bigelow, 1817-21: american medical botany vol1-3

8/13/2019 Bigelow, 1817-21: American Medical Botany Vol1-3

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AMERICANMEDICALBOTANY,

BEINGACOLLECTION OFTHE

NATIVEMEDICINALPLANTSOFTHE

UNITEDSTATES ,CONTAININGTHEIR

BOTANICALHISTORYANDHEMICALANALYSIS,ANDPROPERTIESANDUSES

INMEDICINE,DIET,ANDTHEARTS,

WITHCOLOUREDNGRAVINGS.

BYJACOBIGELOW,M.D .JIUMFOHIIOIESSOR, AND PROFF.SSOROFMATERIAMEDICA13

IIAllVARDUNIVERSITY.

YOL.m.

BOSTON:PUBLISHEDBYCUMMINGSANDHILLIARD,ATTHEBOSTON

BOOKSTORE,NO.CORNHILL.NIV.RESS....HII.LIARDANDMXTCAEF.

1820.

ML hoy.3

Mo.Bot .Garden ,


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PREFACETOTHETHIRDVOLUME.

AHEsubjectsofthepresentwork,forreasonswhichrevailnmanypublicationsofhekind,havebeeninsertedwithoutreferencetonyar-ticularrrangementrystem.hoselantsreceivedhearliestlace,heobservationse-spectingwhichwerearliestmatured,ndthedrawingsfwhichwereirstompleted.l-thoughhisplanaseenbjectedonomeforeigncriticisms,itistheonepursuedineveralofhemostextensiveandusefulbotanicalworksofheay,whichareaccompaniedwithplates;andneriodicalublications,rhosewhichappearnuccessiveumbers,ithasmorethanonedecidedadvantage.tgivestimeorallthefiguresoecompletedteisure,romerfectspecimens,inroperandconvenientseasons ttheametimethatitdoesnotnecessitateprema-tureandimperfectdescriptionsfheirsubjects,whichmusttakeplacewereanarrangementadopt-


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VI REFACE.ed,hichmightequireheirstnsertionorplantsnotetobtainedorimperfectlyxamined.Asystematicmethodmayheadheredtoinaworkwhichisurnishedforthepressatonce,butmustoccasiondelayandimperfectioninaperiodicalone.

AsheAmericanMedicalBotanyisterminat-edyheompletionoftshirdolume,heopportunityisnowffordedforakingamethodi-calviewofitscontents.onsiderednamedici-nalpointofview,thesubjectswillbebestclassedasnystemsfMateriaMedica,by referencetotheirleadingpropertiesor moststrikingmodesofperatingnheumanystem.nhislighttheymaybearrangedasollows.Narcotics. onics.

DaturaStramonium,enyanthestrifoliata,Coniummaculatum,umulusLupulus,Cicutamaculata,upatoriumperfoliatum,Hyoscyamusniger,optistrifolia,Nicotianatabacum,ornusflorida,Solanumdulcamara,entianaCatesbeei,Kalmialatifolia?letrisfarinosa,

Polygalarubella,Astringents.abbatiaangularis,

Geraniummaculatum,rinosverticillatus,StaticeCaroliniana,iriodendrontulipifera,ArbutusUvaursi,agnoliaglauca.Rubusvillosus, cridstimulants.Rhododendronmaximum,rumtriphyllum,Nymphaeaodorata,ctodesfcetidus,Myricacerifera.anunculusbulbosus.


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PREFACE. VU Emetics.

Lobeliainflata,Phytolaccadecandra,Gilleniatrifoliata,Veratrumviride,SanguinariaCanadensis,Irisversicolor,Apocynumandrosmifolium,Dircapalustris,Euphorbiaipecacuanha,Euphorbiacorollata.ErythroniumAmericanura.

Cathartics.Podophyllumpeltatum,Juglanscinerea,Triosteumperfoliatum,Cassiamarilandica,

Diaphoretics.Aristolochiaserpentaria,AsarumCanadense,Xanthoxylumfraxineum,

Solidagoodor a,Gaultheriaprocumbens,Laurussassafras,IlliciumFloridanum.

Diuretics.Juniperuscommunis,PyrolaUmbellata.

Expectorants.Polygalasenega,Asclepiastuberosa.

Demulcents.Panaxquinqefolium.

Anthelmintics.Spigeliamarilandica.Externalstimulants.

JuniperusVirginiana,RhusVernix,Rhusradicans.

WevailurselvesflassificationnheMateriaMedicafoundedonthekindofoperationwhichmedicinesxertnheumanbody,be-causehereareeeminglyoetterharacteris-ticsbywhichorrangehem.utvenhismethodsefective,becauseewmedicinesaresimplenheirperation,ndfoursemostofhemhavelaimsotandnmorehanoneclass. Asxamples,Tobacco,Henbane,ox-


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Viii REFACE.glove,andOpiumareallofhemproperlyplacedbyauthorsundertheheadofNarcotics.utofthese,Tobaccoisanemetic,Henbaneacathartic,Foxgloveadiuretic,andOpium,whiletchecksallotherexcretions,isitselfudorific.ercury,underitsdifferentormsndmodesofadminis-tration,iscapableoffulfillinghalfadozendiffer-entintentions.heclassifierofmedicineshencanoomorehanorrangethembyheirmostobviousandwellknownproperties,whatevertheseaye,eavingtnderstoodhathenamef classisynomeansfullydescriptiveofhecharacterofitscontents.*Inormingelectionfsixtyplantstoerepresentedinthiswork,ithasbeenendeavouredtohoosehosehichremongheostinterestingootanists,theameimehattheypossessclaimsponhettentionofmedi-calmen.tisynomeansoeassertedthatallthesepossessodecidedanefficacyastoenti-tlethemtotheankoftandardmedicines,ortomaketdvisablehatpharmacopoeiashouldbeswelledyheirntroduction.partofthemnodoubtareeminentlyentitledtothisdistinction.Othersrefficaciousnlyin secondegree,

orabotanicalarrangementoftheplants,seeth esystematicindexatth eendofth evolume.


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PREFACE. X butarestillnse,andoftendvantageouslyso,inheandsfcountryractitioners.hereareomeofyetnferiorfficacy,hich,havingformerlynjoyedertainegreeofmedicinalnotoriety,arensertederewithaviewofdefin-ingtheirtruecharacter.

Therogressfbotanicaltudentssmuchfacilitatedbytheossessionfcorrectdrawingsandissectionsf arietyofdissimilarplants.Inhisountryotanicaligures,speciallyfAmericanplants,arecarce,andaccessibletobutasmallnumberofhosewhoursuehistudy.Itisopedthathepresentworkmay,in cer-taindegree,upplytheeficiency,teastntiltheextensionofnaturalciencemongs,ndtheincreasednumberofbotanicalstudents,shallcallforthandsupportworksofgreatermagnitude.

Apartfhelantsontainedinhisworkhavenevereenigurednnyotanicalwork.Othershavebeenepresentedareatnumberoftimes yetheirimportance,inamedicalpointofview,equiredheirdmission ndheigurebeingalwaysmadefromanAmericanpecimen,itmay,nhisccount,eotdestituteofn-terest.

Havingarrivedat theterminationoftheAmericanMedicalBotany,theauthoreeist

2


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X REFACE.incumbentonhimtotate,thathehasatnotimehadauseoregrethendertakingofawork,whichhasurnished mostnterestingemploy-mentforhiseisureours ndwhichhasbeenhonoredwithapatronage,reatlyxceedingisanticipations.


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AMERICAN

MEDICALBOTANY .GILLENIATRIFOLIATA.

CommonGillenia.PLATEXLL

JSOTWITHSTANDING herinciplevowedyLinnaeus,thatgeneraareormedynature;hedeterminationofgenericconsanguinityinpeciesoccasionsnmanynstancesneofhereatestperplexitiesoftheotanist. Whatdifferencenstructurendxternalormitheroflowerorfruit,sufficientoeparateamiliesfplantsfromeachother;sapointoftendifficulttodecide;andsperhapsasfrequentlysetatrestbyconve-nienceandyrbitraryecision,stsyanyunexceptionableboundariesdesignatednnature.Whenthepeciesofavegetableorderarcexceed-inglynumerous,ndloseimilaritypervadesthewhole; generaremultipliedyotanists,thatthediscriminationofspeciesmaybefacilitt-


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2ILLENIATRIFOLIATA.ed.ntheotherhand,whereagroupofspeciesisnotunwieldyfromtsize,rdeficientndis-tinctivemarks,theeneraaremadesompre-hensive,saturalffinitywillpermit.hedi-versityofstructure,whichexistsntheflowersofGentiana,orthefruitofBunias,wouldbedeemedamplefoundationforconstructinghalfadozenge-neramonghembelliferous,eguminous,rgramineousrders.utshepeciesfhegeneraabovehave trongagreementinonepartoftheirfructification,swellasneneralabit,andasnogreatobscurityorinconvenienceresultsfromeepinghemogether,tasoteenthoughtworthwhileomultiplynomenclaturebyarrangingthemunderseparatetitles.

TheeparationofGilleniafromSpirseasoneofthosecases,uponwhichthebotanistmayhesi-tatelong,withoutfindingeasonstrongenoughtoinfluenceisecision.heaturalrderowhichheybelongsemarkableoravingtsgenerawelldefined,sohathereisonecessityfortheeparation,arisingfromconfusionorindis-tinctness.heruitfGilleniasxactlyhefruitofSpira,andthehabitoftheherbinoneisnotveryforeignromhatoftheother.hereisneverthelessomethingnherregularorolla,takennconjunctionwiththecampanulatecalyx.


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COMMONGILLENIA.3whichIthinkwouldpreventanyone,atfirstsight,fromconsideringheplantaSpiraea;ndwhichmayffordufficientroundorollowingheexamplefMcenchnconsideringt distinctgenus.

TheGilleniarifoliatarowsnwoods,nlightsoil,fromCanadatoFlorida.nhemari-timetateshaveotmetwithtnorthfheHudson.tsloweringtimeisnJuneanduly.Theenericharacter,whichistinguishesthisplantfrompiraea,issollows Calyxcam-pamdate,fiveoothed;orollarregular,etalslanceolate,ontractedearhelaws;apsulesfive,hespeciesrifoliatahastmate,lanceolate,serrateleaves,andstipuleswhichareminute,linea-lanceolatendnearlyntire.Classcosandria,rderFenlagynia.aturalordersSenticos,Lin . Bosace,Juss.Thislanthascommonlyanumheroftemsfromheameoot,whichreootortwoinheight,erect,slender,flexuous,smooth,commonlyofeddishinge,ndonsiderablybranched.Theleavesarealternate,trifoliate,withveryhortpetioles,furnishedwithsmalllanceolate,lightlytoothedtipulesthebase.eafetsvate,lan-ceolate,cuminate,harplyoothed,hepperonesftensingle. Thelowersrefewinnurn-


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14ILLENIATRIFOUATA.ber,cattered,erminal,odding,formingasortofpanicle,withlongpeduncles,occasionallyfur-nishedwithminuteanceolateractes.ulyxsubcampanulate,arubular,withheowerhalfnarrowest,theborderividedntoiveeflexedacuteeeth.etalsive,hewoppernesseparatedfromthethreelower,white,withared-dishtingentheed^eofheoutside,anceolate,unguiculate,contracted,andapproximatedatbase.Stamensahoutwentyinoubleeriesithin,thealyx.ermound,tylespproximated.Capsulesfive,notone,assomeauthorshavestated,diverging,blong,cuminate,ibbouswithout,sharpedgedwithin,twovalved,onecelled,oneortwoeeded;eedsoblong,correspondinginshapetohecapsule.

Therootfhisplantismuchbranchedandknotty.t consistsof oodyportion,investedwithathickbark,whichwhendrysbrittle,andverybittertothetaste.heredominant,solu-blengredientsinhisootppeartobeabitterextractivematter,ndesin.henoilednwater,itmpartstoitabeautiful,deeped,winecolour,andanintenselybittertaste.hisdecoc-tionundergoesohangeromalcoholorgela-tine,thoughitgives precipitatewithmuriateoftin.Waterdistilledfromtheroothasitspeculiar


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16ILLENIATRIFOUATA.equalarts,neofwhichtookveryfifteenminutes,onceivinghisufficientengthftimetollowfortheactionfeachdosenmystomach. Theirst dosetakenproducednomanifestffect. AtheexpirationoffifteenminutesItookaseconddose;aegreeofun-easinessasxperienced,ttended with somenausea,*athendofifteenminutesmoreswallowedahirddose,nauseaincreased,untilthe .convulsiveactionfmystomachtooklace.Theourthoseasowaken;considerableeffortsweremadetovomit,ndfinallyheon-tentsfmytomachwerehrownp,togetherwithprofusequantityofbile. Thedetermina-tionofloodomyhead,herequencyofmypulse,andeatofmysystemweremuchaug-mented. Inowdrankhalfapintofwarmwater;theactionofmystomachubsided,andhenau-seagraduallyworeoff. A portion ofthemedicine,Iasinducedoelieve,hadnsinuateditselfintohentestines,aswoopiousvacuationswereproducedwithinhepaceofhreeours.DuringthedayIeltmuchdebilitated,utm-putedthistothegeneraleffectofemetics.I wasthussatisfiedwithrespecttoitsefficacy

asanemeticuponanemptystomach.ut,beingstilldesirousofbecomingetteracquaintedwith


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COMMONGILLENIA.7itsparticularoperationaftereatinganusualmeal,Imade secondexperiment,onemonthafterthefirst.nhemorning,onehourafterIhadeatenaeartybreakfast,ookwentygrainsfhemedicine,individeddoses,snheformerx-periment.ttheexpirationof eryewmin-utesauseaommenced,hichontinuingoincrease,witheryfewffortsischargedhecontentsofmystomach.Theeffectsofthesecondtrialansweredexactlymyexpectations.

Someauthorshaveattributed tonicpowertotheGillenia,whendministerednmalldoses.Thatitpossessesuchapowerisrenderedrob-blebyitsbittertaste,andbytheact,hatmalldosesofpecacuanhaexert eneficialtimulusonhetomachnertainasesfdebilitynthatorgan.


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8ILLENIATRIFOLIATA.BOTANICALREFERENCES.

Gilleniarifoliata,MNCH,eth.uppl..86.NUTTALL,Genera,.307-Spirsearifoliata,LIN.ILLD.Sp.pi.ii.1063.CURTIS,Bot.Mag.t.489.MILLER,cones,56.MICHAUX,Flor.i.294.PuRSH,i.243.

MEDICALREFERENCES.SCHPF,80.B.S.BARTON,ColL26.DELAMOTTA,Inaugural

Dissertation.

PLATEXLI.Fig..Gilleniatrifoliata.Fig.2.Calyx.Fig.3.Apetal.Fig.4.Floweropened,shewingthesituationofthestamens.Fig..ermandstyles.Fig..tylesseparated.


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RHUSRADICALS.

PoisonIvy.

PLATEXLILJUTKEtheRhusvernLx,describednourirst

volume,thisplantisregardedwithavers ion ,nd to ofrequentlyfurnishescausetoberememberedbyersonsofsusceptibleonstitution,hon -warilybecomeexposedtoitspoisonousnfluence.Thegeneralrecognitionofitsdeleteriouscharac-tersvincednhepplicationftheamesPoisonine,oisonreeper,ndoisonvy,whicharegivenoitna llartsoftheUnitedStates .Thehusadicanssrettyommon

inhabitantoftheborder sofieldsndofwoodsinmostsoilswhichareno tverye t .tso d e ofrowthsuchikehatfheommon creeper,theAmplopsisquinquefoliaofMichaux; andikehatine,ndheuropeanvy,twoulddoubtlessbecultivatedfo rornament ,ere


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20HUSRADICANS.itarmlesssitisandsome. Astsnameimplies,thisvineascendsuponallobjectsintsneighbourhoodbymeansofstronglateralootingfibres,whichprojectingreatumbersromitssides,andattachthemselvesohebarkfreesandtheurfaceofstones. Theextremebranchesofthesefibresappearverytrongn proportiontoheirineness,andnsinuatehemselvesntotheminutestporesandrevices. Theadhesionofthevinetothebarkofreessrequentlyostrong,thatitcannotbetornoffwithoutbreaking,andIaveepeatedlyseenargetemsfheRhuscompletelyburied inthetrunksof oldtrees,thebarkhavinggrownoverandnvelopedthem. Thefibresarenalogousnheirtruc-turetofineoots,ndconsistof egularwoodandbark. Theyresometimesthrownutnsuchnumbersnallsides,soivetheineashaggy appearanceandconcealits bark. Ingeneral,owever,heyendoheshadyide,andareattractedowardopaqueobjects,urnish-inganexemplificationofMr.Knight'seautifulexplanationofmotioninendrils,which,byheirpropensitytovoidheightndpproachheshade, arc directedintocontactwithbodiescapableofyieldingthemupport.


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POISONVY. ITheizeoftheteminthisvineiscommonly

notmorehanannch.ometimes,however,inveryoldplants,tisfoundseveraltimesaslarge.Itssuallyompressednheidehichadherestotheupport.navourableituationsitscendsoheopsofheighestocksndtrees,ndsfteneenestoringoecayedtrunksheverdurewhichtheyhavelost.henitdoesnotmeetwithnelevatedprop,thelantbecomestuntedinitsgrowth,ismorebranched,andaffects spiralmodeofgrowth;rallsotheground,takesrootandrisesagain.

TheenusRhusslaced} rinnseusntheclassentandria,ndrderrigynia.hepresentpecies,owever,sioecious,actwhichslsoruefmostfheAmericanspeciesofRhuswhichavexamined.heRhoeselongoheinnseanaturalrderBumos,ndtothe TerebintceasofJussieu.

TheleavesofheRhusadicansreernate,andrownongemicylindricaletioles.Leafetsovateorhomboidal,cute,moothndshiningnothides,heeinsometimeslittlehairybeneath.hemarginsometimesentirendometimesariouslyoothedndlobed,nheameplant.heflowersaremallandgreenishwhite. Theyrownaniclesor


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gHUSRADICANS.compoundacemesnheidesfheewshoots,ndrehieflyxillary.hearrenflowershave calyxoffiveerect,acuteegments,andorollafiveblongecurvedetals.Stamensrectithblongnthers.nhecentresudimentftyle.Theertileflowers,ituatedonifferentlant,rebouthalftheizefhereceding.healyxndcorollareimilarbutmorerect.heyavefivemall,abortivetamensndaroundishgermsurmountedwithashort,recttyle,ndingnthreetigmas.heberriesareoundishndfapalegreencolour,approachingtowhite.

AplanthasongappearedinhePharmaco-poeiasnderheameofhusoxicodendron*Botanistsarenotagreedwhetherhisplantsseparatepeciesromhenenderonsidera-tion,orwhetherheyrearietiesofheame.LinnaeusmadethemdifferentwithhedistinctionofheeaveseingakedndntirenRhusradicans,whileheyreubescentndngularinhusoxicodendron.ichauxndursh,whosepportunitiesfbservationaveeenmoreextensive,considerhewosmereocalvarieties hileElliottndNuttalltilloldthemobedistinctpecies.monghelantswhichrowbundantlyroundBoston,ave


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POISONVY . 3frequentlybservedndividualhootsromhesametockhavingthecharactersofbothvarieties.IhavealsoobservedhatyounglantsofRhusradicansrequentlydonotputoutootingibresuntilheyreeveralearsld ,ndhatheyseem,inhisespect,oeonsiderablynflu-encedbyheontiguityfupportingbjects.

TheoodofhePoisonvysrittle,inegrainedandwhite,withayellowheartintheoldplants.Ifaleaforstemofhislantberokenff,

ayellowishmilkyuiceimmediatelyexudesfromthewoundedextremity.fterahortxposuretotheair,itbecomesof deepblackolournddoesnotagainchange.hisjuice,whenappliedtolinen,formsneofhemosterfectindsfindeliblenk.toesotaderomge.washing,rxposureonyfheommonchemicalgents.aveepeatedly,whennthecountry,markedmywristbandwithpotsfthisuice.hetainastirstaintndhardlyerceptible,utnifteeninutestbecameblack,ndaseverfterwardsradi-catedbywashing,butontinuedorowarkeraslongashelinenlasted.

Dr.ThomasHorsfield,inhisvaluableisser-tationnheAmericanspeciesofRhus,made


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34'HUSRADICANS.variousunsuccessfulexperimentswithiewo ,ascertainheatureofhisolouringrinciple,andthemeansofixingtntuffs.eoundthatthejuice,expressedfromthepoundedleaves,didnotroducetheblackcolour,andthattrongdecoctionsoftheplant,impregnatedwithvariouschemicalmordants,producednothingmorehanaullellow,rownishrawnolour.hereasonfhiss,hatheolouringrincipleresidesnotintheap,butinthesuccuspropriusoreculiaruicefhelant,hathisuiceexistsonlyinsmallquantity,andiswhollynsol-ubleinwater, ircumstancewhichontributestothepermanencyofitscolour,attheametimethatitrendersomeothermediumnecessaryoritsolution.

Withaviewtoascertaintheropermenstru-umforthisblackubstance,ubjecteditsclothtainedwitht,ohectionfariouschemicalagents.ater,atvariousemperaturesassistedbysoapandlkali,producedohangeinitscolour.lcohol,bothcoldandboiling,wasequallyineffectual.ortionofheloth,i-gestedseveralhoursncoldetherwithoccasionalagitation,asardlylterednppearance.Sulphuricacidreddenedhepots,utcarcelyrenderedthemfainter.Thefumesofoxymuriatic


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POISONVY. 5acidwhichbleachedvegetableleavesnditsfcalicointheamevessel,exertednoeffectonthiscolour.

Boilingthersheroperolventfhisjuice.pieceofinenpottedwithheRhuswasmmersedinethera n p lacedveramp.Asoonsheluidoiled,hepoteganogrowainter,andnewminutesaswhollydischarged,hethercquiringromtdarkcolour.heinentheameimeecametingedhroughoutwithalereyisholour,acquiredfromheolution.Thisnigrescentuice,inommonwithhatofheRhusernix,as,erhaps,laimsoeconsideredistinctroximaterinciplenvegetablechemistry.Theeavesndarkrestringentohetaste,whichqualityappearstoeccasionedygallicacidratherthantannin.heinfusionnddecoctionbecomeblacknhedditionofaltsofron,utiscoverardlynyensibilityoscelatin.Apoisonousualityxistsnheuicendeffluviumofhisplant,likethatwhichsoundinheRhusvernixalreadydescribed.tisaid,thatsomeotherpeciesofRhus,uchsRhuspumiiumandRhusyphinum,ossessheame

4


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26HUSRADICANS.propertyin greaterorlessdegree.hepoisonIvy,iowever,appearstobeessrequentlynju-riousthanthepoisonDogwood,andmanypersonscancomeincontactwiththeormerwithmpu-nity,whoaresoonaffectedbytheatter.avenever,nmyownperson,beenffectedyand-lingorchewingheRhusadicans,houghheRhusvernixhasoftenoccasionedaslighteruption.Indeed,theormerplantissocommonlyiffusedbyoad-sidesndearabitations,hattsllconsequencesmustbextremelyrequent,weremanyindividualsusceptibleoftspoison.

Thosepersonswhoareonstitutionallyiabletotheinfluenceofthispoison,experiencefromitatrainofymptomsverysimilartohosewhichresultfromexposureotheRhusvernix.heseconsistinitching,rednessandtumefactionoftheaffectedparts,particularlyoftheface ucceededbylisters,uppuration,ggravatedwelling,heat,pain,andfever.henhediseasesattsheight,hekinecomesoveredwithrust,andthewellingisogreatasinmanynstancestoclosetheeyesandalmostobliteratethefeaturesoftheface.heymptomsbegininafewhoursaftertheexposure,andarecommonlyattheheightonheourthorifthay;fterwhich,esqua-mationbeginsotakeplace,andheistress,nmostinstances,todiminish.


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POISONVY .7Sometimesheruptionsesseneral,nd

confinestselftohepartwhichhasbeenexposedtocontactwithheoison.entleman,withwhom wasnompany,markediswristbandwithhefreshuice,oobserveheffectofhecolour.henextdayhisarmwasoveredwithaneruptionfromthewristohehoulder,utthediseasedidnotextendfurther.tsometimeshappenshattheeruptioncontinuesor ongertimethanthatwhichhasbeenstated,andthatonesetofvesicationssucceedsanother,soastoprotractthediseasebeyondthesualeriodofecovery.

Theymptomsofhismalady,houghftenhighlydistressing,arerarelyatal.aveev-erthelesseenoldfasesnhicheathappearedoeheonsequenceofhispoison.

TheiseaseroughtnyheiffrentspeciesofRhusappearstobeofnerysipelatousnature.tisobetreatedbythemeanswhichresistinflammation,uchsest,owiet,ndevacuations.urgingwithheeutralaltsspeculiarlyseful,ndnheaseflethoricconstitutions,rwhereheeverndrterialexcitementareverygreat,blood-lettinghaseenfoundofservice.Theextremerritabilityndurningensa-tionmaybereatlymitigatedypium. Cold


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28HUSRADICALS.applications,intheformofceorcoldwater,restronglyrecommendedbyDr.Horseficldnistreatise,andwhenperseveredn,theyppearoexertaremarkablybeneficialeffect.heacetateofeadserhapsssefulsnyxternalpalliative,andtshouldbeusedinolutionratherthannheointment,hattmayeppliedscoldsossible.heateDr.Bartonpeakshighlyof aolutionofcorrosiveublimatexter-nallyappliedinhisisease,utromrialsfthewoemediesmadetheameimendinthesamepatient,aveoundheeadhemorebeneficialofthetwo.

ApersonwhohaseennontactwithheKhusandfindsimselfpoisoned,houldmme-diatelyexaminehishands,clothes,$c.oeeftherearenospotsofheuiceadheringoim.These,ifpresent,houldberemoved,astheywillotherwiseervetoeeppndxtendheis-order.romantfhisrecaution,hediseaseisrequentlytransferredromhehandstodifferentpartsofhebody,ndikewiseeptupforalongerimehanfhecauseadeenearlyremoved.swashingdoesotradicatethetainsofhisveryadhesivejuice,itisbesttorubhemffwithomeabsorbentpowder.


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POISONVY .DThehusadicansaseendministered

internallynertainiseasesyewracti-tionersinEuropeandAmerica.r.lorsefield,ineveralnstances,dministeredtronginfusionnheoseofbouteacupulloconsumptivendnasarcousatients.tp-pearedtoactsnmmediatetimulantohestomach,roducingomeneasinessnhatorgan,lsopromotingerspirationndiuresis.SomepractitionersntheMiddleStates,eretoldbytheameuthor,avexhibitedtwithsupposedbenefitinpulmonaryonsumption.Frenchhysician,uresnoy,aseportedsevencasesofobstinateherpeticeruption,whichwereuredyhereparationsfhislant.Hisattentionwasdrawntotheubjectbyfindingthatoungmanhoadartreponiswristofixyears'tanding,asuredftyaccidentallybecomingpoisonedwithhislant.Theamephysicianadministeredhextractnseveralcasesofpalsy,fourofwhich,heays,werecuredbyit.

Dr.Alderson,ofHull,inEngland,aveheRhusoxicodendronndosesofhalf grain,oragrainhreeimes ay,neveralasesfparalysis ndtates,hatllhispatientsecov-ered,toacertaindegree,heseofheirimbs.


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3ttHUSRADICANS.Theirstymptomfmendmentwasnn-pleasantfeelingofpricklingorwitchingnheparalyticimbs.r.uncan,uthorfheEdinburghDispensatory,tates,hateiadgivenitinlargerdoseswithoutxperiencinghesamesuccess,althoughhehinkstotnactiveas medicine.

Mywnpinions,hathelantnderconsiderationsooncertainndazardousobeemployedinmedicine,orkeptinapothecaries*shops.tisrue,thatnotmorehanonepersonintenisprobablyusceptibleofpoisonromt.Yet,evenhischance,smallasitis ,houldeterusfromemployingit.nersonsotonstitu-tionallysusceptibleofheeruptiveisease,tsprobablyannertmedicine,iuceeindhatDuresnoy'satientsometimesarriedhedosesighsnunceofhextract,hreetimesaday,withoutperceivinganyeffectfromit.Itistruethattheexternalpplicationofhe

RhusradicansandRhusvernixwould,inertaincases,ffordmoreiolentxternaltimulus,thananymedicinalsubstancewithwhichwereacquainted.utsincetisneithercertainntseffect,normanageableinitsextent,herospectofbenefit,evenindiseasesikepalsyandmania,isnotsufficientoustifyheiskofgreatvil.


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POISONVY.1BOTANICALREFERENCES.

Rhusadicans,WILLD.p.i..481.ELLIOTT,.Rhustoxicodendron,&c.MICHAUX,Flor.i.83.PURSH,.05.Toxi-codendronrectum&c.DILLENIUS,Elth.t.291.MEDICALREFERENCES.

DuFRESNOY,quotedinAnnalsofMedicine,v.82.v.483.Med.andPhys.Journal,.308.vi.73.x.486.DUNCAN,Dis-pens.294HORSEFIELD,Dissertation,Philad.1T98.

PLATEXLII.Fig.1.Uhusradicans,th ebarrenplantinflower,Fig.2.Fruit.Fig.3.Barrenfloicer.Fig.4.Fertilefloicer.Fig.5.Fetal.Fig.6.Stamensandrudimentofastyleinth ebarren flower.Fig.7.erm,styleandabortivestamensinth e fertile flower.


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/% X/.f//

3


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WAXMYRTLE.3ThegenusMyricabelongstotheclassLivedo,

andorderTetrandria.tislsoankedmongtheJlmentaceofLinnaeusandJussieu.Thegenericharacteronsistsnnmbri-

catedament;hecalesithout orolla;hebarrenflowerscontainingfouranthers,thefertileoneswotyles.ruit,neeeded,Thepe-cificcharacter,asgivenbyMichaux,isasfollows.leaveswedge-lanceolate,withafewserraturesattop;arrenamentsace;ruitpherical,aked,distinct.

TheWaxmyrtlesoundearingruitteverysize,fromtheheightofneoot,osixreight.nLouisiana,tisaidtogrowowelvefeet.hetopsmuchranched,ndoveredwithrayishark.heeavesreedge-lanceolate,aryingnwidth,ometimesntire,butmorefrequentlyoothed,articularlyowardtheend.heyareomewhatpubescent,ittlepalerbeneath,andgenerallywisted,revoluteinheirmodeof growth.heyareinsertednascatteredmannerbyshortpetioles.helowersappearnMayeforeheeavesreullyx-panded.hebarrenonesgrowincatkins,whichareessile,rect,boutalfnnchrhreequarterslong;riginatingfromheidesofhelastyear'swigs.veryflowersormedy

5


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34YRICACERFERA.concavehomboidalcale,ontaininghreerfourairsfoundishnthersnranchedfootstalk.hefertileflowers,whichrowndifferentshrub,areesshanhalftheizeofhebarrennes,andconsistofnarrowercales,witheachnovategerm,andtwofiliformtyles.

Totheseanientucceedlustersrggre-gationsofsmallglobularfruitsresemblingberries,whichareatfirstgreen,butfinallybecomenearlywhite.heyonsistof hardstoneinclosingadicotyledonouskernel.histoneistuddedonitsutsidewithmallblackrainsesemblingfineun-powder,verwhichsrustofdrywhiteax,ittedoherainsndivinghesurfacefheruit ranulatedppearance.Botanicallypeaking,hisruitaseenm-properlycalledaberry,and drupe;incetsalwaysdryandneverinvestedwithuticle,ranythingbutthegrainsandwax.EveryyoungartofheWaxmyrtleasfragrant,balsamicsmell,whichtommunicatestoheingerswhenubbedyhem.lysappearsobederivedfromesinousxudation,whichmaybeseeninminuteointsof righttransparentellow,overingheounghootsandunderurfaceofheeaves.ntheerriesthisresinousubstanceswithinthewax.


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WAXMYRTLE.5ThebarkndeavesofheMyrieaerfera

containalliccid,annin,esin,ndmallquantityfmucilage,whichremanifestedytheirusualtests.

ThewaxoftheMyrieasbtainedorom-monpurposesyoilingargequantitiesfheberriesnettleswithwaternoughooverthemtotheepthofeveralnches.heer-ries,whichfloatatfirst,graduallysubsideohebottomwhenhewaxismeltedff,whichattersubstanceloatsnheurface.henheboilinghasbeencontinuedlongenoughtoivesttheerriesfmostofheirax,heiquidssufferedtocool,andthewaxconcretesonthetop.Itispurifiedbymeltingitanew,andisthencastintomasses.Inthistatetsof reenishgrayolour,withaconsistencewhichisntermediatebetweenthatofbeeswaxandtallow,beingbrittleandnotremarkableordhesivenessrnctuosity.tburnswithawhiteflame,whichislessvividthanthatoftalloworwhaleil .

ThehemicalropertiesfhiswaxavebeenexaminedbyM.Cadet,inrance,ndDr.Bostock,inEngland.romheirxperiments,welearnthatwaterasnoactionnheMyrtlewax,cithercoldorattheboilingheat. Dr*


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36TBICACERFERA.Bostockinformsushatlcohol,therdinarytemperaturefhetmosphere,asoctionuponit;utonehundredpartsbyweightofhefluid,whenoiling,issolveboutiveartsfthewax.boutourifthsofthissepositedbycooling,andtherestislowlyepositednfewdays,ormayerecipitatedywater.fthemassofwax,acertainportionemainsnsol-ubleinalcohol.

Sulphuricther,ccordingor.ostock,dissolvesutittlefheax,whenold,utactspontapidly,whenoiling,akingpsomewhatorehanneuarterftswnweight.ponevaporation,thewaxsepositedinrystallineramellatedorm,tsextureresemblinghatofpermaceti.Rectifiedilfturpentine,whenassistedbyheat,dissolvesaboutsixpercentoftsownweight,mostofwhichsdepositednooling.Pureotash,nater,rendershewaxcolourlessbyoiling,ndormsasoapwithasmallpart,whichmayeecom-posedbyanacid,andaffordshewaxnearlyn-changed.Theulphuriccid,ssistedyeat,dissolvesaboutnetwelfthofitsownweight,andformsadarkbrownmass.Thenitricandmuriaticacidsexert\evylittleactionuponit.Dr.BostockconsidersheMyrtlewaxtobeixedegetableoil,renderedconcretebyoxygen.


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38YRICACERFERA.Therendoubtedlyxists,nheerriesf

thishrub,somenterestingonstituentsesidethewaxandnsolubleor t ions ,sheollowingresultswillshow.faterbedistilledfromthefreshberries,itacquires lightear lyppear-anceandafinearomaticdourndaste.hisindicateshepresenceofavolatileoil,thoughhaveoter formedhexperimentufficientlyinthelargewaytoobtainanyo ilepara t e .hedecoctionremaininginther e t o r tgivesroo fsfgallicacid.

Whenthewax,inaepara teta te ,soiledinalcohol ,aport ionisdissolved,whichsmostlydepositednooling,eavingheluidlear.Butifa lcoho lbeboiledponheerriesillstrongolutionsormed ,to esotivedepositnooling,uttheolutionoagulatesintoasoftsolidandremainsafterwardsunaltered.Thiscoagulumseadilyolublenoldether,andmeltswhenexposedtoeat .ftheerriesbeboiledinateruntilheaxsmeltednd principallyetached,heemainingar t stillgive oagulatingolutionithlcohol.Thetincturead ebyigestingoldlcoholnhebruisederriessonsiderablyo loured ,nd becomesurbidnhedditionfater ,utwhethertheresinoussubstancethusrecipitated


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WAXMYRTLE.9isheamenmalluantity,whichroducesthecoagulationn argene motre-paredtosay.Itppears,hen,hatherexistsnheberriesofheMyricapeculiarvegetablerin-

ciple,bearingnearlythesamerelationtolcohol,astarchandgelatinotowater.havenotyetobtaineditin separatetate,ndannothere-foregiveanydditionalharacteristicsohosewhichhavebeenalreadystated.

TheMyrtleaxssefulormanyfhepurposesorwhicheesaxndallowreemployed,articularlyorandles.turnswithaclearflame,thoughlessividthanhatfcommonil ,andemitsonsiderableragrance.Itwasformerlymuchndemandsnngredi-entinaspeciesofblackingball,towhichitcom-municatedaemporaryustrendowerofe-pellingwater.tasccasionallyeensedinpharmacyinvariouscompositionsntendedforexternaluse,andismildorstimulatingaccordingasitsmoreressurendreedromhecolouringmatter.InomepartsofEuropelantationsofhisshrubhavebeenaisedwith iewoherofittoeerivedromheax.nhisountry,wherethehrubbounds,heerriesreften


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40RICAEIIFEUA.neglected,theircollectionndheeparationfthewaxeingdeemedtooaboriousoompen-satetherouble.InDr.Thatcher'sDispensatory,weren-formed,onheuthorityofDr.Mann,hathebarkoftherootofheMyricacerferasmetic.Withaviewtoexaminingthoroughlytsmedici-nalproperties,Dr.S.L.Dana,n818,madettheubjectfnnauguralissertation.efoundthatthepowderedbarkwascridnds-tringent,butdidnotappeartopossessnytherqualitieshanerettributableohosewo.Moderatedosesofhepowderanddecoctionpro-ducednoeffectonthetomachorbowels.argedoses,forinstancetwocruples,werewallowedwithdifficultyonaccountofheircrimony,ndoccasionedeatndauseathetomach.Largerdoses,of drachm,producedaowerfulburningensationndomiting.ostivenessgenerallyfollowedtheuseofthismedicine.hepowder,whensnuffedptheose,rovedpow-erfullyternutatory,ndwhenppliedohefungousgranulationsofnulceratedeg,tro-ducedsomuchpainsompelledheatientowashito f f .AVemayhenconsiderthebarkoftheMyricaasnacridtimulantndstringent. Thatt


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WAXMYRTLE. 1sometimesprovesemetic,inargeoses,istobeexplainedinheameaysheperationfmustardndorse-radish,whichomefheolderhysiciansmployedsmetics.henthetomachisburdenedwithnndueuantityofstimulus,itnaturallytendstoelievetselfbyvomiting.

Onthewhole,wereosteemheMyrieacerferaasmorenterestingin chemical,thanmedicalointofiew.heleasantromafthewaterdistilledfromtheerries,ndhep-plicationofheaxoomeurposesfphar-macy,arell ,thathishrubtresentffers,muchdeservingtheattentionofphysicians.

BOTANICALREFERENCES.Myrieacerfera,WILLD,v.745.MICHAUX,i.27.PURSH,ii.620.Myrtusoliisanceolatis,&c.GRONOVIUS,55.Myrtus

brabantieseimilis,&c.CATESBY,.3?

MEDICALANDCHEMICALREFERENCES.CADET,ranslatednicholson'sournal,vo.ol.v.1ST.

BOSTOCK,inditto,129.KALM,Travels,,129.DANA,nSillinian'sJournal,vol.i.HACHER,Disp.288.a


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42YRICACERFERA.PLATEXLIII.

Fig..Myricacerfera,withfruitnotfullyripe.Fig.2.3arrenbranchinflower*Fig.5.Fertiledittoinflower.Fig.4.Abarren flower.Fig.5.7esamewithth escaleturneddown,shewingheode

ofgrowthofth eanthers.Fig.6.Fertileflower.Fig.7 .Fruitsomewhatmagnified.


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JUNIPERUSCOMMUNIS.

CommonJuniper.PLATEXLIV*

HEprostratevarietyofthecommonJuniperisopeculiarinitsmodeofgrowth,hattassomeclaimsoeonsideredistinctpecies.Oncomparingit,however,withEuropeanpeci-mens,Ifindtheimilaritysogreat,thatIdonotseeufficientgroundsforseparatingit,especiallyashereare,inEurope,severalarietiesnizeandmodeofgrowth,whicharenotrecognizedsseparatepecies.hevariety,whichishenlyoneIhavemetwithntheNorthernStates^slargerailinghrub,ontinuallyhrowingutrootsromtsranches,ndpreadingnlldirectionsuntiltormseds,whichremanyrodsncircumference.nhiswayitontinuestodvanceutward,upportingtselfyewrootsevenaftertheoriginaltrunks,atthecentre,

*Verybeautifuldrawings,fromhichhisndheollowingplateareengraved,weresentmeyadynHampshireounty.


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44UNIPERUSCOMMUNIS.aredeadanddecayed.tseldomrisesmorethantwoorthreefeetfromheground.TheenusuniperuselongsohelassDicia,rderMonadelphia,ndaturalrderConiferasofLinnseusandussieu.tsistin-guishedynvatementithpeltatecales,which,inth ebarrenflowers,arewhorledinthrees,with fromwoto fouranthers;nth efertileonesopposite.erryhreeeeded.InheommonJuniper,heleavesremate,spreading,ucro-nate,argerhanheberry.

TheJuniperiswithusalways hrub,everrisinginto tree.hetipsofhebranchesresmoothandangular.heleavesgrownhreesandarelinear-acerose,sharplymucronate,shininggreennheirowerurface,utwithroadglaucousinehroughheentreofhepper.Theseleaves,however,arealwaysresupinate,andturnheirpperurfaceowardheround.Thebarrenflowersgrownmallaxillaryaments,withoundish,cute,tipitatecales,nclosingseveralanthers.hefertileflowers,growingnaseparateshrub,haveasmall,threepartedcalyxgrowingtothegerm;andthreestyles.hefruitisleshy,oundish,blongerry,farkpurplishcolour,formedofheermndonflu-entcalyx,markedwiththreeprominences or


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COMMONUNIPER.5vesiclesattop,ndontaininghreeeeds.trequireswoseasonsorrivetmaturityromtheflower.TheleavesoftheJuniperhavetrongndratherunpleasanttaste,withaittlestringency.Thepeculiarjuiceofhebarkappearstoconsistofresinandvolatileoil.umSandarach,whichfurnishesthematerialofpounce,isobtainedfromtheuropeanuniper,romhichtxudesspontaneouslythroughcrevicesnderforationsinthebark.

Thepartprincipallyusedinmedicinesheberries.heseavetrongeculiaraste,accompaniedwithconsiderableweetness.henlongchewed,theyleavenmpressionofbitter-ness.heweetnessppearsoesidenhepulp,thebitternessintheeeds,ornheirm-mediateinvestment,andheromaticlavourntheessentialoil.r.Lewisobserves,hatinc-tures,madewithheseerries,ifferccordingastheyarereparedwithheerriesntirerbruised.

Whenof goodqualitytheseberriesyield,indistillation,largeuantityofungent,olatileoilof peculiarflavour,thesamewhichtom-municatesoin.heedicinalowers,orwhichthisarticleisemployed,maybeconsideredasresidinginthisil.


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46UNIPEHTJSOMMUNIS .Theerriesfheuniperaveongbeen

employedforthepurposesof diuretic,articu-larlyindropsy.anyoftheolderwriters,whosenamesrefhighuthoritynmedicine,avegivenavorableeportsfheperationofhismedicineinhydropiccases.thasbeenusednsubstance,nnfusion,ndinvariousompoundmedicines.Theeffectsofitsmostpopularprepara-tion,thatofnardentpirit,areooniversallyknowntorequireparticularelucidation.naddi-tionohepecificffectfhessentialil,somehysiciansavettributedirtuesoherob,orinspissateddecoctionoftheberries.off-manfounditofgreatuseindebilityofthestomachandintestines,articularlynldeople.hestrongerpreparationshavebeenoundsefulnuterineobstructions,andinparalyticaffectionsfthevesicaurinaria.

Linnseusinformsus,inisFloraLapponica,thatafermente*ddecoctionfuniperberriessusedinSwedens commondrink,but hedeniestheinfusioneingubstitutedforteaandoffee,asomewritershavetated,inLapland.ood-villendthersaveisquotedimnhispoint.TheAmericanJuniperherriesreonsidera-blynferiortotheEuropeannstrengthnd


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COMMONUNIPER.7flavour.heestofheatterreaidoefromtaly.utfhemportedpecimens,whichIhavexaminedtheruggists'hopsinthiscountry,veryfewpossessnyemainsftheriginaltrength,nduchhereaterportionfhemppearoavendergonetleastonedistillation,beforetheirexportationfromEurope.hebestJuniperberrieshave strongimpregnationofvolatileil,which,avingeenonceasted,annoteasilymistaken.hosewhichhavebeensubjectedtoistillationredryandtasteless.

BOTANICALBEFERENCES.Juniperuscommunis,LINN.MITH,Flor.Brit. iii.1085.Engl.

Bot.U1100.WOODVILLE,i.t.5.MICHAUX,i.245.PURSH,ii;646.BLACKWELL,.87.

MEDICALREFERENCES.MURRAY,App.Med.i.54.EWIS,Disp.240.LINN^US,Flor

Lapp. 76OODVILLE,ntsupra.


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48UNIPEliUSCOMMUNIS.PLATEXLIV.

Fig..lbranchofJuniperuscommunisinfruit.Fig.2.5barrentwiginflower.Fig.S.Barrenament.Fig.4.Scaleofanthersofth esame.Fig.5.Fertileflower.


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I>.JTLl


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REDCEDAR.1fromheround,ivingffanyorizontalbranches.tsurfacesgenerallynequal,nddisfiguredbyknots,andherevicesndrotu-berancestheyoccasion.hemalltwigsarecoveredwithminute,denselyimbricatedleaves,whichcontinuetoincreaseinizeashebranchrows,tillheyrebrokenupandconfoundedwithheroughbark.heseeavesrefleshy,ovate,con-cave,rigidlyacute,markedwithasmalldepressedglandonthemiddleofheirouteride,rowinginpairs,whichareunitedtbaseoachther,andtothepairsboveandbelowthem.heydonotltertheirsituation,butcontinueoppositetilltheyrebliteratedbyage.ingulararietysometimesappearsintheyoungshoots,especiallythosewhichissuefromthebaseofthetrees.hisconsistsinanelongationofheleavesoiversixtimesheirusualength,whileheyecomespreading,acerse,considerablyremotefromeachother,ndrregularnheirnsertion,eingeitheroppositeorternate.hesehootsreodissimilarohearentreehatheyaverepeatedlyeenistakenorndividualsfdifferentpecies.Thearrenlowersrownsmalloblongments,ormedyeltatecaleswithhenthersoncealedwithinhem.hefertile flowers have aproper perianth,which


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52UNIPERUSVIRGINIANA.coalesceswiththegermandforms smallround-ishberry,withwoorthreeeeds,coveredontsoutersurfacewithabrightbluepowder.TheleavesofheKededaravetrongdisagreeableaste,ithomeungencyndbitterness.hepeculiartasteanddoureside,nooubt,nolatileil,which,owever,snoteadilyeparatedbyistillationsnmallway.hetinctureecomesurbidwhenwaterisadded,anderymuchoifufferedotandadayortwo.heresenceofanninsevel-opedbytheadmixtureofdissolvedisinglass,withadecoctionofthebarkandleaves.

TheotanicalimilarityfhisreeoheSavin,whichisanEuropeanhrub,aslreadybeenmentioned.ntheirsensibleandmedicinalproperties,heyareequallyallied.heastefthetwopeciessnearlyheame,xcepthattheedareavesrehemoreauseousofhetwo.stheAmericantreeisfrequentlyknownthroughoutthecountrybythenameof Savin,ourapothecarieshavebeenledoresumepontsidentitywiththatmedicine,andithasongeenusednaseswhereherueavinsecom-mended.tsmostfrequentuse,owever,snthecompositionofthecerateemployedforkeep-ingupherritationnddischargeflisters.


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REDCEDAR.3Thisreparationsheameithheavincerate,sednEurope,heeavesfheiedcedareingubstitutedorhoseftheSavin.Whenroperlyreparedyoilinghereshleavesforashorttimeinabouttwicetheirweightoflardwiththeadditionof littlewax,erateisormedfeculiarfficacyserpetualepispastic.henppliedsressingonewlyvesicatedsurface,andfterwardsepeatedtwiceaday,tarelyailsoeeppheis-chargefornndefiniteengthofime.nderitsoperation,thedischargeusuallyhangesromaseroustoapuriformappearance,ndoncretesuponthesurface othattequiresoee-movedfromtimetotime,toadmitthefullctionofthecerate.

InternallytheleavesoftheJuniperusVirgin-ianahavebeenfoundtoexerteffectsveryimilartothoseofheSavin.heyhaverovedsefulasnemmenagogue,andaseneraltimulantanddiaphoreticnrheumatism.heyhavelsohadsomereputationasadiureticindropsy.

ThewoodoftheBedcedarsmooth,ight,anderyurable.tslburnumswhite,uttheheartwoodofabeautifuledcolour whenceitsnameisderived.tsrincipallymployedforpostsnences,nwhichapacitytproves


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MENYANTHESTRIFOUATA.

BuckBeanPLATEXLVI.

IHEBuckbeanrMarshrefoilsnefthoselantshichreativenuropend NorthAmerica,withsolittleifferenceoftruc-ture ,nhewoontinents,ha theirpecificidentityanardlyeoubted .av ecom-paredspecimensofhenative ,andforeignlant ,withoutbeingabletoperceiveheeastefinable difference ,exceptnize;hemericaneingsmaller.et,fedmithetatementsfbotanicalwriters ,theplantf lowersinEnglandtleastmonthaterhantoesnheeigh-bourhoodofBoston,acircumstanceno tsualnotherspeciesofvegetables.

Themostspongyandboggysoils,hichre inundatedtertaineasons,ndeverhollydestituteofwater ,arethefavoritesituationsoftheMenyanthestrifoliata. Itoftenconstitutesarge


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56ENYANTHESTRIFOLIATA.bedsatthemarginofpondsndrooks.tscommoninNewEngland,ndrows,ccordingtoPursh,sarsouthasVirginia.ThegenusMenyanthesastsorollaairyonhepperide;tigmaifid;apsulenecelled,woolved.hepeciesnheresentarticleisamedromtsmateeaves.lassPentandria.rdertMonogynia.aturalrdersRotceas,Lin. Geniian,Juss.Therootofthisplantpenetrateshorizontallyinthebog-earthtoagreatdistance.tsegu-larlyntersectedwithointstheistancefabouthalfaninchromachther,heseointsbeingformedbyhebreakingoffofhelde-tiolesandtheirsheaths.heleavesproceedfromtheendoftherootonlongtalksurnishedwithbroadsheathingstipulesatase.heyreri-foliate,earlyval,labrous,omewhatleshy,andlightlypand,rurnishedithanyirregularitiesathedge,whichardlyreventthemromeingentire.hecapesound,ascendingandsmooth,bearing onicalacemeoflowers.edunclestraight,cattered,up-portedyvateoncaveractes.alyxrect,subcampanulate,ivearted,persistent.orollafunnelhaped,heubehort,heorderivecleft,preadingandatlengthrevolute,clothedon


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BUCKBBAN.7thepperar tit h oatingofdense,leshy,obtusefibres.hecolour ,inhemericana-riety,isgenerallywhite,withatingeofred ,ar-ticularlynheutside .t amensive,hor ter thanthecorolla,andalternatewithit ssegmentstheanthersblong-arrowhaped .ermvate;stylecylindrical,persistent,aslongasthecorol la;stigmaifid,ompressed.apsulevate ,wo va lved ,neelled.eedsumerous,inute,attachedtotwola teralreceptacles.InNewEnglandthisplantflowersbouthe middleofMay .

Thewholeplantandparticularlytheo o thasanntenselybittertaste ,hardlyexceededbyha tofGentianandColumbo.hisbitternessresideschieflyinanextractiveat ter ,olublena ter andpirit.her oo ts,owever ,esinousnd impregnateslcoholo retronglyhanater ,andmaybeprecipitatedfromitstincture,inpart ,bytheat terfluid. Theo o tfhisegetablesndoubtedlyentitledtoahighplaceinheistoftonics.nEuropethaslongbeendmittedo lacen theMater iaMedica,ndaseceivedheom-mendationsofvarioushysicians.heniveninsmalldoses,abouttengrains ,itimpartsvigourtohetomachndtrengthensigestion.ts

8


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BUCKBEAN. 9re la tedinitsbotanica lhabit,sellsensiblepropert ies .

Weayegardhislantsnefhenumerousegetableittersboundingnur country ,hichreullyqualntrengtho importedarticlesoftheirlass,ndwhichmayhereafteressenurpendancenoreigndrugs.Linnseus ,inhisFloraLapponica ,informss,thatintimesofscarcity,sheepwillubsistpon thislant ,otwithstandingtsitterness.heLaplandersemployitasasubstituteo ropso preventcescencynheireer .heyvenin troduceitinomenstancesn toheirr ead ,uponwhichLinnseusbestowsthepithet,ama-ra setdetestabilis.

BOTANICALREFERENCES.Menyanthestrifoliate,LINN.Sp.pLDER.FloraDan..41.URTIS,lor.ond...7.WOODVILLE,ed.ot..2.SMITH,Engl. Bot.t.495.MICHAUX,Flora,i.25.URSH,.159.Menyanthespalustreriphyllum,RAY.yn.85.Trifoliumalu-

dosum,GERARD,em.1194.

MEDICALREFERENCES.MURRAY,Apparatusmed.ii.53.LINN-US,Fl.ap.0.HAL-

LER,Hist.Stirp.Helv.633.CULLEN,Mat.Med.ii.53.HOMFSON,Lond.Disp.256.


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60ENYANTHESTRIFOLIATA.PLATEXLVI.Fig.1 .Menyanthestrifoliata,Fig.2.alyx.Fig.3.Petal.Fig.4.tamen.Fig.5.tyle.

Fig.6.Fruit.


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//f/// ///f/////.i /'////?>.>SA J


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RANUNCULUSBULBOSUS.

BulbousCrowfoot.PLATEXLVII.

JLTsaremarkableacthatreatortionoftheweeds,whicharemosttroublesomenheUnitedStates,refEuropeanrigin,avingintroducedthemselvesincethediscoveryofth.scountry.omeofheseemigrantsaveettledinourgrazingndmowingands,uchsheRanunculusulbosus,crisndepens,ndis-criminatelyalleduttercups,rowfoot,nd Yelloweed;heChrysanthemumeucanthe-mum,orWhiteweed;heRumexcetosella,rSorrel;heHypericumperforatum,orSt.ohn'swort,c.nurornfieldsndardensrequarteredtheCouchgrass,Triticumrepens hedifferentspeciesofoosefootorPigeed,he-nopodium heBock,umexrispus,> * c .;heCharlockrWildadish,aphanusRaphanis-trum;Burdock,Arctiumlappa,c. Someave


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BULBOUSCROWFOOT.3Thenectary ,theneverfailingconcomi tantofthisgenus,sasmallcavityatthensideofthelaw ofeachetal ,generallyov er edbyflatcale,sometimesurroundedwithaoncaverim,nd a to ther snclosedinashor tcylinder.ubtle andiolentcrimony,nhichheedicalpropertiesseemtodepend ,soundnos t ,fnotinall,ofthespecies.Thepeciesulbosusasompoundeaves,anerectmanyfloweredstem,afurrowedpeduncle,reflexedcalyx,andbulbousroot.tgrowsen-erally indrypastures,mowingl andsandroadsides,floweringabundantlyinMayandtheirstparto fJune,fterwhichtiveslaceotsquallyabundantsuccessors,R.acrisandrepens,hich,however ,enerallyrefero reoistoil.Thesehreepecies,avinglowersfsimilarsizeandappearance ,arendiscriminatelynown byheamefuttercups.heiristinctionaffordsapleasingnstanceofdifferentombina-tionsoffeatures ,formingseparatecharacterso r similarplants.heB.bulbosushas urrowed flower-stalkndeflexedalyx;.epensfurrowedlower-stalkndpreadingalyx,nd B.cris oundlower-stalkndpreadingcalyx.


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4ANNCULUSBULBOSUS.Amoreparticulardescriptionoftheplantn

ouriguressol lows.ootleshy,olid 3roundish,epressed,endingutadiclesrom itsnderide.nutumntivesffa tera lbulbseartsop,hichffordlantso rhenextear ,hileheldo o tecays.temsseveral,rect,ound ,airy,ranching.ootleavesnongetioles,e rna t e ,ometimesqunate;hesegmentsariouslyut,obednd toothed airy.temleavessessile,t e rna te ,heupperonesmoresimple.lowerseveralnstem,soli tary,ofabrightglossyyellow.edun-clesurrowed ,ngular,airy.alyxeavesoblong ,airy,entackgainstheeduncle.Petalsfive,inverselyheartshaped heectarya tthela wcove r edwithamalledge-shapedemarginatecale.tamensumerous,ellow,withblongrectnthers.ermsumerouswitheflexedtigmas.ruit phericalead composedofacute ,naked ,ivergingeedsithrecurvedpoints.

Theroo t sofRanunculusbulbosusppearo consistrincipallyoflbumenntermixedithligneousibres.fther oo themacera tedincoldwater ,tgivesasolutionofthissubstance,whichcoagulatesnlocksnhepplicationofheat;andndergoestheamerocesslowlynhe


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BULBOUSROWFOOT.5admixtureoflcohol. Butthemostnterestingconstituentinhis,andinmosttherpecies,stheacridprinciplewhichpervadesveryartftheplantinitsgreentate. LikehecrimonyofheArum,itisvolatile,anddisappearsndry-ing,oruponhepplicationofheat. Itiffers,however,innoteingestroyedy moderateheat,andinbeingfullyreservednistillation.IhaveubjectedvariousspeciesfRanunculustothisexperiment,andalwaysfoundthedistilledwateropossess atrongcrimony;whilehedecoctionandportionsofheplantremainingntheretortwerewhollyestituteofhisproperty.Thisdistilledwater,whenirstakenintohemouth,excitednoparticularffect; butfteraewecondsasharp,tingingsensationwasalways produced. When swallowed, a greatsenseofheattookplaceinthetomach. Ire-servedsomeofhewaterdistilledfromeavesfRanunculusepens,forseveralmonthsnalosestoppedphial uringwhichimeitetainedtsacrimonyundiminished. Inwintertimetfroze,andnhawinghadostthisproperty. Tilebein,asquotedbyDr.Pulteney,insomeexperimentsonhisgenusofplants,foundthatwaterdistilledfromR.celeratus,nooling,epositedsmallcrystals,whichwerehardlyolublennymen-


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GOANUNCULUSBULBOSUS.struum,andwereofnnflammableature.haveotmetwithnppearanceofhisindTheistilledwater,owever,adubstancedissolvedinufficientquantitytoyield radualprecipitatewithomereagents,uchsmuriateoftinandcetateofead.hetrengthofhedistilledatersmpairedyontinuingheoperationooong.hecrimonyofhelantisexpendedinaveryhortimetheoilingheat,andaarthercontinuanceofhedistillationbringsoveronlywater.

SincetheimeofDioscoridesJVoieA.]heacridandstimulatingpropertiesoftheRanunculihavebeenwellnown.hiscrimonyesidesinallthepecies,withthexceptionofR .uri-comus,whichisaidobemild,andperhapswoorthreeothers.tisopowerfulhattpeed-ilyinflamesororrodesheipsndongue,fkeptnontactwithhem.nheostrilstactss violentsternutatory,andifwallowedinconsiderableuantity,tringsnreatain,heatandnflammationofhetomach,ndhasevenoccasionedconvulsionsanddeath.

BeforehentroductionofCantharidessvesicatory,differentpeciesofRanunculuswereusedponhekin,sxternaltimulants.Theirpowerofoccasioningerosionandulceration


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BULBOUSCROWFOOT.7appearsoaveeennownohencients.Differentmedicalwritershavegivenccountsftheirmodeofoperation;butthemostxtensivehistoryndnvestigationshatofKrapf,ub-lishedatVienna,in766.hiswork,whichhavenoteen,isquotedinlltsrincipalactsbyProfessorMurrayofGttingenintheAppara-tusmedicaminum.ccordingtothisauthorthevariouspecies,withwhichhisexperimentsweremade,rovedapablefexcitingnflammation,blisteringndlceration,whenppliedoheskin.liceofhereshootofR.ulbosusplacedincontactwithhensideofheinger,broughtonenseofburningnwominutes.Whentakenoff,thekinwasoundwithoutedness,ndheenseofeatandtchingeased.Intwohours,however,itreturnedgain,ndntenours fullserousblisterasaised.hiswasollowedynlcerofbadharacternddifficulttoheal.eemarkshat,ifheppli-cationsontinuedfterheirsttching,hepainndubsequentrosionsuchreater.Fromtheaccountsgivenofhispecies,lsoofR.celeratus,R.cris,ndomethers,tappearsthattheeaves,flowers,buds,orootsftheseplants,fbruisedandppliedohekin,exciteednessandvesication. Thisffectisot


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68ANUNCULUS BUL.BOSUS.constant,butailsoakelacenertainon-stitutionsrtertaineasonsfheear.Generally,however,theyreaidoperatenhalf anhour,orless,fromthetimeoftheirappli-cation.heyareStatedtopossessheadvantageoverblistersmadebyflies,thatheynevercca-sionymptomsofstrangury.

Withaviewtoheirxternaltimulusheyhaveeenseddvantageouslynheumatism,thehipisease,emicrania,ndixedainsfvariousdescriptions.mongtheoldractition-ers,whohaverecordedinstancesofheirffects,areBuglivi,Storck,ndSennertius.uriouspractice,atonetime,revailedneveraloun-triesinEurope,ofpplyingtheRanunculusothewristsorfingers,fortheureofntermittentfever.hisismentionedbyVanSwieten,Tissot,andomeothers.nhemicraniatwasppliedtothehead,andinhiscasetdidnotproducedischarge,orreakhekin;utccasionedtumefactionofthehairyscalp.

AnobjectionagainsttheuseoftheRanunculi,asexternalstimulants,existsintheuncertaintyoftheirperation,ndheiolentffectshichsometimeshavefollowedaftertheyhadeenp-plied.hosewriters,whohavewitnessedheirapplication,recordinstancesinwhichthesevege-


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BULBOUSCROWFOOT.)9tablelistersaveeenollowedyeep,ll-conditionedandloughingulcers,whichwerenothealedwithoutgreatdifficulty.issotmentionsannstance,inwhichanapplicationmadeohethumbcausedadeep,painfululcer,whichene-tratedtothebone,andoccupiedsomemonthsnitscure.nanothercasehelisterpread,naewours,verhewholerm,ccasioningfeveranddelirium,ndwasollowedyuchtendencyoangrene,hatheimbaswithdifficultyaved.hesnau,uotedyMurray,adviseshatheRanunculushouldeppliedto smallsurfaceonly,andthroughaperforationinanadhesiveplaister,topreventitfrompread-ing.romwantofhiscaution,eadnownextensiveinflammationorisendpreadverareaterartfheace,eck,ndbreast.Linnseus,inhisFloraSuecica,elateshatbeg-gars,inSweden,wereknowntoexciteulcerationsoftheirfeetwithheRanunculusceleratus,oassistthemnextortingcharityromassengers.Iknownottowhatxtentthefficacyofhe

Ranunculi,externallypplied,aneependedon.ertaintshatheyootffectllpersonsalike,ndhisactsvowedyhosewhoavesedhemmost.aveepeatedlymadepplicationsofthe contused roots and


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yOANUNCULUSBULBO SUS.leavesofdifferentpeciesomyarmndand,andwornthemforadozenhours,withoutfeelinganyparticularsensation,orperceivinganyvisibleeffect.herapiddryingupofhemoistureftheplantseemedtopreventitromctinguponthekin.mnclinedoelieve,heressomethingintheactionofhesevegetablesnal-ogousohatofheoisonouspeciesfRhusdescribedinthiswork;whichomendividuals,butotll,reusceptiblef.hextensiveandpreadingnflammation,whichheycca-sionallyroduce,esemblesoreheffectofthesehrubs,hanofanyofherdinaryube-facientsorvesicants.

TheburningsensationwhichheRanunculiexcitenhemouthwhenhewed,xtendsothetomachiftheyarewallowed.rapftatesthatmallportionfeafrlowerofR.sceleratus,rworopsfheuice,xcitedacutepainnthetomach,andasenseofnflam-mationinhethroat.egaveargeuantityoftheuiceto dog,whichbroughtonomitingandgreatdistress;nd.thenimaleingilled,wasoundwithhetomachnflamedndcon-tracted,ndheylorusardlyervious.hesameuthornformsshatilutionreatlydiminisheshepowerofhisfluid,othathalf


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BULBOUSCROWFOOT.idrachmoftheuice,insixouncesofwater,mayheakenwithentireafety.

Dr.Withering,squotedbyDr.Pulteneyntheiun a anransactions,sserts,hatheis-tilledwaterofRanunculuslammulaisnemeticmoreinstantaneousndessffensivehanul-phateof zinc.knownotinwhatpublicationofDr.W.histatementsmade,utheactappearstomenotimprobable.cridsubstances,suchsustard,epper,ndorse-radish,fswallowedinlargequantities,excitehetomachtoelievetselfyomiting.nbjection,however,existsagainstthedistilledwater,wingtothencertaintyoftstrength;whichmustvaryinroportionoheuantityfhelantemployed,theimeccupiednistillation,ndtheubsequenttimeforwhichheluidsept.

KrapfstateshatR.auricomusandR.lanugi-nosareoreeromcrimony,thatheyreeatensgreensorallads.llhepeciesosetheirpungencynoiling,ohatvenheR.sceleratus,neofhemostacrid,isusedorhesamepurpose.

Grazingcattleenerallyvoidhelantsfthisenus,whichrowmongrass,sarsitispossibleorthemodot.ccordinglyeobservehelowersofRanunculileftntouched.


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7aANUNCULUSBLBOSUS.whilethegrassisloselyroppedroundhem.Itseverthelessnavoidable,oommonretheselants,hatortionsfhemhouldeeatenveryoftenytheseanimals.tisprobablethatmalluantitiesfheesscridortsothemnonjury.teast,itppearshatheirstomachsaremuchessusceptibleohisindofstimulusthanours.nthePanuecusomeexperimentsponheselants,ithomesticanimals,aredetailed nwhich,itstatedhat,hornedcattlerefusedoeatallthepecieswhenofferedohem,xceptR.uricomus.hisspecieswasejectedbyhorses,whileheywouldeatR.lammula.heepndoatsatheR.acris,nefhemostungentpecies.r.Pulteneystates,s wellknownact,hatogs,inngland,evourheootsfR.ulbosus.Howitisthattheseanimalsesistthedeleteriouseffectsofovirulentplants,itisnoteasyoay.Itis ,however,anotmoreemarkableact,hanthepowerofsomeanimalstodevourCantharidesandevenmineralpoisonswithimpunity.*Inheirdrytate,ariouspeciesofRanun-culusnterntothecompositionofhay,articu-larly.cris.avingostheircrimonyaltogethernrying,heyrearmlessndprobablynutritive.

*eeanote,vol.i.p.64.


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BULBOUSCROWFOOT.3Dr.Pulteneyhaspublishedamemoirnhe

LinnseantransactionsntheconomicalsefsomeoftheRanunculi,particularlytheR.luvia-tilis,whichheconsiders varietyofR.aquatilis.Contrarytothecommoneffectsftheotherspecies,thisplantissaid,byhim,tobeotnlyinnocent,buthighlynutritivetocattle. Hestatesthat,inheneighbourhoodofRingwood,onthebordersoftheAvon,whichaffordshisegetableingreatbundancelltheyear,somefhecottagers sustainheircows, andevenorses,almostwhollyuponthisplant;inceheremain-ingartofheiroodsothingmorehanscantypittance,theygetnhedjacenteath,whichaffordslittleinorethanLing,Lichen,Bog-mossorSphagnum,jc . Itsusualomployamanoollectuantityorheayverymorning,andbringitintheboattohedgefthewater,fromwhichtheows,nhenstanceseen,stoodeatingtwithreatvidity. Iasindeedinformed, ayshe,theyelishedtohighly,hattasnsafeollowhemmorethanacertainquantity;Ithinketweentwentyfive andthirtypounds daily,each; butwithvariationaccordingtocircumstances. TheowsIsawwereapparentlynotnmeanondition,andgaveufficientuantityofoodmilk. I10


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7 ANUNCULUSBULBOSU S.wastoldbythepersonwhosecattlewereeedingonit,thateeptiveowsndneorseoentirelyonthisplantandwhattheheathafforded,thatheyadotonsumedalf onfhaythroughoutheholeear;oneeingsedexceptwhentheriverwasrozenver.xam-inedhewholeparcelnwhichourowswerefeeding,inhebeginningMarch,ndoundhewholeonsistedxclusivelyfheRanunculusfluviatiliswithoutnymixtureofhePotamoge-tn,Carex,Sparganium,orotherquaticlants.Inummer,owever,tanardlybevoidedbutthattheremustbeamixtureofsomeofthese,butotherplantsarenotchosen.Thisaccountwasconfirmedtomebyiffer-entpersons;ywhomasurthernformedthathogsarelsoedwithheamelant,nwhichtheyimprovesowell,thatitsoteces-saryollowhemtherustenance,illtspropertoputthemuptofatten.InVeterinaryracticeheRanunculusul-bosushasbeenemployedsnxternaltimu-lant.ohisurposer.hapman,nisTherapeutics,hinkstmayeetterdaptedthanothertopicalexcitants.


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BULBOUSCROWFOOT.5BOTANICALREFERENCES.

Ranunculusbulbosus,LINN.Sp.plURTIS,FloraLond..8.ARTYN,Florarustica,t.28.SMITH,Florarltt-91.Engl.

Bot.t.515.ICHAUX,.321.PUJISH,i.393.Ranunculusube-rosusagor,.AUHIN,ii.17.Ranunculusratensis,&c~CEDER,tDan.t.515.

MEDICALREFERENCES.MURRAY,Apparatus,Med.iii.88.KRAPF.Ranunculi.iennat1766.LEWIS,Mat.Med.ii.262.B..ARTON,3.PULTENEY,

Lin.transactions,v.14.CHAPMAN,Therapeutics,ii.411.

PLATEXLVII.Fig..Ranunculusbulbosus,tlieradicalleafofhelargestsize

andmoresubdividedthancommon.F i o .2.Radicalleafofsmallersizeandmorecommonshape.Fig.3.Petalandnectary.Fig.4.wostamensenlarged.Fis5.Fruit


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ILLICIUMFLORIDANUM.

StarryAnise.

FLATEXLVIII.IHameualitieswhichntitleheLirio-

dendronandMagnoliasoalacemongmedi-cinalplants,existabundantlyinthekindredgenusofllicium. Thisfamilyconsistsofine,spicy,floweringshrubs,oneofwhich,theI.anisaturn,growinginEasternAsia,derivesitsnameromthesimiliarityofitsflavourohatofAnise,qualitywhichexists,thoughesssimple,inthesubjectofthepresentrticle. Anotherpecies,the.parviflorum,ahrubwithmallellowishflowers, first discovered by Michaux in themountains of Georgia and Carolina, has soexactlythelavourof theSassafrasoot,thattheyarenottoelistinguishedbytheaste. The.Floridanum forms beautiful thickets in thecountryborderingnheorthofheGulff


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/ /jyjy/y


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STARRYANISE.fMexico,andisoftenmentionedvheravellerBartram,withhisaccustomedenthusiasm,asoneofhehiefeautiesfthatxuberantegion.IntheNortherntates,swellsnEurope,tisreservedyrtificialeat.herawing,whichillustratesurdescription,wasmaderomagreenhousepecimen.

Theharacterssignedohisenussformedbyasiceleavedcalyx,ttventysevenpetals,andanumberofcapsulesarrangedinacircle,twovalved,oneseeded.hespeciesFloridanumhasitseavescuminatendtsetalsumerous,oblongandlinear.

TheclassandorderarePolyandria,olygy-nia;ndheNaturalrdersCoadunat,inn.Magnoli,Juss.TheIlliciumFloridanumisashrub,nomeinstancesentitledtobeonsideredmallree.Itsleavesarescattered,orgrowintufts,onshortpetioles.heyrevergreen,valanceolate,slightlyacuminate,entire,smoothonothides,andfirmorfleshy.heflowerbudsproceed fromtheidesofthebranchesatthexilsofheastyear'seaves.helowersrownlender,noddingpeduncles,aninchorwoong.henfullyexpanded,theyareaboutthesizeofadollar,andfdark,purplishrimson. Calyxeci-


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78LLICIUMFLORIDANM.duous .etalsinear,btuse,nhreeows,aboutnineinaow,theppermostrowscend-ing,theowermostdescending,ndroaderr morespatulate.t amensthirtyo rmore ,diverg-ing,lat,epressedwithhenthersecurved;pollenhite.ermsadozenrore ,ound-i sh-rhomboidal ,ompressedndrrangedncircularmanner;tylesshort ,recurved ,pubescento ntheinside.hefruit,whichIhaven o teen,isrepresentedbyauthors ,ashaseentatednthegenericcharacter .Theleavesandounghoo t softhispecies

ofStarryaniseaboundinaine,learmucilage,whichecomesmmediatelyerceptiblenhemouth ,ifthesepartsarechewed,andwhichcom-municatesowaterinahor time o pyo n -sistence.hismucilageseparatedromhedecoctionbyalcoholinheo rmofdarkrown ,tough,stringycoagula.uriateofinausesprecipitatefterheseoagularei thdrawn,whichseemsoindicatetheresenceofextract . Sulphateofro naddedoheecoction,oagu-latedthemucusndarkenedheo lour .discoveredoracesfesinnheor t i onssubmittedoxperiment,nd trongincturewasn o tdisturbedbywater .hetrial,however,wasconductedo nasmallscale.


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80LLICIUMFLORIDANUM.toMr.Collinson. Mr.Bartram'sdescriptionofit,asitappearsnhisournaluptheriverSt.John,publishedyr.Stork,nisccountofEastFlorida,issollows.Nearheremysonfoundalovely,weetree,witheavesikeheweetbay,whichsmelledikeSassafras,ndroducesatrangekindofseed-pop;utalltheeedasshed.heseverefrosthadoturtt;someofthemgrownearlytwentyeethigh,acharmingbrightevergreenaromatic.''*

Ofthemedicinalpropertiesofthisshrub,Iamunabletopeakwiththeertainty,whichmighthaveattendedanextensivenumberoftrials,madewithhearkofullrownpecimens.romtheevidenceaffordedbythearkandleavesofagreenhousepecimen,andbytheanalogyofotherspecies,andsimilartrees,Ihouldnotfeelmuchhesitationnattributingtothelliciumtherop-ertiesofatonic-stimulantanddiaphoretic.haveatleastsatisfiedmyselfhathearkof wig,andthreeorourofheeaves,produceon-pleasantconsequence.tsitterastendro-maticqualitypointoutitsnalogyoCascarilla,Canella,assafras,ndtherromaticarks,whichareregularlyconsumedinthehops. Its

*tisverypossibleth eaboveescriptionmayaveeenn-tendedforllliciumparviflorum.


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STARRYANISE.1co-species,thelliciumanisatumofheEast,susedas condimenttocommunicateanagreeableflavourtocertaindishes.heChineseliewtafterdinnerastomachicndweetenerftliereath.nomeartsofheEastndiesthenativesandDutchmixitwithheireandsherbet.tislsoburntasncenseeforeheiridolsbyomeofherientalations,ndare-fullykeptasanantidoteovariouspoisons.

Thebeautyofbotlitheseshrubsendershemdesirableacquisitionsocollectorsofplants.

BOTANICALBEFERENCES.llliciumloridanum,INN.URTIS,Bot.Mag..3ELMI-

CHAUX,.526PuRSH,ii.330.

MEDICALREFERENCES.ELLIS,nPhilosophicalransactionsabridged,xiii.T..2.SCHTF,91.

PLATEXLVIII.Fig..lliciumFloridanum.Fig.2.Severalstamensmagnified.Fig.3.Pistilsmagnified.Fig.4.Apistilseparate.

11


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ARISTOLOCHIASERPENTARIA.

VirginiaSnakeroot.PLATEXLIX*

ATsprobablethatthisroot,likemanytherarticlesnowusednmedicine,wasindebtedtoitssensibleualities,ortsirstntroductionntouse.sthenameimplies,itsarliestmedicinalcharacterasoundednupposedntidotalpowergainstheitefenomouserpents.Cornutus,attheendofhisbookonheplantsfCanada,publishedatParisin1635,tellss,hataroothadbeenenttohimfromNoihaJlngliawhichwascalledSerpentaria,andinheernac-ulartongueSnagrael.hisootwas verysuresafeguardagainsttheiteofaugeerpentnthatcountry,whichprovedinevitablyfatalwithintwelvehours,unlessagoodportionoftheantidote

amindebtedtoagentlemaninGeorgiaforth everyaturaldrawingofthisplant.


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VIRGINIASNAKEROOT.3* waswallowedneason whichbeingone,oonewaseverknownoenangerofhisifefromhiscause.

Thenagrelhashadagreatmanyivalsntheharacterfpecificsgainstheitefserpents.oreat,ndeed,sheumberfarticleswhicharecalledniformlyuccessfulnsuchcases,thatwearecompelledtobelieve,hattheitefheattlenake,ndoubtlessfothervenomouserpentsnthecountry,althoughattendedwithsevereandalarmingconsequences,iseverthelessuteldomatal ndencethatthehonorofprovingspecificinheseasesisoneofcheapacquisition.TheSerpentariagrowsinwoodsintheSouth-ernandMiddleartsofheUnitedStates.tbearscultivationnanypartoftheunion,honghthemostnortherlyituation,romwhichavereceivedwildpecimens,sheicinityofNewHaven,fromwhichplacesomelivingplantsweresenttomebyDr.Monson.Thegenusristolochiaas onopcialous,tubular,rookedorolla,wellingtase,nd

dilatedattheborder.apsuleinferior,sixcelled.Thepecieserpentariaastseaveseart-shaped,blong,cuminate;temexuous;e-dunclesradical, Purshmentionsarietywith


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84RISTOLOCHIASERPENTARIA.leavesoarrow,soppearikeistinctspecies helower,however,beingnotifferent.Woodville'sigurefurlantasheeavesmuchooroadorheommonabitfhevegetable.Itelongsohelassynandria,rder

Ileacandria,o rmoreproperlyJDodecandria.tsoneofhefewgeneraplacedbyLin neusnhatclasshichreotfherchideousribe.Naturalo rder sarmentace,inn .lristolochi,Juss.

Thisvegetableishumbleinitsgrowth,beingmostommonlynderootneight.herootisextremelyfibrous,andsendsupaumberofstems.heseareimpleorslightlybranched,jointed,lexuous,ndftenfeddishinge.Theleavesarealternate,onshortpetioles,oblong,entire,acuminate,heart-shapedatbaseandhreenerved.

Thelowersgrowloseoheround,ikethosefAsarum.heyavetift*eatherytexture,andadullbrownishpurpleolour.hepedunclewhichupportshemhasnermoreleafets,ndraduallynlargesntourrowedobovategerm.heorolla,ikethersnhissingulargenus,consistsofalongcontortedube,bentintheformofheetter,wellingtts


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VIRGINIASNAKEROOT.5twoextremities,havingtshroaturroundedyanelevatededgeo rbrim,andit sborderexpanded intoabroadrregularmargin,ormingnpper andunderlip,whichrelosedn riangularmannerinthebud.henthersrewelvennumber,rowingnairsoheidesfhefleshystyle,whichsituatednheo t t omftheorol la ,ndover edy irm,preadingconvolutedtigma,hichxtendsv erhen -thers.heapsulesbovate ,ixngled,ixcelled,withnumerousmallflatseeds.Snakeroo tas enetrating,athergreea-ble,res inousmell,nd ungentitteraste ,resemblingsomewhatthatofthePinusCanaden -sis,rHemlockpruce.tommunicatestsqualitiesbothtospiritandwater ,butmosttoheformer .ubjected uanti tyfheoo to distillationo ro nehour ,andobtainednhee -ceiverawhitishearlyluid,erytronglym-pregnatedwithheroma,utessitterhantheoo t .ntandingwentyourours ,his fluiddepositedroundthedgesoftheurfaceconsiderableumberfmallhiterystals,whichprovedtobeureamphor .heyere inflammable,fusiblewith udden ,ndolatile with radua leat.erceivedossentialoil,thoughDr.Lewisinformsus.ha tfhe


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86RISTOLOCHIAERPENTARIA.quantityofoot,submittedoheperation,elarge,therearises smallportionofpalecolouredessentialoilofaconsiderablemellbutofnoverystrongaste.heresrobablyortionfresinpresent,sIfoundhattheroot,fterav-ingbeenboiledinwateranhour,stillimpregnatedalcoholoasoauserecipitatewithwater.Thebitternesscommunicatedtothenfusionnddecoctionappearsoresideinavarietyofextrac-tivematter.

Medicinallyconsidered,Serpentariaisatonic,diaphoretic,andincertaincasesanantispasmodicandnodyne.taseenbundantlysednfeversofvariousdescriptions,andhaseenom-mendedbyahostofmedicalwriters.heresnodoubtthatithasbeennjudiciouslymployedinmanycases,ineverttendedwithnctivepulsendnflammatoryiathesis.hearlystages,lso,ofebrileiseasesarelydmitheexhibitionfoecided timulant,ithoutinjury.utintheadvancedstagesofeverndthosettendedithyphoidalymptoms,hismedicinesresortedtowithgreatadvantage,bothaloneandnombinatonwiththeronicsndstimulants.tispeculiarlyusefulinupportingthetrength,andnallayingtheirregularactionswhichattendgreatebrile debility, such as


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VIRGINIASNAKEROOT.7subsultusendinum,delirium,watchfulness,5c.Itsbitteringredients,andhecamphorwhichtcontains,nooubtontributeoheseffects.Itismostadvantageouslyivennombinationwithbark,orwithwineandopium.

Snakerootisapopularremedynxanthema-tousisorderssiaphoretic,eingivenokeepouttheeruption,andtoestoretwhenthaseceded.nhelattercaseitsusesoubt-lessnjndicious,andiftailsoeproduceheeruption,itgreatlyincreasesheeat,pain,ndrestlessnessofhepatient.tisbetterinaseswheretheeruptionhasrecededoheisadvan-tageofhepatient,toattempttsestorationynauseatingandsalineiaphoretics,ndvenyafullemetic,thantoincurtheriskofaggravatingthesymptomsby stimulatingregimen.

Dr.Chapman,inhisTherapeutics,onsiderstheSerpentariaaspartakingthemixedqualitiesoftimulantndonic,ndctinglsosdiaphoreticanddiuretic.tseculiarlysefulasanuxiliarytothebark.etates,hatneofthemoreearlyusesofthemedicinewasinthecureofintermittentfever.hetheraloneitwasfoundadequateothispurpose,oesotclearlyappear.ItassedySydenhamnon-junctionwithwine,topreventheecurrencef


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88RIS'fOLOCHlASERPENTARIA.theparoxysm,andfromhisccount,otwithoutadvantage.sageneralule,eays,hatnallcases,wheretisxpedientoombinewinewithbark,theeffectwillemuchncreasedy addingSerpentaria.heorrectnessfhisobservationhaseenullyonfirmedyubse-quentexperience,anditsowerymuchhepracticeounitehetwoarticlesntheowstatesofdisease.

Dr.Chapmanfartherstates,thatthoughtsdoubtfulwhethertheSerpentaria,ytself,willcureguendever,tsertainly owerfulassistanttobark,notnlynncreasingtsffi-cacy,ut,hatsfreatonsequence,nenablingthestomachtoretainhemedicine.

Toremittenteverehinkshismedicinebetteradapted.tasere,nmanyases,nindisputableuperiorityverark,nasmuchsitisrarelyoffensiveothetomach,ndmayegivenwithoutnjury,nhosebscuretatesfthedisease,whereheemissionsoteadilydiscernible.eprefers,inheseases,om-binationofbark,snakeroot,andsoda.Snakeroot,heinformsus,ismuchesortedoasapopularremedynhemanagementfhesecondarytagesofpleurisy.fterbleeding,tisherdinaryractice,nmanyartsfur


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VIRGINIASNAKEROOT.9country,oesortotrongnfusionfhisarticlewithaviewofexcitingperspiration. Ca-tarrhs,rheumatisms,andotherwintercomplaints,incidenttorusticlife,aremanagednheameway. Inthatspeciesofpleurisywhichisproperlyenoughdesignatedbytheepithetilious,ehasrepeatedlyadccasiontorecuroheSerpen-taria,ndlwayswithmoreorlessutility. Thisbiliouspleurisyeonsidersasavingllhecharactersfpneumonicinflammation,withheadditionofomeof thesymptomsincidentoau-tumnalfever,uchsheadach,greatastricis-tress,andalmostalwaysviolentvomitingsofbile.Itdiffersalsofromordinarypleurisyinhavinglessactivityofinflammation,andconsequentlyinotbearinghesamextentofdepletion. Theys-tem,indeed,willoftenbeveryevidentlydepressedbyoneortwobleedings. Inthiscasethepracticewhichhasbeencommonlyursueds,fterheremovalofacomparativelysmallportionofblood,andhethoroughvacuationofhelimentarycanal; toadministerveryfreelydraughtsofheinfusionfheSerpentariain ordero excitecopiousdiaphoresis.Dr.Chapmanconcludeshisemarksnhisarticle,bystating,thattsadmirablyuitedocheckvomitings,andtotranquillizehestomach,13


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90RISTOLOCHIASERPENTARIA.moreparticularlyniliousases.tsivenfo rthispurposeinecoction nhemalloseofhalfanounceo rlessatatime,andfrequentlyrepeated.

Themostcommonformofexhibitingnake -r o o tsnnfusion,o rhichurposealfn ouncemayhesteepedinaintofboilinga t er fo rtwohours ,n o v e r edessel.fthisn-fusionanounceo rtwomaybetakeneveryhreeo rfourhours .ecoctionisaessropermodeofpreparingthisplant,stendsoissipatethevolatileparts ,aport ionofwhichsetainedinastateofmixturebytheinfusion.ometimesthepowderisgivenindosesoffromtentothirtygrains.tinctureofnake r o o tisad eyi- gestinganounceofher o o tinapoundo rsome-whatlessofproofspirit.hecompoundtinctureofark,ommonlyalledHuxham'sincture,containsSerpentariaaso n eofitsingredients.

BOTANICALREFERENCES.Aristolochiaerpentaria,INN.p.pi.ALTER,or.ar,223.WOODVILLE,i.291.t.06.MICHAUX,i.62.PURSH,i. 596.PistolochiaiveSerpentariaVirginiana,SecPLUKENET,.148./.5.CATESBY,Car,i.29.


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VIRGINIASNAKERQQT.1MEDICALREFERENCES.

MURRAT,App.Med.i.348.CULLEN,Mat.Med,i.85.CHAP-MAN,Therapeutics,ii.411.LINO.Hotclimates,104,254.

PLATEL1X.Fig.1.Aristolochiaserpentariawithhelower beginningo

expand.Fig.2.Sideviewofth eflowerexpanded.Fig.3.Frontofditto.Fig.4.Longitudinalsectionofth e flower.Fig.5.Style,anthers,andstigmamagnified.Fig.6.Fruit.


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ALETRISFARINOSA.

StarGrass.

PLATEL.

J LNOWfnolantwhichurpassesheAlterisfarinosainenuine,ntensenderma-nentitterness.eitherloes,entian,orquassiaexceeditinhempressionroducedntheongue.thas,onaccountofhisproperty,attractedhebservationofomemedicalmen,andmayereafterecomenrticlefmoreconsequenceinheMateriaMedica.lthoughthenumberoftrials,hithertomade,reerhapsnotsufficienttofixwithprecisiontsxacthar-acter,yetinollectionofAmericanmedicinalvegetablestoughtnottopassunnoticed.

ThisplantgrowsinmostpartsofheUnitedStatesnfieldsandabouttheedgesofwoods,andflowersnJuneanduly.aveoundtearBostonontheouth,butnevertotheorthoft.


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PIz.

/ff'/f/.j A/r///f.jf/


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STAUGRASS. 3Itsmodefgrowthsotwithouteauty,heleavespreadingclosetothegroundin radiatedmanner,like star;whilethespikeisupportedbynlmostakedtalk,tistancebovethem.henamesStarGrassndBiasinglararegenerallygiventoitinthecountry,fromhepeculiarappearanceofitsleaves.

ThegenusAletrishasitsorollatubular,sixcleft,wrinkled,persistent;tamensnsertedntothebaseofthesegments;tyletriangular,separa-bleintothree;apsuleopeningattop,threecelled,manyseeded.hepeciesfarinosa,alledlbabyMichauxandPursh,hasitsflowerspedicehed,oblong-tubular,somewhatrinklednfruit;heleavesbroadanceolate.ichauxbservesha t ofhepeciesreferredbyLinnustothisgenus,theA.arinasashenlynewhichtrictlybelongsot.lassHeandria;rderMonogy-nia;aturalrdersiliceas,inn .sphodeli,Juss.Thisplanthasasinglecircleofradicalleaves,whichareessile,nerved,lanceolate,andmooth.Thetemorscapeisfromnetothreefeethigh,investedwithemotecales,whichometimesexpandntomalleaves.helowersormslender,scatteredspikewithveryhortedicelsandminutebractes. Calyxnone. Corollawhite,


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94JLETRISFARINOSA.ofanoblongbell-shape,dividedatthemouthntosixcute,preadingegments.heutside,particularlyastheflowergrowsld ,has ough-ish,wrinkledormealyappearance,bywhichhespecificnamewasuggested.hetamensareshort,insertedearhemouthofheorollattheaseofheegments.heircumstanceoftheirbeingoppositetoheegments,ndotalternatewiththem,affordsthemostdistinguish-ingmarkofthisgenus.heanthersreome-whatheart-shaped*ermyramidal,alfnfe-rior,apering:tyleriangular,eparablentothree.apsulenvestedwithheermanentcorolla,triangular,hreeelled,hreealvedttop.eedsnumerous,minute,fixedtoentralreceptacle.

Thelelrisurea,fMichauxndPursh,closelyresemblesthispecies,andtsifficult,bycomparingspecimensofthetwo,toointutanypermanentdistinctivemarks.heleavesfA.aureaaresomewhatnarrowerandhelowersbrightyellow.WalterplacestunderA.farinosaasavariety,andaddsthathecouldotetectspecificdifference lthoughthetimeoffloweringandplaceofgrowthndicatehatheyreis-tinct. Insensibleropertiesheyreimilar.


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STARGRASS. 5IntheLond onhilosophicalransact ionso r

1730, lantsmentionedylayton,hich,thoughotescribednotanicalanguage ,leavesittleoubtha theletrisarinosasintended.eays,thereisano therroo tofthespeciesfyacinths hee av e srerass-like,butmoo thndtiff,fai l low-greenolour,andspreadlikeastarontheround .romhe middlehoo t satall,long,rush-likestem,without leaves,ea rwoeetigh nn eid erow littlewhitebell-flowerso neboveno ther .her o o tisblackoutwardly,butbrownithin.tsbitterandprobablyhasthesamevirtuesasLittleCentaury .omecallitaguerass,thersgueroot,o thersstargrass.'''Theo o tfheletrissighlyesinous,andppearsoonta in ort ionfxtract ive matter .heincture,ad eyigestingthe

r o o tinalcohol ,isintenselybitter,andassumesmilkyurbidnessfwaterbeddedot .hedecoctionsodera te lyitter,ndso tdis-turbedbyalcohol .ithchalybeateolut ionstundergoeslittlehange.heincturesoe considered trongerreparat ionhanhee -coct ion ,althoughthelatteras o o dharefthevirtuesoftheplant .


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96LETRISFARINOSA.Thebitternessofhisvegetableasrought

itntooticenheualityfonicndstomachic.havebeeninformedoftsseorthispurposebyhysiciansnifferentartsftheountry.hemostommonodeftsemployment,nderstand,synfusionrdecoction.urshspeaksofitasaremedyinthecolic,utnwhatrincipletanperatenrelievingthatdisease,Iamatalosstosay.Theamountofbitterresin,whichhelantontains,ledmetosuspectthatitmightossessomeftheropertiesfloes,owhichhelantsbotanicallyrelated;utontrial,madeineveralinstanceswiththerootinowder,oseofenortwelvegrainsroducednoffectofhisindwhatever.physician,whoxperimentedwithlargerquantities,withaviewtotesthisuality,informedmethatoseofwentyrainscca-sionedmuchauseandendencyoomit,followedbyomedizziness butthatnocatharticoperationtookplace.

Dr.Cutler,nisccountfhelantsfNewEngland,nformss,hathislantasbeenconsideredsefulnhronicheumatismbutdoesotmentionheoserreparation.

Asaraswecansumupheestimonyith-ertoofteredrespectingheeneralropertiesf


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98LETRISFARINOSA.MEDICALREFERENCES.

CLAYTON,Phil.Trans,abr.viii.333,CUTLER,AmericanAcad.vol.i.435.

PLATEL.Fig.1.ilctrisfarinosa.Fig.2.orollaopenedtoshewth einsertionofth estamens.Fig.3.tamenmagnified.Fig.4.Pistilmagnified.


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V/'//r/tv/V////


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AMERICANMEDICALBOTANY .RHODODENDRONMAXIMUM.

AmericanRosebay.PLATELL

AHEceneryofheAmericanorestsis-tinguishednotlessbythegreatnessofitsnaturalfeatures, theimposingandpicturesqueappearanceofitsmountains,tsockyrecipices,tsroadstreamsandlakes;hanitsythemagnificentclothingofwildshrubsandtrees,thencommonbeautyofwhich,givestoroughandnaccessiblespots richness,thatultivationcanardlyimi-tate.heKalmia,describedinourfirstvolume,andhehododendronfheresentrticle,whichreeareditharendifficultys - ornamentsfEuropeanardensndleasuregrounds,canbeseeninperfectionowhereutintheuncultivatedrecessesofourowncontinent.


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lfcHODODENDRONMAXIMUM. Nearthesummitsofmounta ins ,o nthebanksft o rren t sanddeepravines ,fromwhichriverstaketheirrise,wherethedeephade ,moisto ilnd dashingwater ,preservetheatmosphereinastate of perpetualhumidity hesehrubs,inluxuriantsizeandvigour,areseentoov e rractsofgreatextent, ato n e seasonresentingannbrokenlandscapeofgorgeouslowers ,anda tano the r withtheirevergreenfoliageormingnmpene-trableshelterfo rtheildnimalsoftheorest.OfheRhododendronmaximum,Mr.Purshhas designated three varieties. These are ,

1.The Red,whichinhabits swamps andthebordersofmountainlakesromCanadaoaro -lina;.TheWhite,foundintheswampsofNewJerseyndDelaware 3.Theurple,o nhehighestmounta ins ofVirginia and Caro l ina .Thislastvarie tyis representedaspeculiarlymagnificent,growingtotheizeofasmallree,havingit s t runkighteennchesndo rendiameter ,andtsoliageripleheizeofnyotherspecies.Theirstvarie tyofthiseleganthrubrowsabundant lyo nthebanksofCharlesriver ,adozen

o rfifteenmilesromoston.tvenupports thewinterasfa rnor thastheta teofMaine,and wasobserved ,byDr.Eaton,rowinglentifully


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AMERICANROSEBAT.03onheordersfebagoakeea ror t land . Itdo e sno tbearransplantat ionell,utspttowindlefterheirstrecondear .tsucceedsbestwhenremovedo amppringysoil,ndoi tuationalculatedoffordtshelterfromtheun .Thehododendron ,ftheorthernta tes ,

isalargestragglingshrub,veryrregularntsmodeofgrowth.hebarkisofagreyishcolour,verymuchcrackedandbroken .heeavesre intuftsa tthendsoftheranches.heyare evergreen,or iaceous ,noundleshyetioles,oblong-oval ,entire,revo lutea ttheedges,andpale undernea th .otheavesndetioles,henyoung,arecoveredwithalightwoollyubstance.Theflowersform erminallusterrhyrsusimmediatelyboveheeaves,hetalksnd calycesfhichreo v e r edith lutinouspubescence.reviousoitsexpans ion ,thewhole bunchformsalargecompoundud ,esemblingatrobilusro n e ,achndiv iduallower-bud beingoveredy homboida lracte ,hich fallso ffwhenthelowerxpands .alyxmall,ofiv enequalbtuseegments.orol lao -nopetalous,funnel-shaped,withahor tube,heborderdiv idedintovearge ,unequalsegments,whicharewhite,shadedwithlake,theupperand


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10*HODODENDRONMAXIMUM.largest,aving ollectionofrangeolouredspotsa titscentre.tamensdeelinate,nequal;thefilamentswhite,thickenedandhairyata se; antherswoelled,peningywoo r e stto p;pollenwhite.ermova t e ,hairy,glutinous;styleeelinate,qualoheongesttamens,thickenedupwards tigmaaroughsurfacewithfiveoints.apsuleva te ,btuselyngular,five-celled. Seedsnumerous,minute.Consideredntshemicalharacter,hisshrubisaesinousstringent.ecoctionftheleavesgivesstrongproofsofthepresenceftannininargeuantities.othhearknd leaves,igestednlcohol ,roduce esinoustincture,whichsmmediatelyenderedurbid bywater .heglutinouscoveringofl* elowerstalksappearsofaresinousnature .decoctionoftheleavesinwateraffordsnothingwhichisn o t solubleinalcohol ,andd idn o talterytnwo days'standing.1havebeeninducedoexaminehehodo -dendr onandtoinsertitinthiswork,nccountofthereputationithaspossessedofbeingpoison-ous .heaterofessorBarton,nisollec-tionsoward sanAmericanateriaMedica,asgivenvar iousntimationsofthisor t ,hemostconclusiveofwhichsisxpression, Thiss


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AMERICANROSEBAY.05certainlyoison.''Theesultfmywnattentiontothishruboesotiveeasonorattachingotuspicionsfossessingerydeleteriousnature.oneoftsexternalharac-tersouldeadopprehensionsfhisort,particularlytheaste,whichsimplystringentandherbaceous,andmuchlikethatofacommonoakleaf.knownotwhatquantitymightroveinjurious,butundertheconvictionthattheplantwasnotparticularlydangerous,Ihavewallowedagreenleafofhemiddleize,oargehattrequiredsomeresolutionomasticateonpala-tablemorsel,buthavefoundnoillffectwhat-evertoresultfromt.Medicinallyonsidered,hinktmusterankedamongtheastringents,aplacewhichbothitsensibleandchemicalpropertiesntitletohold.fthaveanynarcoticowers,heywillprobablybedevelopedonlyynxtraordinarydose,whichfewpersonswillbeikelyoputothetest.


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106IHODODENDKONMAXIMUM.BOTANICALREFERENCES.Rhododendronmaximum,WILLD.Sp.pi.ii.606.Bot.Mag..

951.SCHMIDT, Arb.. 121.PUKSH,.297.MICHAUX,T V * .A.Sylva,t.67 .

MEDICALREFERENCE.B..BARTON,Collections,i.8.

PLATELI.Fig..AbranchofRhododendronmaximuminflowerndin

bud.Fig.2.Calyxandstyle.Fis.S.Stamen.


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108UPHORBIAIPECACUANHA.pia,dulcid,peplus,exigua,Cyparissias,alustris,andCharacias.rofessorMurrayasollecteddetailsrespectingtheoperationofmostofhese,fromariousedicaluthorities.tppearsthattheyallexcitevomitingrurging,ndnlargedosesbringonviolentburningpainsofhestomachandbowels,heatandthirst,ollowedygreatprostrationoftrength,coldweats,andnsomeinstance,death.nmalluantities,ow-ever,heyaveeensedsmedicineswithsafety,althoughomeofhemrencertainnregardtotheirdose,ndifficultomanagentheiroperation.[NoteB.]ThegenusEuphorbiacomprises vastum-berofpecies,ofdifferenthabit,izendmodeofgrowth.helowersrerequentlyminute,verycomplex,anddifficultofexamination.heyhave calyciforminvolucrumithourrivesegmentsikeetals,ndheameumberfinteriorsegmentslikeectaries.tamenswelveormore.ilamentsrticulated.ertilelowersolitary,tipitate,aked.tyleshree,ifid.Capsulehreeee

bigelow, 1817-21: american medical botany vol1-3

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