bhavana swaminathan development of rare-earth free magnets
TRANSCRIPT
Bhavana Swaminathan
DEVELOPMENT OF RARE-EARTH FREE
MAGNETS
Self-persisting magnetic field
Permanent magnetsIndustries: medicine,
aerospace, automotive, music, etc.
Sold in a private market unlike other elements
WHAT IS A RARE EARTH MATERIAL?
LIMITATIONS OF RARE EARTHS
Geochemical and geographic obstacles Political and economic limitations from the eastern
hemisphere (private market) Environmental Hazards: Toxic wastes, radiation, etc.
“Slashing their exports of rare-earth materials…is all about moving Chinese manufacturers up the supply chain, so they can sell valued finished goods to the world that rather than lowly raw materials.”
- The Economist
NECESSITY OF RESEARCH
Ferromagnet – Retain permanent magnetization under applied magnetic fields Cheaper, more widely available, ability to overcome
property gap
FUTURE OF RARE-EARTH FREE MAGNETS
RESEARCH STUDY
COST BY STAGE
1 2 3 4 50.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
DIrect Costs By Stage
Equipment + SpaceElectricityDirect LaborMaterials
Production Costs by Stage
Cost
($/k
g)
COSTING SCALE
10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000 100,000,000 $-
$10.00
$20.00
$30.00
$40.00
$50.00
$60.00
$70.00
$80.00
$90.00
Cost Scaling Case
Production Volume (kg/year)
Pro
ducti
on C
ost
($/k
g)
WORKS CITED
[1] B. Das, B. Balamurugan, P. Kumar, R. Skomski, V.R. Shah, J.E. Sheild, A. Kashyap, and D.J. Sellmyer, “HfCo7-Based Rare Earth Free Permanent-Magnet Alloys,” Univ. of Nebraska., NE., Jul. 2013. [2] G. J. Orris, R. I. Grauch, Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits and Occurrences, USGS Report 02–189, 174 pp, Tucson, AZ, 2002. [3] I. Ros-Lehtinen, “China’s Monopoly on Rare Earth: Implications for U.S. Foreign and Security Policy,” House of Representatives, Washington D.C., Sept. 2011. [4] M.A. de Boer and K. Lammertsma (2013), Scarcity of Rare Earth Elements [Online]. Available: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24009098[5] M.D. Kuz’min, K.P. Skokov, H. Jian, I. Radulov, and O. Gutfleisch,“Towards High Performance Permanent Magnets Without Rare Earths,” Darmstadt, Germany: IOP, 2014.[6] M. Humphries, “Rare Earth Materials: The Global Supply Chain,” Congressional Research Service, Washington D.C., Dec. 2013. [7] Minerals and Metals Scarcity in Manufacturing: The Ticking Timebomb—Sustainable Materials Management, PricewaterouseCoopers, 2011. [8] The Demand for Rare Earth Materials in Permanent Magnets. Arnold Magnetic Tech., Rochester, NY, 2011.
Questions?