Bill Harrison2009 Connecticut Chapter March 12, 2009

ChallengesEnergy cost and availabilityFood cost and availabilityProtecting the environment

ASHRAE 52,000 members in 130 countries170 chapters in 24 countries Associate Societies in 32 countries2500 members active on committees

EnergyCost and availabilityIEA: $100 / Barrel till 2015; $120 till 2030End use in developed economiesBuildings 40%Transportation 28%Industry 32%Coal and oil primary energy sources45% Growth between 2006 and 2030

FoodCostEnergy driven costsSpoilageAvailabilityCost and spoilageFoodstock diversionRefrigeration large energy consumer

EnvironmentBuildings use 70% of electricityExtensive emissions from generationWater use for generation45% Emissions growth 2006 to 2030

Energy Waste

A Real Problem A Real Opportunity

Sustainability for ASHRAE

Energy EfficiencyAndHealthy and Productive Indoor Environments

Improved Operating StrategiesEnergy Systems Lab - Texas A & M Save 10% to 40% energyWorld Energy Forum: 17% Internal rate of return for energy efficiency upgrades Not product centeredSoftware and expert knowledge focusedLimited knowledge distribution

Improved Operating StrategiesLack of standardizationMinor changes use major energyWrong incentives for operatorsNo training programs

Chilled Water Plant StrategiesRightsizing equipmentVariable Primary PumpingOptimized condenser waterTemperatureFlowThermal storageModel energy - track energyPeriodic re-commissioning

Energy Conserving StrategiesEnvelope testingPressure testsInfrared ScansReturn to design conditionsScheduling review

Operator Training

Local chapter programHVAC fundamentalsHigh performance products and systems1980s training produces 1980 results

The Cost of Owning HVAC

Capital costsUtility costsRepair costsReplacement costsMaintenance costs

Maintenance PlansASHRAE Guideline 4 2008Preparation of Operating and Maintenance Documentation for Building SystemsCIBSE Guide M 2008Maintenance Engineering and ManagementMust include energy budgets and energy reporting

Maintenance StrategiesDevelop proper documentationASHRAE Guideline 4Keep equipment cleanDont accept dirty equipment Maintenance management softwareMonitor energy useIn house / outsourceTraining capabilities

Sustainability ChallengeSix of top ten energy measures under control of architectsIntegrated Building Design process essentialCommunication - collaborationFirst Cost mentalityEngineers: evil enablers

Owner Organizations

Building Owners and Managers AssociationInternational Facility Management AssociationAPPA The Association of Higher Education Facility Executives

Owner Issues

Life Cycle CostingEquipment room sizingEngineers need to deliver energy messageEnergy cost implicationsBuilding Commissioning

00%100%Source Energy Savings (%)Total Annual Costs ($/year)Lease Costs (or Finance Costs)utility billscash flow12The Path to a Net Zero Building

00%100%Source Energy Savings (%)Total Annual Costs ($/year)Lease Costs (or Finance Costs)utility billscash flow123The Path to a Net Zero Building

00%100%Source Energy Savings (%)Total Annual Costs ($/year)Lease Costs (or Finance Costs)utility billscash flow1234The Path to a Net Zero Building

Energy TermsEnergy Use Intensity: BTU/Sq. Ft./YearSite versus SourcePlug and process loadsCBECS: Commercial Building Energy Consumption SurveyNet zero energy building: a building which on an annual basis, produces as much energy from renewable sources as it consumes

Reference SourcesUS Department of Energywww.energy.govNational Renewable Energy LaboratoryGreat case studieswww.nrel.govEPAwww.epa.govASHRAEwww.engineeringforsustainability.org

High Performance Building Design Energy ModelingBuilding Narrative

High Performance Building DesignA larger budget for planning and design produces lower construction costs and lower operating costs

ASHRAEs RoleNet zero design guidance by 2015Building Energy LabelingAEDGs to reduce energy in existing buildingsAffordable and maintainable refrigeration systemsEfficient refrigeration systems

ASHRAE Chapter ActionsSchedule a meeting with local owner organizationsIntegrated Building DesignHigh performance design costs moreKeep your Green Buildings GreenGet comfortable with building energy benchmarks: Whats your EUI?Walk the talk how is your building being operated?

The Buildings BusinessLargest user primary energyImproved building operations10% to 40% energy savingsLocal educational programs by ASHRAE chaptersKeep our green buildings green

World Population Growth2008 - 6,700,000,0002050 9,200,000,000

Growth: 2,500,000,000

Per Capita CO2 EmissionsWorld: 4.3 Metric tons/personOECD Nations: 11 Metric tons/personUSA: 19 Metric tons/personGrow from 2 t0 6 Americums

2009 30 Billion metric tons2030 42 Billion metric tons

Atmospheric CO2 LevelsPre-industrial: 280 PPM2007: 380 PPM2050 Business as usual: 580 PPMCan we afford to take a chance?

The Cost of Being GreenEnergy Efficiency - $170 Billion Smart Grid - $8.6 TrillionEnergy Storage - $180 per Megawatt hourCarbon Capture and Sequestration - $ ???$450 - $600 Billion per year until 2030Priced carbon emissions - $???

Estimates for global mitigation from Green Investing - 2009 WEF

The Cost of Being Green

2006 Global Emissions: 28,000,000,000 MT2006 USA Emissions: 5,700,000,000United States Share: 20%Global cost of mitigation: $10,500,000,000,000US Share: $2,100,000,000,000What is the cost of taking energy out of buildings?

***As the building design is improved,Utility bills are reduced, while there are increased mortgage payments to pay for the EEMs.

Annual cost are at a minimum at Point 2 which, in strictly economic terms, is a global optimum for the homeowner.

*Continuing on, Utility bills are reduced in proportion to energy savings (following this straight line), while the corresponding mortgage payments increase more rapidly (due to diminishing returns on EEMs).(The most cost-effective measures were used first, and, in fact, some of the initial EEMs may be no-cost or very low-cost as indicated here.)

At point 3, the net marginal cost of EE (indicated by the slope of the curve) equals the net cost of PV power.Beyond this point, it is more cost-effective to invest in PV than to do more EE.*With more and more PV, ZNE is eventually achieved.

At this point, utility bills are zero (at least in theory, with net metering) and the annual energy-related costs are comprised entirely of mortgage payments for the EE and PV.

A potential advantage to the homeowner is that susceptibility to future rate increases and utility price volatility is eliminated.**