Honors Spanish 2 Grammar Book

By: Brenda Jean-Bart

Table of Contents

Ser Estar Verbs like Gustar Hacer expression Preterito Trigger words Car, gar, zar Spock verbs Cucaracha verbs Snakes and snackeys Dop Commands Irregular verbs Iop’s Se impersonal Past Participles as adjectives

El future and ir + a+ infinitive Demonstrative adjectives Demonstrative pronouns Los mandates Imperfect tense Informal+ irregulars Formal +irregulars DOP +IOP placement Modal verbs Reflexsives Saber v. conocer

Ser

Ser

OriginCharacteris

tics

Description

time

Occupation

Relationships

Pocession

events

Date

Estar

ar-ando

er/ir- endo

-yendo

Estar

health

G

N

I

Presesnt

locaton

location

emotions

Verbs like Gustar

Doler (o-ue)- to hurt Fascinar- to fascinate Molestar- to bother Encantar- to love Faltar- to lack, be in need of Importar- to be important to Disgustar- to disgust

Hacer Expressions

HACE + TIME + QUE + CONJUGATED VERB

Conjuagated verb can be in any tense

Preterrito

Ar verbsEAsteOAmosAron

Er/Ir verbs

IIsteIoImosieron

Trigger words

• Ayer Anoche El ano pasado Le semana pasada Ante ayer

Car, Gar, Zar

CarQue Caste CoCamos CasteisCaron

Gar

GueGasteGoGamosGasteisGaron

ZarCe

ZasteZoZamoszasteiszaron

Spock verbs

Ir

Hacer

Ver

Dar

ser

Preterite Conjugations of Irregular Spock Verbs

IR SER DAR VER HACER

Yo Fui Fui Di Vi Hice

Tú Fuiste Fuiste Diste Viste Hiciste

Ella/Él/Ud.

Fue Fue Dio Vio Hizo

Nosotros

Fuimos Fuimos Dimos Vimos Hicimos

Ellos/Ellas/Uds.

Fueron Fueron Dieron Vieron Hicieron

Cucaracha verbs

Andar-anduv -e Estar-Estuv -iste Poder-pud -o Poner-pus -imos Querer-quis -isteis Saber-sup -ieron Tener-tuv * “j” verbs i=ieron Venir-vin Conducir-conduj Producir-produj Traducir-traduj Decir-dij Traer-traj

Snakes and Snakeys

SnakesPederYo pediTu pedisteElla/el pidioNosotros pedimosVosotros pedisteisEllos/ellas pidieron

SnakeysVerbs such as leer,

creer, and oir change i to y in 3rd person

LeiLeisteLeyoLeimosLeisteisLeisteisleyeron

DOPs

Lo-it masculine Las-it plural and feminine Los –it plural and masculine La- it feminine

Commands

Affirmative Commands An affirmative command is used when ordering, or telling

someone to do something. In English, it is the “imperative” form of the verb. The formal commands are used when addressing unfamiliar people with a need to express respect and politeness.

Negative Commands A negative command is used when ordering, or telling someone

not to do something. In English, it is the “imperative” form of the verb. The formal commands are used when addressing unfamiliar people with a need to express respect and politeness

To make an affirmative and negative formal command do the following:

(1) Take the present tense “yo” form of the verb(2) Drop the –o or –oy ending(3) For –ar verbs, add an e, for –er and –ir verbs, add an a.

Irregular verbs

Irregular Affirmative Formal Command There are only three verbs that have irregular conjugations which are: ir, saber, ser. Ir goes to to ¡Vaya!, saber goes to !Sepa!, and ser goes to ¡Sea!

Ex: To tell someone to go to the front of the room say: ¡Vaya al frente de la sala! Irregular Negative Formal Command There are only three verbs that have irregular conjugations which are: ir, saber, ser. Ir goes to to ¡Vaya!, saber goes to !Sepa!, and ser goes to ¡Sea!

Ex: To tell someone not to be bad say: ¡No sea malo!

IOPs

Me- yo Te- tu Le-el/ ella/ud Les- ellos/ellas/uds Nos- nosotros

Se impersonal

1. Use se to avoid specifying a person who is doing the action of the verb.1.Se vende fruta en la frutería.

2. When using se, the verb is always in the 3rd person.1.Aquí se habla español.

3. Se can be used in all tenses.1.Se hizo mucho.2.Se hará mucho.3.Se había hecho.

TV-DISHES

T-tenga-tener V-venga-venir D-de-dar I-vaya-ir S-sea-ser H-haga-hacer E- este-estar S- sepa-saber

Past Participles as Adjectives

The past participle is a specific form of the verb that usually ends in - ado or – ido

Infinitive Past Participle ar verbs

Cantar Cantado

Tomar Tomado

Cerrar Cerrado

Jugar Jugado

Pensar Pensado

Infinitive Past participle er and ir verbs

Beber Bebido

Promoter prometido

Prefirir preferido

vestir vestido

El Futuro and ir + a + infinitive

The future tense is used to tell what "will" happen, or what "shall" happen. Add é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis, -án to the end of initive verb. Hablar:Yo hablaréTu hablarásÉl hablaráNosotros hablaremosVosotros hablaréisEllos hablarán ir a + infinitive = to be going to do something (in the near future) Voy a llevar a mi hermana a su casa.

I am going to take my sister to her house. Vas a invitar a muchas muchachas.

You are going to invite lots of girls. Cristina va a conversar con mi mamá.

Christina is going to talk with my mom. Eduardo va a leer el libro.

Edward is going to read the book.

Demonstrative adjectives

Demonstrative adjectives describe a noun Este

this Ese

That Aquel

That one over there Estos

These

Demonstrative Pronouns

Singular Plural Translation

Éste Éste This one, these (m)

Ésta Ésta This one, these (f)

Ése Ése That one, those (m)

Ésa Ésa That one, those (f)

Aquél Aquéllos That one over there, those over there (m)

Aquélla Aquéllas That one over there, those over there (f)

Los Mandatos

Affirmative Commands An affirmative command is used when ordering, or telling

someone to do something. In English, it is the “imperative” form of the verb. The formal commands are used when addressing unfamiliar people with a need to express respect and politeness.

Negative Commands A negative command is used when ordering, or telling someone

not to do something. In English, it is the “imperative” form of the verb. The formal commands are used when addressing unfamiliar people with a need to express respect and politeness

To make an affirmative and negative formal command do the following:

(1) Take the present tense “yo” form of the verb(2) Drop the –o or –oy ending(3) For –ar verbs, add an e, for –er and –ir verbs, add an a.

Imperfect tense

Imperfected actions in the past To conjugate regular -ar verbs in the imperfect, simply drop the ending (-ar) and add one of the following: aba

abasabaábamosabaisaban

Example:Cantar Yo cantaba Tu cantabas Ud/elle/ella Cantaba Nosotros Cantabamos Vosotros Cantabais Uds/ellas/ellos cantaban To conjugate regular -er and -ir verbs in the imperfect, simply drop the ending (-er or -ir) and add one of the following: ía

íasíaíamosíaisían

Example:Escribir Escrbia Escribias Escribia Escribiamos Escribias escribian

Informal + Irregulars

affirmative tu commands

• used with family and friends

• change to tu form

• drop the s

infinitive commands

• decir...di• hacer...haz• ir...ve• ser...sé• poner...pon• venir...ven• tener...ten• salir...sal

negative commands

• start with yo form

• drop the o• add es (ar verbs)• or add as (ir/er

verbs)• ex: digo→digas

¡No digas que pasó! - Dont tell what happened!

Formal + irregulars

Commands are used when ordering, or telling someone to do something. This is often referred to as the "imperative" form of the verb.

Compre Ud. el anillo. (You) Buy the ring. Haga Ud. la tarea. (You) Do the homework. Compren Uds. los libros.

(You-all) Buy the books. Hagan Uds. el trabajo. (You-all) Do the work. Start with the yo form of the present indicative. Then drop the -o ending. Finally, add the following endings: -ar verbs:

-e (for Ud.), -en (for Uds.) -er and -ir verbs:

-a (for Ud.), -an (for Uds.)Iregulars:Tengan Uds. un buen viaje. (yo tengo) Have a good trip. Traiga Ud. el dinero. (yo traigo) Bring the money. Venga Ud. conmigo. (yo vengo) Come with me.

DOP + IOP Placement

When both pronouns are used in a sentence the order is: I.O.P + D.O.P before a conjugated verb.

Example:Mi madre te las compró. My mother bought them for you.

When a phrase is used, the pronouns can be placed either before the verbal structure or attached to the infinitive or –ing (gerund) form.

I am going to take them to you tomorrow. Voy a llevartelas mañana. Te las voy a llevar mañana. I want to give them to you. Quiero dartelos Te los quiero dar. When the third person pronouns are used together the I.O.P. (le, les)

changes to se in front of the D. O. P. (la, lo ,las, los). ¿Le diste un beso a tu mamá Did you give a kiss to your mom? Sí, se lo di. Yes, I gave it to her To negate a sentance, place the no before both pronouns. No te las compré. I did not buy them for you.

Modal Verbs

The first verb will be conjugated, whereas the 2nd verb remains in the infinitive form

Example: no puedo nadar- I can’t swim Keys verbs used as madal verbs Deber-should, ought to, must Desear- to desire Necesitar- to need Poder- can Querer- to want Saber- to know Soler-usually, used to

Reflexives

Reflexive pronoun

Examples: Peinarse

translation

Yo Me Me peino el pelo

I comb my hair

Tu te Te peinas el pelo

You comb your hair

Ud., él, ella se Se peina el pelo

She combs her hair

Nosotros/as

Nos Nos peinamos el pelo

We comb our hair

Vosotros/as Os Os peinais el pelo

You comb your hair

Uds., ellos, ellas

Se Se peinan el pelo

They comb their hair

Saber v. Conocer

Conocer is used in the context of knowing a person or a place

Saber is used when the subject knows a piece of information or how to do a specific task. It can be translated as “to know” as well as “to know how.”

Present tense

• Yo• Tu• Ud., él, ella• Nosotros/as• Vosotros/as• Uds., ellos,

ellas

Saber

• Sé• Sabes• Sabe• Sabemos• Sabéis• saben

Conocer

• conozo• Conoces• Conoce• Conocemos• Conocéis• conocen