Bibliography on Nigerian Foreign Policy:Orthodox and Radical Literatures

OROBOLA FASEHUN and TIMOTHY M. SHAW

ORTHODOX

Realist Ove rvi e ws

Agbi, S. Olu, 'Selected Issues in Nigeria's Foreign Policyfrom Balewa to Obasanjo: Continuity and Change', NigerianJournal of Political Science, 2 (I), June 1980, 57-61 .

Akinyemi, A. Bolaji, 'Introduction' in A. B. Akinyemi (ed.),Niger ia and the World : Readings in Nigerian Foreign Policy(Ibadan : OUP for NIIA, 1978) viii-xiv .

Akinyemi, A. Bolaji, 'Nigerian Fore ign Policy in 1975:Nat ional Interest Redefined', in Oyeleye Oyediran (ed.),Survey of Nigerian Affairs, 1975 (Ibadan : OUP for NIIA,1978) 106-14.

Akinyemi, A. Bolaji, 'Mohammed/Obasanjo Foreign Policy' inOyeleye Oyediran (ed.), Nigerian Government and Pol iticsunder Military Rule, 1966-79 (London: Macmillan, 1979)150-68 .

Akinyemi, A. Bolaji, ' For e i gn Policy , Defence and the NewConsciousness', Nigerian Forum, 1 (2), April 1981, 72-6 .

Aluko, Olajide, Essays in Nigerian Foreign Policy (London:Allen & Unwin, 1981) .

Aluko, Olajide, 'The "new" Nigerian Foreign Policy:Developments Since the Downfall of General Gowon', RoundTable, 66, October 1976, 405-14.

Aluko, Olajide, 'Nigerian Fore ign Policy' in Olajide Aluko(ed .), The Foreign Policies of African States (London:Hodder & Stoughton, 1977) 163-95 .

Aluko, Olajide, 'Necessity and Freedom in Nigerian ForeignPolicy', Nigerian Journal of International Studies, 4(I and 2), January and June 1980, I-IS .

Anglin, Douglas G., 'Nigeria: Political Non-alignment andEconomic Alignment', Journal of Modern African Studies ,2 (2), June 1964, 147-63.

236

Bibliography 237

Coleman, James S., 'The Foreign Policy of Nigeria' inJoseph E. Black and Kenneth W. Thomson (eds), ForeignPolicies in a World of Change (New York: Harper & Row,1963) 379-406 .

Gambari, Ibrahim A., 'Nigeria and the World: a GrowingInternal Stability, Wealth and External Influence',Journal of International Affairs, 29 (2), Fall 1975, 155­69.

Gambari, Ibrahim A., Party Politics and Foreign Policy:Nigeria under the First Republic (Zaria: Ahmadu BelloUniversity Press, 1980).

Garba, J. N., 'Towards a Dynamic Foreign Policy', Nigeria:Bulletin on Foreign Affairs, 6 (1), January 1976, 14-20.

Garba, J. N., 'The "New" Nigerian Foreign Policy', QuarterlyJournal of Administration, 9 (3), April 1977, 135-46.

Herskovits, Jean, 'Nigeria: Africa's New Power', ForeignAffairs 53 (2), January 1975, 314-33.

Herskovits, Jean, 'Dateline Niger ia: a Black Power', ForeignPolicy, 29, Winter 1977-8, 167-88.

Inwang, Edet, 'Nigeria - Foreign Policy: Seeking a Break­Even Point', South, 16, February 1982, 57-8.

Mackintosh, J. ~Nigeria's External Relations', Journalof Commonwealth Studies, 2, November 1964, 189-218 .

Mayall, James, 'Oil and Nigerian Foreign Policy', Afr icanAffairs, 75 (300), Jul y 1976, 284-316.

Ofoegbu, Ray, Nigerian Foreign Policy (Enugu : Star Pr inting,1979).

Ofoegbu, Ray, 'Fore ign Policy and Military Rule' in OyeleyeOyediran (ed.), Nigerian Government and Pol itics underMil itary Rule, 1966-79 (London : Macmillan , 1979) 124-49.

Ogunbadejo, Oye, 'Nigeria's Foreign Policy Under MilitaryRule, 1966-79', Internat ional Journal, 35 (4) , Autumn1980, 748-65.

Ogunsanwo, Alaba, 'The Nigerian Military and Foreign Policy ,1975-1979: Processes, Principles, Performance and Contra­dictions', Princeton University Center for Internat ionalRelations, 1980, Research Monograph no. 45.

Okolo, Julius E. and Winston E. Langley, 'The ChangingNiger ian Foreign Policy', World Affairs, 135 (4), Spring1973, 309-27 .

Phillips, Claude S., The Development of Nigerian ForeignPolicy (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1964) .

Shagari, Alhaji Shehu, 'Annual Foreign Policy Address',Nigerian Forum, 1 (6), August 1981,203-6.

Stremlau, John S., 'The Fundamentals of Nigerian ForeignPolicy', Issue, I ! (I and 2) , Spring and Summer 1981,46-50 . --

Wachuku, Jaja, 'Nigeria's Fore ign Policy', University ofToronto Quarterly, 31 (I), October 196 1, 62-82.

238

National

Bibliography

Akindele, R. A., 'Nigeria's Foreign Relations: Elite Atti­tudes and Government Policy', International Problems, 120), 1973, 102-13.

Akindele, R. A., 'Nigerian Parliament and Foreign Policy,1960-1966', Quarterly Journal of Administration, 9 (3),April 1975,279-91.

Akindele, R. A., 'The Conduct of Nigeria's Foreign Rela­tions', International Problems, 120-4), October 1973,46-65.

Akinyemi, A. Bolaji, Foreign Policy and Federalism: theNigerian Experience (Ibadan University Press, 1974) espe­cially 75-109 and 191-201.

Aluko, Olajide, 'Necessity and Freedom in Nigerian ForeignPolicy ', inaugural lecture, University of Ife, 17 March1981.

Aluko, Olajide, 'Oil at Concessionary Prices for Africa : aCase Study in Nigerian Decision-making', African Affairs,75 (301), October 1976, 425-43 .

Aluko, Olajide, 'The Civil War and Nigerian Foreign Policy',Political Quarterly, 42 (2), April-June 1971.

Aluko, Olajide, 'The Iyalla Reorganisation and the Admini­stration of the Foreign Service' in C. Baker and M. J.Balogun (eds), Ife Essays on Administration (Universityof lie Press, 1975) 135-146 .

Aluko, Olajide, 'Public Opinion and Nigerian Foreign PolicyUnder the Military', Quarterly Journal of Administration,7 0), April 1973, 253-69.

Aluko, Olajide, 'The Foreign Service', Quarterly Journal ofAdministrat ion,S (I), October 1970, 33-52 .

Asobie, H. A., 'Bureaucratic Politics and Foreign Policy:the Nigerian Experience', Nigerian Political ScienceAssociation, Port Harcourt, March 1980.

Gambari, Ibrahim A., 'Domestic Political Constraints onProgressive Foreign Policy for Nigeria', Nigerian Journalof Political Science, 2 (I), June 1980, 24-35.

Herskovits, Jean, 'One Nigeria', Foreign Affairs, 51 (2) ,January 1973, 392-407.

Idang, Gordon J., Nigeria: Internal Politics and ForeignPolicy (Lbadan University Press, 1973) especially 107-60.

Ofoegbu, Mazi Ray and Obuagu, S. A., 'Towards a New Philo­sophy of Foreign Policy for Nigeria', in Bolaji Akinyemi(ed.), Nigeria and the World (Ibadan: OUP for NIIA, 1978)116-35 .

Ogene, Francis, 'The Foreign Service the Nation Deserves ',Nigerian Forum, I (4), June 1981, 151-9 .

Bibliography 239

Ogunbadejo, Oye, ' For e i gn Policy Under Nigeria's Presiden­tial System', Round Table, October 1980, 401-8 .

Ogunbadejo, Oye, 'The Presidential System and ForeignPolicy: Problems and Prospects in Nigeria', AustralianOutlook, December 1980, 325-37 .

Regional

Aluko, Olajide, Ghana and Nigeria, 1957-70: a Study inInter-African Discord (London: Rex Collings, 1976).

Aluko, Olajide , 'Nigeria's Initiative on the West AfricanEconomic Community', Societe d'Etudes et d'ExpansionRevue, November-December 1973, 870-80.

Ofoegbu, Mazi Ray, 'Nigeria and Its Neighbours', Odu, 12,July 1975, 3-24.

Ojo, Olatunde J. B., 'Nigeria and the Formation of ECOWAS',International Organisation, 34 (4), Autumn 1980, 571-604 .

Osuntokun, 'Jide, 'Relations Between Nigeria and Fernando Pofrom Colonial times to the Present', in Bolaji Akinyemi(ed .), Nigeria and the World (Lbadan e OUP for NIIA, 1978)1-12.

Udokang, Okon, 'Nigeria and ECOWAS: Economic and PoliticalImplications of Regional Integration' in Bolaji Akinyemi(ed .), Nigeria and the World (Lbadan ; OUP for NIIA, 1978)57-80.

Weladji, C. , 'The Cameroon-Nigerian Border', Abbia, June1974,157-72.

Yansane, Aguibou Y., 'State of Economic Integration in NorthWest Africa South of the Sahara: the Emergence of ECOWAS',African Studies Review, 20 (2), September 1977, 63-87.

Continental

Adebesi, B., 'Nigeria's Relations with South Africa, 1960­1975', Africa Quarterly, 16 (3), 1977,67-89.

Akinyemi, A. Bolaji, 'Nigeria and Fernando Po, 1958-1966 :the Politics of Irredentism', African Affairs, 69 (276),July 1970, 236-49.

Akinyemi, A. Bolaji, Angola and Nigeria: a Study in theNational Interest (Geneva: Graduate Institute of Interna­tional Studies, 1978).

Akinyemi, A. Bolaji, with Margaret Vogt, 'Nigeria andSouthern Africa : the Policy Options' in Douglas G. Anglin,Timothy M. Shaw and Carl G. Widstrand (eds), Conflict andChange in Southern Africa (Washington : University Press ofAmerica, 1978) 151-68.

Aluko, Olajide, 'Nigeria's Role in Inter-African Relationswith Special Reference to the OAU', African Affairs, 72(287), April 1973, 145-62.

240 Bibliography

Arikpo, 0., 'Nigeria and the OAU', Quarterly Journal ofAdministration, 9 (I), October 1974, 44-59.

Fajana, Olufemi, 'Nigeria's Inter-African Economic Rela­tions: Trends, Problems and Prospects' in Bolaji Akinyemi(ed .), Nigeria and the World (Ibadan: OUP for NIIA, 1978)17-31 .

Feustel, Sandy, 'Nigeria: Leadership in Africa', AfricaReport, 22 (3), May-June 1977, 48-50.

Helleiner, Gerald K., 'Nigeria and the African CommonMarket', Nigerian Journal of Economic and Social Studies,4 (3), November 1962, 283-98 .

Nnoli, Okwudiba, 'Nigerian Policy Towards Southern Africa',Nigerian Journal of International Affairs, 2 (1-2), 1976,14-34.

Ogunbadejo, 0., 'General Gowon's African Policy', Interna­tional Studies, 16 (I), January-March 1977, 35-50.

Ogunbadejo, 0., 'Conservatism and Radicalism in Inter­African Relations: the Case of Nigeria and Tanzania',Jerusalem Journal of International Relations, 4 (I), 1979,23-33.

Polhemus, James H., 'Nigeria and Southern Africa : Interest,Policy and Means', Canadian Journal of African Studies,II (1),1977,42-66.

Spiliotes, Nicholas J., 'Nigerian Foreign Policy andSouthern Africa : a Choice for the West', Issue, II (I and2), Spr ing and Summer 1981,41-5. -----

Wayas, Joseph, Nigeria's Leadership Role in Africa (London:Macmillan, 1979).

Whiteman, Kaye, 'OAU and the Nigerian Issue', World Today,24 (I I), November 1968, 449-53.

Global

Akindele, R. A., 'Review article: on the Operational Linkageof External and Internal Dimensions of Balewa's ForeignPolicy', Odu, 12, July 1975, 110-22.

Azikiwe, Nnamdi, 'Nigeria in World Politics', PresenceAfricaine, 4/5 02/33), 1960, 19-30 .

Haastrup, Adekokun, 'Nigeria's Role in World Affairs',Africa Quarterly, January-March 1965, 240-3.

Hanning, Hugh, 'Nigeria: a Lesson of the Arms Race', WorldToday, 23 (I I), November 1967, 465-72. -----

Ijewere, Gabriel 0., 'Nigeria in International Relations',Review of International Affairs, 32 (738), 5 January 1981,26-30.

Isong, C., 'Nigeria's External Finance', Nigerian Journal ofInternational Affairs, 1 (I), July 1975, 47-58 .

Bibliography 241

Kadzai, Ayuba, Nigeria's Global Strategy (Lagos : NIIA,]976).

Legum, Colin, 'International Involvement in Nigeria, 1966­70' in Y. A Tandon and D. Chandarana (eds), Horizons ofAfrican Diplomacy (Nairobi: EALB, 1974) 45-85.

Obasanjo, Olusegun, 'Foreign Attitudes and Involvement' inhis My Command : an Account of the Nigerian Civil War,1967- 70 (Ibadan: Heinemann, 1980) 146-58 .

Ojedokun, Olasupo, 'The Changing Pattern of Nigeria's Inter­national Economic Relations: the Decline of the ColonialNexus, 1960-1966', Journal of Developing Areas, 6 (4),July 1972, 535-54.

Ojo, Olatunde J.B ., 'Commercial Representation in Nigeria'sOverseas Missions: Its Nature, Functions and Problems',Nigerian Journal of International Affairs, 2 (1/2), 1976,50-66.

Bilateral and Multilateral Relationships : Great Powers

Ahmad, S. S., 'Nigeria-Ch ina Relat ions: an Approach toPositive Neutrality', Pakistan Hor izon, 26 (I), 1973,48-54 .

Ajayi, E. A., 'Nigeria-Soviet Aid Relations, 1960-1968',Nigeria: Bulletin on Foreign Affairs, I, 1974.

Akinyemi, A. Bolaji, 'Nigerian-American Relations Re­examined' in Oye Oyediran (ed.), Survey of NigerianAffairs, 1976-77 (Lagos : Macmillan for NIIA, 198 1) 105-14.

Ale, Bassey, ' I n f l uence Dynamics in Nigeria-US Aid Relation­ship, 1960-66' , Nigerian Journal of International Studies4 (I and 2), January and June 1980, 36-55 .

Aluko, Olajide, 'Nigeria and Britain Since Gowon', AfricanAffairs, 76 (304), July 1977, 303-20 .

Aluko, Olajide, 'Nigeria and the Superpowers', Millenium,5 (2), Autumn 1976 , 126-41 .

Aluko, Olaj ide, 'Nigeria, the United States and SouthernAfrica', African Affa irs, 78 (310), January 1979 , 91-102.

Idang, Gordon J ., 'The Politics of Nigerian Fore ign Policy :the Ratification and Renunciation of the Anglo-NigerianDefence Agreement', African Studies Review, 13 (2),September 1970, 227-51 .

Klinghoffer, A. J ., 'The USSR and Nigeria: the SecessionQuestion', Mizan, 10, Winter 1968, 64-70.

Mazrui, Ali A~igeria and the United States : the Needfor Civility, the Dangers of Intimacy, Orbis, 25 (4),Winter 1982, 858-64. --

Morrison, D. L., 'The USSR and the War in Nigeria', Mizan,I I, Spring 1969, 31-8.

242 Bibliography

Obiozor, George, 'Soviet Involvement in the Nigerian CivilWar', in U. G. Damachi and H. D. Seibel (eds), Soc ialChange and Economic Development in Nigeria (New York :Praeger, 1973) 230-4.

Ogunbadejo, Oye, 'Nigeria and the Great Powers : the Impactof the Civil War on Nigerian Foreign Relations',African Affairs, 75 (298), January 1976, 14-32.

Ogunbadejo, Oye, 'Ideology and Pragmatism: the Soviet Rolein Nigeria, 1960-1977', Orbis, 21 (4), Winter 1978,803-30 .

Ogunbadejo, Oye, 'A New Turn in US-Nigerian Relations',World Today, 35 0), March 1979, I 17-26 .

Ojedokun, Olasupo, 'Anglo-Nigerian Entente and Its Demise,1960-62', Journal of Commonwealth Political Studies,9 (3), November 1971, 210-33.

Orjiako, Umunna, 'Anglo-Nigerian relations : 1979-1981',Nigerian Forum, 1 (2), April 1981, 49-56.

Panter-Brick, S. K., 'Soviet Views on Nigeria', Mizan,March-April 1967, 70-4. -----

Bilateral and Multilateral Relationships : Other Powers

Adebisi, B., 'Nigeria's Relations with South Africa, 1960­1975', Africa Quarterly, 16 0), 1977, 67-89 .

Akinsanya, A., 'On Lagos Decision to Break Diplomatic Rela­tions with Israel', International Problems, 17, Spring1978, 65-79.

Aluko, Olajide, 'Ghana and the Nigerian Civil War', NigerianJournal of Economic and Social Studies, 12, November 1970,341-60.

Aluko, Olajide, 'Israel and Nigeria : Continuity and Changein Their Relationship', African Review, 4 (I), 1974, 43-59 .

Aluko, Olajide, 'Nigeria and the European Economic Com­munity', Internat ional Studies, 13 0), July-September1974, 465-73 .

Ojedokun, Olasupo, 'The Future of Nigeria's CommonwealthRelations', Nigeria: Bulletin on Foreign Affairs, 1 (4),May 1972,8- 17.

Olinger, John Peter, 'The World Bank and Nigeria', Review ofAfrican Political Economy, 13, May-August 1978, 101-7 .

Olusanya, G. 0., 'Nigeria and the Commonwealth', AfricanQuarterly, 6 (4), January-March 1967.

Crises and Cbnflicts

Akuchu, G. E., 'Peaceful Settlement of Disputes: UnsolvedProblems for the OAU (A Case Study of the Nigeria-BiafraConflict)' , Africa Today, 24 (4), October-December 1977,39-58.

Bibliography 243

Cervenka, Zdenek, The Nigerian Civil War 1967-1970(Frankfurt : Bernard & Graefe Verlag for Wehrwesen, 1971).

Cronje, Suzanne, The World and Nigeria: the DiplomaticHistory of the Biafran War 1967-1970 (London: Sidgwick &Jackson, 1972).

de St. Jorre, J ., The Brothers' War: Biafra and Nigeria(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1972) .

Elaigwu, J . Isawa, 'The Nigerian Civil War and the AngolanCivil War: Linkages Between Domestic Tensions and Inter­national Alignments', Journal of Asian and AfricanStudies, 12 (1-4), January and October 1977,215-35 .

Henderson, Robert D'A, 'Nigeria: Future Nuclear Power?',Orbis, 25 (2), Summer 1981, 409-23.

Henderson, Robert D'A, 'Choices and Changes in Nigeria'sDefence Policy in the 1970s', Journal of Modern AfricanStudies (forthcoming).

Lewis, Roy, 'Britain and Biafra', Round Table, 60, July1970, 241-8 .

Nweke, G. A., External Intervention in African Conflicts :France and French-speaking West Africa in the NigerianCivil War, 1967-1970 (Boston University, African StudiesCenter , 1976) .

Ostheimer, John M. and Gary J . Buckley, 'Nigeria' inEdward A. Kolodzie j and Robert E. Harkavy (eds) , SecurityPolicies of Developing Countries (Lexington : Lexington,1982) 285-303 .

Panter-Brick, S. K., 'The Right to Self-determination: ItsApplication to Nigeria', International Affairs, 44 (2),Apiil 1968, 254-66.

Stremlau , John J ., The International Politics of theNigerian Civil War (Princeton University Press, 1977).

Vogt, Margaret A., 'Nigeria's Defence: an Assessment',Nigerian Forum, 1 (2), April 1981,77-81.

Transnational

Akinyemi, A. Bolaji, 'Religion and Foreign Affairs: PressAttitudes Towards the Nigerian Civil War', JerusalemJournal of International Relations, 4 0), 1980, 56-81.

Booth, A. R., 'The Churches in the Nigerian War: theThreat of Moral Imperialism', Round Table, 60, April 1970,121-7 .

Collins, J. D., 'The Clandestine Movement of GroundnutsAcross the Niger-Nigerian Boundary', Canadian Journal ofAfrican Studies, 10 (2), 1976,259-78.

Davis, Morris, Interpreters for Niger ia: the Third Worldand Internationa l Public Relations (Urbana: Universityof Ill inois Press, 1977) .

244 Bibliography

Fajana, Olufemi, 'Trade and Growth : the Nigerian Experi­ence', World Development, 7 (I), 1979,73-8 .

Fajana, Olufemi, 'International Trade and Balance of Pay­ments' in F. A. Olaloku et al . , Structure of the NigerianEconomy (London: Macmillan, 1979) 224-54 .

Hilton, A. C. E., 'Perceptions of Foreign Involvement inNigeria' in K. P. Sauvant and F. G. Lavipour (eds),Controlling Multinational Enterprises (Boulder: Westview,1976).

Ijewere, G. 0., 'The New International Economic Order andNigeria's External Economic Policy', Ife InternationalRelations Occasional Papers, I, 1981, 72-96 .

King, Mae C., 'Nigerian Foreign Policy and the AfricanDiaspora : the North American Region', Nigerian Societyfor International Affairs, Zaria, January 1979 .

Olofin, S., 'Ultra-import Biased Taste in Nigeria's ExternalTrade Relations' in Bolaji Akinyemi (ed .), Nigeria and theWorld (Ibadan : OUP for NIIA, 1978) 32-43.

Shagari, Shehu, 'The World Monetary Crisis in Relation toNigeria', Nigerian Journal of International Affairs, 1(I), July 1975, 59-70.

Wright, Stephen, 'Nigeria : the Politics of Sport', RoundTable, 272, October J978, 362-7 .

RADICAL

Akeredolu-Ale, E. 0., 'Private Foreign Investment and theUnderdevelopment of Indigenous Entrepreneurship inNigeria' in Gavin Williams (ed.), Nigeria: Economy andSociety (London: Rex Collings, 1976) 102-22 .

Biersteker, Thomas J., Distortion or Development? ContendingPerspectives on the Multinational Corporation (Cambridge,Mass. : MIT Press, 1978) passim.

Callaway, Barbara, 'The Political Economy of Nigeria' inRichard Harris (ed .), The Political Economy of Africa(Cambridge: Schenkman, 1975) 93-135.

Collins, P., 'The Political Economy of Indigenisation : theCase of the Nigerian Enterprises Promotion Decree',African Review, 4 (2), 1974, 491-508 .

Ekundare, R. 0., 'The Political Economy of Private Invest­ment in Nigeria', Journal of Modern African Studies, 10(I), March 1972,37-56.

Freund, Bill, 'Oil Boom and Crisis in Contemporary Nigeria ',Review of African Political Economy, 13, May-August 1978,91-100.

Gona, Aaron T., 'Nigeria : Class Struggle and ForeignPolicy', Africa Development, 5 (I), 1980, 75-94 .

Bibliography 245

Joseph, Richard, 'Affluence and Underdevelopment: theNigerian Experience', Journal of Modern African Studies,16 (2), June 1978,221-39.

Madiebo, Alexander A., The Nigerian Revolution and theBiafran War (Enugu : Fourth Dimension, 1980) passim.

Nnoli, Okwudiba (ed .), Path to Nigerian Development (London:Zed, 1982).

Nzimiro, Ikenna, 'The Political and Social Implications ofInternational Corporations in Nigeria ' in Carl Widstrand(ed.), Multinational Firms in Africa (Stockholm: Almqvist& Wiksell, 1975) 210-43 .

Ojedokun, Olasupo, 'The Changing Pattern of Nigeria'sInternational Economic Relations: the Decline of theColonial Nexus, 1960-1966', Journal of Developing Areas,6 (4), July 1972, 534-54.

Ojo, Olatunde J. B., 'Nigeria's Self-Reliant Strategy:the Prospect for Self-Reliance in the Contemporary Inter­national Tributory System', African Studies Association,Bloomington, October 1981 .

Oni, Ola and Bade Onimode, Economic Development of Niger ia:the Socialist Alternative (Ibadan: Nigerian Academy ofArts, Sciences and Technology, 1975).

Onimode, Bade, 'Imperialism and Multinational Corporations:a Case Study of Nigeria' in Aguibou Y. Yansane (ed .),Decolonisation and Dependency: Problems of Development inAfrican Societies (Westport: Greenwood, 1980) 145-70 .

Osagie, E. and K. Awosika, 'Foreign Capital and Firms inNigeria'. Quarterly Journal of Administration 9 (I),October 1974, 61-76 .

Osoba, Segun, 'The Nigerian Power Elite, 1952-65' in PeterW. Gutkind and Peter Waterman (eds .), Afr ican SocialStudies: a Radical Reader (London: Heinemann, 1977)368-82.

Osoba, Segun, 'The Deepening Crisis of the Nigerian NationalBourgeoisie', Review of African Political Economy, 13,May-August 1978, 63-77 .

Osoba, Segun, 'The Economic Foundations of Nigeria's ForeignPolicy in the First Republic, 1960-1966' in I. A.Akinjogbin and Segun O. Osoba (eds), Topics on NigerianEconomic and Social History (Ife: University o f Ife Press,1980) 208-33 .

Owosekun, Akinola and Moses Otigba, 'The Nigerian Enter­prises Promotion Decree : Impact on Indigenous Ownership'in J . F. Rweyemamu (ed.), Industrialization and IncomeDistribution in Africa (London : Zed for CODESRIA, 1980)168-90.

246 Bibl i o graphy

Oyebode, Akindele B., 'Towards a New Policy on Decolonisa­tion' in Bolaji Akinyemi (ed.), Nigeria and the World(Ibadan: OUP for NIIA, 1978) 96-] 15.

Rimmer, Douglas, 'Elements of the Political Economy' inKeith Panter-Brick (ed .), Soldiers and Oil (London: FrankCass, 1978) 141-65 .

Schatz , Sayre P., Nigerian Capitalism (Berkeley : Universityof California Press, 1977). .

Shaw, Timothy M., 'Nigeria's Political Economy: Constitu­tions, Capitalism and Contradictions', ODI Review, 2,1980, 76-85.

Soleye, O. 0 ., 'The Politico-economic Position of Mult ina­tional Corporations: a Nigerian Example' in Carl Widstrand(ed .), Multinationa l Firms in Africa (Stockholm: Almqvist& Wiksell, 1975) 196- 209.

Turner, Terisa, 'Multinational Corporations and theInstability of the Nigerian State', Review of AfricanPolitical Economy, 5, January-April 1976, 63-79 .

Turner, Terisa, 'The Transfer of Oil Technology and theNigerian State', Development and Change, 7 (4), 1976,353-90; revised version in Petter Nore and Terisa Turner(eds), Oil and Class Struggle (London: Zed, 1980), 199­223.

Turner, Terisa, 'Two Refineries: a Comparative Study ofTechnology Transfer to the Nigerian Refining Industry",World Development, 5, 1977, 235-56.

Tyoden, Sonni, The Political Economy of Nigeria's ExternalRela t ions (London: Zed, 1983).

Usman, Bala, For the Liberation of Nigeria (London: NewBeacon, 1979).

Usore, E. J., 'Foreign Oil Companies and Recent NigerianPetroleum Oil Policies', Nigerian Journal of Economic andSocial Studies, ]4, 1972, 301- 14.

White, P. V., 'Nigerian Politics: Class Alliances andForeign Alignment' in U. G. Damachi and H. P. Seibel(eds), Social Change and Economic Development i n Niger ia(New York: Praeger, 1973) 209-29 .

Williams, Gavin, 'Class Relations in a Neo-colony: the Caseof Nigeria' in Peter Gutkind and Peter Waterman (eds),African Social Studies : a Radical Reader (London:Heinemann, 1977) 284-94.

Williams, Gavin, 'Editorial: Nigeria', Review of AfricanPOlitical Economy, 13, May-August 1978, 1-7.

Williams, Gavin, 'Introduction' and 'Nigeria: a PoliticalEconomy' in Gavin Williams (ed.), Nigeria: Economy andSociety (London: Rex Collings, 1976) I-54 .

Williams, Gavin and Ter isa Turner, 'Nigeria' in John Dunn(ed.), West African States: Failure and Promise (CambridgeUniversity Press, 1978) 132-72.

Index

Activism (see Afrocentrism)Adedeji, Adebayo, 85

Review Panel on NigerianForeign Policy, 25,63-4, 65, 78

African, Caribbean andPacific (ACP) States, 40,82, 84-7, 192, 195

see also European EconomicCommunity (EEC); LomeConvention

African Development Bank, 198see also OAU; World Bank

Afrocentrism, 3-4, 31, 164,171-6, 201, 210

in Nigerian foreign policy,3-4, 26, 31, 38, SO,226

see also 'Pax Nigeriana';Mediation

Agents, 205, 226-7see also Bourgeoisie:

FractionsAgribusiness (see Agricul­

ture: Multinationalcorporations)

Agriculture, 97, 197see also Food; Green

RevolutionAid, 27,40, 78, 108, 167,

175, 198, 200see also ECOWAS; EEC: UK:

US: World Bank

Air Force, 199see also Military

Ake, Claude, 1, 13, 16,226-7

Akinyemi, Bolaji, 9, 181,183, 207, 209, 211, 227

see also NigerianInstitute of Inter­national Affairs

Algeria, 38Alliances, 4,14,141

'Nigerian-AmericanAlliance', 49

'triple alliance', 3-4,13

Allison, Graham, 77-80Alternative approaches

(see Modes of analysis)Alternative futures, 24,

157, 179-84, 191-203,215, 218-26

optimistic, 215, 224pessimistic, 215, 224revolutionary, 224repressive, 224see also Policy alterna­

tivesAluko, Olajide, 9, 24, 25,

31-2, 66, 165-6, 170,172, 180,207,227

Amin, Idi Dada (seeUganda)

Angola, 38, 49, 109, 173,

247

248 Index

175, 195, 210and the US, 36, 50recognition of, 3, 5, 26,

40, 89, 94, 109s e e al s o Portugal; Mozam­

bique; Front LineStates

Apartheid, 26, 192, 196see a l so South Africa

Arikpo, Okoi, 61, 85Armed Forces ( see Military)Army, 198

s e e al s o MilitaryAudu, Ishaya, 23, 199

s ee also Joe Garba; JajaWachuku

Awolowo, Obafemi, 103-4, 180s e e al so Tafawa Balewa;

Shehu Shagari; UPNAyida, Allison, 77, 81-2

Balewa, Tafawa, 2, 23, 26,83-4, 106, 148, 164-7,176, 180-1, 192-3

Barclays Bank, 45see a l s o BP; Nationalisa-

t ion; UKBenin, 27,108 ,109,170, 175Biafra ( s e e Civil War) ,Bourgeo isie, 30, 127, 128,

135-7, 140-1, 148, 154 ,158, 160, 212-4, 221,223, 225, 226

bureaucratic, 8, II, 147,159, 223

competition among fractions,30, 160

comprador, 11, 13, 102,135, 143, 225

intellectual, 226-7managerial, II, 13,223military, 223-4national, 8, IS, 151, 226transnational , 8, I I, 226

Brazil, 2, 6, 7, 99, Ill,178, 217, 219

see also Evans; NICs

Bribery ( see Corruption)Britain (s e e United Kingdom)British Petroleum (BP),

30-1,39,45,98, 113,207

Bingham Report, 113see also Barclays Bank;

National isation;United Kingdom

Bureaucratic politicsapproach, 77-80

see also Rational policyapproach

Byrd Amendment, 37s e e also US

Cameroon, 109, 170, 181,182, 183

border clash, 109, 181,182-3

Capitalism in Nigeria, 3,28, 35, 44, 125-41, 171,172, 218-24

see al s o Bourgeoisie;Indigenisat ion; State;State capitalism

Carter, Jimmy,S, 35-41,48-9, 112 , 114

see a lso Richard Nixon;Ronald Reagan; US.

Casablanca Bloc, 192see a l so Monrov ia Bloc;

OAUCentral Bank , 47, ISO, lSI

see al s o Financialinstitutions

Centre, 12, 148see also Intermediary;

Periphery; Semi­periphery

Chad,S, 8, 27, 31,42,106,115, 175, 176, 181-2,200, 202, 210

China (People's Republic of),172

see also USSRCivilian rule, 26, 29, 103,

Index 249

164, 168, 181-3, 199-201see also Military rule

Civil war, 2, 84-5, 94, lOS,126, 127, 168, 169-71,173,207,211

Clapham, Christopher, 77Class (see Bourgeoisie;

Labour)Client state (see State)Cold War (see Superpowers)Commod i ties, 197

see also Agriculture;Petroleum

Commonweal th, 23, 62, 196,201

conferences, 39, 109, I 13Comprador (see Bourgeoisie)Congo (see Zaire)Corrupt ion, 98, 102, 138-9,

159Crocker, Chester, 50-2

see also Front LineStates; US

Cuba, 36, 42, SO, 79see also Angola; USSR

Dahomey (see Benin)Debt, 156

see also Aid; Investment;Loans; Trade balance

Defence (see Military)Denationalisation, 125, 140

see also Nationalisation;State

Dependence, 3, 28, 93, 100,128, ISS, 177-9,211-12,220

definitions of, 30, 158,17 I

petroleum and, 7, 28, 51,153, 169

relations of, 36, 148,157,211-12

schools of, 36, 158Deve lopment, 147, 151-60

school of, 36theories of, 216, 218-24

see also Dependence;Policy alternatives

Development plans (seeNational DevelopmentPlans)

Development policies, 14,147, lSI, 157, 159-60

see also Policy alterna­tives

Diplomatic function, 65-7power of Foreign Service,

88-90see also Ministry of

External AffairsDiplomatic missions

closure of Kampalamission, 87-8

structure, 65-7see also Ministry of

External Affairs;Foreign Minister

Diversification, 10 I, 109,I I I, 197

among partners, 43, 148,ISS, 172, 179

among products, 97, 179Doe, Samuel (see Liberia)

Eastern Europe, 35, III,167, 170-1

see also China; Cuba; USSREasum, Donald, 41

see also USEconomic Community of West

African States (ECOWAS),4, 6, 40, 62, 85-6, 93,95, 107, 175, 193,196-7,201,210

see also West AfricaEconomic cycles, 7, 12,51,

157, 169, 178-9see also Petroleum

Elite (see Bourgeoisie)Equatorial Guinea, 195Ethiopia, 42, 106, 175, 177,

195see also Ethiopia-Somali

250

conflict; Horn ofAfr ica; Somalia

Ethiopia-Somali conflict,42, 106, 175, 195

see also Horn of AfricaEurAfrica, 28, 177

see also Dependence; EEC;Industrial powers

Eurodollar market (seeLoans)

European Investment Bank(EIB), 156

see also EECEuropean Development Fund,

85see also EEC

European Economic Community(EEC), 8, 15, 28, 4°,83,84-7, 174, 195

Evans, Peter, 3, 6, 13see also Alliances;

Brazil; NICsExpatriates, 138, 150, 154

see also Indigenisation;Multinational cor­porations

Export Promotion, 154-5

Factions (see Fractions)FESTAC (Festival of Black

and African Arts andCulture), 29, 36, 48,95, 116n, 174-5, 226

Financial Institutions,125, 152-3, 162n

capital formation, ISSsee also Central Bank;

Indigenisation;Barclays Bank

Food, 29,47,179,197,214-5

imports, 29, 30, 21 Ipolicy, 47production, 197see also Agriculture;

Green Revolution;Population

Index

Ford, Gerald, 29, 40, 50,III

see also USForeign investment, 15, 44,

46, 112, 132, 149, 156and indigenisation, 130capital inflows, 132, 156see also Foreign loans;

Multinational cor­porations

Foreign loans, 156Foreign Minister, 59, 61, 65

see also Ishaya Audu; OkoiArikpo; Joe Garba;Jaja Wachuku

Foreign Office (see Ministryof External Affairs)

Foreign reserves, 28Fractions, 3, 8, II, 13-14,

30, 103, 127, 158, 160,223

see also BourgeoisieFrance, 31, 42, 83, 89, 99,

101, 155, 172, 181, 202Front Line States,S, 8, 26

see also Southern AfricaFuture (see Alternative

futures)

Gabon, 170Gaddafi, Muammar (see Libya)Gambari, Ibrahim, 165, 169,

210, 219, 227Garba, Joe, 37, 41

see also Ishaya Audu:Jaja Wachuku

Ghana, 27, 3 I, 4 I, 108,116, 175, 177, 210

Kwame Nkrumah, 110, 179,195

Rawlings' coups, 41, 108Gowon, Yakubu, 2, 85-6, 94,

III, 128, 159, 172,174, 196-7

see also Military govern­ment; Mohammed/Obasanjo period

Index 25 1

Gray, Cowan L., 206Great Powers (see France;

Industrial powers;Superpowers; UK)

Green Revolution, 47, 97,215

see also Agriculture;Food

Grundy, Kenneth W., 177Guinea, 108, 175Guinea-Bissau, 175

see also Angola;Mozambique

Herskovits, Jean, 180, 207Horn of Africa, 42

see also Ethiopia-Somaliconflict

House of Representatives,90

Idealists, 9-lOsee also Modes of

analysis; Radicals;Realists

Import-substitution ( seeIndigenisation;Industrialisation)

Indigenisat ion, 30, 36,44-7,49, 102, 125-43,151-60

acts and decrees, 30,126, 128, 151

avoidance or exemptions,132, 134

degree of compliance,132-40

policies for, 142requirements, 128-30

Industrialisation, 6, 100,ISO-I, 163n, 183,197-8, 215

Industrial powers, 8, 13,14, 28, 97, lOl, 109,111-15, 156, 171, 172,178, 205

see also EEC; France ;

Superpowers; UKInsurance (see Financial

institutions)Interdependence, 14, 158

see also DependenceIntermed iary, 12, 36, 41

see also Semi-periphery;Sub-imperialism

International DevelopmentAssociat ion (IDA), 156

see also World BankInternational Monetary Fund,

175Iran, 42, 47, 51, I IS, 198,

219see also OPEC

Islam, 199pilgrimages, 62see also Northern;

ReligionIsrael, 31Italy, 155Ivory Coast, 99, 174, 217

see al so ECOWAS, WestAfrica

Iyalla, Joe, 61seealso Ministry of

External Affairs; OkoiArikpo

Japan, 28, 101, 155Joint ventures (see Lnd i gerr­

isation ; Multinationalcorporations)

Kissinger, Henry, 40, I I I,172

s ee also USKrasner, Stephen, 79

Labour, 101-2, 148, 151see al so Expatriates

Lagos Conference againstApartheid, 29, 45, 48

see also South Africa; UNLagos Plan of Action, 4, 29,

95

252 Index

Levels of analysis, 26see also Substructure;

SuperstructureLevels of interaction, 26Liberation (see Southern

Africa)Liberia, 27, 31,41, 108,

116Doe coup, 27,41, 108see also West Africa

Libya, 27,42, 109, 176;183

role in Chad, 27, 42,176,181-2

Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG),28, 97, 153, 159

see also Multinationalcorporations;Petroleum

Loans, 7, 47see also Aid; Debt; Multi­

national corporationsLome Convention, 82, 84-7,

109, 195see also ACP; EEC

Lule, Yusuf (see Uganda)

Manufacturing (see Indus­trialisation)

Mazrui, Ali A., 191Mediation, 5, 27,41, 106,

175Metropole (see Centre)Middle powers, 175, 177,

178, 183see also Brazil; Semi­

periphery; SouthAfrica; Sub-imperialism

Military, 29, 105, III, 168-9,170, 183, 193-4, 198-9,202

Air Force, 199Army, 168, 198in Chad, 42, 182, 202in Congo, 194in foreign relations, 29in Lebanon, 194

Navy, 198-9strength, 105, 198,202

Military government, 94,127,164,167-76,182-3,209

see al s o Gowon; Mohammed/Obasanjo period

Minister of External Affairs(see Foreign Minister)

Minister of Foreign Affairs(see Foreign Minister)

Ministry of External Affairs,56-74, 80-2, 88-90

functions, 25, 58Kampala mission closure,

87-88, 89Minister or Commissioner,

58, 6 I, 65, 8 IPermanent Secretary, 60,

61- 2, 64, 65, 8 Irecruitment and training,

68-71reforms, 59-60, 61-2,

63-4, 72-4see also Adedeji review

panel; Diplomaticmissions; Foreignminister; Joe Garba;Jaja Wachuku

Mixed economy, 172see also Bourgeoisie;

Capitalism; Indigeni­sation

Mobutu, Sese (see Zaire)Modernisation (see Modes of

analysis)Modes of analysis, 14, 206,

228active v. conservative,

164-84 passim.modernisation, 215, 216,

219, 227orthodox, 9-10, 208, 210,

213-222radical, 10, 208-228see also Idealists;

Radicals; Realists;

Index 253

Substructure;Superstructure

Modes of product ion, IIMohammed, Murtala, 94, III,

172, 174see al s o Military govern­

mentMohammed/Obasanjo period, 2,

I I, 15, 26, 78, 106,110, 209, 226

s e e also Murtala Mohammed;Olusegun Obasanjo

Mondale , Walter, 38, 49see also US

Monrovia bloc, 192see al so OAU

Morocco, 42, 109Mozambique, 37, 38, 175

see al s o Angola; FrontLine States; SouthernAfrica

MPLA (see Angola)Multinational corporations

(MNCs) , 15,44,45,56,98, 126-41 passim ,147-59 passim, 220

s e e also Foreign invest­ment; Industrial powers

Muzorewa, Bishop (seeZimbabwe)

Namibia,S, 38-9, 50, 52,114, 196

see also Southern AfricaNational Advisory Council, 64Nat ional Development Plans,

30First (1962-8), 149Third (1975-80), 44, 154Fourth (1981-4), 30, 154see also World Bank

National income, 7, 29-30,93, 97, 153

National interest, 32, 96see also Olajide Aluko

Nationalisation, 45, 98Barclays Bank, 45

BP, 30-1, 45, 98see also Indigenisation;

Multinational cor­porations

Nat ionalism, 125-6, 151 ,160, 163n, 221

economic, 126 , 131, 141political, 128, 152see also Indigenisat ion

National Party of Nigeria(NPN) , 15, 103, 199

see also Shehu Shagari;UPN

Navy, 198-9see also Military

Neo-colonialism, 97see also Dependence

Netherlands, 28, 99, I 15KLM, 102see also EEC

Neto, Agostinho (seeAngola)

Neutralism (see Nonalign­ment)

Newly IndustrialisingCountry, 2, 13,24, 28,209, 216, 219

s e e also Brazil; NewlyInfluential Country

Newly Influential Country,9, 209, 216, 2 19

s ee al s o Middle powers;Newly IndustrialisingCountry

New Zealand, 174Niger, 27, 37, 107, 110 , 175Nigeria

Africa policy, 3-4,41,50, 95, 106-110

Africa power, 93, 109,113-4, 164, 173

aid from, 108, 175, 198foreign policy defined by

constitution, 25, 69,180- 1, 192,200

influence, 115-6, 175-6,183leadership of, 12,168,180-1

254 Index

major power, 12, 175,193,207,214

other ministries, 57politica l economy, 205-26,

228regional power , 115-6,

182-3see also Afrocentrism;

Ministry of ExternalAffairs

Nigerianisation (see Indi­gen i sa t Lon )

Nigerian Institute of Inter­national Affairs (NIIA),58, 59 , 70, 226-7

see also Bolaji AkinyemiNigerian National Petroleum

Corporation (NNPC), 44,98, 153, 158

see also Indigenisation;OPEC; Petroleum

Nixon , Richard M., 37, 111see also Ronald Reagan; US

Nkomo, Joshua (seeZimbabwe)

Nonalignment, 4,16,28,31,170-1,194,218

and economic alignment, 3,35

under Balewa, 26, 166-7,176, 178

under Mohammed/Obasanjo,26, 176

Northern, 12, 3 I, 103-4,168, 178

see also Islam; NigeriaNuclear policy, 105Nyerere, Julius (see

Tanzania)Nzimiro, Ikenna, 207-8,

226-7

Obasanjo, Olusegun, 5, 37,45, 87-8, 108, 112,129-30, 200, 205, 226

see also Military govern­ment; Mohammed/

Obasanjo periodObote, Apollo Milton (see

Uganda)OECD states (see Industrial

powers)Ofoegbu, Ray, 208, 225-6,

227Ogunbadejo, Oye, 3-4, 9, 23,

26, 31Oil (see Petroleum)Oil boom (see Economic

cycles)Oil weapon, 44, 93, 108,

115see also OPEC

Ojo, Olatunde, 6Olympics, 174Organisation of African

Unity (OAU), 4, 23, 37,40, 42, 62, 82, 85-6,106, 109, 110, 167, 192,193, 195, 201

see also Front Line StatesOrganisation of Petroleum

Exporting Countries(OPEC), 14, 23,44, 125,193

see also NNPC; Petroleum;Saudi Arabia

Osoba, Segun, 212, 213,214,220,222,223,224,225, 226-7

Owen, David (see UK)

PanAfricanism, 4see also Afrocentrism;

OAUParastatals (see Jo int Ven­

tures; Nationalisation;NNPC; State capitalism)

Party politics (see Civil­ian government; NPN;UPN)

'Pax Nigeriana', 36, 39-43,50, 207

see also Bolaji AkinyemiPeripheral state (see

Index 255

Dependence; Semi­periphery; Under­development)

Periphery, 147-8see also Semi-periphery

Petroleum, 43-7, 51-2,97-100, 153, 157-8, 169,178-9, 207, 211, 214

Agip, 153revenue scandal, 98see also BP; Indigenisa­

tion; Industrialisa­tion; Multinationalcorporations; NNPC

Phillips, Claude S., 180Policy alternatives, 179-84,

201-3economic policy, 183-4foreign policy, 179strategic policy, 181-3see also Development

Political economy, 14, 205­26, 228

see also Modes ofanalysis; Radicals;Substructure

Population, 100, 197see also Food; National

incomePortugal, 167, 170

see also Angola; Mozam­bique; SouthernAfrica

Power politics (seeRealists)

Power, 1,24,100,109-10,114-16, 178, 193

bases of, I, 24, 36, 96-8,106,183,197,202,206-18

of Foreign Service, 88-90see also National interest;

NigeriaPresident (see Yakubu Gowon;

Murtala Mohammed; SegunObasanjo; Shehu Shagari)

Press, 181

Prime Minister (see TafawaBalewa)

Projectior.s (see Alternativefutures)

Racism (see Apartheid)Radicals, 10, 208-28

see also Dependence;Idealists; Realists;Substructure

Rational policy approach, 82Rawlings, Jerry (see Ghana)Reagan, Ronald S., SO-52,

114see also Richard Nixon

Realists, 9-10, 210-1 I,213-22, 226-8

see also Idealists;Radicals

Religion, 31see also Islam; Northern

Rhodesia (see Zimbabwe)Role conceptions, 23, 27-8

liberation supporter, 27regional leader, 28status quo mediator, 27

Sahara, 27, 31, 42, 83,106, 107-8, 115, 175,210

Sahel, 175Sahraoui Arab Democratic

Republic (SADR) (seeSahara)

Saudi Arabia, 14, 43, 219see also Iran; OPEC;

PetroleumSchatz, Sayre, 173,213-4,

220-221, 222, 224, 225Semi-industrialisation (see

Industrialisation)Semi-periphery, 2, 3, 7,

12, 13, IS, 177, 209,219, 224

see also IntermediarySenate, 90Senegal, 174, 175

256 Index

see also ECOWAS; WestAfrica

Shaba (see Zaire)Shagari, Alhaji Shehu, IS,

27, 29, 38, 51, 90,103-4, lOS, lIS, 179,199, 202

see also NPN ; Tafawa BalewaSmith, Ian (see Zimbabwe)Somalia, 42, 175, 195

see also Ethiopia-Somaliconflict

South Africa, 50-I, lOS,116, 167, 170, 173, 193,196, 210

apartheid, 193, 196multinational corporations,

30see also Namibia

Southern Africa, 3, 5, 26, 4~93, 166-7, 170, 171, 174,193, 195,201,210

and the US, 36see also Front Line States

South West Africa (seeNamibia)

South West Africa People'sOrganisation (SWAPO) (seeNamibia)

Soviet Union (see USSR)State, 126, 131, 140, 145n

client type, 36, 147-51,225

involvement in economy,125, 142-3, 151

support of Nigerian bour­geoisie, 128-30, 225

see also NNPC; NigeriaState capitalism, 15

see also Bourgeoisie;Capitalism; Nationali­sat ion

Sub-imperialism, 183, 210see also Semi-periphery;

West AfricaSubstructure, 205-26

see also Modes of analysis;

SuperstructureSuperpowers, 194

see also Industrialpowers; US; USSR

Superstructure, 205-26see also Levels of

analysis; Modes ofanalysis; Substructure

Tanzania, 37, 38, 82, 110,106

war with Uganda, 41, 87-8,175, 195

see also Front LineStates; SouthernAfrica

Thatcher, Margaret (seeUK)

Togo, 175, 193see also ECOWAS; West

AfricaTrade balance, 29-30

see also DebtTransnational corporations

(see Multinationalcorporations)

'Triple alliance', 3-4 , 5,6, 8, 13

see also Bourgeoisie;Brazil; Evans

UgandaAmin regime, 82, 87-8Lule regime, 4 1war with Tanzania, 41,

87-8, 106, 175, 195see also Ministry of

External Affairs ­Kampala missionclosure

Union of Soviet SocialistRepublics (USSR), 35,42, 100, III, ISS,166-7, 170, 171

Ajaokuta steel works, 100civil war, 35, 171

United Kingdom (UK), 12,

Index 257

29,111-12,113-14,148, 166-7, 172

Anglo-American initia­tives on Zimbabwe,37-8

Bingham Report, 113James Callaghan, 112David Owen, 37Margaret Thatcher, 39see also Barclays Bank;

BP; EECUnited Nations (UN), 37,

62, 110, 194-5,201Nigeria on Security

Council, 37, 110United States (US), 12, 28,

29, 35-52, 111-12, ISS,172, 215

and food, 215and petroleum industry,

44, 215Congress, 37, 40investment, 45-7see also Jimmy Carter;

Donald Easum; RichardNixon; Andrew Young

Unity Party of Nigeria (UPN),103-4

see also NPN; ObafemiAwolowo

Vance, Cyrus, 39, 42see also US

Wachuku, Jaja, 31, 59, 180,205

see also Ishaya Audu; JoeGarba

Wallerstein, Immanuel, II,12, 15

see also Semi-peripheryWayas, Joseph, 49, 107West Africa, 3, 5-6, 27, 31,

107-9, 170, 175-6, 193,

201-2, 210integration, 3, 4, 27regional dominance and

Nigeria, 12,31response to coups, 4, 27,

108see also Chad; ECOWAS;

Ghana; Ivory Coast;Liberia; Senegal

Western Sahara (see Sahara)West Germany, 47,99,101,

III, 114-5, ISS, 156see also EEC

World Bank, 47, 156, 162n,175

see also IDAWorld system

cycles in, 12see also Dependence;

State; Wallerstein

Young, Andrew, I, 5, 8,36-7,41,47, 112

see also Jimmy Carter; US

Zaire, 35, 109, 167, 174Shaba, 4 I, 42

Zamb ia, 37, I 75Kenneth Kaunda, 112see also Front Line

States; SouthernAfrica

Zartman, I. William, 177Zimbabwe,S, 27, 37-9, 40,

116, 193, 210independence of, 94, 109,

200Rhodesian UDI, 82-4, 89support of, 78US and, 37-40, 112-14,

172see also Front Line

States; SouthernAfrica