better milk quality from better mastitis therapy decisions- dr. ron erskine
DESCRIPTION
Dr. Ron Erskine presented this information for DAIReXNET on Tuesday, February 12, 2013. For more information, please see our archived webinars page at www.extension.org/pages/15830/archived-dairy-cattle-webinars.TRANSCRIPT
Better Milk Quality from Better Mastitis Therapy Decisions
Dr. Ron Erskine, Michigan State University
Mammitis: Inflammation of the Bag
Treatment : Prevention•Bichloride of Mercury, 2 grains
•Boracic Acid, 2 drams•q.s. One quart water, intramammary infusion
CJ Korinek, The Veterinarian, 1915
Alternative Therapies X X X
Tanker loads with antibiotic residues have decreased ………
• Has the amount of drug use changed ?
• Has the amount of Extra Label Drug Use changed?
Antimicrobial Drug Use
106 doses/week/1,000 cowsAdult cowsSurvey
Pol and Ruegg, JDS, 90:2007
100 doses/week/1,000 cowsAll animalsTrash Collection
Saini et al, JDS, 95:1209, 2012
Extra Label Drug Use- IMM administration20 Wisconsin dairy herds
• 11 HerdsAmpicillin - 6 herdsCeftiofur - 3 herdsGentamicin- 3 herdsPenicillin- 1 herdMiconazole- 1 herdTetracycline- 1 herdVeterinary Magic Bullets- 2 herdsSulfamethoxazole/Trimethoprim – 2
herds Pol and Ruegg JDS 90: 2007
Implications for failure of therapy
• “Drugs just don’t work the way they use to……”• Antimicrobial resistance ? • Limited drugs for use in dairy cattle ?• Immune stress ?• Higher milk production?
Is AMR in mastitis pathogens emerging?
• ‘scientific evidence does not support a widespread, emerging resistance among mastitis pathogens to antibacterial drugs’
AMR in mastitis pathogens emerging ?
• Staph aureus
• 50 to 60% of S aureus isolates resistant to unprotected β-lactam drugs • Numerous studies • Forty years• No evidence of any change
Is antibacterial resistance in mastitis pathogens emerging?Temporal studies: same laboratory
S aureus Strep E. coli Coagulase negative staph
Mackie, et al. 1989
N/C ---- N/C (coliforms)
----
Erskine, et al. 2002
N/C N/C N/C ----
Makovec and Ruegg, 2003
ErythromycinLincomycin
N/C Erythromycin LincomycinPirlimycin
US National Residue Program -2010
• Kidney Inhibition Swab test or Fast Antimicrobial Screen Test
• 211,733 Inspector Generated Samples• 7,000 positive samples• 2,043 confirmed violative residues (1,609
animals)
2012 Residue Sampling Plans, USDA FSIS
2010 Inspector-generated Violations
Series10
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Beef cowsBob vealBullsDairy cowsFormula fed vealGoatHeavy calvesHeifersMarket hogsNon-formula fed vealSteers
FDA Survey
• The long-anticipated drug-residue-sampling survey by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has begun.
• 900 milk samples from dairy farms had a cull dairy cow residue violation
• 900 milk samples from dairies at large.• 26 different drugs
Dairy Herd Network, Jan 10, 2012
FDA Bulk Tank Sampling Program
Mastitis……..
• Largest cause of antimicrobial drug use in dairy cows
Antibiotics 101
Concentration-dependent inhibition Magnitude above MIC enhances killing
• Peak serum > 10 times MIC
Time-dependent inhibitionTime above MIC, not peak concentration
• All labeled drugs for use in lactating dairy cattle
Antibiotics 101
Dose intervals-• Holstein calves treated with chloramphenicol 4x more likely to die if treated once per day as opposed to twice per day (Waltner-Toews, Can Vet J, 1986)
Duration• 2 days after clinical and microbiological resolution, severe cases: 7-10 days, chronic: may involve months (Giguere, et al. Antimicrobial Therapy in Veterinary Medicine, 4th edition, 2006, pg 113)
Ampicillin Trihydrate (Polyflex)
“3 days treatment is usually adequate, but treatment should be continued for 48 to 72 hours after the animal has become afebrile (up to 7 days)”
Extended mastitis therapy :subclinical mastitis
• 125 mg ceftiofur cure rates• 10 % : control • 39 % : 2 days• 54 % : 5 days• 66 % : 8 days
• Staph aureus 36%• Strep uberis 67%• Strep dysgalactiae 80 %• CNS 86 %
(Oliver, et al, JDS, 2004)
Is extended therapy right for you?Depends on the herd
DrugConcentration Milk:
PlasmaCeftiofur <1%Sulfadimethoxine 18%Penicillin 19%Ampicillin 27%Spectinomycin 75% Tetracycline 140%Tylosin 250% Lincomycin 450%Erythromycin 650%
Adapted from Langston, Antimicrobial Use in Food Animals, in Howard & Smith ed., Current Veterinary Therapy food animal practice, IV.
Making Better Therapeutic Choices
• Repeat Offenders• Duration of infection• Lactation• Higher SCC • Multiple infected quarters
• Non-responsive pathogens• Mycotic organisms (Candida), Prototheca,
Pseudomonas, Mycoplasma, Serratia, Nocardia, Proteus, Pasteurella, etc.
S. Nickerson
MILD CLINICAL MASTITIS
Culture
ColiformsYeast, Pseudomonas, etcNo organism isolated
Gram Positive
CHRONIC ???
No antibiotic treatment
Administer IMM antibiotics
Records
????
Culture based therapy
• 3,500 cow dairy - MI (Hess et al, 2003)• Reduced days withheld by 80%• Two full time veterinarians• Laboratory
• 4 herd study - SD and MI (Wagner, et al, 2007)• Bacteriology skills highly variable among herds
• 8 herd study - MN, WI, ON ( Lago et el, JDS, 2011) • Reduced antibiotic use 50%
Culture Based TherapyEffects on lactation
Immediate Therapy Culture BasedBacteriologic cure* 71 % 60%Milk discard days* 5.9 5.2Herd removal 28% 32%Days at removal 160 137 Relapse of clinical mastitis
35 % 43 %
Days at relapse 78 82LSCC 4.2 4.4
Lago, et al JDS, 2011* 21 days
SEVERE CLINICAL MASTITIS
Culture
FluidsAnti-InflammatoryIMM and Systemic antibiotics
Gram PositiveContinue IMM antibiotics
Unusual Pathogens (e.g., Pseudomonas, Prototheca)No antibiotics, Supportive care
ColiformsContinue antibioticsSupportive care
It’s not the drugs…….it’s how we use them!