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Abbreviations and Acronyms

a.c. Alternating current 51.2

ACL Access control list 49.11

A/D Analogue to digital converter 44.1

AI Artificial intelligence 107.0

AIN Analogue input (card or function block) 44.2

ALARP As low as reasonably practical 56.2

ALU Arithmetic and logic unit 9.3

AM Application module 38.5

AMS Alarm management system 43.6

ANN Artificial neural network 109.0

AOT Analogue output (card or function block) 44.5

APC Advanced process control 60.3

API American Petroleum Institute

Application program interface 49.4

ARK Archive (package) or history module 41.4

ARMAX Auto regressive moving average with exogoneous input 114.6

ASL Asymptotic sample length 115.4

ASM Abnormal situation management 43.6

ATEX Explosive atmosphere 52.14

AUTO Automatic mode of operation 3.4

BACS Banking automated clearing system 100.2

BASEEFA British approvals service for electrical equipmentin flammable atmospheres 52.7

BLS Batch least squares 83.7

BPC Batch process control (package) 41.6

BPCS Basic process control system 55.1

BS British Standards Institute

CAD Computer aided design 49.5

C&I Control and instrumentation 59.9

1056 Abbreviations and Acronyms

CARIMA Controlled auto regressive integrated moving average 117.2

CARMA Controlled auto regressive moving average 114.6

CASE Computer aided software engineering 63.7

CCF Cumulative cash flow 59.11

CCITT International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee 40.4

CD Compact disc 9.4

CE Electromagnetic compatibility 52.14

CENELEC European Electrical Standards Coordination Committee 52.7

CERT Computer emergency response team 49.9

CF Cash flow 59.11

CHAZOP Computer hazard and operability (study) 54.3

CIA Chemical Industries Association

CIM Computer integrated manufacture 100.0

CIP Common industrial protocol 49.11

CLTF Closed loop transfer function 71.5

CMS Code management system 63.7

COMAH Control of major accident hazards 54.0

COOP Control and operability study 54.4

COSHH Control of substances hazardous to health 54.0

CPD Cumulative probability distribution 82.3

CPU Central processing unit 9.1

CSMA/CD Carrier sense multiple access / collision detection 40.2

CSTR Continuous flow stirred tank reactor 36.0

CV Controlled variable 3.1

D/A Digital to analogue converter 44.5

DBMS Database management system 99.3

d.c. Direct current 4.2

DC Diagnostic coverage 53.8

DCF Discounted cash flow 59.11

DCS Distributed control system 38.5

DDC Direct digital control 38.3

DDE Dynamic data exchange 49.5

DDL Data definition language 99.3

Device description language 50.7

DDS Device description services 50.7

DFS Detailed functional specification 62.0

Abbreviations and Acronyms 1057

DIN Deutsches Institut fur Normung (German standards authority)

Discrete input (card or function block) 46.4

DMC Dynamic matrix control 117

DMZ Demilitarised zone 49.12

DOC Dynamic opimising controller 106.7

Dynamic optimisation capability 106.7

DOT Discrete output (card or function block) 46.1

DP cell Differential pressure cell 11.0

DPI Deep packet inspection 49.11

DPMO Defects per million opportunities 102.8

DR Demand rate 53.10

Discount rate (fractional) 59.11

DV Disturbance variable 3.1

ECP Engineers control program 41.8

ECN Effective carbon number 18.4

EDI Electronic data interchange 100.2

EEMUA Engineering Equipment and Materials Users Association

ELS Extended least squares 114.6

EMC Electromagnetic compatibility 51.3

emf Electro motive force 16.1

ER Entity relationship 99.7

ERRF External risk reduction facility 56.2

ES Expert system 107.3

ESD Emergency shut down (system) 55.3

FAM Fuzzy associative memory 108.3

FANN Feedforward artificial neural network 109.1

FAT Factory acceptance testing 63.13

F&G Fire and gas (detection system) 55.3

FBD Function block diagram 48.5

FDA United States Food and Drugs Administration 66.3

FDM Frequency division multiplexing 40.7

FDT Field device tool 50.7

FF Foundation Fieldbus 50.3

FID Flame ionisation detector 18.4

FIL Filter (routine) 44.3

FIP Factory instrumentation protocol 50.3

1058 Abbreviations and Acronyms

FIR Finite inpulse response 114.1

FLC Fuzzy logic controller 108.0

FM Frequency modulated 40.8

FMEA Failure mode and effect analysis 54.6

FPMH Failures per million hours 53.1

FPTF Forward path transfer function 71.5

FS File server 38.10

FSK Frequency shift keying 40.7

FTA Fault tree analysis 54.7

FTP Field termination panel 51.1

File transfer protocol 49.11

GA Genetic algorithm 110.0

GAMP Good automated manufacturing practice 66.4

GC Gas chromatography 18.1

GLC Globally linearising control 118.5

GLS Generalised least squares 114.5

GM Gain margin 73.12

GMC Generic model control 118.3

GMV Genaralised minimum variance 116.5

GPC Generalised predictive control 117.0

GUI Graphical user interface 97.0

GW Gateway 38.7

HART Highway addressable remote transducer 50.1

HAZOP Hazard and operability 54.1

HDLC High-level data-link control 40.4

HIPS High integrity protection system 55.6

HLL High level language 41.7

HM History module 38.5

HR Hazard rate 53.10

HRF Hazard reduction factor 53.8

HSE Health and Safety Executive

HTML Hypertext markup language 49.7

HTTP Hypertext transfer protocol 49.11

IC Integrated circuit 6.0

ICE Institution of Civil Engineers

Abbreviations and Acronyms 1059

IChemE Institution of Chemical Engineers

ICS Integrated control system 38.4

IEC International Electrotechnical Commission

IEE Institution of Electrical Engineers

IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (US)

IF Inflation factor (fractional) 59.11

IIF Input interface 38.1

IIR Infinite impulse response 114.1

IMechE Institution of Mechanical Engineers

I/O Input and output signals or channels 2.2

IoP Institute of Petroleum (constituent of the Energy Institute)

IP Integer programming 103.5

Internet protocol 49.11

Input (measured) variable 3.1

I/P Current to pressure converter 44.6

IPSE Integrated programming support environment 63.7

IR Instruction register 9.2

IRR Internal rate of return 59.11

IS Intrinsically safe 52.0

ISA International Society for Systems and Automation(formerly Instrument Society of America)

ISDN Integrated services digital network 40.7

ISO International Standards Organisation

JIT Just in time 100.2

KBS Knowledge based systems 107

KPI Key performance indicator 59.8

LAC Live activity checking 49.11

LAL Lower action limit 102.4

LAN Local area network 40.2

LAS Link active scheduler 50.5

LCD Liquid crystal display 23.1

LEC Local equipment centre 51.1

LED Light emitting diode 23.1

LEL Lower explosive limit 52.2

LIMS Laboratory information management systems 100.6

1060 Abbreviations and Acronyms

LISP List processing 107.8

LLC Logic link control 40.5

LP Linear programming 103.1

LSE Language sensitive editor 63.7

LSL Lower service limit 102.7

LVDT Linear variable displacement transducer 13.4

LWL Lower warning limit 102.4

LTI Linear time invariant 114.1

MAC Media access control 40.5

MAP Manufacturing automation protocol 40.4

MAN Manual mode of operation 3.4

MAR Memory address register 9.2

Missing at random 102.2

MBR Memory buffer register 9.5

MCC Motor control centre 51.2

MCS Minimum cut set 54.8

MDT Mean down time 53.2

MEI Major equipment item (or unit) 37.1

MES Manufacturing execution system 100.5

MILP Mixed integer linear programming 103.5

MIMO Multiple input multiple output 80.0

MINLP Mixed integer non linear programming 103.8

MIS Management information system 100.0

MLP Multi-layer perceptron 109.1

MLR Multiple linear regression 83.1

MMI Man-machine interface 58.0

MOGA Multi objective genetic algorithm 110.9

MPC Model (based) predictive control 117.0

MRP Materials resource planning 100.3

MTBF Mean time between failures 53.2

MTTF Mean time to fail 53.1

MTTR Mean time to repair 53.2

MV Manipulated variable 3.1

Minimum variance 116.3

MVC More volatile component 90.3

Abbreviations and Acronyms 1061

NARMAX Non linear ARMAX 114.8

NBG No good

NISCC National Infrastructure Security Co-ordination Centre 49.9

NLP Non linear programming 105

NPV Net present value 59.11

ODBC Open database connectivity 49.5

OCP Operator’s control program 41.2

OCS Operator’s control station 38.4

ODE Ordinary differential equation 70.2

OIF Output interface 38.2

OLE Object linking and embedding (see also OPC) 49.5

OLTF Open loop transfer function 71.5

OOP Object oriented programming 107.7

OP Output variable (controller) 3.1

OPC OLE for Process Control 49.6

Op-amp Operational amplifier 6.6

Op-code Instruction or operation code 9.2

OSI Open systems interconnection 40.4

PAT Process analytics technology 102

PC Personal computer 38.7

Program counter 9.2

PCA Principal components analysis 101.0

PCB Printed circuit board 6.0

PCU Process control unit 38.4

PCM Pulse code modulation 40.7

PDD Probability density distribution 82.3

PES Programmable electronic system 55.5

PFD Probability of failure on demand 53.8

P&I Piping and instrumentation (diagram) 2.0

PID Proportional, integral and derivative control (actions) 23.0

Proportional, integral and derivative control (routine) 44.4

PIN Process information network 49.12

Pulse input (card or function block) 39.3

PISTEP Process Industries STEP Consortium 60.4

PIU Plant interface unit 38.4

PLC Programmable logic controller 38.6

1062 Abbreviations and Acronyms

PM Phase margin 73.12

PMM Plant model mismatch 111.2

POU Program organisation unit 8.1

PP-PI Project planning for the process industries 100.6

PRBS Pseudo random binary signal 116.0

PROLOG Programming for logic 107.8

PSD Process shut-down (system) 55.6

PSV Parent space value 110.3

PSU Power supply unit 39.2

PSTN Public switched telephone network 40.7

PTF Pulse transfer function 76.2

PTI Proof test interval 53.3

PTRT Proof test and repair time 53.3

PV Present value 59.11

Process variable 3.1

QA Quality assurance 66.0

QC Quality control 66.10

QP Quadratic programming 105.9

RAM Random access memory 9.4

RBF Radial basis function 109.8

RDB Relational data base 99.0

RGA Relative gain analysis (or array) 111.1

RIBA Royal Institute of British Architects

RISC Reduced instruction set computing 9.0

RLS Recursive least squares 114.3

RMS Root mean square 113.6

ROM Read only memory 9.4

RTC Real time clock 39.3

RTD Resistance temperature device 16.4

RTO Real time optimiser 106.0

RTOS Real time operating system 45.5

RTU Remote terminal unit 40.9

SCADA Supervisory control and data acquisition 38.7

SIL Safety integrity level 56.4

SIS Safety instrumented system 55.6

Abbreviations and Acronyms 1063

SISO Single input single output 71.0

SEX Sequence executive 41.5

SFC Sequential function chart (IEC 1131) 29.6

SFD Sequence flow diagram 29.1

SFF Safe failure fraction 53.8

SLC Single loop controller 38.7

SMTP Simple mail transfer protocol 49.11

SOAP Simple object access protocol 49.11

SP Set point (reference) 3.1

SPC Statistical process control 102.0

SQL Structured query language 99.4

SQP Sequential quadratic programming 105.11

SR Set-reset 6.5

SRS Safety related system 55.6

Safety requirements specification 56.4

SSO Steady state optimiser 106.1

SSPR Stochastic sampling with partial replacement 110.3

SSR Stochastic sampling with replacement 110.3

STC Self-tuning control, or self-tuning controller 116

STEP Standards for the exchange of product model data 60.4

SUS Stochastic universal sampling 110.3

SQL Structured query language 99.2

SQP Sequential quadratic programming 105.12

SVD Singular value decomposition 111.9

TCP/IP Transmission control protocol / internet protocol 40.5

TDM Time division multiplexing 40.9

TQM Total quality management 66.10

TUV Technischer Uberwachungs-Verein 57.1

UAL Upper action limit 102.4

UART Universal asynchronous receiver and transmitter 50.1

UHF Ultra high frequency 40.8

URS User requirements specification 60.0

USB Universal serial bus 49.13

USL Upper service limit 102.7

UWL Upper warning limit 102.4

1064 Abbreviations and Acronyms

VDU Visual display unit 38.3

VLSI Very large scale integrated 9.0

VF Vulnerability factor 56.4

WAN Wide area network 40.7

WLAN Wireless local area network 49.12

WIP Work in progress 100.2

WLS Weighted least squares 114.2

WS Work station 38.10

XML Extensible markup language 49.7

ZOH Zero order hold 44.6

Index

Abnormal situation management 43.6Abscissa 73.3, 102.10Absolute values/variables 84.2, 84.3, 85.2, 106.2,

106.9, 108.3, 108.9, 108.10, 118.2Absorption

column control 30.4column dynamics 92.5gas film 89.1, 92.5rule 54.8

Acceptance 62.4, 64.10, 66.4Acceptance certificate 67.7, 67.9Acceptance

hardware 63.12, 66.5, 66.7, 67.9specification 62.4test schedule 62.4

Acceptance testsfactory 62.4, 63.13, 67.9works 62.4, 63.13, 67.9

Accesslevel of 42.1, 49.8, 64.7physical 64.2

Access to system 64.7Accuracy 10, 13.1, 16.2, 16.4, 17.2, 21.2, 96.7, 102.2Acids and alkalis/bases 17.2, 17.3Acoustic noise 19.2Actions 29.6, 37.5Active protection 55.3Active X 49.5Activity model 100.4

process management 37.8production planning 37.8recipe management 37.8unit supervision 37.8

A/D converter 44.1Agitated vessel 69.2

internal coil 85.4, 89.1, 92.4jacketed, steam heated 85.2jacketed, water cooled 85.3

Agreement 66.7

Air cooler/separator 51.4Air dryer/filter 51.4Air filter/regulator 5.1Air supply 5.1, 51.4Air to open/close 19.6, 21.2, 22.2Alarm

environment 43, 55.4floods 58.5handling/management 43.5, 50.9, 58.5list 42.8, 43.3systems 58.5, 99.1

Amplitude ratio 73.1Analogue I/O card/channel 4.1, 39.3, 44.1, 44.6Analogy electrostatic field 74.5Analyser management 18.10Angle criterion 74.2, 74.7, 77.5Anti-

logging approach 34.3systems 93virus software 49.14

Anthropometrics 58.3Application diagnostics 55.4Application software 41, 54.4, 58.1, 59.10, 62.4

acceptance 63.13breakdown 63.14commissioning 64.5design 63.3, 63.4integration 63.11, 63.12management 63.14, 63.15manager 62.2, 63.15, 66.8metrics 61.5, 61.6portability 65.4progress 64.5, 66.8report 66.8specification 66.7testing 63.9, 63.10

Application study 62.1consultant 62.2study group 62.1, 62.2

1066 Index

Arbitration 67.7Archimede’s principle 69.4Architectural constraints 56.3, 56.8Archive package 41.4Argand diagram 68.3, 73.2, 73.4Argument 68.3, 73.2, 73.4Arithmetic/logic unit 9.3Array data type 7.11Arrhenius’ equation 36.1, 89.2, 91.1Artificial intelligence 107Asset management 50.11Asymptotes

angle of 74.4, 74.6frequency 73.3, 73.8root locus 74.4

ATEX directive 52.14Atomiser 94.1Attenuation 73.1, 73.2, 73.7, 73.9Attributes 99.2, 99.4

names of 99.2mapping of 99.3

Authorisation 64.6Auto correlation 82.5, 82.6, 83.4Auto/manual mode 3.4, 23.1Auto-tuners 116Auto regressive moving average

controlled (CARIMA) 114.6, 117.2, 117.5non-linear 114.8with exogenous input (ARMAX) 114.6, 117.2

Automation requirements 60.1, 60.3, 62.3Availability 53.2Aversion factor 56.1

Back propagation algorithmchain rule 109.5completion criterion 109.3epoch 109.3, 109.5Jacobian, evaluation of 109.5learning rate 109.3Levenberg Marquardt algorithm 109.3steepest descent 109.3

Backflushing 18.8Backplane 39.2Back-up systems 55.3Ball valves 19.4Bandwidth 23.2

Barometric leg 31.1, 31.3Barrier function 105.14Barriers 44.1, 44.6, 46.1, 46.3, 52.12Basic event 54.7Batch

cycle times 59.7least squares 83.7, 83.9, 83.10, 109.9polymeriser 83.9process control 37, 41.6reactor, semi 89.1software 60.4status display 42.8

Batch scheduling problemallocation strategy 110.13chronology 110.13constraints, relative/absolute 110.13feasibility 110.13multi-objective 110.13schedule builder 110.13single objective 110.2tardiness 110.2

Bath tub curve 53.2Benefits

estimating 59.8intangible 59.4sources of 59.4

Bernoulli’s equation 12.4Best endeavours 67.8Bias 22.1, 22.2, 23.10Bilinear transform 77.3, 77.6Bill of labour 100.3Bill of materials 100.3Binary mixture/separation 35.1, 90.3Binary representation 7.1Binomial expansion 68.1Bistable 6.5Blanketing 14.5Blending system 81.1, 86.5. 108.9, 111.8Block diagram 3.2, 84.5, 85.2, 85.3, 86.1, 86.5, 87.3,

87.5, 88.3, 90.6, 92.1, 94.4Block diagram algebra 71.4, 71.7, 76.7, 78.2, 81.4,

81.8, 93.1Block pointer 45.5Bluff bodies 13.8Bode diagram 73.3, 73.6Bode stability criteria 24.2, 73.9, 73.12

Index 1067

Boil-up rate/ratio 90.4, 90.5, 90.6Boiler drum level control 25.1, 33.1, 87.5Boiler dynamics 87.5Bonded junctions 16.3Branch and bound 103.7

binary variables 103.7fathomed branches 103.7integer variables 103.7lower/mid/upper range 103.7node 103.7root/secondary branches 103.7systematic search 103.7

Branches (root locus) 74.4Break (or breakaway) points 74.4, 74.6, 74.8, 77.6Brent’s method 104.8, 104.9Bridge circuit 15.2, 15.3, 16.6, 18.3Broadband transmission 40.6Bubbles and symbols 2.1Buffering 17.3Bumpless transfer 23.5Butterfly valves 19.3By-pass control scheme 32.4

Cable rating 52.13Cable trays 51.2Cache memory 9.4Calibration of DP cell 11.4Calibration of field instrumentation 64.3, 64.4Canister load cell 15.3Capability indices 102.8

interpretation 102.8spread 102.8

Capacitance 11.3, 14.6Capacitance, volumetric 87.2Capacity for energy storage 85.3Capillary column 18.2Card dimensions 39.2Carrier gas 18.1, 18.3Cartesian co-ordinates 68.3, 73.2, 77.8Cascade control 25, 33.1, 36.3, 35.2, 71.8, 95.2Cascade programs 78.6CASE tools 63.7Cash flow 59.11Categories of failure 56.9Categories of protection 55.6Causal relationship 83.11

Cavitation 13.7, 20.8Centre of gravity 74.4, 74.6Certification

barriers 52.13, 52.14IS 52.7quality 66.1safety equipment 57.1

Chain rule 109.5, 118.3Champion 59.3Change control 54.5, 62.1, 63.10, 64.6, 65.2, 66.7Change control policy 64.6Channel diagram 51.1Characteristic equation 71.9, 74.2, 74.8, 74.9, 77.2,

77.6, 80.7, 80.8, 80.10, 112.1, 112.2, 112.6,112.7, 118.7

Characteristic equation, roots of 71.9, 74.1, 79.9,80.13

Characters 7.3CHAZOP studies 54.3Chemometrics 102Choked flow 20.8Chromatogram 18.1, 18.8, 18.9Chromatography 18, 35.5Circuit breaker 51.2Client-server technology 49.3, 49.6, 100Closed loop

gain 22.3operation 3.4performance 74.9, 112.1, 116.5response 23.3, 23.4, 74.9, 81.4, 116.8

Code management system 63.7Coefficient of determination 83.5, 83.6, 83.7, 83.9,

83.10Coefficient of discharge 12.4Cohen and Coon formulae 24.4Collinearity 83.7, 101Collisions 40.2Colour coding 42.5Column feed control 35.9Column pressure control 35.10Commissioning 64

DP cell 11.6team 64.8time scale 64.1

Common mode failures 53.5, 56.9Commonality 60.4, 61.6, 62.1

1068 Index

Communications 39.3, 40Communications channel 54.3Comparator 3.3, 22.1, 22.2Compensating cable 16.3Compensators

concept 81.2design 81.4, 81.8lead 71.3lead/lag 95.2impulse 81.8, 81.10

Compliance 48.7Compliance commentary 61.2, 62.1Complementary strips 77.1Complex conjugate 68.3, 73.2Complex numbers 68.3Composition measurement 36.4Compressible flow systems 87Compressor 51.4Computer integrated manufacturing 38.9, 100Concentration lags 90.3Conceptual design 59.2Condition number 111.7, 117.9Conditional construct 8.6Confidence limit 82.4, 102.9Configurable functions 41.3, 60.4, 63.3, 63.14Configuration 48, 50.8, 60.3, 63.9Configuration of design 56.10Configurator 41.8, 47.5, 48.6, 50.10Conflict resolution (ES)

global/local resolution 107.4meta rules 107.4recency 107.4refractoriness 107.4salience 107.4search strategy, impact on 107.4specificity 107.4

Conjugate pairs 68.3, 74.1Consequence 53.10, 56.5Consequences, categories of 56.6, 56.7, 57.1Console 39.1Constant molal overflow 35.1, 90.3Constrained optimisation 105, 106.5Constraint handling/management 106, 106.6,

106.8, 106.12bridge models 106.8disturbances, effect of 106.8

prioritisation of MPC 106.8Constraints

active/inactive 105.4, 105.7, 105.11, 105.12,106.6, 106.8

augmented 103.3binding 105.4, 105.7categories 106.10equality 103.2, 105.1, 105.4, 105.11, 106.6functional 103.1hard/soft 106.8inequality 103.2, 105.4, 105.7, 105.9, 105.10,

105.11, 106.6intersection of 103.2linear/linearised 105.9, 105.11, 105.12, 105.13,

106.6, 106.9, 106.10matrix 105.9, 117.7most limiting 103.3multiple 103.3non-negativity 103.1, 103.2, 105.9, 105.10,

117.7rate of change limits 117.7relaxation of 106.8satisfied 105.4, 105.6saturation limits 117.7sensitivity 105.6updating 106.10violation of 106.8

Constructsarray data 7.11derived data 7.10enumerated data 7.12structured data 7.13

Contacts and coils 47.1Containment 55.2Continuous cycling method 24.3, 98.3Continuous operations 60.3Continuous stirred tank reactor 36, 91, 118.2Contracts 67Contract

back-to-back 67.15law of 67.1lump sum 67.6manager 62.2, 63.15, 66.8, 67.8, 67.10model 67.4, 67.5reimbursable 67.6, 67.14standard 67.4

Index 1069

sub 67.15suspension 67.11termination 67.7turnkey 67.5

Contractor 59.1, 66.1, 67.3Control

affine model 118.2horizon 106.11loop checklist 64.5module 37.3philosophy 59.2recipe 37.7schedule 100.3schemes and strategies 60.3philosophy 60.3unit (microprocessor) 9.2valve 19.1, 65.1, 84.3

Control charts 102.3average 102.4interpretation 102.4, 102.6moving average 102.5spread 102.6

Control limits 102.3, 102.8action limits 102.4, 102.6, 102.9, 102.10ellipses 102.9polygonal lines 102.10warning limits 102.4, 102.6, 102.9, 102.10

Control systemflow 88.1level 22.1, 22.4, 93.1position 95pressure 87.3, 87.5, 93.4temperature 85.2, 85.3, 86.1, 90.4, 91.4, 94.1,

113.8Controller period 28.3Convergence/divergence 68.1, 96.5, 115.4, 115.6,

115.9Convolution 76.1, 76.2, 80.8COOP studies 54.4, 54.5, 63.5Corner feasible solution 103.2, 103.3, 103.4Corner frequency 73.3, 73.6, 73.8Coriolis effect 13.9Correlation coefficient 82.2, 82.5

interpretation of 82.2Correlation functions

auto 82.5

cross 82.5properties of 82.5, 82.6

Correlation matrix 82.2, 101.3, 101.7Cost function 101.1,103.2,103.3,103.4,103.7,105.1,

110.2, 110.8, 110.9cubic or higher order 105.12quadratic 105.9, 106.9see also objective function

Costs and benefits analysis 59, 66.9Costs and benefits audit 59.12Costs

categorisation of 59.9estimation of 59.10field instrumentation 59.10running 59.10

Counter 6.6, 47.4Counterbalanced motion 74.5Covariance windup 115.7Critical

flow 20.8frequency 24.2item list 54.6

Cross correlation 82.5, 82.6, 83.2, 83.8, 83.10, 83.10Crossover

intermediate recombination 110.4reduced surrogate operator 110.4single/multi point 110.4uniform 110.4

Crude oil separation plant 103.2Crude oil separator control 30.3Cumulative cash flow 59.11Curvature 84.3, 96.1, 96.7, 104.7Cut 35.3Cyclic patterns 82.5

D/A converter 44.6Dahlin’s method 78.3Dalton’s law of partial pressures 92.5Damages 67.12Damped frequency 72.4Damping 69.2, 74.1, 95.1

critical 72.3, 112.2factor 24.1, 72.1, 74.8, 77.8overdamped 72.2, 93undamped 72.5underdamped 72.4, 112.2

1070 Index

Dangerous failures 53.8, 56.5, 57.2, 57.7Data

collection 102.1compression 42.7, 102.2deletion 102.2filtering 102.2invention 102.2mining 102.10missing 102.2moving average 102.2overload 101pre-screening 102.2, 106.5transformations 102.2

Data definition language 99.3Data encoding

cyclic data 109.6input scaling/standardisation 109.6spread encoding 109.6

Data flow diagrams, 63.2Data objects 49.4Data reconciliation 106.5Data typing 7Database

connectivity 49.5management system 99.3structure 45.5

Database typesobject oriented 99, 107relational 99structured 45, 99

Datablocks 43.1, 45, 46DC coupled logic 57.5Dead time 71.2Dead time compensation 86.4Deadband 43.1Deadbeat method/response 78.4, 116.5, 116.6Decay ratio 72.4Decibel 73.3Decision

making 58.2support systems 107table 29.3tree 29.3variables 103.1, 103.3, 103.5, 103.7, 105.4,

105.9, 105.11, 106.6, 106.9, 117.7Decomposition of requirements 37.6

Decoupler design 81.6Defects 102.7, 102.8Degrees of freedom 30.1, 30.3, 30.4, 30.5, 31.3, 31.4,

32.4, 35.1, 35.13, 35.14Delay 71.2

see also time delayDeliverables 63.1Delivery date 67.11Delta notation 84.3, 85.2Demand mode of operation 56.4Demand rate 53.10, 56.5, 57.1Demand rate evaluation 54.10Demilitarised zones 49.12Density measurement 14.3Dependency factor 53.5Dependency theory 99.6Depreciation 59.11Derivative action 23.4, 78.1, 95.2Derivative feedback 23.6, 71.3Derived data types 7.10Detailed functional specification 54.3, 54.5, 58.6,

66.5, 66.7, 67.6, 67.7Determinant 79.2Determination, process of 30, 31.2, 35.1Determined variable 30.1Deviation variables 22.2, 81.1, 81.9, 84.2, 84.3, 84.4,

85.2, 86.1, 87.1, 88.3, 89.1, 89.3, 90.3, 91.1,91.2, 91.4, 94.3, 94.4, 101.1, 101.3, 102.9,105.9, 106.6, 106.9, 108.9, 112.10, 113.1,116.3, 117.2

Device description 50.6Diagnostic coverage 53.8Diagnostic display 42.10Diagnostics, self or system 57.2, 57.7, 57.8, 65.1Diagonalisation 80.11, 81.4Diagonal structure 111.1Diaphragm capsule 11.1Diaphragm valves 19.5Difference equations 75.5Differential capacitance 11.3Differential equations

first order 69, 80.2ordinary 70.2, 92.2, 96.1partial 92.2, 92.5solving 70.2stiff systems 96.5, 96.7

Index 1071

Differential gap 28.3Digital controller 76.8Dimensionality 101.4DIN rails 51.1Diode, junction 6.2Diophantine identity 116.3, 117.2, 117.5Direct acting 22.1Direct programs 78.5Dip leg 14.5Direct digital control 38.3, 41.3Direct ratio control 26.2Discount rate 59.11Discounted cash flow 59.11Discrepancy checking 46.5Discrete device 46Discrete I/O card/channel 4.1, 39.3, 46.1, 46.3Discretised form of PID 23.9Display hierarchy 42.4Display, reserved areas 42.3Display system 42.4, 43.5, 58.4, 60.4Dissociation 17.2, 17.7Distance, Euclidean 109.8, 109.10Distance velocity lag 71.2, 86.3Distillation column control 27.2, 35, 90.4Distillation column, 3-stage 90.3, 98.4, 98.5, 111.3-

111.7Distributed control system 38.5, 57.7istributed parameter system 92Disturbance

external 24.3, 24.4,rejection 25.1,25.2,25.3,25.4,27.1,108.3,108.5source of 85.4, 90.4

Dittus Boelter equation 32.3, 89.2Document review 66.7Documentation 59.10, 64.9, 66.6, 66.7, 67.7, 67.8Dominant

pole positions 74.11, 77.7, 112.2roots 74.9, 77.5time constant 25.4, 90.4, 90.5, 97.13, 117.1

Double seated valve 19.2DP cell 11.2, 11.3Dual composition control 35.8, 90.4, 98.4Dual systems 55.3Dummy variable 47.1, 74.10, 74.11Duplex action 21.4, 34.1Dynamic

compensation 27.2, 27.3, 95.2error 69logic 57.6packet filtering 49.11response 23.2, 25.3, 32.2, 32.4, 36.2, 95.2response, MIMO 80.13scheduler 37.8

Dynamic modelling (neural)globally recurrent networks 109.11locally recurrent networks 109.11memory 109.11time series inputs 109.11

Dynamicsanti-surge 93.1first order 84.5, 85.3first order, quasi 85.3, 90.4electro-mechanical 95hydro 85.2, 88lumped parameter 85.1, 90.3, 94.3, 94.4multistage 90observer 112.6second order 85.3second order, quasi 90.4

Dynamic optimising controlleralgebraic solution 106.9application 106.11biasing in real time 106.11common I/O signals 106.7control horizon 106.11cost effectiveness 106.12essential characteristics 106filtered inputs/outputs 106.7, 106.11formulation of constraints 106.10frequency of execution 106.7, 106.11linear model 106.10, 106.11number of I/O signals 106.7other benefits 106.12plant model mismatch 106.9prediction horizon 106.11QP solution 106.9, 106.11set point trajectory 106.11set points, downloaded 106.7, 106.8, 106.11slow/fast dynamics 106.7steady state solution 106.7

Dynamic process simulator 98.6absolute variables 98.6

1072 Index

drag and drop 98.6differential equations 98.6generic models 98.6modes, steady state and dynamic 98.6parameterisation 98.6pros and cons 98.6rubber banding 98.6run time 98.6

Earthing 13.6, 52.12Effective carbon number 18.4Effective gain

direction, input/output 111.6two norm 111.6

Eigenvalues 79.9, 80.10, 80.11, 101.1, 101.3, 104.3,104.4

complex 80.12, 80.13negative real 80.13, 112.5, 112.6repeated 80.13

Eigenvectors 79.9, 80.12, 80.14, 101.1, 101.3direction of 79.9projections 80.12

Elapsed time 29.6Electrical filter 69.3Electrical requirements 64.2Electrochemical circuit 17.5Electrolyte 13.6Electromagnetic

compatibility 51.3, 52.14flowmeter 13.6relay logic 57.4

Electro-mechanical systems 95Electronics 6Emergency shut-down systems 55.3, 55.6Encapsulation 52.10End-user 59.1, 66.1, 66.7, 66.9, 67.3Energy balance control 35.6, 90.4, 90.6Energy consumption 59.5Engineers control program 41.8, 47.5Entity relationship modelling 99.7

cardinality 99.7repeated entity 99.7strong/weak entities 99.7symbols for 99.7

Enumerated data type 7.12Envelope, underdamped response 72.4

Envelope, time constant 72.4Equal percentage 20.1, 84.6Equilibrium constant 17.3Equipment module 37.3Ethernet 40.2, 49.3Euler’s methods

explicit 44.3, 96.1, 97.13, 113.8implicit 96.5, 96.6, 112.10predictor corrector 96.2, 96.3

Evans’ rules 74.2, 74.4, 77.5Evaporation, rate of 31.3, 87.5Event log 42.8Excess 105.6Exchange rate 59.11Exothermic reaction 36, 36.1, 89, 91.2Expandability 61.4Expectation operator 113.2, 115.9, 116.3Expert systems, 43.4, 107

appropriateness 107.11control cycle 107.4development cycle 107.10justification 107.10prototyping 107.10rule based 107.3, 107.4shells 107.8working memory 107.3

Expert, use of 67.7Explosion proofing 52.8Explosive mixture 52.1, 52.5Exponential decay 70.1, 72.4, 73.1, 75.4, 112.7Exponential form 68.3External risk reduction facilities 55.6, 56.2External variables 8.2Extrema/extremum 104.1, 104.2, 104.3, 104.4,

105.1, 105.9local/global 104.5, 105.7, 105.9, 105.10,

105.11, 105.12

Faceplate 23.1, 42.5, 42.6Factory acceptance 50.10Fail-safe design 55.2Failure

mode and effect analysis 54.6modes 53.8, 57.2philosophy 60.3rate 53.1

Index 1073

Fathomed branches 103.6, 103.7Fault tree analysis 54.7Fault tree evaluation 54.9Feasible region/solution space 103.2, 105.4Feedback control 22, 23, 24, 25, 26.3, 27.2, 27.3Feedback path 3.3Feedforward

compensation 27.1control 27.3, 35.9path 3.3

Fibre optics 40.6Field termination panel 51.1Fieldbus 49.6, 50, 51

segments 50.7, 50.10topology 50.4

Filter constant 44.3, 71.2Filter, first order 44.3, 45.2, 69.3, 71.3Filtering 69.2Final certificate 67.12Final value theorem 71.6, 71.7, 77.8, 78.4Finite/infinite capacity scheduling 100.3Fire and gas detection systems 55.3Firewall 49.8, 49.11First order reaction 36.1First order systems 69, 71.1, 76.4, 98.2

lag 71.2, 90.1, 90.2, 92.2, 92.5lead 71.2

Fitnessaggregated 110.9power law scaling 110.2proportional fitness assignment 110.2relative fitness 110.2, 110.7, 110.11

Fitted values 83.1, 83.7, 102.9Fixed capital 59.11Fixed resistance 20.2Flame ionisation detector 18.4Flameproof enclosures 52.8Flapper nozzle 5.3Flash drum control 30.5Flashing 20.8Flexible pipes 15.4Flip-flop 6.5Floating variable 30.1Flow straighteners 12.7, 13.5Flowmeter types 13.1Fluid barrier 12.7, 14.5

Force balance 5.5, 11.2, 21.1Force majeure 67.11Forcing function 69, 92.4Foreign key 99.3Forgetting factors 115.4, 115.8Forward

acting 22.1difference 75.5path gain 22.3selection 83.8

Foundation Fieldbus 50.3Frame (messages) 40.1, 50.1Frame based systems

declarative/procedural notions 107.6demons and demon types 107.6hierarchical structure 107.6reasoning, expectation driven 107.6root frames 107.6slots and fillers 107.6

Frequencyshift keying 40.7damped 72.4natural 72.1

Frequency response 73compound systems 73.7delay 73.5integrator 73.5lag 73.5lead 73.5second order 73.6

Friction losses 88.2Function 47.3, 48.1

block 41.3, 43.1, 44, 45, 46, 47.3, 48.2, 48.3, 50.8block diagram 48.5

Functional dependencies 99.3explicit and implicit 99.6lossless 99.6normal forms 99.6

Functional representation 2.2Functional specification

detailed 62methodology 62.1participants 62.2

Fuzzy logicBoolean AND/OR operations 108.4, 108.5Zadeh’s rules 108.4

1074 Index

Fuzzy logic controllerblock diagram 108.1cost effectiveness 108.12crisp I/O signals 108.1, 108.5fuzzy signals 108.1incremental output 108.3, 108.9, 108.10multivariable 108.9non-linear 108.8, 108.12PD structure 108.1, 108.2PI structure 108.1real-time operation 108.7self adaptive 108.11tuning 108.1user interface 108.12variable scaling of signals 108.1, 108.11

Fuzzy signalscentre of gravity (centroid) 108.5defuzzification 108.1, 108.5mean of maxima 108.5, 108.6fuzzification 108.1, 108.2

Fuzzy sub setsasymmetric/skewed triangular 108.2, 108.8

Gain margin 73.12Gain, see steady state gainGain scheduling 34.1GAMP guide 66.4Gantt chart/diagram 61.2, 63.14, 67.8, 110.12Gap meter 13.4Gas

law, ideal 87.5chromatography 18.1group 52.3

Gateway 38.7, 49.3, 49.6Gauge factor 15.1, 15.2Gauge glass 14.1Gaussian 108.2

number of 108.2overlapping 108.2triangular 108.2variable centres/widths 108.11universe of discourse 108.1

Gaussian elimination 103.4Gearbox 95.1Generalised minimum variance 116.6Generalised predictive control 117.4

Generic model control 118.3Genetic algorithm

chromosome 110.1, 110.7coalescence 110.8convergence 110.7cost function 110.2, 110.8, 110.9crossover 110.4, 110.7, 110.8, 110.11encoding/decoding 110.1end criterion 110.7, 110.11fitness, evaluation of 110.2, 110.7, 110.8,

110.11gene 110.1generation gap 110.6, 110.7multi-objective 110.9generations (iterations) 110.7mutation 110.5, 110.7, 110.8, 110.11parallel 110.8phenotype/genotype 110.1population 110.1, 110.7reinsertion 110.6, 110.11seed solution 110.7selection 110.3, 110.8, 110.11structure 110.7visualisation 110.12

Geometric modelling 102.10action envelope 102.10data mining 102.10control limits 102.10interpretation 102.10operating envelope 102.10polygonal lines 102.10parallel axes 102.10

Giveaway 59.5Glass electrode 17.5Global variables 8.2Globally linearising control 118.7Globe valves 19.2Good automated manufacturing practice 66.4,

100.6Goodness of fit 83.5Gradient notation 104.2, 105.7, 105.11Green book 67.14Group display 42.6Guarantees 67.12Guidewords 54.1, 54.3, 54.5

Index 1075

Hardware design specification 66.7Hardware estimates 61.4HART protocol 50.1Hazard

analysis 54, 56.3rate 53.10, 56.5reduction factor 53.8, 56.2

Hazardous area 52.2Hazardous event severity matrix 56.6HAZOP studies 54.1, 54.2Head mounted transmitter 16.8Heartcutting 18.8Heat exchanger control 25.2, 27.4, 32Heat exchanger dynamics 92.1Heat of reaction 36.1Heat transfer, film coefficient 89.2, 91.2Heat transfer, overall coefficient 89.2, 91.2Hessian 104.2, 104.4, 104.7, 105.7, 105.11, 105.12,

106.9High level language 41.7Higher level packages 60.4Higher order systems 72.6, 78.3Historian 41.8Hold device 75.1Horizons, definition of

control 117.1prediction 117.1receding 117.1

Hot standby 53.7Hotelling’s distance 102.9Human factor in protection system 56.5Human factors 58, 60.3Hydraulic valve coefficient 20.6Hydrodynamics 85.2, 88Hypertext 49.7

IChemE model conditions 67.5, 67.16Idempotence rule 54.8Identification 114

auto regressive moving average 114.6batch least squares 114.2biased/unbiased estimates 114.3, 114.4, 114.5,

114.6estimation error 114.2extended least squares 114.6, 114.7generalised least squares 114.5, 114.7

instrumental variable/vector 114.4, 114.7least squares implementation 114.3, 114.4,

114.6matrix inversion lemma 114.3matrix multiplication 114.3multivariable systems 114.9noise propagation 114.4non-linear systems 114.8prediction error 114.5, 114.6process history 114.3random residuals 114.2recursive least squares 114.3, 114.7signal noise 114.3, 114.4, 114.5weighted least squares 114.2

Identifiers 7.4Ill defined balance 30.6Ill/well posed problems (LP) 103.2, 103.3Implicit enumeration 103.6, 103.7

assignment 103.6fathomed branches 103.6feasible/infeasible solution 103.6lower/upper bounds 103.6optimum solutionsearch direction 103.6

Implicit input signal 76.10Impulse 75.2

area under 75.2compensators 77.7, 77.8, 78, 81.8, 81.10

Laplace transform of 75.2lines 11.5, 12.7, 14.2response 76.1, 76.2, 77.5response, finite/infinite 114.1train of. 76.1unit 75.2, 76.1

Incremental form of PID 23.11Independence 56.11, 59.3Independent equations 30.3Indirect addressing 7.11, 29.4Indirect ratio control 26.3Industrial Ethernet 40.2, 50.3Inertia 95.1Inference engine

agenda/conflict set 107.4audit trail 107.4conflict resolution 107.4recognise-act cycle 107.4

1076 Index

unification 107.4Inferencing 107.2

adaptive reasoning 107.2backward chaining 107.2best-first search strategy 107.4breadth/depth-first searches 107.4confidence estimates 107.2forward chaining 107.2goal/event driven 107.2, 107.3inheritance 107.2plausibility 107.2pre-programmed paradigms 107.2real-time applications 107.2

Inferential estimation 109.12Inflation 59.11Information security 49.9, 49.10Information system 49.1Ingress protection 52.11Inherent characteristic, valve characteristicsInherent safety 55.2Inheritance

attributes 107.2, 107.6automatic inheritance 107.6deformation 107.6derived vs inherited values 107.7generic classes 107.2, 107.6instantiation 107.5, 107.6, 107.7multiple inheritance 107.6parent/offspring 107.6, 107.7

Initial conditions 75.5, 80.1Initial conditions,zero 69,70.1,71.1,71.4,72.1,79.7,

84.5In-line electrodes 17.6In-line neutralisation 34.2Input

interface 44.1scaling 44.2, 45.1signal, implicit 76.10

Input/outputcards 39.3channels 63.9variables 8.3

Installation 64.2Installation of DP cell 11.5, 11.6, 12.7Installed characteristic, see valve characteristicsInsurance 67.12

Integer data types 7.5Integer programming

rounding off approach 103.5Integral action 23.3,71.7,71.8,74.10,77.7,78.1,93.5,

95.1, 112.9Integral windup 23.7Integrated programming support environ-

ment 63.7Integrator 71.2, 77.7, 87.5Integrity constraints 99.3Intellectual property 67.7Intension 99.2Interaction between loops 25.4, 35.2, 35.8, 81.1, 111Interface position 14.4, 30.3Internal model control 81Internal reflux control 35.11Internet 49.7Interoperability 49, 50.3, 50.6Intersection, imaginary axis 74.4Intersection, negative real axis 73.12Intrinsic safety 51.3, 52, 55.2Inventory variable 30.1, 35.2, 35.13, 35.14, 90.4,

101.7, 106.4I/P converter 3.3, 5.5, 21.1Isolating valve 19.1, 29.1, 46.2Isothermal flow 87.1Iterative construct 8.6

Jacket with refrigerant 36.3Jacketed stirred tank control 25.3Jacobian 104.2, 104.4, 105.7, 106.9, 109.3, 109.5Just in time 100.2

Kalman filterscovariance matrices 113.2, 113.8disturbance matrix 113.2, 113.8dynamic performance 113.6expectation operator 113.2feedback problems 113.7initialisation 113.6, 113.8

Kalman gain matrix 113.2, 113.6Luenberger observer 113.1, 113.2measurement noise 113.2, 113.6noise propagation 113.7non linearity 113.6prediction accuracy 113.6

Index 1077

predictor-corrector 113.6recursive implementation 113.5Riccati equation 113.3, 113.4root mean square values 113.8square, completing 113.4stationary signals 113.2, 113.6system disturbances 113.2, 113.6use in control systems 113.7white noise 113.2

Katharometer 18.3Keyboard 39.1, 42.11Key components 35.13Key performance indicator 59.8, 100.4Kinetic energy 88.2Knowledge based systems 107

incomplete information 107inference engine 107.1, 107.4knowledge base 107.1model base 107.1, 107.3rule/case base 107.1, 107.3scenarios 107.1user interface 107.1, 107.8

Knowledge elicitationcard sort 107.9cost effectiveness 107.9domain expert 107.9forward scenario simulation 107.9knowledge expert 107.9protocol analysis 107.9repertory grid analysis 107.7structured interviews 107.9

Kuhn-Tucker conditions 105.7, 105.9, 105.10,105.11

L/A control 118.1Laboratory information management 100.6Ladder execution 47.2Ladder logic 47Lag 71.2, 78.3Lagrange multiplier 101.1, 105.1, 105.4, 105.7,

105.11, 106.8, 117.7Lagrangian function 105.1, 105.4, 105.5, 105.6,

105.7, 105.9, 105.11Laplace operator 70.1Laplace transform 70

definition 70.1

inverse 70.2, 71.9, 72.1, 73.1, 76.3, 80.6, 92.2properties of 70.1table of 70.1use of 70.2

Laplace transformation 84.5, 85.2, 85.3, 86.1, 86.5,87.3, 87.5, 88.3, 89.1, 89.3, 90.1, 90.2, 90.3,92.2, 92.5, 94.3, 94.4

Lateness 67.11Lead 71.2Least squares methods

batch 83.3, 83.7, 83.9, 83.10,109.9, 114.2, 115.2,115.9

extended 114.6, 114.7generalised 114.5, 114.7instrumental variables 114.4, 114.7recursive 114.3, 114.7, 115.4, 115.6, 115.7,

115.9, 116.4, 116.7, 117.2, 117.6weighted 114.2, 115.4

Letter code 2.2Level measurement 14Levenberg Marquardt algorithm 104.7Liability 67.12Licence agreement 67.7Lie derivative 118.6Life cycle, product 65.3Life cycle, project 59.1, 61.7Likelihood, categories of 56.6, 56.7Limit cycles 24.3Linguistic statements 108Line searching 104.8, 105.12

artificial function 104.8bracketed minimum 104.8Brent’s method 104.8, 104.9Newton Raphson’s method 104.8

Linear programming 103.1, 103.2, 103.3, 103.4,103.7

Linear programming, assumptions 103additivity 103.1certainty 103.1divisibility 103.1, 103.5proportionality 103.1

Linear regression analysis 83Linear regression, definitions of

predictor 83.1regressor 83.1residual 83.1

1078 Index

response 83.1Linearisation 84, 84.3, 87.1Linearity 4.3, 10, 32.3, 45.1, 118Link active scheduler 50.5Liquid holdup 90.1, 90.5Liquid flow lags 90.2Liquidated damages 67.8, 67.9, 67.11Liquidation 67.8Literals: integer, real, time, string, Boolean 7.5, 7.6,

7.7, 7.8, 7.9Load

cells 15.3definition of 3.3gain 84.5

Loadings 101.1, 101.8Loadings plots 101.8, 101.9Local area network 40.2Local equipment centre 51.1Logic gates 6.4Luenberger observer 113.1

Kalman gain 113.1predictor-corrector 113.1state estimates 113.1

Lumped approximation 72.6Lumped parameter systems 69.2, 85

interacting 85.3non interacting 85.2uniform properties 85.2, 85.3

Macrocycle 50.5Magnitude criterion 74.2, 74.11, 77.5Mahalanobis’ distance 102.9Main memory 9.1Maintenance 65.1Maintenance contracts 59.10, 65.1Malware 49.13Mamdani structure 108Man-machine interface 58Management information systems 38.8, 60.3, 100

decision support 100.1decisions, level and type 100.1functionality 100.2information requirements 100.1

Manning levels 59.5Manufacturing execution systems 100.5Marginal costings 59.11

Marginal stability 24.2, 73.9, 73.10, 73.11, 73.12,74.10

Marshalling cabinet 51.1Mass

balance control 35.6flowmeter 13.9transfer 19.1, 92.5

Master loop 25.1, 95.2Master recipe 37.7Master schedule 100.3, 100.4Materials 67.7Materials resource planning 100.3

process MRP 100.4Matlab 97

array and matrix operations 97.2colon operator 97.2command mode 97.1convolution 97.5cross correlation function 97.9curve fitting 97.3display functions 97.8dot extensions (.asc, .m, .mdl, .xls) 97.10,97.11,

97.14format 97.3, 97.8graphics 97.8help facilities 97.1import/export of data 97.10instruction types 97.1leading/trailing zeros 97.5partial fractions 97.7place instruction 98.5polynomials 97.3, 97.4, 97.5polynomials, differentiation 97.6root finding 97.4semicolon separators 97.2statistics functions 97.9toolboxes 97.1variables 97.2vectors 97.2

Matlab M files 97.11comment statements 97.11dominant time constant 97.13function M files 97.14initialisation 97.12, 97.13numerical integration 97.13presentation 97.12

Index 1079

program structure 97.12program flow 97.12recursion 97.12, 97.13run time 97.13script files 97.11search approach 97.12step length 97.13user defined functions 97.14

Matlab user interface 97.1command history window 97.1command window 97.1current directory 97.1desktop 97.1plot window 97.8text editor window 97.11work directory 97.10workspace 97.1, 98.1, 98.2, 98.4, 98.5

Matricesconformable 79.3, 79.7equal 79.3use of 79.5

Matrixadjoint 79.4cofactors 79.4companion 80.2constraint 105.9, 117.7correlation 82.2, 101.3, 101.7, 102.9covariance 82.2, 101.1, 101.3, 102.9, 113.2,

115.3definite 104.2, 104.4, 104.6, 104.7, 105.9,

105.11, 105.12, 115.6definition of 79.1diagonal 79.1dimensions of 79.1exponential 80.5, 80.13identity 79.1, 104.7inverse 79.3, 79.4inversion lemma 114.3minors 79.4singular 79.2, 79.4, 79.7, 104.5, 104.6, 115.6square 79.1system 80.1trace 101.4, 115.9transfer 80.9, 80.13, 81.4, 81.5, 81.8, 90.5transition 80.5, 112.5transpose 79.1

zero 79.1Matrix laws

inversion 79.3multiplication 79.3

Matrix operationsaddition 79.3division 79.3inversion 79.4multiplication 79.3, 114.3pre and post multiplication 79.3subtraction 79.3

Maximum rate of change in flow 93.2, 93.3, 93.4McClaurin’s series 68.1Mean (average) 82.1, 82.3Mean square value 82.1, 82.3Mean time between/to failure 53.1, 53.2Mean time to repair 53.2Median 82.1Mediation 67.7Membership

functions 108.2, 108.4, 108.5, 108.6overlapping 108.5values/profile 108.2, 108.4, 108.5, 108.6

Memory locations 8.4Memory system 9.4Merit function 105.11, 105.12Message frame 40.1Metrics 59.9, 59.10, 61.5, 63.14Microprocessor architecture 9.1Milestones 63.14Mimic diagram 42.5Minimal response design 78.4Minimum

capacity/volume 93.2, 93.3, 93.4cut sets 54.8inventory 55.2variance control 116.3

Missing at random 102.2Missing data 101, 102.2Mixed integer linear programming 103.5, 103.7Mixed integer non linear programming 103.8Mixing of acids and alkalis 17.4Model

distributed parameter 92linearised 84.1lumped parameter 85.1, 95.1

1080 Index

matrix form 81.3, 81.7, 86.5order 115.1state space 89.4, 90.3, 91.3, 112.5, 112.6, 113.1,

113.8time series 114transfer function 84.5, 85.2zero capacity 86.1, 86.5

Model for steady state optimiserlinear/non-linear nature 106.2scope/size of model 106.2

Model predictive controlbenefits 117choice of control horizon 117.6constrained optimisation 117.7constraint matrix 117.7controller output sequence 117.4constraint matrix 117.7decision variables 117.7Diophantine identity 117.2, 117.5dominant time constant 117.1forward/output prediction 117.2, 117.3, 117.5generalised 117.4horizons 117.1, 117.3, 117.5, 117.6implementation, recursive 117.6, 117.8inherent delay 117.1known (backward) values 117.3Lagrange multipliers 117.7multivariable systems 117.8non-linear 118.9objective function 117.4, 117.7off-diagonal zeros 117.3optimal scaling 117.9partitioning of matrix 117.3plant model mismatch 117.9polynomial division 117.2proprietary packages 117.10QP solution 117.7rate of change limits 117.7real-time optimisation 106.1, 106.7, 106.8,

106.11, 109.13recursive least squares 117.2, 117.6residuals on output 117.6robustness. 117.9saturation limits 117.7separation of predictions 117.2step response testing 117.2, 117.9

unconstrained 117.4unknown (forward) values 117.3weighting factor 117.4, 117.5

Modes of operation 3.4Modification control form 64.6, 65.2, 66.7Modules (software) 63.1, 66.7Modulus 68.1, 68.3, 73.2, 73.4Modulus, maximum value 73.6Monitor 41.8, 47.5Monotonic values 83.9Morari resilience index 111.7Motor control centre 51.2More volatile component 90.3Multicolumn separation 35.14Multicomponent distillation 35.13Multicores 51.1, 51.4Multi-disciplinary team 54.1Multi-layer perceptron

activation function 109.1, 109.2back propagation 109.1, 109.3, 109.5non-linearity 109.1operation of 109.2sigmoid squashing 109.1, 109.5training data 109.3, 109.5

Multiloop systems 111Multi-objective GA

aggregated fitness 110.9distance, Euclidean 110.11dominance 110.10exponential rule 110.11genetic rift 110.11kernel density 110.11lethal 110.11mating restriction 110.11niche count 110.11objective space 110.10operation 110.11parallel axes 110.12pareto ranking 110.10rank 110.10, 110.11sharing function 110.11trade-off graph 110.12trade off surface 110.10user interaction 110.11

Multi-products/purpose plant 37.1Multiple-input multiple-output systems 80.8, 80.9

Index 1081

Multiple linear regression 83.7, 97.11, 109.9Multiple poles/zeros 74.4Multistage dynamics 90Multivariable control 80.9, 81, 86.5, 89

compensators (s domain) 81.2, 81.5, 89.4compensators (z domain) 81.8decouplers (s domain) 81.6decouplers (z domain) 81.10

Multivariate statistics/SPC 82.2, 102.9, 102.10Murphree efficiency 90.3, 90.5, 90.6

Naming conventions 66.7Naphtha column/splitter

principal components analysis 101.7, 101.9regression analysis 83.10

Natural frequency 72.1Negative feedback 22.1Nernst equation 17.5Net present value 59.11Network access 40.5Neural networks, artificial 109

neuron, bias neuron 109.1, 109.5, 109.8data encoding 109.6dynamic modelling 109.11error function 109.3, 109.5, 109.10generalisation 109.4hidden/input/output layers 109.1,109.5,109.8identification, use for 117.2inferential estimation 109.12non-linearity 109.11optimisation 109.13overfitted data 109.4prediction vs training 109.3, 109.10pre-processing of data 109.7pros and cons, MLP vs RBF 109.9subscript convention 109.2synapse 109.1, 109.8weightings 109.1, 109.5, 109.9

Neuro-computing 109Neutralisation systems 34.1Neutrality 17.1Newton Raphson’s method 104.8Newton’s law of motion 69.4Newton’s method 104.3, 104.4, 104.7, 105.11Noise 23.4Noise propagation 113.7

Non interacting form of PID 23.3Non invasive 13.6, 13.7, 14.8Non linear characteristic 84.1Non-linear control

application to CSTR 118.2, 118.4, 118.8closed loop transfer function 118.4closed loop stability 118.7control affine models 118.2generic model control 118.3globally linearising control 118.7integral action 118.3

L/A control 118.1Lie derivative 118.6, 118.7

linearising transformation 118.1, 118.7non linear MPC 118.9PI control 118.7plant model mismatch 118.3, 118.9relative order 118.6, 118.7, 118.9scalar field 118.2tuning parameters 118.3vector field 118.2

Non-linearity 118Normal conditions 84.2, 84.3, 84.4, 84.5, 84.6, 85.2,

86.2, 87.4, 91.1, 91.2Normal (Gaussian) distribution 82.4, 83.4, 102.3,

102.7, 102.8Normal values 22.2, 84.2, 90.5Nucleonic level measurement 14.8Null balance 16.6Null entry 99.2Numbering convention 2.2Numerical instability 96.5, 112.6, 115.6Numerical integration 44.3, 96, 97.13,112.6, 112.10,

118.3see also Euler methodssee also Runge Kutta method

Nylon tubing 51.4Nyquist diagram 73.4, 73.6

Object linking 49.5Object oriented programming

data abstraction 107.7encapsulation 107.7message passing 107.7modularity 107.7polymorphism 107.7

1082 Index

procedural attachments 107.7procedural inheritance 107.7root object 107.7

Objective function 103.1, 106.5, 116.3, 116.6, 117.4,117.7

maximise profit 103.1, 103.2minimise cost 103.1see also cost function

Objects (rule based)attributes, single/multiple 107.3, 107.4nested 107.3object-attribute-value triple 107.3

Observercharacteristic equation 112.6, 112.7characteristic polynomial 112.6, 112.7convergence 112.5, 112.6design 112.5, 112.7dynamics 112.6, 112.10full order 112.6, 112.7, 112.9integration with controller 112.9numerical integration/instability 112.6observer matrix 112.6pole placement 112.7, 112.8predictor-corrector 112.6reduced order 112.8residuals on estimates 112.5, 112.6robustness 112.6state estimator 112.5, 112.6state-space model 112.6state vector 112.5

Obsolescence 65.3Occupancy 56.2, 57.1Offset 22.3, 27.2, 27.5, 71.7, 71.8, 77.8, 78.4, 86.2,

93.1, 108.3, 108.5, 112.3Ohm’s law analogy 87.1Oil absorber 51.4On-line analyser 76.5, 76.10On-off control 28One/two dimensional functions 104.1, 104.2Open

loop analysis 86.4loop gain 22.3loop operation 3.4process control 49.6, 100.5systems 38.10, 49

Operability jacket 34.2

Operating conditions/point,see normal conditions

Operating lines, lower and upper 90.5, 90.6Operation 37.5, 60.4Operation code (op-code) 9.2, 9.5Operational amplifier 6.7Operator

control program 39.1, 41.2, 42, 58.2interface 60.4, 61.5involvement 60.3role of 58.1station 38.4, 39.1, 58.3

Optimisation 103constrained 105, 106.5methodology 106.3non-linear functions 104search direction/space 104unconstrained 104see also constraints, LP and QP

Optimum settings 24.0, 24.3, 24.4Ordinate 73.3, 102.10Orifice

carrier 12.1specification 12.6tappings 12.7

Orthogonality 101.1, 101.6, 101.8, 104.6Outliers 83.2, 102.2, 109.7Output interface 44.6, 46.1Output scaling 44.5, 45.4Overdamped response 23.2Overdetermined system 30.2, 30.3, 30.6, 105.4Overflow 69.2Overhead composition control 35.7Overhead condenser 35.2, 35.10, 90.6Override control 35.12Overshoot 72.4Overt/covert failures 53.8, 57.2, 57.5, 57.6, 57.8Overtime 61.6, 66.8

Packed sheath 16.3, 16.5Packing 19.2, 21.2Pade approximation 71.2, 71.10, 73.11, 74.7P&I diagram. 2.0, 59.2, 60.2Parallel axes 102.10Parallel genetic algorithms

benefits of 110.8

Index 1083

diffusion GA 110.8farmer/worker 110.8global GA 110.8global/sub populations 110.8import/export of chromosomes 110.8islands 110.8master/slave 110.8migration GA 110.8migration paths 110.8neighbouring nodes 110.8

Parallel operations 37.5Parallel programs 78.7Parallelism 29.7, 53.4Parameter lists (A, B, C and D) 29.4, 37.7, 100.6Parameter of interest 74.2, 74.4, 74.8, 74.10Partial batch 37.3, 37.5Partial fractions 70.2, 70.3, 71.9, 72.1, 73.1, 75.5,

75.6, 78.7equating coefficients 70.3hidden roots 70.3method of residues 70.3

Passive protection 55.2Payback time 59.3, 59.11Payments 67.13Payments, stage 62.4, 64.10Peak time 72.4Penalty function 105.14Performance

deterioration of 102guarantees 67.9parameters 67.9

Period of oscillation 72.4, 73.9Personal computers 39.4Picture builder 42.5Phase 37.5

logic 37.5margin 73.12plane 80.1shift 72.4, 73.1, 73.2, 73.7, 73.9

pHcontrol 34.1measurement 17, 34.1scale 17.1scale, quasi 34.3

Physical model 100.4control module 37.3

equipment module 37.3process cell 37.2unit 37.3

Picture builder 41.8Pilot valve 5.2, 46.2Pipe size 13.1, 13.7PI/PID

compensator 78.1controller 23, 23.9, 24, 25, 26, 73.10, 78.1, 81.6,

81.10, 97.13, 98.3, 98.4function block 44.4, 45.3, 48.4

Plantinterface 60.4interface unit 38.4, 51.1utilisation 59.7

Plant model mismatch 106.9, 112.2, 112.3, 112.6,112.9, 117.9, 118.3, 118.9

Platinum resistance thermometer 16.4Plug and seat assembly 19.2Pneumatic relay 5.4Pneumatic actuators 19.6Pneumatics 5Pneumercator 14.5Point count 4.1, 50.10, 59.2Polar co-ordinates 68.3, 73.2, 73.6, 77.1Polar plot 73.4Pole placement 74.11, 112.2, 112.3, 112.7, 112.8Pole zero cancellation 77.7Poles, closed loop 74.1, 74.11, 77.5, 112.1, 112.2Poles, open loop 74.1, 74.8, 77.6Polygonal lines 102.10Polynomial, monic 114.1, 114.5, 116.3Population 82.1Positioner 21Positive feedback 71.12Positive/negative definite 104.2, 104.4, 104.6, 104.7,

105.9, 105.11, 105.12Potential divider 6.3Potential energy 88.2Potentiometer 95.1Power amplifier 95.1Power series 68.1, 80.13

see also time seriesPower supply 39.2, 51.2Pre commissioning, instrumentation 64.4Pre-processing of data 83.2, 109.7

1084 Index

Prediction horizon 106.11Preferred supplier 10, 65.1Present value 59.11Pressure energy 88.2Pressurisation 52.9Preventive action 57.1Pricing policy 61.4Primary key 99.2, 99.3Primary strip 77.1Prime attributes 99.2Principal axis 15.2Principle components 106.4

analysis. 83.8, 101bivariate 101.1, 101.2dimensionality 101.4dominance 101.6, 101.7, 102.9first principal component 101.1, 101.3latent variables 102.9multivariate 101.3scores plot 102.9

Probability 82.3Probability density function 82.3Probability distributions 82.3

cumulative 82.3density 59.6, 82.3, 82.4joint 82.3Maxwell 82.3normal (Gaussian) 82.3, 82.4, 83.4random 83.4Rayleigh 82.3

Probability of failure on demand 53.8Procedural code 41.5, 61.5, 63.3, 63.14Procedural model 100.4

actions 37.5operation 37.5phase 37.5procedure 37.5steps 37.5

Procedure 37.5, 60.4, 62.1, 63.3Process

cell 37.2description 60.1, 62.3, 63.2control unit 38.4definition of 3.3gain 32.2, 32.3, 84.5shut-down systems 55.6

Process analytics technology 102Process model 100.4

process stages 37.4process operations 37.4process actions 37.4

Process MRP 100.4process costing 100.4process definition 100.4process monitoring 100.4production scheduling 100.4

Processor cycle 9.2, 9.5Product consistency 59.7Production plan 100.4Production planning 37.8Professional conduct 66.8Profibus protocol 50.3Profit 59.10, 61.4, 67.6, 67.10Program structure 8.6, 97.12Programmable logic controller 38.6, 47, 57.7Programming, experience vs efficiency 61.6Programming, management effort 61.6Project

management 59.10manager 62.2, 67.7, 67.8, 67.10organisation chart 66.7plan 61.2, 62.1, 63.14, 66.7report 66.8

Project planningbatch management 100.6batch records and evaluation 100.6process management 100.6process orders 100.6process planning 100.6quality management 100.6recipe management 100.6resource management 100.6

Proof testing 53.3, 56.5, 57.4Proportional action/control 22.1, 22.3,23.2, 93Proprietary manifold 12.1Protection

IS types 52.6systems 53.8, 55.0, 56systems design process 56.10

Protocols 40.4Proximity switch 46.3Pseudo code 8, 63.4

Index 1085

Psychological model 58.2Psychrometric systems 94Pulse 75.1, 75.2

Laplace transform of 75.2train of 75.1, 75.3input cards/channels 4.1, 39.3

Pulse transfer function 76.2, 114.1, 116.6, 117.9cascaded elements 76.5, 76.6, 78.6closed loop 76.7, 76.9, 76.10, 77.2, 77.5, 78.2open loop 77.4, 77.5, 77.7, 77.8parallel functions 78.7

Pumping system 88.1Purged flow arrangement 12.7

Quadratic approximation 105.11, 105.12Quadratic equation/function 68.3, 104.4, 104.5,

104.8, 104.9, 105.9, 105.11Quadratic programming 105.9, 106.7, 106.8, 106.9,

109.13equality constrained 105.12feasible/infeasible solutions 105.10gradient criterion 105.11recursive form of 105.11sequential 105.12, 106.6set management strategy 105.12solution to MPC problem 117.7superlinear convergence 105.12

Qualifier 29.6Quality

assurance 66, 67.7control 66.10design 56.10, 66.7management system 66.1, 66.6manager 66.1manual 66.1plan 61.2, 66.7policy 66.1procedures 63.6, 63.8, 66.7requirements 66.2

Quasi pH scale 34.3Query

aggregate functions 99.4dot extensions 99.4keywords 99.4nested 99.5structure 99.4

Quotation generation 61.3

Rack and frame structure 39.2, 51.2Radial basis function networks

batch least squares 109.9centre 109.8, 109.10distance 109.8, 109.10Gaussian function 109.8, 109.10k-means clustering algorithm 109.9multiple linear regression 109.9nearest neighbour’s method 109.9spread parameter 109.8

Radio communications 40.8Ramp input 69, 70.1, 70.2Random distribution 83.4Random failure, components or hardware 53.2,

56.9Rangeability 10, 34.1Rare event approximation 54.9Rate constant 36.1, 89.1Rate time 23.4Ratio

control 26, 33.1, 35.9station 26.1trimming 33.3

RC network 44.1, 46.3, 69.3Reaction

curve method 24.4, 72.6, 78.3, 115.2kinetics 91rate of 36.1, 89.1, 91.1

Reactor temperature control 36.3Real data types 7.6Real-time operating system 41.1Real-time optimisers 106, 109.13Realisation 78.1, 78.3, 78.5, 81.4, 81.7, 81.9Reboiler 35.2, 35.6, 35.7, 35.8, 90.6Recipe model 100.4

control recipe 37.7general recipe 37.7master recipe 37.7site recipe 37.7

Recipes 37.7, 41.8Recovery options 29.9, 55.4, 61.5Recursive estimation 115.6

asymptotic sample length 115.4bias 115.9

1086 Index

convergence 115.9convergence/divergence 115.4, 115.6, 115.9covariance resetting 115.5covariance windup 115.7factorisation 115.6forgetting factors 115.4, 115.8initialisation 115.2, 115.3numerical instability 115.6on-line parameterisation 115.2order of model 115.1performance 115.1prediction error 115.9round off errors 115.6stochastic approximation 115.6

Recursive filter 114.1Red book 67.7, 67.8Reduced gradient methods 105.13Reference

data 102.9electrode 17.5junction 16.1, 16.3mixture 18.9

Reflux drum 35.2, 35.6, 35.9, 35.10, 90.6Reflux rate/ratio 90.4, 90.5, 90.6Register, shift 6.6Regression coefficients 83.3, 83.6, 83.7Regression models

simple linear 83.1multiple linear 83.1, 83.7, 83.9polynomial 83.1validation 83.4variable selection 83.8

Regulo control 3.4Relationships, recursive 99.3Relationships, total 99.3Relation (table) 99.2Relational databases 99, 100.2

design 99.8guidelines 99.8joins 99.5, 99.6updates 99.5views 99.5

Relative gain analysis 31.5, 35.2, 111.1blending system 111.8closed loop gain 111.1column, D-V scheme 111.5

column. L-B scheme 111.4column, L-V scheme 111.3, 111.6, 111.7,

111.10interpretation 111.2open loop gain 111.1relative gain/array 111.1

Relative volatility 90.5Relay 56.5, 57.4Reliability 53.1, 59.5, 65.1Reliability of design 56.10Repairable systems 53.2Repeatability 10Replacement 65.4Reset time 23.3Residence time 34.1, 69.2, 92.2Residuals 83.1, 83.3, 83.7Resistance temperature devices 16.4Resistance to flow 87.1, 90.1Resonant frequency 73.6Resource estimates 61.5, 61.6, 62.3, 63.14, 63.15,

66.8Response

closed loop 71.7, 71.8, 71.9, 72.2, 78.3second order 72, 73.6, 74.8, 74.9, 74.11, 77.7,

77.8steady state 71.6, 71.8, 72.4

Response limit 72.4Retention time 18.1, 18.7Reverse acting 22.1, 84.5Reverse selection 83.8, 83.10Ribbon cable 39.2Riccati equation 113.3, 113.4Ring fencing 59.2, 59.10Rise time 72.4, 78.4Risk 53.10, 56.1, 56.5

acceptable levels 56.2commercial 67.1, 67.4, 67.6, 67.8, 67.11graph 57.1

Rolling map 42.5Root locus 74, 77.5, 77.7

second order systems 74.8symmetry 74.4, 74.11

Rootscomplex conjugate 71.9, 71.10, 72.4, 74.1imaginary 72.5negative real 71.9, 71.10, 72.2

Index 1087

repeated 72.3stable/unstable 71.9, 71.10

Roots, see also characteristic equationRotameter 13.3Routh array 71.11, 77.4Routh test 71.11, 77.3RTD, construction and installation 16.5, 16.6Rule base (fuzzy)

antecedents and consequents 108.2, 108.9changing rules 108.8, 108.11controller, within 108.1equilibrium point 108.3fuzzy associative memory 108.2interactions 108.9leading diagonal 108.3look-up table 108.2, 108.9nesting of rules 108.10changing rules 108.8, 108.11operability jacket 108.2production rules 108.4standardised 108.2changing rules 108.8, 108.11

Rules (expert)antecedents and consequents 107.1, 107.3,

107.4assertions 107.3, 107.4causes and effects 107.2confidence level 107.3conditions and outcomes 107.1firing of 107.3, 107.4meta 107.4order 107.4premises and actions 107.1production rules 107.1, 107.3pros and cons 107.3salience 107.4

Runge Kutta method 96.4, 98.3Rungs 47.1Run time 97.13Ryskamp scheme 35.8

S-plane 74.4, 74.8, 77.1Saddle point 104.1, 104.2Safe

area 52.2failure fraction 53.8, 56.5, 56.8

hold states 29.9, 37.5, 61.5Safety

environment 43.4equipment approvals 57.1integrity levels 53.8, 55.7, 56.3, 56.4, 56.5, 56.6,

56.7, 57.1layers of 55life cycle 56.3related function/signal 54.3, 54.5related systems 55.6, 56.2requirements specification 56.4

Sample covariance 82.2Sample size 82.1Sampled data signal 75.1Sampled data systems 76, 81.7Sampler 75.1, 76.5

imaginary 76.7, 76.9, 81.8virtual 76.8

Sampling (stochastic) 102.1group size 102.3population 82.1sample size 82.1, 82.5specified band 82.3

Sampling (time series)instant 75.1, 76.4, 76.7, 113.1, 114.1, 116.2synchronous 76.1, 76.5, 76.8period 23.10, 77.7, 78.1, 81.9, 109.7, 112.10,

113.8, 114.1system 18.6

Saturation 23.2, 23.6, 23.7Scaling factor 71.1Schedule, control/master 100.3Schema 99.2Scope of automation 60.3Scope of project 60.3Scores plot 102.9

confidence limit 102.9control limits 102.9ellipses 102.9Hotelling’s distance 102.9interpretation of 102.9Mahalanobis’ distance 102.9

Searchdirection/space 104.3, 104.5, 104.8, 105.1,

105.11, 105.12efficiency 104.6, 104.7

1088 Index

end criteria 104.5, 105.12procedure 104.5steepest descent 104.6, 104.7

Secant method 105.12Second order systems 72, 73.6, 74.8, 77.7, 77.8, 80.1

see also dampingSecondary strip 77.1Secondment 66.8Security 49.8Seebeck effect 16.1Segregation policy 51.3, 54.2, 64.4Selection

parent space value 110.3simulated roulette wheel 110.3, 110.7stochastic sampling 110.3truncation 110.3universal sampling 110.3

Self adaptive fuzzy control 108.11performance index 108.11self-organising 108.11self-tuning 108.11

Self cleaning 14.5Self tuning control

certainty equivalence 116.1closed loop performance 116.5closed loop response 116.8control signal 116.3, 116.4, 116.7deadbeat response 116.5, 116.6Diophantine identity 116.3direct/indirect approaches 116.1explicit and implicit forms 116.1generalised minimum variance 116.6h-steps ahead prediction 116.2implementation 116.4, 116.7minimum variance control 116.3notation 116.2objective function 116.3, 116.6properties 116.4, 116.8recursive least squares 116.4, 116.7separation identity 116.3, 116.6separation principle 116.1similarity transformations 116.6

Self-tuning controller 115.2, 115.3, 115.6, 115.7Semantic nets

associative network 107.5disadvantages 107.5

links (edges, arcs) 107.5nodes (vertices) 107.5

Semiconducter 6.1Sensitivity 10, 26.4Sensitivity analysis 105.6, 106.8Separation 35.3Sequence

check list 64.5control 29design 60.3executive 41.5, 63.9flow diagram 29.1, 63.4progression 29.5, 29.6software 60.4, 63.9

Sequential function chart 29.6, 63.4Sequential quadratic programming 105.12, 106.6Series of elements 53.4Service life 65.3Servo control 3.4Servo mechanisms 95Set point tracking 23.5, 45.3Set theory 108Settling time 72.4, 77.8, 78.4Shaft, common 95.1, 95.2Shear beam load cell 15.3Shut-off 19.2, 21.2Sidestream 35.13, 35.14Sight glass 13.2Signal

types 2.1, 4.0generic names 3.1noise 113selection 33.2

Signal to noise ratio 102.2Similarity transformation 80.10-80.13, 116.6Simplex method 103.3

basic variables 103.3efficiency 103.3independent variables 103.3non-basic variables 103.3order of slack variables 103.3

Simulation, dynamiblock oriented approach 97, 98control loop 97.13procedural approach 98process orientated 98.6

Index 1089

see also Matlab, SimulinkSimulink 98

automatic scaling 98.2data import/export 98.1dot extensions (.mdl) 98.1, 98.2, 98.3element wise multiplication 98.5function categories 98.1function connections 98.1function names 98.2function orientation 98.1outport 98.2polynomial coefficients 98.3run time 98.4solver 98.1state-space function 98.4, 98.5subsystems 98.3text box 98.2toolboxes 98.1

Simulink environment 98.1block parameters dialogue box 98.1configuration parameters dialogue box 98.1library browser 98.1model window 98.1simulation menu 98.2

Single-input single-output system 71Single phase flow 13.5Singular values 111.7

condition number 111.7Morari resilience index 111.7singular value decomposition 111.9singular value thresholding 117.9

Sinusoidal input 73Site/works visit 60.6, 66.8Six sigma 102.7

capability indices 102.8defects 102.7, 102.8methodology 102.7positive shift 102.8service limits 102.8specified tolerance 102.7

Shewart charts, see control chartsSlack variables 103.3, 103.4, 105.4, 105.9Slave loop 25.1, 95.2Sliding plate valve 18.5Slots 39.2Slots and fillers 107.6, 107.7

Smart devices 50, 50.10Smith predictor 86.4Soft keys 42.4Software model, IEC 8.1Software, see

application softwareconfigurationfunction blocksprocedural coderesource estimatessystem software

Sonic flow 20.8, 87.1, 87.3Source of release 52.2Special purpose PES 57.8Specific enthalpy 94.4Speedof response 10,21.2,25.1,69.6,71.9,72.3,95.2Spray drier 94.1Spreadsheet, vendor selection 61.7Spurious failures/trips 53.8, 56.5Square mean 82.1Stability

closed loop. 24.1, 36.1, 36.2, 71.9, 74.1, 77.2,77.4, 79.9, 89.1, 89.3, 91.4, 118.7

marginal 71.9, 72.5, 77.2numerical 96.5Routh test 71.11

Standarddeviation 82.1, 82.4, 83.10error 102.4signal ranges 4.2

Standardisation (of data) 82.2, 83.2, 83.8, 83.10Standby generator 51.2Standby systems 53.7Start-up and shut-down 59.5Starter motor circuit 47.6State feedback regulators

characteristic equation 112.1, 112.2characteristic polynomial 112.1, 112.2closed loop performance 112.1closed loop poles 112.1controller matrix 112.1, 112.2disturbance vector 112.3dominant pole positions 112.2, 112.10integral action 112.9integration with observer 112.9multivariable controller 112.2

1090 Index

observer, full/reduced order 112.5, 112.8output feedback 112.2pole placement 112.2, 112.3reference factor 112.3, 112.4set point for regulo control 112.3simulation 98.5time scales 112.10

State spacefeedback control 80.4generalised form 79.7, 80.1, 80.3, 90.3, 91.3,

96.1, 96.3, 96.6internal variable 80.4output equation 80.1, 80.2, 112.6solution, MIMO 80.8, 90.3solution, SISO 80.7state equation 80.1, 80.2state vector 112.5, 112.6system matrix 80.1transfer function conversion 80.3

Static pressure 14.2Statistical control 102.3, 102.7Statistical process control 102Statistics, see summary statisticsSteady state analysis 22.3, 71.6Steady state gain 22.2, 27.2, 27.3, 71.1, 72.1Steady state optimiser

dependent/independent variables 106.1detection algorithm 106.4disturbances, effect of 106.6essential characteristics 106filtered outputs 106.1frequency of execution 106.6methodology 106.3model for 106.2model updating 106.5on/off-line modes 106.1open/closed loop modes 106.1parameter adjustment 106.5set points, downloaded 106.1, 106.6scope for adjusting MVs 106.6sparsity 106.6

SQP solution 106.6systematic errors 106.5

Steamcondensing 31.4, 32.1, 85.2, 86.1, 92.1ejector 35.10

injection system 86.1superheated 87.5

Steepest descent 104.6, 104.7, 109.3Step input 69, 70.1, 70.2, 71.2, 71.6, 72.1, 75.4, 77.8,

78.2, 78.3, 78.4, 98.2Step length/size 78.1, 96, 96.5, 96.7, 97.13, 104.5,

112.10variable 96.7, 98.4, 98.5, 104.8, 105.12see also sampling period

Step responsedamping factor 72.1overdamped 93underdamped 72.1

Step response testingchoice of inputs/outputs 117.9external disturbances 117.9instrumentation check 117.9open loop models 117.9

Steps 29.6, 37.5Stiff systems 96.5, 96.7Stirred tank, see agitated vesselStochastics 82Stoichiometric requirements 33.2Strain gauges 15.2Strain/resistance effects 15.1Strategic variable 30.1, 30.6Stream 37.2Structure charts 63.2Structured

data type 7.13programming 63.2query language 49.4, 99.4text 8, 29.2

Sub contractor 67.8Sub systems 3.3Substitution rule 73.2Summary statistics 82.1

mean (average) 82.1mean square value 82.1median 82.1square mean 82.1standard deviation 82.1variance 82.1

Summary statistics (multivariate) 82.2correlation coefficient 82.2correlation matrix 82.2

Index 1091

covariance matrix 82.2sample covariance 82.2

Superposition 3.3, 71.4, 76.1, 84.3, 90.6, 92.1Supervisory control and data acquisition 38.7Supplier 59.1, 66.1, 66.7, 66.8, 67.3Support tools 63.7Switchgear 95.1Symbolics 107System

architecture 38, 49.3cards 39.3evolution 65.3hardware 39, 60.4, 65.5layout 51, 60.3modes 80.13software 41, 60.4, 61.5, 64.2, 65.5, 66.7support 65.2upgrades 65.5

System, see alsocontrol systemsdynamics

System matrix 80.1canonical form 80.11Jordan form 80.13modal decomposition 80.11, 80.12, 80.13modes 80.13

Systematic failures 56.9

Tableau representation 103.4entering basic variable 103.4leaving basic variable 103.4tied variables 103.4pivot column/row/value 103.4

Tacho generator 95.2Tag number 2.0, 42.2, 45.1, 50.8, 99.1Taxation 59.11Taylor’s series 67.2, 104.1. 104.2, 104.4, 104.8, 105.1,

1 105.11Telemetry 40.7, 40.9Temperature

class 52.4measurement 16, 35.5profile 18.7, 32.1, 35.5resistance effects 15.1, 15.2

Tender analysis 61.7Tender generation 61.1

Terminal velocity 69.4Termination rack 39.2Test

results sheet 66.7signals 64.5specifications 63.6,63.8,63.10,63.11,66.7,67.8

Testingfunctional 64.5physical means 63.9simulation means 63.9

Text display 42.9Thermal capacity 85.2Thermal system 69Thermocouple, types and installation 16.2, 16.3Thermocouple principles 16.1Thermostat 69.5Thermosyphon 31.1Thermowells 16.7Third party 67.7Three term controller, see PID controllerTighter control 59.5Time

advance 116.3constant 69delay 34.1, 71.2, 73.11, 74.7, 77.8, 78.3, 81.1,

86.3, 86.4, 92.2, 92.5, 98.5, 101.7, 106.11,108.10, 108.12, 114.1, 115.1

literals (and date) 7.7series 75.6, 75.7, 78.1,78.5, 109.11, 116.3, 117.9of the essence 67.11

Timer 47.4Titration curve 17.2, 17.3, 34.1Token bus/ring 40.3Torque 95.1Top-down approach 63.2, 66.7Top event 54.7, 54.9, 54.10Total quality management 66.10Totality 99.3Touchscreen 39.1, 42.4Traceability 66.1, 66.7Train 37.2Trajectory 80.1, 80.2Transfer functions 71

closed loop 71.2, 71.7, 71.8, 71.9, 79.8, 80.7,118.3

delay 71.2

1092 Index

distributed parameter 92.2, 92.3, 92.4, 92.5first order 71.1forward path 71.2, 71.8higher order 72.6integrator 71.2lag 71.2lead 71.2open loop 71.2, 71.8, 74.1, 118.7overall 72.6PID controller 71.3second order 72.1state space conversion 80.3ZOH 75.1

Transient response 69, 90.2Transistor 6.3Transit time 13.7Transportation lag 71.2Trend diagram 42.7Trips and interlocks 43.4, 47.1. 55.3Truncation 54.8, 54.9Tuple (record) 99.2Turbine flowmeter 13.5Turbulence/turbulent flow 87.1, 87.3, 89.2, 89.3Turnkey project 59.1, 63.16, 67.5TUV classes 57.1Two norm 111.6Two’s complement 7.2

Ultimate period 24.3Ultrasonic flowmeter 13.7Ultrasonic level measurement 14.7Unconstrained optimisation 104Underdamped response 23.2, 77.8Unit

boundary 37.3circle (j! domain) 73.12circle (z domain) 77.1, 78.1physical 37.1, 37.3

Universe of discourse 108.1Unrepairable systems 53.1Unsteady state balances 84.4, 85.1

current 69.3energy 88.1, 88.3force 69.4heat 69.1, 85.2, 85.3, 85.4, 86.1, 86.2, 89.1, 91.2,

92.2, 94.4

mass 69.2, 86.1, 86.5, 87.5, 94.3molar 89.3, 90.1, 90.3, 91.1, 92.5volume 84.4, 87.3, 90.2, 93.2, 93.4, 94.2

Upgrade path 65.5Upthrust 69.4User requirements

general 60.5particular 60.4specification 54.3, 54.5, 60, 61.1, 61.5, 62.1,

66.9, 67.6, 67.7

Vacuum control 31.2Validation 66.5Valve characteristics

equal percentage 20.1inherent 20.1, 84.3installed 20.2, 20.3, 87.3, 87.4linear 20.1square root 20.1

Valves 19positioners 21selection 19.7sizing 20.6trim 19.2, 20.5types 19.1

Vapour flow lags 90.1, 90.6Variable area meter 13.4Variable resistance 20.2Variables

absolute 22.4, 84.2, 84.3deviation 22.4, 68.2, 70.1global, external, I/O, memory 8.2, 8.3, 8.4normal values 22.4, 68.2, 70.1

Variance 82.1, 101.1cumulative percentage 101.4, 101.7maximum 101.1patterns of 101.6

Variation order 66.7, 67.10Vectors 79.1

differentiation by 79.6, 83.7, 101.1, 104.3,105.9, 117.4

differentiation of 79.6eigen 79.9, 80.12initial condition 80.5Laplace, transform of 79.7orthogonal 101.1, 101.6

Index 1093

Vena contracta 12.2, 12.4Vendor selection 61.7, 66.9Venturi 12.2Verification 63.13Version control 66.7Viewing distance 58.2Virus 49.13Visual inspection 64.4Voidage fraction 92.5Vortex shedding meter 13.8Voting strategies/systems 53.6, 57.3, 57.8Vulnerability 56.4, 56.5

Walkthrough, design 54.5, 63.5, 66.7Waterfall model 63.1, 66.5Weighted impulses 76.1, 76.4Wet leg 14.2Wild variable 30.1Wiring regulations 51.2Witnessed tests 63.13Work in progress 100.2Working capital 59.11Working schedule 100.4

X-Y curve/diagram 90.3, 90.6

Yellow book 67.15

Z operator 75.3Z-plane 77.1Z transforms 75

definition 75.3inverse 75.6, 78.1, 78.4, 78.5prediction 116.2properties 75.4table 75.4use of 75.5

Zeigler and Nichols formulae 24.3, 73.10, 73.11,74.7

Zener diode 6.2, 46.3, 52.12Zero capacity systems 86Zero order hold 44.6, 75.1, 76.8, 78, 81.7Zeros, open loop 74.1, 77.6Zone 52.2