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©Andrew Carnie, 2006 Binding Theory Describing Relationships between Nouns

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Page 1: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Binding TheoryDescribing Relationships between Nouns

Page 2: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Describes the conditions on the structural relations between nouns. Concerned with three types of nouns:

R-expressions (proper names, common nouns)Pronouns. (he, she, it, his, one, them, him etc)Anaphors. (eg. himself, herself, themselves)

These NPs are semantically distinct, but they also have different syntactic distributions.

Binding Theory

Page 3: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Express content

An NP that gets it meaning by referring to an

entity in the world.

e.g. Bill Clinton, William, The woman in the blue

suit, a teddy bear, purple shoes.

R-expressions

Page 4: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

An NP that obligatorily gets its meaning from

another NP in the sentence.

Heidi bopped herself on the head with a

zucchini

myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, oneself,

ourselves, yourselves, themselves, each other.

Anaphor

Page 5: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Pronoun: An NP that may (but need not) get its meaning from another word in the sentence. It can also get its meaning from a noun previously mentioned in the discourse, or by context.

Art said that he played basketballArt said that Art played basketballArt said that David played basketball

I, me, you, he, him, she, her, it, one, we, us, they, them, his, her, our, my, its, your, their.

Pronouns

Page 6: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Pronoun: An NP that may (but need not) get its meaning from another word in the sentence. It can also get its meaning from a noun previously mentioned in the discourse, or by context.

Art said that he played basketballArt said that Art played basketballArt said that David played basketball

I, me, you, he, him, she, her, it, one, we, us, they, them, his, her, our, my, its, your, their.

Pronouns

Category D, but count as pronouns

Page 7: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Antecedent

Page 8: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

AntecedentAntecedent: An NP that gives its meaning to a pronoun or anaphor.

Page 9: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

AntecedentAntecedent: An NP that gives its meaning to a pronoun or anaphor.

Heidi bopped herself on the head with a zucchini

Page 10: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

AntecedentAntecedent: An NP that gives its meaning to a pronoun or anaphor.

Heidi bopped herself on the head with a zucchini

antecedent

Page 11: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

AntecedentAntecedent: An NP that gives its meaning to a pronoun or anaphor.

Heidi bopped herself on the head with a zucchini

antecedent anaphor

Page 12: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Indexing

Page 13: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

IndexingMeans of representing the meaning of an NP

Page 14: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

IndexingMeans of representing the meaning of an NPEach index (plural: indices) represents a different reference. a) [Colin]i gave [Andrea]j [a basketball]kb) [Art]i said that [he]j played [basketball]k in [the dark]lc) [Art]i said that [he]i played [basketball]k in [the dark]ld) [Heidi]i bopped [herself]i on [the head]j with [a zucchini]k

Page 15: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

IndexingMeans of representing the meaning of an NPEach index (plural: indices) represents a different reference. a) [Colin]i gave [Andrea]j [a basketball]kb) [Art]i said that [he]j played [basketball]k in [the dark]lc) [Art]i said that [he]i played [basketball]k in [the dark]ld) [Heidi]i bopped [herself]i on [the head]j with [a zucchini]k

Start at the left and assign each NP an index starting with i and working down the alphabet.

Page 16: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Co-indexing & Co-reference

Page 17: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Co-indexing & Co-reference

Two NPs that have the same index are said to be co-indexed.

Page 18: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Co-indexing & Co-reference

Two NPs that have the same index are said to be co-indexed.

Two NPs that are co-indexed are said to co-refer (that is, refer to the same entity in the world)

a) [Art]i said that [he]j played [basketball]k in [the dark]l

b) [Art]i said that [he]i played [basketball]k in [the dark]l

Page 19: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Syntactic Restrictions on Anaphors

Page 20: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Syntactic Restrictions on Anaphors

Heidii bopped herselfi on the head with a zucchini:

Page 21: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Syntactic Restrictions on Anaphors

Heidii bopped herselfi on the head with a zucchini:

[Heidii's mother]k bopped herselfk on the head with a zucchini.

Page 22: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Syntactic Restrictions on Anaphors

Heidii bopped herselfi on the head with a zucchini:

[Heidii's mother]k bopped herselfk on the head with a zucchini.

*[Heidii's mother]k bopped herselfi on the head with a zucchini.

Page 23: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Syntactic Restrictions on Anaphors

Heidii bopped herselfi on the head with a zucchini:

[Heidii's mother]k bopped herselfk on the head with a zucchini.

*[Heidii's mother]k bopped herselfi on the head with a zucchini.

The antecedent for an anaphor can be the subject of the sentence, but not an NP inside the subject.

Page 24: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Syntactic Restrictions on Anaphors

Heidii bopped herselfi on the head with a zucchini:

[Heidii's mother]k bopped herselfk on the head with a zucchini.

*[Heidii's mother]k bopped herselfi on the head with a zucchini.

The antecedent for an anaphor can be the subject of the sentence, but not an NP inside the subject.

let’s look at this distinction in terms of structural relations

Page 25: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

TPNPi VP

N V NPiHeidi bopped

N

…

herself

TP

NP VP

NPi N V NPi mother bopped

N

…

herselfi

NHeidi’s

Page 26: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

TPNPi VP

N V NPiHeidi bopped

N

…

herself

TP

NP VP

NPi N V NPi mother bopped

N

…

herselfi

NHeidi’s

Page 27: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

TPNPi VP

N V NPiHeidi bopped

N

…

herself

TP

NP VP

NPi N V NPi mother bopped

N

…

herselfi

NHeidi’s

Page 28: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

TPNPi VP

N V NPiHeidi bopped

N

…

herself

TP

NP VP

NPi N V NPi mother bopped

N

…

herselfi

NHeidi’s

Page 29: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

TPNPi VP

N V NPiHeidi bopped

N

…

herself

TP

NP VP

NPi N V NPi mother bopped

N

…

herselfi

NHeidi’s

C-commanded by [NPHeidi]

Page 30: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

TPNPi VP

N V NPiHeidi bopped

N

…

herself

TP

NP VP

NPi N V NPi mother bopped

N

…

herselfi

NHeidi’s

C-commanded by [NPHeidi]

Not C-commanded by [NPHeidi]

Page 31: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Binding

Page 32: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

BindingThis fact is captured by binding.

Page 33: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

BindingThis fact is captured by binding. Binds:

A binds B if and only ifA c-commands B ANDA and B are co-indexed.

Page 34: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

BindingThis fact is captured by binding. Binds:

A binds B if and only ifA c-commands B ANDA and B are co-indexed.

Note: binding is not the same as co-indexing!!! (co-indexing has same index; binding requires a c–command relationship between the co-indexed elements.)

Page 35: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

BindingThis fact is captured by binding. Binds:

A binds B if and only ifA c-commands B ANDA and B are co-indexed.

Note: binding is not the same as co-indexing!!! (co-indexing has same index; binding requires a c–command relationship between the co-indexed elements.)Binding is a SPECIAL kind of c-command. It is c-command with co-indexing.

Page 36: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

The Principle that deals with anaphors

Principle A (to be revised): An anaphor must be bound

In other words: An anaphor must be c-commanded and co-indexed by an antecedent.

Page 37: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

TPNPi VP

N V NPiHeidi bopped

N

…

herself

TP

NP VP

NPi N V NPi mother bopped

N

…

herselfi

NHeidi’s

Page 38: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Coindexed?

TPNPi VP

N V NPiHeidi bopped

N

…

herself

TP

NP VP

NPi N V NPi mother bopped

N

…

herselfi

NHeidi’s

Page 39: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Coindexed? yes

TPNPi VP

N V NPiHeidi bopped

N

…

herself

TP

NP VP

NPi N V NPi mother bopped

N

…

herselfi

NHeidi’s

Page 40: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Coindexed? yes

C-command?

TPNPi VP

N V NPiHeidi bopped

N

…

herself

TP

NP VP

NPi N V NPi mother bopped

N

…

herselfi

NHeidi’s

Page 41: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Coindexed? yes

C-command? yes

TPNPi VP

N V NPiHeidi bopped

N

…

herself

TP

NP VP

NPi N V NPi mother bopped

N

…

herselfi

NHeidi’s

Page 42: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Coindexed? yes

C-command? yes

∴Bound

TPNPi VP

N V NPiHeidi bopped

N

…

herself

TP

NP VP

NPi N V NPi mother bopped

N

…

herselfi

NHeidi’s

Page 43: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Coindexed? yes

C-command? yes

∴Bound

Coindexed?

TPNPi VP

N V NPiHeidi bopped

N

…

herself

TP

NP VP

NPi N V NPi mother bopped

N

…

herselfi

NHeidi’s

Page 44: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Coindexed? yes

C-command? yes

∴Bound

Coindexed? yes

TPNPi VP

N V NPiHeidi bopped

N

…

herself

TP

NP VP

NPi N V NPi mother bopped

N

…

herselfi

NHeidi’s

Page 45: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Coindexed? yes

C-command? yes

∴Bound

Coindexed? yes

C-command?

TPNPi VP

N V NPiHeidi bopped

N

…

herself

TP

NP VP

NPi N V NPi mother bopped

N

…

herselfi

NHeidi’s

Page 46: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Coindexed? yes

C-command? yes

∴Bound

Coindexed? yes

C-command? no

TPNPi VP

N V NPiHeidi bopped

N

…

herself

TP

NP VP

NPi N V NPi mother bopped

N

…

herselfi

NHeidi’s

Page 47: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Coindexed? yes

C-command? yes

∴Bound

Coindexed? yes

C-command? no

∴ NOT Bound

TPNPi VP

N V NPiHeidi bopped

N

…

herself

TP

NP VP

NPi N V NPi mother bopped

N

…

herselfi

NHeidi’s

Page 48: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Coindexed? yes

C-command? yes

∴Bound

Coindexed? yes

C-command? no

∴ NOT BoundVIOLATES PRINCIPLE A

TPNPi VP

N V NPiHeidi bopped

N

…

herself

TP

NP VP

NPi N V NPi mother bopped

N

…

herselfi

NHeidi’s

Page 49: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Locality restrictions on anaphor binding

Heidii danced with herselfi

*Heidii said that Art danced with herselfi

(cf. Heidii said that Art danced with heri.)

*Heidii said that herselfi danced with Art

(cf. Heidii said that shei danced with Art)

Page 50: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

TP

NP VP

N V PP

P NP

N

Heidi danced

with

herself

*TP

NP VP

N V CP

C TPHeidi said

… herself…

Page 51: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

TP

NP VP

N V PP

P NP

N

Heidi danced

with

herself

*TP

NP VP

N V CP

C TPHeidi said

… herself…

important difference!

Page 52: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Binding domain

Page 53: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Binding domain

Binding domain: The clause containing the anaphor

Page 54: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Binding domain

Binding domain: The clause containing the anaphor

This definition is overly simplistic; We’ll talk about this later in the semester, but the above will be your definition for the purposes of homework and exams for now

Page 55: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Binding domain

Binding domain: The clause containing the anaphor

This definition is overly simplistic; We’ll talk about this later in the semester, but the above will be your definition for the purposes of homework and exams for now

Binding Principle A: An anaphor must be bound in its binding domain.

Page 56: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Binding domain for anaphor

Binding domain

TP

NPi VP

N V PP

P NPi

N

Heidi danced

with

herself

*TP

NPi VP

N V CP

C TPHeidi said

… herselfi…

Page 57: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Binding domain for anaphor

Binding domain

Coindexed?

TP

NPi VP

N V PP

P NPi

N

Heidi danced

with

herself

*TP

NPi VP

N V CP

C TPHeidi said

… herselfi…

Page 58: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Binding domain for anaphor

Binding domain

Coindexed? yes

TP

NPi VP

N V PP

P NPi

N

Heidi danced

with

herself

*TP

NPi VP

N V CP

C TPHeidi said

… herselfi…

Page 59: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Binding domain for anaphor

Binding domain

Coindexed? yes

C-command?

TP

NPi VP

N V PP

P NPi

N

Heidi danced

with

herself

*TP

NPi VP

N V CP

C TPHeidi said

… herselfi…

Page 60: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Binding domain for anaphor

Binding domain

Coindexed? yes

C-command? yes ∴Bound

TP

NPi VP

N V PP

P NPi

N

Heidi danced

with

herself

*TP

NPi VP

N V CP

C TPHeidi said

… herselfi…

Page 61: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Binding domain for anaphor

Binding domain

Coindexed? yes

C-command? yes ∴BoundBound in domain?

TP

NPi VP

N V PP

P NPi

N

Heidi danced

with

herself

*TP

NPi VP

N V CP

C TPHeidi said

… herselfi…

Page 62: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Binding domain for anaphor

Binding domain

Coindexed? yes

C-command? yes ∴BoundBound in domain? yes

TP

NPi VP

N V PP

P NPi

N

Heidi danced

with

herself

*TP

NPi VP

N V CP

C TPHeidi said

… herselfi…

Page 63: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Binding domain for anaphor

Binding domain

Coindexed? yes

C-command? yes ∴BoundCoindexed?

Bound in domain? yes

TP

NPi VP

N V PP

P NPi

N

Heidi danced

with

herself

*TP

NPi VP

N V CP

C TPHeidi said

… herselfi…

Page 64: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Binding domain for anaphor

Binding domain

Coindexed? yes

C-command? yes ∴BoundCoindexed? yes

Bound in domain? yes

TP

NPi VP

N V PP

P NPi

N

Heidi danced

with

herself

*TP

NPi VP

N V CP

C TPHeidi said

… herselfi…

Page 65: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Binding domain for anaphor

Binding domain

Coindexed? yes

C-command? yes ∴BoundCoindexed? yesC-command?

Bound in domain? yes

TP

NPi VP

N V PP

P NPi

N

Heidi danced

with

herself

*TP

NPi VP

N V CP

C TPHeidi said

… herselfi…

Page 66: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Binding domain for anaphor

Binding domain

Coindexed? yes

C-command? yes ∴BoundCoindexed? yesC-command? yes ∴Bound

Bound in domain? yes

TP

NPi VP

N V PP

P NPi

N

Heidi danced

with

herself

*TP

NPi VP

N V CP

C TPHeidi said

… herselfi…

Page 67: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Binding domain for anaphor

Binding domain

Coindexed? yes

C-command? yes ∴BoundCoindexed? yesC-command? yes ∴Bound

Bound in domain? yes Bound in domain?

TP

NPi VP

N V PP

P NPi

N

Heidi danced

with

herself

*TP

NPi VP

N V CP

C TPHeidi said

… herselfi…

Page 68: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Binding domain for anaphor

Binding domain

Coindexed? yes

C-command? yes ∴BoundCoindexed? yesC-command? yes ∴Bound

Bound in domain? yes Bound in domain? no

TP

NPi VP

N V PP

P NPi

N

Heidi danced

with

herself

*TP

NPi VP

N V CP

C TPHeidi said

… herselfi…

Page 69: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Binding domain for anaphor

Binding domain

Coindexed? yes

C-command? yes ∴BoundCoindexed? yesC-command? yes ∴Bound

Bound in domain? yes Bound in domain? noVIOLATES PRINCIPLE A

TP

NPi VP

N V PP

P NPi

N

Heidi danced

with

herself

*TP

NPi VP

N V CP

C TPHeidi said

… herselfi…

Page 70: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

A (more) intuitive characterization???

Principle A imposes TWO restrictions:

1) The anaphor must be bound= both c-commanded and coindexed

2) AND The anaphor must be bound (find its antecedent) within its own clause (the binding domain)

Note that the restriction is not that an anaphor needs to be simply bound. An anaphor can be bound, yet the sentence still ungrammatical if it isn’t bound locally.

Page 71: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Pronouns

Page 72: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Pronouns

Heidii bopped herk on the head with the zucchini

Page 73: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Pronouns

Heidii bopped herk on the head with the zucchini*Heidii bopped heri on the head with the zucchini

Page 74: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Pronouns

Heidii bopped herk on the head with the zucchini*Heidii bopped heri on the head with the zucchiniHeidii said that shei danced with Art

Page 75: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Pronouns

Heidii bopped herk on the head with the zucchini*Heidii bopped heri on the head with the zucchiniHeidii said that shei danced with ArtHeidii said that shek danced with Art.

Page 76: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Pronouns

Heidii bopped herk on the head with the zucchini*Heidii bopped heri on the head with the zucchiniHeidii said that shei danced with ArtHeidii said that shek danced with Art.

Only restriction on pronouns: they cannot be bound within their clause

Page 77: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Pronouns

Free: Not bound

Principle B: Pronouns must be free in their Binding Domain.

Page 78: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Binding domain for pronoun

Binding domain

*TP

NPi VP

N V PP

P NPi

N

Heidi danced

with

her

TP

NPi VP

N V CP

C TPHeidi said

… shei…

Page 79: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Binding domain for pronoun

Binding domain

Coindexed?

*TP

NPi VP

N V PP

P NPi

N

Heidi danced

with

her

TP

NPi VP

N V CP

C TPHeidi said

… shei…

Page 80: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Binding domain for pronoun

Binding domain

Coindexed? yes

*TP

NPi VP

N V PP

P NPi

N

Heidi danced

with

her

TP

NPi VP

N V CP

C TPHeidi said

… shei…

Page 81: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Binding domain for pronoun

Binding domain

Coindexed? yesC-command?

*TP

NPi VP

N V PP

P NPi

N

Heidi danced

with

her

TP

NPi VP

N V CP

C TPHeidi said

… shei…

Page 82: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Binding domain for pronoun

Binding domain

Coindexed? yesC-command? yes ∴Bound

*TP

NPi VP

N V PP

P NPi

N

Heidi danced

with

her

TP

NPi VP

N V CP

C TPHeidi said

… shei…

Page 83: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Binding domain for pronoun

Binding domain

Coindexed? yesC-command? yes ∴BoundFree in domain?

*TP

NPi VP

N V PP

P NPi

N

Heidi danced

with

her

TP

NPi VP

N V CP

C TPHeidi said

… shei…

Page 84: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Binding domain for pronoun

Binding domain

Coindexed? yesC-command? yes ∴BoundFree in domain? no

*TP

NPi VP

N V PP

P NPi

N

Heidi danced

with

her

TP

NPi VP

N V CP

C TPHeidi said

… shei…

Page 85: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Binding domain for pronoun

Binding domain

Coindexed? yesC-command? yes ∴BoundFree in domain? no

VIOLATES PRINCIPLE B

*TP

NPi VP

N V PP

P NPi

N

Heidi danced

with

her

TP

NPi VP

N V CP

C TPHeidi said

… shei…

Page 86: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Binding domain for pronoun

Binding domain

Coindexed? yesC-command? yes ∴Bound

Coindexed?

Free in domain? noVIOLATES PRINCIPLE B

*TP

NPi VP

N V PP

P NPi

N

Heidi danced

with

her

TP

NPi VP

N V CP

C TPHeidi said

… shei…

Page 87: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Binding domain for pronoun

Binding domain

Coindexed? yesC-command? yes ∴Bound

Coindexed? yes

Free in domain? noVIOLATES PRINCIPLE B

*TP

NPi VP

N V PP

P NPi

N

Heidi danced

with

her

TP

NPi VP

N V CP

C TPHeidi said

… shei…

Page 88: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Binding domain for pronoun

Binding domain

Coindexed? yesC-command? yes ∴Bound

Coindexed? yesC-command?

Free in domain? noVIOLATES PRINCIPLE B

*TP

NPi VP

N V PP

P NPi

N

Heidi danced

with

her

TP

NPi VP

N V CP

C TPHeidi said

… shei…

Page 89: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Binding domain for pronoun

Binding domain

Coindexed? yesC-command? yes ∴Bound

Coindexed? yesC-command? yes ∴Bound

Free in domain? noVIOLATES PRINCIPLE B

*TP

NPi VP

N V PP

P NPi

N

Heidi danced

with

her

TP

NPi VP

N V CP

C TPHeidi said

… shei…

Page 90: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Binding domain for pronoun

Binding domain

Coindexed? yesC-command? yes ∴Bound

Coindexed? yesC-command? yes ∴Bound

Free in domain? no Free in domain?VIOLATES PRINCIPLE B

*TP

NPi VP

N V PP

P NPi

N

Heidi danced

with

her

TP

NPi VP

N V CP

C TPHeidi said

… shei…

Page 91: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Binding domain for pronoun

Binding domain

Coindexed? yesC-command? yes ∴Bound

Coindexed? yesC-command? yes ∴Bound

Free in domain? no Free in domain? yesVIOLATES PRINCIPLE B

*TP

NPi VP

N V PP

P NPi

N

Heidi danced

with

her

TP

NPi VP

N V CP

C TPHeidi said

… shei…

Page 92: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Binding domain for pronoun

Binding domain

*TP

NPi VP

N V PP

P NPj

N

Heidi danced

with

her

TP

NPi VP

N V CP

C TPHeidi said

… shej…

Page 93: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Binding domain for pronoun

Binding domain

Coindexed?

*TP

NPi VP

N V PP

P NPj

N

Heidi danced

with

her

TP

NPi VP

N V CP

C TPHeidi said

… shej…

Page 94: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Binding domain for pronoun

Binding domain

Coindexed? no ∴ not Bound

*TP

NPi VP

N V PP

P NPj

N

Heidi danced

with

her

TP

NPi VP

N V CP

C TPHeidi said

… shej…

Page 95: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Binding domain for pronoun

Binding domain

Coindexed? no ∴ not BoundFree in domain?

*TP

NPi VP

N V PP

P NPj

N

Heidi danced

with

her

TP

NPi VP

N V CP

C TPHeidi said

… shej…

Page 96: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Binding domain for pronoun

Binding domain

Coindexed? no ∴ not BoundFree in domain?Yes

*TP

NPi VP

N V PP

P NPj

N

Heidi danced

with

her

TP

NPi VP

N V CP

C TPHeidi said

… shej…

Page 97: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Binding domain for pronoun

Binding domain

Coindexed? no ∴ not Bound Coindexed? Free in domain?Yes

*TP

NPi VP

N V PP

P NPj

N

Heidi danced

with

her

TP

NPi VP

N V CP

C TPHeidi said

… shej…

Page 98: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Binding domain for pronoun

Binding domain

Coindexed? no ∴ not Bound Coindexed? Free in domain?Yes

no ∴ not Bound

*TP

NPi VP

N V PP

P NPj

N

Heidi danced

with

her

TP

NPi VP

N V CP

C TPHeidi said

… shej…

Page 99: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Binding domain for pronoun

Binding domain

Coindexed? no ∴ not Bound Coindexed? Free in domain?Yes Free in domain?

no ∴ not Bound

*TP

NPi VP

N V PP

P NPj

N

Heidi danced

with

her

TP

NPi VP

N V CP

C TPHeidi said

… shej…

Page 100: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Binding domain for pronoun

Binding domain

Coindexed? no ∴ not Bound Coindexed? Free in domain?Yes Free in domain? Yes

no ∴ not Bound

*TP

NPi VP

N V PP

P NPj

N

Heidi danced

with

her

TP

NPi VP

N V CP

C TPHeidi said

… shej…

Page 101: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Binding domain for pronoun

Binding domain

Coindexed? no ∴ not Bound Coindexed? Free in domain?Yes Free in domain? Yes

no ∴ not Bound

*TP

NPi VP

N V PP

P NPj

N

Heidi danced

with

her

TP

NPi VP

N V CP

C TPHeidi said

… shej…

Both meet condition B

Page 102: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

R-expressions

Page 103: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

R-expressions

*Heidii kissed Miriami

Page 104: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

R-expressions

*Heidii kissed Miriami

*Shei kissed Heidii

Page 105: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

R-expressions

*Heidii kissed Miriami

*Shei kissed Heidii*Shei said that Heidii was a disco queen.

Page 106: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

R-expressions

*Heidii kissed Miriami

*Shei kissed Heidii*Shei said that Heidii was a disco queen.Principle C: R-expressions must be free (everywhere)

Page 107: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

*TP

NPi VP

N V PP

P NPi

N

Heidi danced

with

Heidi

*TP

NPi VP

N V CP

C TPHeidi said

… Heidii…

Page 108: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Coindexed?

*TP

NPi VP

N V PP

P NPi

N

Heidi danced

with

Heidi

*TP

NPi VP

N V CP

C TPHeidi said

… Heidii…

Page 109: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Coindexed? yes

*TP

NPi VP

N V PP

P NPi

N

Heidi danced

with

Heidi

*TP

NPi VP

N V CP

C TPHeidi said

… Heidii…

Page 110: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Coindexed? yes

C-command?

*TP

NPi VP

N V PP

P NPi

N

Heidi danced

with

Heidi

*TP

NPi VP

N V CP

C TPHeidi said

… Heidii…

Page 111: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Coindexed? yes

C-command? yes ∴Bound

*TP

NPi VP

N V PP

P NPi

N

Heidi danced

with

Heidi

*TP

NPi VP

N V CP

C TPHeidi said

… Heidii…

Page 112: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Coindexed? yes

C-command? yes ∴BoundFree?

*TP

NPi VP

N V PP

P NPi

N

Heidi danced

with

Heidi

*TP

NPi VP

N V CP

C TPHeidi said

… Heidii…

Page 113: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Coindexed? yes

C-command? yes ∴BoundFree? no

*TP

NPi VP

N V PP

P NPi

N

Heidi danced

with

Heidi

*TP

NPi VP

N V CP

C TPHeidi said

… Heidii…

Page 114: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Coindexed? yes

C-command? yes ∴BoundFree? no

VIOLATES PRINCIPLE C

*TP

NPi VP

N V PP

P NPi

N

Heidi danced

with

Heidi

*TP

NPi VP

N V CP

C TPHeidi said

… Heidii…

Page 115: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Coindexed? yes

C-command? yes ∴BoundCoindexed?

Free? noVIOLATES PRINCIPLE C

*TP

NPi VP

N V PP

P NPi

N

Heidi danced

with

Heidi

*TP

NPi VP

N V CP

C TPHeidi said

… Heidii…

Page 116: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Coindexed? yes

C-command? yes ∴BoundCoindexed? yes

Free? noVIOLATES PRINCIPLE C

*TP

NPi VP

N V PP

P NPi

N

Heidi danced

with

Heidi

*TP

NPi VP

N V CP

C TPHeidi said

… Heidii…

Page 117: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Coindexed? yes

C-command? yes ∴BoundCoindexed? yesC-command?

Free? noVIOLATES PRINCIPLE C

*TP

NPi VP

N V PP

P NPi

N

Heidi danced

with

Heidi

*TP

NPi VP

N V CP

C TPHeidi said

… Heidii…

Page 118: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Coindexed? yes

C-command? yes ∴BoundCoindexed? yesC-command? yes ∴Bound

Free? noVIOLATES PRINCIPLE C

*TP

NPi VP

N V PP

P NPi

N

Heidi danced

with

Heidi

*TP

NPi VP

N V CP

C TPHeidi said

… Heidii…

Page 119: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Coindexed? yes

C-command? yes ∴BoundCoindexed? yesC-command? yes ∴Bound

Free? no FreeVIOLATES PRINCIPLE C

*TP

NPi VP

N V PP

P NPi

N

Heidi danced

with

Heidi

*TP

NPi VP

N V CP

C TPHeidi said

… Heidii…

Page 120: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Coindexed? yes

C-command? yes ∴BoundCoindexed? yesC-command? yes ∴Bound

Free? no Free noVIOLATES PRINCIPLE C

*TP

NPi VP

N V PP

P NPi

N

Heidi danced

with

Heidi

*TP

NPi VP

N V CP

C TPHeidi said

… Heidii…

Page 121: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Coindexed? yes

C-command? yes ∴BoundCoindexed? yesC-command? yes ∴Bound

Free? no Free noVIOLATES PRINCIPLE C VIOLATES PRINCIPLE C

*TP

NPi VP

N V PP

P NPi

N

Heidi danced

with

Heidi

*TP

NPi VP

N V CP

C TPHeidi said

… Heidii…

Page 122: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Summary

Page 123: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

SummaryAntecedent, Anaphor, index, pronoun, R-expression, co-reference

Page 124: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

SummaryAntecedent, Anaphor, index, pronoun, R-expression, co-referenceBinds:

A binds B if and only ifA c-commands B ANDA and B are co-indexed

Page 125: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

SummaryAntecedent, Anaphor, index, pronoun, R-expression, co-referenceBinds:

A binds B if and only ifA c-commands B ANDA and B are co-indexed

Free: not bound

Page 126: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

SummaryAntecedent, Anaphor, index, pronoun, R-expression, co-referenceBinds:

A binds B if and only ifA c-commands B ANDA and B are co-indexed

Free: not boundBinding domain: The clause containing the anaphor/pronoun

Page 127: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Summary: The binding principles

Page 128: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Summary: The binding principles

Binding Principle A: An anaphor must be bound in its binding domain.

Page 129: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Summary: The binding principles

Binding Principle A: An anaphor must be bound in its binding domain.Binding Principle B: Pronouns must be free in their binding domain

Page 130: Binding Theory - gawron.sdsu.edu · Binding This fact is captured by binding. Binds: A binds B if and only if A c-commands B AND A and B are co-indexed. Note: binding is not the same

©Andrew Carnie, 2006

Summary: The binding principles

Binding Principle A: An anaphor must be bound in its binding domain.Binding Principle B: Pronouns must be free in their binding domainBinding Principle C: R-expressions must be free


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