benefits of composting biogenous msw

7/23/2019 Benefits of Composting Biogenous Msw

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IV Congreso Residuos Slidos

Benefits of CompostingSeptember 2015

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner page 1

1 Erwin Binner La Molina 2015

Benefits of CompostingBenefits of CompostingBiogenous MSWBiogenous MSW

Institute of Waste Management

Erwin Binner MSc.Erwin Binner MSc.BOKUBOKU--UniversityUniversity / Vienna/ Vienna

Institute of Waste ManagementInstitute of Waste Management

Marion Huber-Humer

Gudrun Obersteiner

Maxim Akhmadiev

Peter Beigl

Erwin Binner

Marlies Hrad

Gnther Kraus

Peter Lechner

Sabine Lenz

Peter Mostbauer

Florian Part

Alexandra Pukhnyuk

Roland Ramusch

Stefan Salhofer

Silvia Scherhaufer

Elisabeth Schmied

Felicitas Schneider

Margarete Staudner

Benjamin Steuer

Nina Degischer

Thomas Ebner

Reinhold Ottner

Zorica Stamenkovic

Anna Happenhofer

Christian Hochhauer

Aleksander Jandric

Julia Zeilinger


Outlook

Benefits of Composting

Effects by RecyclingIncrease of Soil Properties

Stable Organic Compounds (Humus) for SoilClosing Nutrient Cycle

Sanitisation

Effects on LandfillsReduction of Organics in LandfillsLess Gas Generation,

Less Leachate


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soil conditioner

Benefits of Composting Bio-Wastes

Soil Conditioner

substances which are added to soil;

their major task is to increase physicaland/or chemical characteristicas well as biological activ ity of soils



Soil Conditioner

addition of organic substance as humus

development, conservation and

conditioning of aggregate-stability andstructure of soil

increase of air filled poresbetter soil -aeration

increase of water holding capacity


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Soil Conditioner

increase of soi l-temperature by the wayof light-absorption

increase of biological activ ity

increase of filter- and puffer-capacity

phytosanitary effects



Soil Conditioner

gradual (slow) release of nutrients(N, S, P) for plants and organisms of soilminimisation of washing out nutrients

into ground-water

binding of nutrients and contaminants bythe way of ion exchange and sorption


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Humic Substances

humic compounds are very heterogeneous



Soil Conditioner

immobilisation and decontaminationfrom organic and inorganic toxicsubstances

growth-promoting and yield-increasingeffects on plants under sub-optimalconditions


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benefits of compost:

addition of stable organic substance !!addition of s table organic substance !!

source: L. Montanarella, 2002

75 % of soil in southern Europe is poor(TOC < 2%)

45 % of soil in whole Europe is poor

farmyard manure and compost is seen as a promisingpossibi lity to increase TOC



goals of composting

a fast and low-loss degradation of organic

compounds (= high-molecular, naturalcarbon/hydrogen-compounds)

conversion to stabile humic-substances with highgermination effects

!not mineralisation into CO2 and H2O!


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Humic Compounds

humins, humic acids (brown-, grey-humicacids), and fulvic acids

development starts during intensive phase

in composts we always find young humic acids

concentration in compost 5 to 45 % of OS

large specific surface (sorption capacity)

contain ~ 50-60 % C and 2-8 % N

humic substance in soil is 100 to 1,000 years old

(in bogs 3,000 to 5,000 years)



Humic Compounds

humins, humic acids (brown-, grey-humicacids), and fulvic acids

development starts during intensive phase

in composts we always find young humicacids

concentration in compost 5 to 45 % of OS

large specific surface (sorption capacity)

contain ~ 50-60 % C and 2-8 % N

humic substance in soil is 100 to 1,000 years

old (in bogs 3,000 to 5,000 years)

compost is a carbon sink(storage)


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Closing the Nutrient Cycle / Nutrient Content

n.a.n.a.1,450,921,722,342,838,9248KGV1997-2013

n.a.n.a.1,20,601,617,735,038,834ABF2005-2013

8,62,41,20,71,522,038,238,797allcompost

9,32,81,20,51,221,035,135,948yardwastecompost

5,60,82,00,93,036,365,750,712kitchenwaste

compost

8,72,41,10,91,419,233,238,737biowastecompos

ABF1986-1992

CaO% DM

MgO% DM

K2O% DM

P2O5% DM

N% DM

TOC% DM

LOI% DM

WC% WM

n


0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

1,2

1,4

1,6

1,8

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

/kgnutrient

nitrogen (N) phosphor (P2O5)

potassium (K2O) calcium (CaO)


Closing the Nutrient Cycle / Value of

Compost

13,2

/tFM

18,9

/tFM

14,2

/tFM

13,0

/tFM

compost value based on plant-available nutrients


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Closing the Nutrient Cycle / Value of

Compost

43,215,228,015,3kitchenwaste compost

37,611,626,117,1KGV (AUT) 1997-2013

13,0

14,2

14,6

14,3

15.3

easy availablenutrients

20.8

22.6

22.6

20.9

22.7

totalnutrients

9.4

9.2

11.5

11.4

10.0

humus

30.1BGK (GER) 2013

31.8ABF (AUT) 2005-2013

34.0all composts

32.4yardwaste compost

32.7biowaste compost

ABF (AUT) 1986-1992

total nutrients+ humus

values in / t WM

basis 2013 1)

1) N = 0.98 /kg; P2O5 = 0.91 /kg; K2O = 0.74 /kg; CaO = 0.08 /kg; humus-C = 0.17 /kg


SanitisationSanitisation


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Pathogens

possible pathogenspossible pathogens human and animal pathogens

bacteria, fungi, virus, parasites

plant pathogens tobacco-mosaic virus and fungi

destruct ive animals (nematodes)

weeds (are not pathogenic)

during rotting processduring rotting processall of them are to be killedall of them are to be killed


howhow to killto killpathogenspathogens??


Pathogens


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Pathogens

how to kill pathogens?how to kill pathogens?

self heating up to 65 C / 60 C / 55 C

longer than 3 days / 3 days / 10 days

in case of open windrow composting2 / 3 x 3 days + 1 / 2 turning processes / 3 turn.

in case of closed systems

3 / n.d. / 4 days without turningoptimised rotting conditions

(oxygen supply)

water content > 40 %



Pathogens Sanitisation Example 55 C

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

duration of the composting p rocess (days)

temperature(C)

temperatu re > 55 C

2.5 days 2.5 days2.5 days2.5 days

turning 1 turning 3turning 2

sanitisation finished


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Influence onInfluence onLandfillsLandfills


biogenous wastes are easy degradable

high gas generation

pollutants are easy soluable

leachate high polluted

biogenous wastes are very wet

high leachate amount


Influence on Landfills


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the amount of disposed biological degradablemunicipal waste needs to be reduced to

75% since 2006

50% since 2009

35% until 2016

of the amount disposed in 1995.


European Landfill Directive (1999/31/EG)


how to reach this goal is to be regulated by

member states

separate collection + composting

incineration

MBT


European Landfill Directive (1999/31/EG)


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500 - 800!low income countries


Gas Formation Potential of Landfills

gas formation: 150 300 m3/t DM

time frame for gas formation is between 20 and > 50 years

org. fraction in waste content C-content

[kg/t WM] [kg C/t WM]

bio waste 250 350 45

paper, card board 220 320 80

wood, textiles,leather, compounds

50 150 30

plastics 70 140 70

WM ... wet matter

DM ... dry matter

>> !!


15% decrease during the last 10 years because ofseparate collection of biowaste (Bio-Bin)

1990 2001

-15%

Benefits of Composting Bio-Waste

CH4 Emissions (Austria)


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Emissions from Landfills

Hydrolysis and Acidification

Acetogen ic Phase and star t o f methane form atio n

stable Methanogenic Phase

Leaching Phase

sum

sum methane

COD

BOD5

time

leachate

BOD, COD [mg/l]



Emissions from Landfills / Leachate

fermentativ-anaerobe Phasesaure Phase

stabile MethanphaseMethanphase

ParameterEinheit Bereich Mittelwert Bereich Mittelwert

pH --- 4.5 7.5 6.1 7.5 9 8

COD mg/l 6,000 60,000 22,000 500 4,500 3,000

BOD5 mg/l 4,000 40,000 13,000 20 550 180

Ca mg/l 10 2,500 1,200 20 600 60

SO4 mg/l 70 1,750 500 10 420 80

Zn mg/l 0.1 120 5 0.03 45 0.6

Fe mg/l 20 2,100 780 3 280 15

fermentative-anaerobic phase Acidogenic Phase

Range Average

stabile methane phase Methanogenic Phase

Unit Range Average


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Parameter Einheit Bereich Mittel

Total N mg/l 50 5,000 1,350

NH4-N mg/l 30 3,000 750

Chloride mg/l 100 5,000 2,100

Pb mg/l 0.008 1.02 0.09

Cd mg/l 0.0005 0.14 0.006

Cr mg/l 0.03 1,6 0.3

Cu mg/l 0.004 1.4 0.08

Ni mg/l 0.02 2.05 0.2

AOX g/l 320 3,350 2,000

fermentativ-anaerobe Phasesaure Phase

stabile MethanphaseMethanphase

fermentative-anaerobic phase Acidogenic Phase

Range Average

stabile methane phase Methanogenic Phase

Unit


Emissions from Landfills / Leachate


[email protected]://www.wau.boku.ac.at

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