betul okcan
TRANSCRIPT
MORPHOLOGYStudy of
Word Parts
What Will We Cover?
• What is Morphology ?• Parts of Speech• What is Morpheme?• Classification of Morphemes• Making New Words
What is Morphology ?
• Morph (form) + ology (science of) Morphology = the science of word forms
• The study of the internal structure of words
&• The rules by which words are formed
What is a Morpheme? A morpheme is the minimal unit of meaning.
Parts Of Morphemes:
RootRoot is the base form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity. It is that part of the word when all the affixes are removed. Exp: tidy
Affix Affix is a collective term for the types of morphemes that can only be used in combination with other morphemes
prefix =>preceedes a base ……. untidysuffix =>follows a base……tidinessinfix => an affix which is added within a base. speedometer
Stem Stem is that part of a word to which grammatical affixes are added. Exp= housewives => stem: housewife / two root morphemes house + wife
Base Every form to which an affix can be added is a base. Every root and every stem is a thus a base. The set of bases, however, is larger than than the union of all roots and stems, because the process of affixation applies recursively. • Untouchable = Un (Lexicalprefix) + touchable (Base) • touch + able • (root/base) (Lexicalprefix)
• Act• Activate• Deactivate• Deactivation
Classification Of MorphemesFREE MORPHEMES BOUND MORPHEMES
Open Class Closed Class AffixesContractible
FormsNouns«pen»
Conjunctions«and»
Prefixes İnfixes Suffixes
Verbs«run»
Determiners«this»
Rewrite speedometer Speaks ‘s
Adjectives«fat»
Comparatives«more»
Unhappy Sister-in-law Realize ‘ve
Adverbs«fast»
Quantifiers«many»
Disagree Nowadays Editor ‘ll
Prepositions«on»
Prejudice Allophone Growth ‘d
Depart Semanticogrammatical
Portable
Free MorphemesMorphemes which can be used as a word on their own. Other means; morphemes that can stand alone as words.
• Open Class:• Try to produce new words using these ones ; run, walk, nice,
happy, desire.
The morphemes that we can add other morphemes are called «Open Class Morphemes»
• Closed Class• Try to produce new words using these ones; and, this, many, on.
• NO WAY !
The morphemes that we can not add new morphemes are called «Closed Class Morphemes»
Bound MorphemesThe morphemes that only appear as part of a larger word.
Derivational Morphemes; These morphemes derive one word from another.Affixes carry out this task.Like =>DislikeThey affect the meaning of the morpheme that they attach.Like => Likable They can change the grammatical category of the word they attach to. Birthday => UnbirthdayThey can be used to create new words.
Inflectional Morphemes; These morphemes do not affect the meaning of the morpheme they are attached to. They have a grammatical function.-s eats 3rd person sing. present -ed talked past tense -ing talking progressive -s books plural -‘s John’s possessive -er taller comparative -est tallest superlative
Making New Words
• Coining• Shortening process of a longer word .
• Meaning Change • Changing meaning of a word different
from original meaning.
• Compounding• Creating new wods combining two
morphemes.:
Making New Words 1COINING
Category Example Derived formGenerification Zipper
CokeUFO
Trademark of lightning fastener producer companySoft drink (Coca-Cola)A brand of Electric heater
Abbrevations EUUKTC
Europe UnionUnited KingdomTürkiye Cumhuriyeti
Ortographic ab. St.Abbr.Sn.
SaintAbbreviationSayın
Acronyms LazerScubaKib
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission from RadiationSelf – Contained Underwater Breathing ApparatusKendine iyi bak
Clippings BlogFlueKayın
Web blogInfluenzaKayınbirader
Blendigs PixelStaycationKanka
Picture+ElementStay+vacationKan kardeş
Making New Words 2MEANING
CHANGE
Category Exp. Derived form
Category change
To FilmTo answerParlamak
Noun filmNoun answerParlak
Metaphorical extention Cool Surf the internetKaralara bürünmek
Professional jargon of jazzSurfing(riding) on the wavesKara yas, bürünmek şekline girmek.
Backformation
AutomateBrainwash Motor
AutomationBrain washingMotorsiklet
Making New Words 3
Endocentric : The meaning of the new word is related to the compounded morphemes.LandlordLand=area +Lord=master,ownerSomeone you rent apartment,room etc
Exocentric:The meaning of the new word is not related to the compounded morphemes.
Show-offShow=Let sbd see sth+Off=not functioning A person who tries to impress other people by showing his or her goods.
COMPOUNDINGCompound Type EXAMPLE EXAMPLENoun+Noun Landlord SnailmailNoun+Verb Proofread BreastfeedNoun+PastParticiple Handheld Bed-ridden
Noun+Adjective Sky-blue SkindeepNoun+Adverb Endmost Noun+Gerund Bird-watching Zebracrossing
Noun+preposition Head-on Hard-upNoun+Prep.+Noun Face-to-face Man-to-man
Verb+Noun Pickpocket ScarecrowVerb+Verb Sleep-walk Wait-listVerb+Adverb Payback BuybackVerb+Prep Turnover SelloutVerb+Gerund Drink-driving Slip-slidingAdj.+Noun Black-board WildfireAdj.+Verb Blindfold Fine tune
Phrase Compounds
Verb Type Sentences Phrases Forms
Transitive Verbs This plant eats insectsVampires suck blood
Insect-eating plantBlood-sucking vampires
Intransitive Verbs
These people often go to moviesShe has skills in solving problemsIt is mentioned above that…Such words didn’t exist previouslyThis plane can fly very high.
Movie-goersHer problem-solving skillsThe above-mentionedPreviously non-existing wordsHigh-flying plane.
Meanings of Suffix -ableMoss prototypical < ================= > Least Prototypical
Able to be X’ed Should to be X’ed
Possible to be X’ed
Easy to be X’ed Is worthy
WritebaleExcusable
WashablePayable
WalkableRunnable
LivableReadeble
CredibleEdible
THAT IS ALL
• UNIVERSITY of KOCAELI • ENGLISH TEACHING DEPARTMENT
• EVENING CLASS • 100908026• BETUL OKCAN