Life of Philosophers

BERTRAND RUSSEL

FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE

BARUCH SPINZOA

SZABIST LARKANA CAMPUS

Presented by: Sateesh Kumar Aneel Kumar Kiran Fatima Sujeet dharma Goutam utradi Asma Shaikh Soonh-tul-ain Superna makhija

Assigned By:

Sir Shahid Shah Jeelani

SZABIST LARKANA CAMPUS

Bertrand Russell

Outline

Introduction IdeologyMajor workAchievementsEnding notes

Introduction Bertrand Arthur William Russell was a British

philosopher, logician, essayist and social critic best known for his work in mathematical logic and analytic philosophy.

Bertrand Russell was born on May 18, 1872 at Ravenscroft,

Trellech, Monmouth shire, Wales to Viscount Amberley and Katharine Louisa. He belonged to a liberal British aristocracy family. He was died on 02 February 1970.

He received no formal education at school and studied at home only, by different tutors.

Russell also spent his teenage in denoting a deeper view on Christianity . Later, he got scholarship to read for the Mathematical Tripos at Trinity College, Cambridge.

CONT….

He belonged to a liberal British aristocracy family. His family took part in each of the great political events, right from the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1536-40 to the Glorious Revolution in 1688–89 to the Great Reform Act in 1832.

He had two older siblings; Frank and Rachel.

In June 1874, Russell’s mother passed away suffering from diphtheria which

was soon followed by the death of his sibling, Rachel. Two years later in 1876, his father died of bronchitis.

After early death of their parents, Frank and Bertrand grew up under the

vigilance of Victorian grandparents, who resided at Pembroke Lodge in Richmond Park.

After the death of his grandfather, his grandmother became a dominating figure in his life.

Ideologies/ViewsPhilosophy.

Russell is generally credited with being one of the founders of analytic Philosophy.

He was particularly prolific in the field of metaphysics, the logic and philosophy of mathematics, the philosophy of language ,ethics and epistemology.

Religion:

Russell described himself as an agnostic, "speaking to a purely philosophical audience", but as an atheist "speaking popularly", on the basis that he could not disprove the Christian God– similar to the way that he could not disprove the Olympic gods either.

He believed that religion and the religious outlook serve to impede knowledge and foster fear and dependency, and are responsible for much of our world's wars, oppression, and misery.

CONT… I think the reason for that was that he had very high standards for

knowledge.

The atheist would be someone who claims to know there is no God. That for Russell would require a proof.

He always said he denied that he could prove that God didn’t exist, but he thought that there was no evidence whatsoever to support the view that God did exist.

Society: Russell remained politically active almost to the end of his

life, writing to and exhorting world leaders and lending his name to various causes.

Russell argued for a "scientific society", where war would be abolished, population growth would be limited, and prosperity would be shared.

He suggested the establishment of a "single supreme world government" able to enforce peace, claiming that "the only thing that will redeem mankind is co-operation".

Major Works Russell began his published work in 1896 with German

Social Democracy, a study in politics that was an early indication of a lifelong interest in political and social theory.

Russell's first mathematical book, An Essay On the Foundations Of Geometry, was published in 1897.

Russell's last significant work in mathematics and logic, Introduction To Mathematical Philosophy.

A History of Western Philosophy (1945) became a best-seller, and provided Russell with a steady income for the remainder of his life. .

Along with his friend Albert Einstein, Russell had reached superstar status as an intellectual. In 1949, Russell was awarded the Order of Merit, and the following year he received the Nobel Prize in Literature

Russell spent the 1950s and 1960s engaged in various political causes, primarily related to nuclear disarmament and opposing the Vietnam War.

Bertrand Russell published his three-volume autobiography in the late 1960s. Russell wrote some books about practical ethical issues such as marriage.

CONT..

Achievements

The Nobel Prize in Literature 1950

Sylvester Medal of the Royal Society of London 1934

Kalinga Prize1957

Jerusalem Prize1963

The De Morgan Medal 1932

Butler Medal 1915

Ending Notes

Considered a pioneer in the field of philosophy, Bertrand Russell was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1950 for his numerous writings. He is perhaps better known, though, for his political activism. A prominent anti-war activist, he has been imprisoned twice by the British government.

Despite being a renowned philosopher, Bertrand Russell is perhaps best known for his political activism and altercations with the British government.

Friedrich Nietzsche

Outline

Introduction IdeologyMajor workAchievements InfluenceAcceptanceEnding notes

Introduction Friedrich Nietzsche was born on October 15, 1844 in

Rocken, near Leipzig.

His father Carl Ludwig died with a minor brain ailment in 1849 when Nietzsche was barely five.

In 1858 he was admitted to Schulpforta, Germany’s leading Protestant boarding school.

In 1864, he went to the University of Bonn to study theology and classical philology.

In 1865 he transferred to the University of Leipzig, joining Ritschl, who had accepted an appointment there. He became the only student ever to publish in Ritschl’s journal, Rheinisches Museum.

On 25th august 1900, at the age of 56, Nietzsche died. The cause of death was described as a combination of Pneumonia and stroke. His body was buried in family graveyard close to his mother and sister’s graves.

Ideologies / Views

Nietzsche believed that European man was standing at a critical turning point. The advance of scientific enlightenment, in particular the Darwinian theory had destroyed the old religious ideas.

He said The great danger is that man will find his existence meaningless.Unless a new grounding for values is provided, Nietzsche predicted a rapid weakening into destruction for society.

According to Nietzsche Self-mastery and self-overcoming are the qualities that give a unique value to human life.

Major Works

He wrote many books. His first work was "The Birth of Tragedy" (published in 1872). It was a slanted look at ancient Greek culture.

"Thus Spoke Zarathustra" (1885) was considered to be both his best and best-known work.

"Beyond Good and Evil" (1886) and "On the Genealogy of Morality" (1887) are both more like collections of essays than stories and address pretty classic metaphysical subjects such as ethics, truth, free-will, and so on.

Achievements

In 1868 during his time at the university of Leipzig, Nietzsche became acquainted with a musician named Richard Wagner. Nietzsche’s inclination towards arts, literature and music attracted him towards Wagner. He was inspired by Wagner’s Musical and cultural influence and admired him for his compelling personality. Their friendship soon grew so much that in one of his later works Nietzsche described it as the “greatest achievement” of his life.

Influences The only philosopher to feel his influence while he could be aware of it was the

Danish critic and philosopher Georg Brandes (1842-1927).

Many other famous writers influenced by Nietzsche include André Malraux (1901-1976), André Gide (1869-1951), and Knut Hamsun (1859-1952) etc.

Acceptance The two grandfathers of modern psychology, Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) and

Carl Jung (1875-1961), both had a deep admiration for Nietzsche and credited him with many insights into the human character.

Friedrich Nietzsche was German philosopher whose writings reflected ideas

of morality , religion and science. His works were based upon ideas of good and evil and the end of religion in the

modern world. His Philosophy is mainly referred to as “existentialism “, a famous twentieth century

philosophy focusing on man’s existential situation.

Ending Notes

On 25th august 1900, at the age of 56, Nietzsche died. The cause of death was described as a combination of Pneumonia and stroke.

BARUCH SPINOZA

Outline

Introduction Ideology InfluenceMajor workEnding notes

Introduction

Baruch Spinoza was born in 1632 as the second son of Miguel de Espinoza.

Young Spinoza was raised up in the Portuguese Jewish community in Amsterdam that grew significantly after the Spanish Alhambra Decree (1942)

He learned from the traditional Rabbi Saul Levi Morteira as well as the less traditional Manasseh ben Israel who is best known for founding the first Hebrew printing press in the Durch capital.

Cont’d

At the age of 17, he left the formal education and started to work in the family business.

At the age of 20, Spinoza began to study Latin. He was taught by Franciscus Van den Enden, a former Jesuit who was notorious for his secular thought.

At the time cherem was issued against Spinoza, his family business came into serious financial difficulties. He left over the business along with the debts to his younger brother and dedicated himself to philosophy and optics for the remaining 21 years of his life.

Ideology

Spinoza’s political philosophy is a logical extension of his view of human nature. To understand ends, sources, and justification of political authority, one does well to begin with the Conatus Principle and the associated psychological axioms employed by Spinoza.

The source of problems for Spinoza’s political theory, specifically the moral notions of “contract,” “rights,” and “obligations” can also be traced to his view of human nature.

Influence

On his belief in God. In 1929, Boston's Cardinal O'Connell branded Einstein's theory of relativity as "befogged speculation producing universal doubt about God and His Creation," and as implying "the ghastly apparition of atheism." In alarm.

In another of his essays on religion. Einstein points to a plausible source for his specific formulations: "Those individuals to whom we owe the great creative achievements of science were all of them imbued with a truly religious conviction that this universe of ours is something perfect, and susceptible through the rational striving for knowledge.

Major work

WORK :A Short Treatise on God, Man and His Well-Being (1660-1661)

On the Improvement of the Understanding (1662)

The Principles of Cartesian Philosophy (1663)

Theological Political Treatise (1670)

The Ethics (1677)

Hebrew Grammar (1677).

Ending note Bento (in Hebrew, Baruch; in Latin, Benedictus) Spinoza is one of the most

famous philosopher—and certainly the most radical—of the early modern period.

His thought combines a commitment to a number of Cartesian metaphysical and epistemological principles with elements from ancient Stoicism and medieval Jewish rationalism into a nonetheless highly original system.

His extremely naturalistic views on God, the world, the human being and knowledge serve to ground a moral philosophy centered on the control of the passions leading to virtue and happiness.

THANK YOU