benefit-sharing framework in the nile river basin
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2020 International Conference on the Nile and Grand Ethiopian
Renaissance Dam: Science, Conflict Resolution and Cooperation
August 20-21, 2020
Florida International University, Miami, USA
Presented at
Getnet Muluye, Ph.D., P.Eng.
Manitoba Hydro, Canada
Benefit-Sharing Framework in the Nile River Basin
Disclaimer: All the views and opinions presented here are my own and do not represent the views and opinions of any entity whatsoever with which I have been, am now, or will be affiliated.
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OUTLINEü Contextü Benefit Sharing: Concepts and Principlesü International Experiencesü Applicationü Remarks
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Transboundary Water Governance
ü Transboundary lake and river basins• 263 lakes and rivers in the world
• 50% of Earth's land surface
• 60% of global freshwater
• 145 nations
ü Water Governance• 295 international agreements
Source: https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/water_cooperation.shtml 3
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Nile River Basin
• 11 countries
• ~ 250 million people
• ~ 3.35 million sq.km
• 6,695 km long - the longest
• Annual Flow (@ HAD)ü 84 BCM
• ~ 85% - Blue Nile
• ~ 15% - White Nile
ü In comparison
• ~ 1/74th of Amazon
• ~ 1/15th of Congo
• ~ 1/6th of Mississippi
• 93rd in the world
• Water scarce/stress region
• Prone to climate change• Lacks effective institutional mechanism to
govern its waters
Source: www.nilebasin.org4
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Nile Basin Treaties/Agreements
q 1929 – Anglo-Egyptian Treaty
q 1959 – Egypt and Sudan Agreement
• Water Sharing
• 100% of the Nile waters – Egypt and Sudan
• Rejected by other riparian countries
• Does not reflect “equitable and reasonable use” of shared water
• Contradicts with the core principle of
ü 1997 UN-Water Convention
ü Nile River Basin Cooperative Framework Agreement
ü 2015 Declaration of Principles
ü Traits of a good neighbor
• No room for regional cooperation and integration
• Leads to mistrust, competition, conflicts and deprived natural environment
• Ineffective and unsustainable water governance
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Water Governance Mechanism
Water Governance
Water Sharing Benefit Sharing
- Physical division of water (volume)
- Unilateral development and management• A portion of the basin within one’s country
- Environment• Minimal attention
- Sub-optimal benefit• Zero-sum outcome
- Discourages• Regional peace and security (competition)• Regional cooperation and integration
- Sharing benefits (costs)
- Cooperative development and management• At a river basin level (beyond international border)
- Environment• Adequate attention
- Optimal benefit• Positive-sum outcome
- Encourages• Regional peace and security• Regional cooperation and integration
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The principles and concepts of cooperative development and benefit sharing are
ü advocated byü United Nationsü Nile Basin Initiative
ü increasingly put into practice by many countries
Source: https://faculty.washington.edu/beyers/10Aug_Hyde_TreatyPastFuture_FinalRev.pdf
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Examples:
Cooperative Development and Benefit Sharing
Source: https://faculty.washington.edu/beyers/10Aug_Hyde_TreatyPastFuture_FinalRev.pdf
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Columbia River Basin
ü Participant Countries• Canada and the United States
ü Development Objectives• Power production and flood control
ü Development Projects• Storage dams (in Canada)
ü Benefit Sharing• Equally shared
ü 50 % of estimated additional power generated in the U.S.
ü 50% of future flood control
ü Governance Structure• Canada-U.S. Columbia River Treaty
ü Implementation• Entities from both countries
ü Regional Institution• Permanent Engineering Board
ü Considered • “the most successful” examples of a transboundary water Treaty
• a model of "co-operative development" on an international river system
* Canada- U.S. Columbia River Treaty: A Review• Tomorrow @ 10:30am (ET)
Source: https://faculty.washington.edu/beyers/10Aug_Hyde_TreatyPastFuture_FinalRev.pdf
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Senegal River Basin
ü Participant Countries
• Senegal, Mali, Mauritania
ü Development Objectives
• Irrigation, hydropower and navigation
ü Development Projects
• Manatali (1988), Diama (1986)
ü Benefit Sharing
• Pro-rated based on costs (periodically adjusted)
ü Mali – 35.3%
ü Mauritania – 22.6%
ü Senegal – 42.1%
ü Governance Structure
• Convention (1972a,b); Convention (1978);
• Convention (1982); Water Charter (2002)
ü Regional Institution
• Senegal River Basin Development Organization (OMVS)
Source: Benefit Sharing in International Rivers: Findings from the Senegal River Basin, the Columbia River Basin, and the Lesotho Highlands Water Project, Report no. 46456Africa Region Water Resources Unit Working Paper 1, November 12, 2008*https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/import/downloads/senegal_1.pdf
*OMVS is considered by many as one of the most successful river basin models in Africa.
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Lesotho Highlands Water Project
Source: Benefit Sharing in International Rivers: Findings from the Senegal River Basin, the Columbia River Basin, and the Lesotho Highlands Water Project, Report no. 46456Africa Region Water Resources Unit Working Paper 1, November 12, 2008
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Benefit-Sharing Arrangement in
the Eastern Nile River Basin
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NBI – Goals & Actions for 2017-2027
1. Water Security
2. Food Security
3. Energy Security
4. Environmental Sustainability
5. Climate Change Adaptation
6. Transboundary Water Governance
Source: https://nilebasin.org/documents-publications13
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Basin-wide Integrated Water Resources Development and Management
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ü Technical• Carry out assessments at a river basin level (IWRM)
• water storage• hydropower• irrigation• flood control• environment• climate change
• Identify investment projects• Joint operation and management• Capacity building and technology transfer
ü Finance• Joint• Attract and facilitate external financing
ü Cooperative development• Irrigation
• to ensure food security in the region• for export
Areas for Cooperation
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Source: MoWIE
Hydropower
ü Energy security in the region
ü Power Export • Market
ü Africaü Middle East and Europe
• Infrastructureü International Transmission Linesü Egypt - outlet
… Areas for Cooperation
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ü Establish an effective legal framework• Benefit-sharing
• Establish regional and national institutions
• Term of the agreement or treaty• a fixed duration that considers planning and operational certainty • a provision to unilaterally terminate the agreement/treaty
Transboundary Water Governance
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ü Cooperative Development and Benefit Sharing arrangement• Can be an effective mechanism to govern the Nile waters
ü Nile Basin States need to• Change the status-quo
• competition• mistrust
• Focus on• cooperation• trust building
• To tip the balance from potential conflict to regional• cooperation, peace, security and sustainable development
through cooperative basin-wide development and management of scarce, shared water resources.
Closing Remarks
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Thank you!
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