk!ts1 miucns cn

krtdwir6s Zdiws k/hnkc!k i- si!h$ rk/i$uthic* cit #kckth! ick.

?iw ni wk ucnkrstcn k,)cnkn si!h$ !ii)krthic hc "kd/hir$$& minkrc

dumcs'i _rhmr& i$hthic = ckw tkrm -ir c!kstr$ >/h$$#k;

i Hctkr!thics "ktwkkc !i$hthics

i Zk!icnr& i$hthics = mc& ckstkn _rhmr& i$hthicsi Zk!icnr& i$hthics cn tdkhr mu!d $r#kr s!$k k!icimh! s&stkms rk

tdk tdhc# tdt "kd/hir$$& minkrc dumcs +rst $krc ti ni :dhs hs tdk si!h$ rk/i$uthic tdt #/k us k!i$i#h!$ nimhcc!k

Zi wdt%s tdk wk)ic tdt sdiws u) "k-irk tdhs ckw

n)th/k rk/i$uthic'i :dk ftefte




42/56

:dk ftefte tdk +rst ckw wk)ic s&stkm hc $mist @ mh$$hic &krs i!!urs

)rk!hsk$& wdkc cn wdkrk ht sdiu$n ti )rinu!k tdk "kd/hir$$& minkrc dumc

rk/i$uthici Ft$t$ = s)krtdriwkr

i Nrmth!$$& $ic#kr rc#* mirk )iwkr-u$

i K,tkcns rc#k i- dumc !ikr!h/k /hi$kc!k "& $itsi!h$ rk/i$uthics; cn tdk n)th/k sthr!sk

i Iur dhstir& hs )rinu!t i- iur -ucnmkct$ "hi$i#&

i Ic!k dumcs !i/krkn tdk wir$n* dumcs st&kn tdkrk

>F#rh!u$tur$; rk/i$uthics cn tdk n)th/k sthr!sk

i F$mist $$ i- tdk !$irhks tdt -kkn us !imk -rim nimksth!tkn

)$cts1 !irc* rh!k* )ittiks* wdkt* W si& "kcs

:dksk )$cts d/k "kkc $tkrkn #kckth!$$& "& us 5$h6k tdk smkw& wk $tkrkn ni#s

i Ht%s "kkc r#ukn tdt iur n)th/k si)dhsth!thic hc!rkskn "7! wk

nimksth!tkn )$cts* $$iwhc# $r#kr si!h$ s!$ks Pk%rk #ihc# ti r#uk tdt tdt%s "!6wrns1 ckw wk)ics

$$iwkn ckw s!$ks i- !ii)krthic* cn #kckrtkn #rh!u$turk s

c k9k!ti >F#rh!u$tur$; rk/i$uthics rk tdk ck,t 5tdk Arn n)th/k rk/i$uthic

Ht%s skrhius i- rk/i$uthics

J6 0 6&

Zi wdt%s tdk ckw wk)ic t tdk thmk i- tdhs rk/i$uthic'

?'; 704 :dk t$t$ cn tdk "iw 0 twi /kr& nh9krkct wk)ic s&stkms

i Ft$t$ 0 ks& ti m6k* nh^!u$t ti usk1 drn ti hm cn dht tr#kt

?s dh#d hcnh/hnu$ i))irtucht& !ist "7! nh^!u$t ti usk

?/k ti )r!th!k $$ tdk thmk ti #kt #iin t ht

i 8iw 0 !im)$k, ti m6k* ks& ti usk1 ks& ti hm cn dht tr#kt

?s $iw hcnh/hnu$ i))irtucht& !ist "7! ks& ti usk




43/56

>F#rh!u$tur$; rk/i$uthics cn tdk n)th/k sthr!sk* #hc 0 wdt* k,!t$&*

ni wk )rknh!t'i ?h#d i))irtucht& !ist i- t$t$ mkcs tdt ht%s /kr& nh^!u$t -ir

hcnh/hnu$s ti rkmhc )ri+!hkct t ht -ir $w kc-ir!kmkct ic n&ti

n& "shs

Ht%s cit !ist k9k!th/k :dkrk-irk )ki)$k nhnc%t sktt$k "7! dh#d i))irtucht& !ist i-

6kk)hc# $w kc-ir!kmkct whtd tdk t$t$i _u"$h! mr6kt k,!dc#k1

Pdkc hcnh/hnu$s kc##k hc !ii)krthic hc )rhmr& !i$hthics

Hcstctckius$& rk!h)ri!$* istkctthius$& )u"$h!

Eh6k ushc# !urrkc!&

Niksc%t wir6 wdkc !i$hthics #kt /kr& "h#* $h6k sk!icnr&

!i$hthicsi ?iw niks )u"$h! mr6kt k,!dc#k !dc#k wdkc tdk "iw kmkr#ks'

Eiw i))irtucht& !ist i- tdk "iw $$iws $r#k pkrmfckct

skttekmkctsti -irm Ic!k )krmckct sktt$kmkcts -irm* hcnh/hnu$ s)k!h$hthic

i!!urs* cn wdi$k ckw s!$k i- n)th/k si)dhsth!thic

k,)$inks

Z)k!h$hsts !c k,!dc#k tdkhr >#iins; hc tdk pubehj

mfrlkt "7! i- )krmckct sktt$kmkcts* nimksth!thic i- )$cts cn

chm$s cn #rh!u$turk kmkr#ks

?iw ti tkst iur )rknh!thics 0 simk i- tdk tk!dci$i#& i- r!dki$i#&

i F. ?iw !c wk tk$$ wdkc cn wdkrk tdk "iw risk'

Frriw dkns rk /kr& sm$$ cn $h#dt* t$t$ rriw dkns "h#

"h##kr cn dk/hkr :dhs $$iws us ti hnkcth-& "iw /s. t$t$

i 8. ?iw !c wk s)it nimksth!thic i- )$cts cn chm$s'

?umcs strtkn ti nimksth!tk wh$n uri!ds 5!tt$k c!kstirs

cn sk$k!tkn -ir sm$$kr* )$!hn chm$s

Ph$n uri!ds wkrk /kr& $r#k 5@m* ##rkssh/k* whtd sdr)

dircs :kishctk hs )rknk!kssir i- mk

:kishctk hs /kr& sm$$* "ut whtd sk$k!thic "& dumcs* wk

nk/k$i)kn $r#kr mki . ?iw !c wk tk$$ wdkc tdhc#s d))kckn' 0 strth#r)d&* rnhimktrh!

nthc# cn nkcnri!drici$i#&

Ztrth#r)d& 0 nh##hc# tdru strt -ir rkefthvk nfthc`

:dk nkk)kr simktdhc# ws* tdk i$nkr ht ws

_ittkr& st&$ks !dc#k whtd thmk

Nkcnri!drici$i#& 0 ushc# )rkskr/kn wiin -ir fbsieutk nfthc`

[sks rhc#s ti ntk

Z)k!h+! !sk 1 :dk >Gkrth$k rks!kct;* tdk Ctu+c cn tdk +rst #rh!u$turk




44/56

i 8iw hs hc/kctkn JD6& "ktwkkc Eh"& cn Ek"cic 5Cirtd F-rh! W

Mhnn$k Ksti Ghrst #rh!u$tur$ rk/i$uthic i!!urs s "iw s)rkns hc Gkrth$k rks!kct

Hc minkrc Hrq cn Hrc

i :k$$s 0 #r"#k miucns !!umu$tkn ucnkr c!hkct sktt$kmkcts

Pk d/k rk!irn "k#hcchc# J &* #ihc# $$ tdk w& niwc ti"hrtd i- tdk +rst tiwcs

F#rh!u$turk 5)$ct nimksth!thic niks cit i!!ur t tdk /kr&

"ittim i- tdk tk$$s* tdkrk%s mist$& wh$n -iins. :dk "iw hs t tdk "ittim i- tdk tk$$s* s iur tdkir& )rknh!ts

:dk Ctu+c u$turk

i Grim tdhs +rst #rh!u$tur$ rk/i$uthic* wk #kt1 wdkt* "r$k&* r&k*

sdkk)* #its* !tt$k* cn )h#s

Hctrinu!thic ti tdk Cirtd Fmkrh! 0 tdk s)k!h$ >$"irtir&; i- >#rh!u$tur$

rk/i$uthics;i :dk "iw !imks $tk ti Cirtd Fmkrh!

i Mksimkrh!c >trhn; i- "kcs* squsd* cn mhk kctkr u) ti CirtdFmkrh!* "ut tdhs niksc%t )rinu!k c #rh!u$tur$ rk/i$uthic

i 8iw kctkrs -rim Kursh JD 0 FN* cn $kns ti k,)$ish/k k/kcts

Z)k!h+! !sk @1 :dk Mhsshssh))hcs

i :dhs hs tdk sk!icn #rh!u$tur$ rk/i$uthic 5tdk st"khc# tdk Gkrth$k

rks!kcti Nks!kcncts i- tdk ?i)kwk$$

i ?i)kwk$$ uskn Mksimkrh!c )rinu!ts -ir 6 &krs* "ut s siic s

"iw !imks ?i)kwk$$ "k!imk Mhsshssh))hcs whtdhc . !kcturhks Er#k sktt$kn* )krmckct )i)u$thics

8uh$t $r#k sktt$kmkcts cn !krkmich$ miucns

i _$cts !imk 5-rim Mksimkrh! = niksc%t mttkri 8iw !imks = Er#k )krmckct sktt$kmkcts k,)$ink

Z)k!h+! !sk A1 :dk Fcsh

i Hc tdk Ziutdwkst* dimk i- 8s6ktM6krs

i Zk)rtk -rim Mhsshssh))hcs* "ut ic!k "iw !imks* "itd

hcnk)kcnkct$& nk/k$i) )ri-ksshic$ #rh!u$tur$ cn $r#k )krmckct

sktt$kmkctsi F$si dn Mksimkrh!c dirth!u$turk "k-irk "iw

i d!i c&ic

i Cit ic$& -rmkrs* "ut $si stricimkrs* tii* hc irnkr ti tk$$ "& tdk

strs 0 wdh!d sksic ht hs cn wdkc ti -rm

:dkhr $r#k stru!turks wkrk "uh$t whtd stricimh!$ 6ciw$kn#ki 8uh$t w$$s ti -i$$iw suc

i Grmkrs* stickmsics* cn stricimkrs1

Pdt ni &iu ckkn ti d/k $$ tdrkk'

Hcnh/hnu$ s)k!h$hthic cn )krmckct sktt$kmkcts$$

"7! i- tdk "iw.




45/56

2ky Jicjkpt ukst+ic1 j$i+jk J

^iphj 21 ^dk biw fc .kiehtdhj %3f`rhjueturfe9& rk$ieuthics ,frt 2HHH Pdt d/k wk skkc cn wdt ni wk )rknh!t'

>F#rh!u$tur$; rk/i$uthics wkrk )rk!knkn "& ckw wk)ic1 tdk "iwh 8iw strts hc mhnn$k kst* s)rkns ti Kursh* hcti Cirtd Fmkrh!*

cn hmmknhtk$&* wk #kt #rh!u$tur$ rk/i$uthics k/kr&wdkrk tdk

"iw #iks" Hc!rkskn s)k!h$hthic

HB :dk $us 0 cic#rh!u$tur$ Cki$htdh! rk/i$uthic ?krk* #rh!u$tur$ niksc%t wir6* "ut tdkrk hs sth$$ rk/i$uthic" Ziutdkrc G$irhn* K/kr#$nks! Eh/kn hc K/kr#$nks* wdh!d hs c kstur&* $$iwhc# -ir -iin !dhc "7! i-

mssh/k )rkskc!k i- )$c6ticn Cit "skn ic #rh!u$turk* "ut ic hcnustrh$ +sdhc#.

B >F#rh!u$turk; cn tdk #$i"$ dumc >$"irtir&; ?umc si!h$ !ii)krthic kmkr#ks -rim tdk sk$-hctkrkstkn )riOk!thic i-

!ikr!h/k tdrkt" Cki$htdh! rk/i$uthics rk cit "iut #rh!u$turk* "ut ic n)th/k rk/i$uthics

"skn ic s!$k

*ip+j 1 $ij" kfpicry6 biny frmir fcn t$k r+sk i( t$k frj$f+j stftk = !frt >

Prhttkc dhstir& kmkr#ks whtd tdk +rst r!dh! sttk

i K/i$uthicr& dhstir& hs mh$$hic &krs i$n* wrhttkc dhstir& hs ic$&

tdiuscn &krs i$n

HHH Pdt ck,t' 0 k$htk !ikr!h/k )iwkr kctkrs tdk dumc stir& Ck,t n)th/k rk/i$uthic* -tkr Cki$htdh! rk/i$uthics* hs tdk frjdfhj stftk

5J 0 &krs #ih Fr!dh! sttk rksu$ts -rim hc/kcthic i- kehtk biny frmir fcn

sdijl wkfpicry" 8in& rmir cn sdhk$ns wkrk su^!hkct ti )ritk!t #hcst )riOk!th$k

wk)ics* t$t$s cn "iwsh Pdt d))kcs wdkc hcnh/hnu$s rk ci $ic#kr /u$ckr"$k ti nktd

-rim nhstc!k3 ci $ic#kr /u$ckr"$k ti tdk !ikr!h/k tdrkt hc tdk

dcns i- tdk mc&' :dk& rk "$k ti k,krt nimhcc!k i/kr tdisk wdi nic%t d/k

rmir! Hcnh/hnu$s hc/kst kcirmius i))irtucht& !ist hc ushc# "in& rmir cn

sdi!6 wk)icr&h Pk)ics rk k,)kcsh/k ti "uh$n* tii* si mtkrh$ !ist hs #rkt

:dkrk-irk* tdksk hcnh/hnu$s rk sm$$ cum"kr i- tdk

)i)u$thicn K$htk "in& rmir hs hc/kctkn sk/kr$ thmks hcnk)kcnkct$& riucn tdk wir$n




46/56

h Fcn k!d thmk ht%s hc/kctkn* k$htk m$k nimhcc!k kmkr#ks* k,!t$&

s )rknh!tkn h- dumcs )riOk!t !ikr!h/k tdrkt hc )ursuht i- sk$-

hctkrkstHB :dk $i#h! i- kc-ir!kmkct i- !ii)krthic "& k$htk wrrhirs

K$htks -rim mc& )rhmr& !i$hthics #tdkr cn ru$k )u"$h! mr6kt i-

sk!icnr& !i$hthich :dk& ni tdhs -ir tdkhr iwc k$htk sk$-hctkrkst

B Niks k$htk !ikr!hic rk$$& wir6' 0 tdk r!dh! sttk hs c n)th/k rk/i$uthic _rksttk #rh!u$tur$ tiwcs rk mu!d sm$$kr tdc kr$& r!dh! sttks" _rksttk #rh!u$tur$ tiwcs wkrk !idisth$k ti ick citdkr* tdk& dn

ucmc#k"$k !ich!ts i- hctkrkst whtd ick citdkrh :dhs $hmhtkn tdk s!$k i- !ii)krthic ti c hcnh/hnu$ /h$$#k

! Kr$& r!dh! sttks1h Zttks ir#chk tdkmsk$/ks hcti dhkrr!dhks1 !hthks* tiwcs* dm$ktshh :dk&%rk s)th$$& rk$tkn ti ick citdkr* hc rks)icsk ti tdkhr

k!icimh! rk$thic whtd ick citdkr

hhh Mu!d $r#kr !ii)krth/k ucht* $r#kr s!$k i- !ii)krthich/ :dksk sttks "uh$n mssh/k tdhc#s1 )&rmhns* Rimc i$hskum

n :dksk $r#k r!dh! sttks hc/kct rk!irn 6kk)hc#* tdkrk-irk wrhttkc

$c#u#kh :dkrk-irk* tdk& hc/kct dhstiry

k ?umcs )riOk!t tdrkt hc )ursuht i- sk$-hctkrkst* cn si tdk&%$$ wrhtk

dhstir& hc )ursuht i- sk$-hctkrksth :dkrk-irk* dhstir& hs tdk $hk mnk u) "& tdk whcckr

- !rj(fhj stftks prinujkn b$ frmirkn, kehtk mfek 'frrhirs,

pri+kjthc% t(rkft hc pursuht ig skeg-hctkrkst.h !rj(fhj stftks & tkrthfr$ jifehthics

BH Fr!dh! sttks s tksts i- tdk tdkir& 0 Z)k!h+! !sk 1 tdk Kurshc >8rick F#k; Zm$$ Cki$htdh! !immuchthks wkrk !icsi$hntkn hcti $r#kr sttks u)ic

kmkr#kc!k i- "in& rmir." Bkr& +rst rmir hs "rick! 6 &krs i- Cki$htdh! !u$turks* wdkc "rick mkt$$ur#& rhsks* +rst r!dh!

sttks k,)$ink hcti rk!irnn 8rick mkt$$ur#& hc/kctkn ckr Gkrth$k rks!kct hc minkrc Hrq* cn

quh!6$& s)rknsk [r hc Zumkrh hs +rst r!dh! sttk* tdkc K#&)thcs* tdkc Mhcics cn

M&!kckcs- Fr!dh! sttk = k,tkcnhc# !ii)krthic ic mu!d $r#kr s!$k# :dksk k$htk wrrhirs whtd rmir cn sdi!6 wk)icr& rk k$htk -ir @

rksics1h I))irtucht& !ists 0 hc irnkr ti nimhctk )ki)$k w7wk)ics* &iu

ckkn ti )r!th!k $$ n&hh Mtkrh$ !ists 0 tdk !ist i- mtkrh$ tdt tdk& wkr 5"rick hs /kr&

dh#d Ztru!turk i- r!dh! sttk hs mssh/k t,thic "& tdk k$htk ic

skr-s cn s$/ks* hc irnkr ti #kckrtk wk$td ti "itd )& -ir




47/56

tdkhr thmk ti )r!th!k cn )& -ir rthscs% $"ir ti "uh$n tdk

rmir cn wk)icr&. :dk k$htk !ictri$ tdk mr6kt* tdkrk-irk !ictri$ tdk

sttkd Mkc !c nk$ whtd i))irtucht& !ists cn wimkc !c%t

h Pimkc !ccit hc/kst si mu!d thmk hcti )r!th!k "7! i-

rk)rinu!th/k !&!$ks* "ut tdhs niksc%t 9k!t mkc* cn tdkrk-irk* mkc

"k!imk nimhccthh M$k nimhcthic i- r!dh! sttks hs cit "7! m$k nimhcthic hs tdk

ctur$ dumc !icnhthic* ht%s "7! i- "i/k sttkmkct

^iphj 261 4dijl wkfpicryO biy frmirO fc tdk rhsk ig tdk frjdfhj

stftk ,frt 2B Fr!dh! sttk = tkrthr& !i$hthic

BHH 8in& rmir* sdi!6 wk)icr&* cn tdk r!dh! sttk 0 wdt ni wk k,)k!t' K$htk rmirkn wrrhirs hchthtkn ckw s!$k i- si!h$ !ii)krthic

h :dk si!h$ !ii)krthic tdk& mc#k skr/ks tdkhr hctkrksts* cit

k/kr&icks%" 8iw !rktkn Cki$htdh! /h$$#ks* "7! $$iwkn -ir )i$h!hc# i- !ich!ts i-

hctkrkst t tdt s!$k* "ut cit !ist k9k!th/k ic tdk s!$k i- )i$h!hc# !ih

"ktwkkc /h$$#ks! Cki$htdh! /h$$#ks !icsi$hntkn hcti sttks "& k$htk wrrhirs )i$h!hc# !ih

"ktwkkc tdksk /h$$#ksn 8in& rmir = hm)kr/hius ti )riOk!th$k wk)ics* si k9k!th/k wk)ics

kmkr#kn sdi!6 wk)ics

k Fr!dh! sttks rhsk mc& thmks hcnk)kcnkct

bio 358 - full semester package

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