BENCHMARKING IN CHINA

ELLO Project

Forssa, 13.8.2010

Tianxiao Fu

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1

PART 1: ECOCITY IN CHINA- GONGQING .......................................................... 1

1 GENERAL INFORMATION ..................................................................................... 1

1.1 Economy.............................................................................................................. 1

1.2 Logistics .............................................................................................................. 2

1.3 Development negative factors ............................................................................. 4

1.4 SWOT analyze .................................................................................................... 4

2 CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS .................................................................................. 5

2.1 Digiecocity project .............................................................................................. 5

3 ENERGY SOURCES .................................................................................................. 6

3.1 Solar energy......................................................................................................... 6

3.2 Ground energy ..................................................................................................... 7

4 SOLAR ENERGY INSTITUTE IN GONGQING CITY ........................................... 8

Nanchang Technology Institute ................................................................................... 8

PART 2: RENEWABLE ENERGY IN CHINA ......................................................... 9

Current energy structure in China ............................................................................... 9

5 RENEWABLE ENERGY OVERVIEW ..................................................................... 9

5.1 Wind energy ........................................................................................................ 9

5.1.1 Major construction of new wind power project in China 2010 ............. 10

5.1.2 Targets of wind energy development .................................................... 10

5.1.3 Future of wind power ............................................................................ 11

5.2 Solar energy....................................................................................................... 11

5.2.1 Domestic installed capacity ................................................................... 12

5.2.2 PV industry development ...................................................................... 12

5.3 Solar-wind hybrids energy ................................................................................ 13

6 RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY ............................................................. 13

6.1 Solar energy....................................................................................................... 13

6.1.1 Interference coating technology---Three-high-tube .............................. 13

6.2 Hi-min solar company ....................................................................................... 14

6.3 Wind energy ...................................................................................................... 14

6.3.1 Large-scale wind power technology ...................................................... 14

6.3.2 Small-scale wind power technology ...................................................... 15

6.4 Goldwind Science and Technology Co., Ltd .................................................... 15

7 TYPICAL CITY- SOLAR VALLEY IN CHINA ..................................................... 15

7.1 International Conference Center ....................................................................... 16

7.1.1 Technology in Micro-Emission ·Sun-Moon Mansion ........................... 17

7.2 tourism center .................................................................................................... 18

7.3 Manufacturing center ........................................................................................ 18

7.4 Scientific popularization and education center ................................................. 19

7.5 R&D and testing center ..................................................................................... 19

8 RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT ........................................................... 19

8.1 Solar energy....................................................................................................... 19

8.1.1 In search of solar cells efficiency .......................................................... 19

8.1.2 Market trend .......................................................................................... 21

8.1.3 Research and development direction ..................................................... 21

8.2 Wind energy ...................................................................................................... 22

8.2.1 current situation of global wind power .................................................. 22

8.2.2 Ten-years development of wind energy of EU ...................................... 23

8.2.3 Wind industry development .................................................................. 23

8.2.4 Technological development ................................................................... 24

9 COMPARISON BETWEEN DEZHOU AND FORSSA AREA .............................. 26

Warehouse technology application ............................................................................ 27

SWOT analyse of Eco airport .................................................................................... 27

10 CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................... 28

SOURCES ...................................................................................................................... 29

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INTRODUCTION

This report is the final report which systematizes all reports before. This report divided into two

parts, Gongqing city in China is described in the first part, including the basic information of

Gongqing, digital project, and energy using.

In the eco-city construction, solar, wind, biomass, ground source heat and other sustainable energy

will be widely used, rainwater is collected automatically, waste classification, waste recycling will

be widely used, environmental protection, information technology and other high-tech industry will

gather in the city. People can accomplish remote office, online shopping, and remote education by

digital technology and fully enjoy a low energy consumption, leisure and environment-friendly eco-

city.

In the second part, renewable energy is described, renewable energy in China came first and energy

development is following. Renewable energy becomes more and more important in the world, most

of countries have already put sustainability into the country economic strategy plan. As a develop-

ing country, China is the second largest country in energy consumption. At present, the renewable

sources have been used to various domains, and the application of renewable sources is encouraged

by Chinese government.

PART 1: ECOCITY IN CHINA- GONGQING

1 GENERAL INFORMATION

Gongqing located in the northern Jiangxi Province, by the south of Lushan Mountain and the east of

Boyang Lake, It has 200 square kilometers and 100,000 inhabitants. It just takes a half-hour to

reach Changbei Airport, Jiujiang Airport and the Yangtze River.

Gongqing is the first low-carbon economy pilot city in Jiangxi province. Solar photovoltaic indus-

try, environmental protection appliances and education industry are three economic pillars. In 2009,

GDP energy consumption was 0.28 ton; it is only 1/3 of Jiangxi average level.

Ecological agriculture and urban development

extension area in the north.

Ecological and conference tourism industry area

in the east

Manufacturing and logistics industries area in the

west

Production and city service area in the middle

Eco-agriculture and cultural tourism extension

area in the south

1.1 Economy

1. The textile and garment industry: There are

265 enterprises of textile and garment, the local garment enterprises have 4 well-know

trademarks, as well as innovation in more than 40 apparel brands, and already formed an in-

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dustrial supply chain. The “duck” as the leading down apparel products, become the tech-

nical standards of feather clothing.

2. The cultural tourism industry is poised for take-off. Lushan international golf course has

been built, Journey to the West Park is under construction; a national tennis training center

and a skiing Arena are there already.

3. Education and high-tech industry emerged. It has two universities and 20 000 undergra-

duates. Development Branch of the Central Youth League will be located in Gongqing.

High-tech project is progressing well.

1.2 Logistics

Gongqing has very convenient transportation and developed with water transport, airports, road and

rail transport combined transport advantages, it makes industrial development speed up and pro-

vides conditions for expanding investment.

1. Inland waterway: There is a port in

Gongqing, during the wet season,

500-ton cargo vessel can be accom-

modated and the largest shipping

from the BoYang River leading to

the Yangtze River Waterway. Ji-

ujiang foreign trade international

container terminals located in

50kilometers north of Gongqing, the

annual throughput of 50 million tons,

to 5000 ton cargo ship docking. It

provides direct services to domestic

and foreign markets.

2. Air transportation: Jiujiang airport

lies in the north of Gongqing, and

Nanchang Changbei Airport lies in

Southern Gongqing. Changbei Air-

port is 30km away from Gongqing

city which will takes 30minutes to

get there. Same as the Jiujiang air-

port. The routes up all over the coun-

try.

3. Railway transportation: Beijing-Kowloon Railway runs through China‟s north-south traffic

artery, the railway station is a National Class Station with transport capacity of 2 million tons

cargo and 30 million annual passengers.

4. Road transportation: There is a major toll road, 105/316 according to the Collins' map of China,

connecting these three cities with Gongqing being roughly in the middle. Buses are plentiful

(1,5 hours to Nanchang, 1+ hour to Jiujiang) The local taxi service is cheap, reliable, and plen-

tiful.

5. Government policy

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1. Gongqing has a right of approve use of foreign capital and the provincial foreign trade im-

port and export right.

2. In 1994, the provincial government approved the establishment of Taiwan investment

zones in Jiangxi.

3. Bonded warehouse is currently applying to establish state-level export processing zones.

4. Institutions are present. Like Development Party finance, business taxation, commodity in-

spection, insurance, public security.

5. Government newly developed for the expansion of investment preferential policies and

service regulation is conducive for foreign investors to venture development.

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1.3 Development negative factors

City development and construction tasks are arduous. Gongqing does not have parent zone to rely

on, the relevant roads, water supply, sewage disposal, trade and market infrastructure which re-

quired by urban functions still lacking.

Historical reasons and many factors have led to scattered urban planning layout, it lack of overall

consideration. Factories, residential, commercial area are intertwined, especially the urban clutter

scattered distribution of commercial land. This limits the direction of urban development and space,

and also limits the concentration of public services. Meanwhile, Gongqing‟s lakeside scenery and

cultural characteristics have not been reflected in the city. Although Gongqing maintained a good

ecological environment, the development of space fragmentation, low dispersion of low- lying

mountains and cross the low-lying land become an obstacle of city development. These geographi-

cal features of land development on Gongqing leading to fragmentation of existing land use.

Industrial areas lack of overall consideration. Because of the lack of overall planning and satisfy

investors as much as possible, the development zone is basically in a state of disorder, some factors

and residential mixed together. There is no basic shape of an industrial zone as so far. This is also

led to poor infrastructure, to some extents, it affect investor confidence.

1.4 SWOT analyze

Strengths: convenient transportation; nearby the Chang-9 economic belts; ecological environment,

variety of resources and government support.

Weakness: geographical features of land development and fragmentation of land use, lack of infra-

structure.

Opportunity: foreign capital investment, domestic manufacturing industries transfer to the main-

land from coastal regions.

Threats: original policy of local development area advantages tends to weaken as a whole and pro-

vincial development areas competition.

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Kuva 1 The whole plan in Gongqing (2003-2020)

2 CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS

Gongqing cooperate with Finland want develop and construct an ecological, sustainable, diverse

spatial digital eco-city. The whole project covers an area of nearly 6 km2 with 100 000 inhabitants.

Initial registered capital up to 16.7 million Euros.

Ecocity project complete planning at the end of last year, it launched in the first quarter of 2010,

and they plan to complete the basic frame work of the construction and running in 2013.

It is understood that the digiecocity project site and surrounding terrain has been surveying and

mapping; related meteorological, geological and traffic information have been collected; water,

electricity, roads and other supporting infrastructure plan has been determined; the ring road which

connect the region and future digiecocity completed design; and the fund has been implemented.

They plan to invest 50 million Yuan (around 50 million Euros) in this project. This project is ex-

pected to fully operative in the last half year.

2.1 Digiecocity project

Digital tiger is a culture creative industry company,

it is specialized in Computer Graphic (CG) devel-

opment and Virtual Reality technology research

development, and offer one-stop integration solution

for 3D stereoscopic cinema system.

The functions of Digital Gongqing city demo system

include that: navigation, interactive tour, and the

character animation, the feature of the governments,

water and electricity pipelines distribution and the Kuva 2 Virtual Reality driving

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perspective plan of the city.

The whole virtual reality area is 60 km2, delicate virtual reality is 20 km

2, it includes the Gongqing

road, golf course, the National Land and Resource Administration Bureau ,Yaobang cemetery, the

administrate center and the Jingmao plaza.

3 ENERGY SOURCES

Gongqing focus on the development of electronic appliances and new energy-based high-tech in-

dustries; they introduce the ground source heat pump and solar photovoltaic and other environment-

friendly low-carbon energy projects to construct a low-carbon economy pilot city.

3.1 Solar energy

China Huahang PV Co.

China Huahang PV Co., Ltd. is a key solar photovoltaic project. This company mainly product po-

lysilicon ingots, slice, and also undertake solar projects, solar photovoltaic power station project.

Currently the project is completed installation of equipment, will be test production soon.

This company is founded in 2008. The gongqing solar energy project mainly engaged in solar mod-

ules, solar panel production and to undertake solar projects, solar photovoltaic power station pro-

ject.

At this point, I interviewed a person who

takes responsible of communication. He

told me in the next 5 year, they will build a

complete photovoltaic industry supply chain

of set silicon, thin film batteries, conductive

glass, solar cells and others. In the technol-

ogy aspect, they are engaged in solar mod-

ules of 100 megawatts, 200 megawatts of

solar panel production. At present, they al-

ready have relative mature technology. Here

is an advantage of this company, they coop-

erate with Nanchang Technology Institute.

This school-enterprise cooperation is good

Kuva 3 The exhibition of city plan

Kuva 4 Urban landscaping

Kuva 5 Huahang production: solar street lamps

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for the technology development.

Qway technology Co.

Qway technology Co., Ltd is mainly engaged in urban road construction, solar roofing design and

construction of solar cells and solar battery module production and application of product develop-

ment. The total investment is 1.1 billion Yuan, expected sales revenue is 6 billion Yuan. The phase

2 is currently pushing. It will become a leading PV industry which gathering silicon production,

thin film batteries, conductive glass, and solar cell into one chain. This will greatly enhance the

competitiveness of Gongqing PV industry.

The company with a strong solar photovoltaic

product development, design and production

capacity can produce good product identify by

Quality management systems by modern enter-

prise management. At present, this company has

40 auto photovoltaic panel production lines,

which take the lead in the domestic market. The

production capacity will be 600MW and the

products can reach the national technical re-

quirements.

The solar panels of Qway have the advantages

of miniaturization, high efficiency and so forth.

The efficiency can achieve 14.75% to 18%, which

take the lead in the domestic market.

In addition to large-scale solar energy power generation development, Qway focused on the devel-

opment and the application of the solar energy production, such as solar lawn light, solar garden

light，solar road lights，solar electric torch, solar radio, solar hat, solar bag, solar insecticidal light

and solar mosquito light, etc.

The highway billboards near the High-speed exit of Gongqing, Jiangxi province, is the first high-

way-wide solar-powered outdoor advertising presently in the nature, which is independently de-

signed by Qway.

They will continue to research and development new products of solar energy‟s resource utilization.

Their products insist on good quality, safe and beautiful appearance.

3.2 Ground energy

Nuobao Electric project is invested 26 million U.S dollars.

It is a producer which set production, research & develop-

ment and sales as a whole. The ground source heat pump

systems take full advantage of the enormous reserves of

energy in the soil, recycling and effective energy-saving up

to 70%. It‟s an energy efficient environmental friendly air

conditioning system which sets refrigeration, heating,

warm, cooling, dehumidification, domestic hot water as a

whole.

Kuva 6 Qway production: solar modules

Kuva 7 heat pump production

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4 SOLAR ENERGY INSTITUTE IN GONGQING CITY

Nanchang Technology Institute

Nanchang Technology Institute was

set „solar photovoltaic programme‟,

„Application of solar photovoltaic

technology‟, „Photovoltaic materials

processing and application of tech-

nology‟ programme, the official en-

rolment starting in 2008.

They hired leading experts in the

field of solar photovoltaic industry

and professors in the field of opto-

electronic application development

such a large number of subject lead-

ers in the photovoltaic industry and

photovoltaic industry. They also im-

ported a number of advanced profes-

sional equipments to train professionals. It has formed a complete photovoltaic education echelon of

„upstream silicon raw material silicon ingot, downstream components of the battery, solar energy

applications product‟.

PV engineering programme has powerful professional technology, advanced equipments. The train-

ing bases are under construction including polysilicon cutting training base, polysilicon ingot smelt-

ing test base, training base, solar wafer slicing laminated training base, solar wafer cleaning lab, and

solar wafer post-processing laboratory. It‟s expected to invest reach 98 million Yuan. They also

cooperate with foreign institutes in order to promote the training of personnel. Domestic and inter-

national solar energy industry specialists will work with the students.

Kuva 8 Nanchang technology institute

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PART 2: RENEWABLE ENERGY IN CHINA

China has a big need of electric energy with the rapid economy development, according to the

world development trends, the renewable energy source are expected to play an important role in

the future. The renewable energy sources have gained lots of attention by the Chinese government

and specialists in the past 10 years, such as solar, wind, biomass, etc

Current energy structure in China

Chinese energy admixture is highly dependent on fossil fuels, i.e. coal, oil, natural gas and others.

Coal energy has a share of 68.7% in 2009, which is the most important fossil fuel in China. Renew-

able energy and nuclear energy takes 9.9% of all. Oil energy has a share of 18% and the remaining

3.4% is supplied by natural gas.

Figure 1 Primary energy supplies by resource in 2009

5 RENEWABLE ENERGY OVERVIEW

5.1 Wind energy

China has abundant wind energy resources in large zone, the total amount of wind energy resources

are 3.2 billion kilowatt under the height of 10m conditions, of which about one billion kilowatt can

be effectively utilized. Four wind energy zones are divided according to the wind speed, which is

indicated in Table 1

Table 1

Wind energy Best abun-dant

Better abun-dant

Avail-able

Deficient

Wind energy density (W/m2) >200 200-150 <150-50 <50

Average wind speeds (m/s) 6.91 6.91-6.28 6.28-4.36 <4.36

Accumulative total hours when wind speed ≥3 m/s

>5000 5000-4000 4000-2000

<2000

Accumulative total hours when wind speed ≥6 m/s

>2200 2200-1500 <1500-350

<350

The share percent of country area (%)

8 18 50 24

68,7 %

18 %9,9 % 3,4 %

Energy structure in 2009

Coal

Oil

Renewable energy

Natural gas

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Figure2 shows five wind energy zones, as shown in table 1, China has abundant wind energy

sources in broad country, the wind energy can be utilized in more than 75% of country area. China

has spent enormous money and energy in the wind sources domain, the wind capacity has doubled

approximately energy year in the past 5 years.

In 2009, 10129 sets of wind turbine were installed, totally 13803.2 MW, up 124% over the previous

year. By the end of 2009, China‟s total installed wind turbines reached 21544, amounting to 25805

MW, up 114% over the same period of the previous year. Figure 3 shows the accumulated installed

capacity of China‟s wind power industry from 2006 to 2009. [1]

Figure 3 Accumulated installed capacity of china’s wind power industry, 2006-2009 (MW)

5.1.1 Major construction of new wind power project in China 2010

There are 378 projects start this year; Total investment has reached nearly 300 billion RMB.

5.1.2 Targets of wind energy development

1) Before 2020, the aim of wind energy development is to set up a technical system with inde-

pendent intellectual property, an industrial system, a service system, and to master design

technique, manufacturing technique and evaluating technique of international mainstream

types of wind turbines. The installed capacity should reach 100GW till 2020 as scheduled by

the Chinese Government, eventually reaching a target of 150GW. At that time, the cost of

25895906

12153

25805

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

2006 2007 2008 2009

Sarja1

Figure 2 The statistics of wind energy density in 2008

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wind power will be close to that of traditional energy, and wind power will play a great role

in the energy structure.

2) From 2020 to 2030, China plans to set up a technical innovation system, and industrial sys-

tem, and a service system that is internationally competitive. By 2030, installed capacity

would reach above 10,000MW, and the annual growth rate would be 20%. Then, the share

of wind energy in all energy would increase to around 8%, and wind energy electricity

would take up 4% of the national generation capacity. Efforts will be made to reduce the

cost of wind power and strengthen the function of wind power in national economy and so-

ciety development. Wind power will become a significant component of clean power and

will be used widely in secondary industries and other fields.

5.1.3 Future of wind power

1) China will focus on three major issues: wind energy resource, construction of electricity grid

and independent innovation in technology and attempt to solve these problems before 2020

with the help of national support and the force of market, thereby building the foundation for

further development.

2) Complete wind power industrial system, technique innovation system and public technical

service system will be established before 2020.

3) A well-developed wind power industry chain will be established during 2020-2030. On one

side, the domestic market share will be enlarged, whereas on the other side, this industry

will attempt to enter the international market. The functions of wind power in national econ-

omy and social development will be enhanced. The construction of new wind farms will be

gradually transferred from land to offshore.

4) After 2030, wind power will become more competitive in the energy market, and it will be-

come a mature technology. It will gradually become one of the main energies. By the middle

of this century, the energy composition of China will become more dispersed. [2]

5.2 Solar energy

Six solar energy zones are divided

according to the solar energy radiation

quantity, which is indicated in Fig-

ure4. According to the data of Chinese

development and innovation commit-

tee in 2006, the abundant zone of solar

energy has a share more than 67%,

which is the comparative efficient

zone of solar energy application in

China, and the sunlight hours is more

than two thousands, and the annual

total amount of irradiation is more

than 6 billion MJ/m2.

Figure 4 The statistics of solar energy density in 2008

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5.2.1 Domestic installed capacity

China's solar PV installed capacity is likely to reach 10,000-20,000 megawatts by 2020, with the

implementation of its solar photovoltaic (PV) roof plan and other supportive measures, China Se-

curities Journal quoted Wang Zhongying, head of the Renewable Energy Development Center of

the Energy Research Institute (ERI) as saying. The predicted capacity is far higher than the gov-

ernment's original plan, which targets at 1,800 MW of solar PV installed capacity by 2020.

China has announced a plan to build the country's largest solar PV project in Dunhuang, Gansu,

with a primary installed capacity set at 10 MW. [3]

5.2.2 PV industry development

At present, solar photovoltaic power generation is still based on crystalline silican solar cells, the

market share of 90%, large-scale commercial solar cell efficiency can reach 18-19%. Amorphous

silicon thin film solar cells develop rapidly, accounting for 6-7% market share, others, such as

CIGS. gallium arsenide in the early stages of industrialization, the market share is small.

Battery types Crystalline

silicon

Si CIGS Others

Maximum

efficiency

24% 13% 18%

Commercial

efficiency

18-19% 6-8% 11-12%

Market share 90%+ 6-7% small small

Photovoltaic technology will take efficient crystalline silicon cells as the main and then gradually

transition to new types of thin film solar cells and solar cell development.

According to the reports of Chinese Development and Innovation Committee (CDIC) and literature

[4], figure5 shows that the yield of solar cell is increasing rapidly in the last 9 years. The total yield

is more than 2000 MW in 2008 and the solar cell production in 2009 doubled to reach 4382MW,

which have a share of 40% in whole world. More than 370 enterprises invest the PV industry. In-

vestment Advisor in the release of "2010-2015 China solar cell industry and prospects of invest-

ment analysis report" shows that in 2008 China's total output of photovoltaic cells 1.78GW, ac-

counting for 26% of the global total. The solar cell manufacturers (including Taiwan Province) in

China in 2008 market share have increased dramatically to 44% for two consecutive years as the

world. [5]

Figure 5 The yield of solar cell in the last 9 years

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

2,8 4,3 6 12 50 145 4001200

2000

4000

the yield of Photovoltaic(MW)

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5.3 Solar-wind hybrids energy

There is a common drawback existed in the stand-alone wind energy and solar energy generating

power system, which is the unpredictable output electric power, and the output power depends on

the unpredictable weather and climatic changes. Due to this, the hybrid systems come out. Solar

energy and wind energy are the most abundant renewable energy resources in China, and very good

compensation characters are usually found between solar energy and wind energy. The good solar

irradiation and poor wind energy are provided in the summer, whilst a relative good wind energy

and poor solar irradiation occur in the winter. The daytime has high solar irradiation and poor wind

energy, whilst the night has relative good wind energy when the solar irradiation is almost zero. The

strength of one source is used to overcome the weakness of the other in a wind–solar hybrid system,

which has better competition and is more popular. Consequently, the hybrid system is greatly en-

hanced by the load demands at all times, and the higher generating capacity factor is achieved by

combining wind energy and solar energy with a storage technology to overcome the unpredictable

output electric power.

6 RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

6.1 Solar energy

Solar water heating solution in industry

1) General industrial water

Solar energy provides hot water to the industry for cleaning and disinfection.

2) Industrial heating water

In the production process, many industrial enterprises need to heat the work piece or the

working fluid. Using solar water heating system will be the most suitable green solution

for the large industrial enterprises.

6.1.1 Interference coating technology---Three-high-tube

Three-high-tube series, it uses the interference coating technology, and

used the low launch metal first floor-copper. The absorb-tier separate-

ly had the appropriate metal volume compared to, mutually interfered

the function added on the reflection layer the function, enable it to

have a higher solar energy absorptance and the lower launch ratio. In

the membrane level has the thermos table metal-steel. Uses the unique

stainless steel N-AL, absorb tier may undergo reaches as high as 400

high temperature vacuum tubes life greatly lengthens.

Three-high-tube structure is all glass double-tube co-axial structure. It

has three big advantages:

1) The collection thermal efficiency is fast,

2) Anti-high temperature,

3) Anti-high cold.

Three-high-tube structure is all glass double-tube co-axial structure. It was uses the glass material is

high borosilicate 3.3 glass. It uses the interference coating craft, the chart level structure is the cop-

per nitrogen aluminum.

Kuva 9 three-high-tube series

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Three-high-tube of the technical indicators is as follow:

1) Absorption rate of up to 96% emission rate of up to 4%

2) Air drying temperature is not lower than 400°, resistance to cold and -40°.

3) The vacuum of 5.0 *10-4Pa (GB to 5*10-2Pa).

Made of borosilicate 3.3, hail resistance diameter 25mm less positive impact.

6.2 Hi-min solar company

As industry leaders Hi-min solar was established

R&D system with independent intellectual prop-

erty rights, master a number of core technologies,

especially the „interference coating‟ technology,

first developed „three high tube series‟, breaking

the solar water heater is not useful for winter. It

makes solar hot water become all-weather, non-

seasonal supply and meet consumer demand for

green-round hot water, this marks china‟s solar

energy R&D and manufacturing level has reached

world leading level.

Hi-min was also extended to the photoelectric

lighting, electricity generation, building energy

conservation, they already formed a complete in-

dustrial chain. Solar garden lights, solar lawn

lights and other photovoltaic lighting system introduced by Hi-min has been widely used in more

than 50 cities in China. Besides, Hi-min also targeting the huge demand for energy efficient build-

ing, using the „three high‟ interference coating technology developed a new generation of ultra-

radiation film insulating glass, „Temperature display energy-saving glass‟, it will save 75% energy

than single glass and widely used in municipal construction, hotel, residential, office and other

places. Now Hi-min energy-saving glass screen output reached 100million square meters.

China solar energy enterprises also increase solar heating, refrigeration, desalination and other areas

research and development. Currently, Hi-min invests 10 million Yuan to support „international en-

vironmental energy efficiency demonstration zones‟ project. This project covers the integration of

various types of solar buildings, solar energy production areas, solar energy testing centre, the

China Renewable Energy University of solar applications, Solar energy Museum. The solar energy

museum is the only solar energy museum in China, it has been officially opened. It called „the

world‟s largest Sun Valley‟ by international experts.

6.3 Wind energy

6.3.1 Large-scale wind power technology

In terms of large-scale wind power, China still has a certain gap between international technologies.

the core technology of large-scale wind power still rely on foreign countries, with national policy

guidance, wind power projects have been started in various places, but more of them as comple-

mentary type, large-scale wind power systems technology with complete independent intellectual

Kuva 10 Hi-min solar heating system

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property rights are few, a number of issues still restrict the development of large-scale wind power

technology.

6.3.2 Small-scale wind power technology

Small wind power technology in China can compare with international technology. This technology

is mature and relatively small by natural resource constraints, it‟s not only combining with grid but

also combined with the formation of more stable and reliable optical complementary technologies,

and moreover, the technology is completely self-localization.

6.4 Goldwind Science and Technology Co., Ltd

Goldwind Science & Technology Co., Ltd. specializes in R&D, product development and the

manufacturing of large-sized wind turbines. It is prin-

cipally engaged in researching, developing, manufac-

turing and marketing large-sized wind turbine genera-

tor sets. The Company's major products include 600

kilowatt (kW), 750kW, 1.2 megawatt (MW), 1.5MW

Permanent Magnet Direct Drive (PMDD), 2.5MW

PMDD series wind turbine sets. The Company also

provides wind power technology service, development

and sale of wind power projects and technology trans-

fer service. By the end of 2009, they have two major

production bases in Xinjiang and Beijing, and also

have a manufacturing base in Germany.

Technology solution Direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous wind turbine generation

Direct-drive permanent magnet wind turbine generation technology is driven by a turbine impeller

rotating direct drive permanent magnet synchronous generator; it can operate in case of no gear box.

The advantages of technology include:

High power efficiency especially in low wind conditions.

High reliability; direct-drive technology eliminates the need for gear boxes and accessories

to simplify the transmission structure and improve the reliability of the unit.

Fewer spare parts and consumable materials required

7 TYPICAL CITY- SOLAR VALLEY IN CHINA

China solar valley covers an area of over 330 hectares in which various solar energy buildings, solar

production area, the Sustainable Energy University of China, etc are located. There are the world's

largest solar water heaters producing plant, solar R & D and testing center, renewable energy theme

park, International Renewable Energy Conference Communication Center, and Solar Science and

Technology Museum in the valley. It is becoming global five-centers in renewable energy: manu-

facturing center, R&D and testing center, scientific popularization and education center, tourism

center, and international conference communication center.

Kuva 11 Gold wind factory

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7.1 International Conference Center

Kuva 12 International conference center

The International Conference Center, a typical building in the valley, covering an area of over

43,000 ㎡, will be the main meeting hall for the 4th ISCI World Congress. With 82.5% of total

energy-saving rate, it is a model building combining energy-saving, environmental protection,

science and technology demonstration together. The center has dozens of meeting rooms equipped

with simultaneous interpretation and projectors, in which the largest one can hold 5,000 people at

the same time. It adopts world-class creative energy-saving technologies and products, as well as

dozens advanced energy-saving technology such as solar heating and cooling, PV electricity gene-

rating, PV lighting, BIPV, Winpin energy saving glass, etc.

Micro-Emission ·Sun-Moon Mansion：

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Sun-Moon Mansion, also located in the valley, can be called Solar "Bird's Nest". It's the largest sin-

gle solar architecture in the world with energy conservation rate up to 88%. The energy efficient

building complex needs 1/10th

the energy that a conventional building would consume. 2640 tons of

standard coal and 6.6 million degree can be saved every year; it also can decrease emissions 8672.4

tons.

The Sun-Moon Mansion shows its magnificence as a whole by the floating frames and over two

thousand solar collectors above its roof. With a floor area of 7.5 hectares, this mansion comprises

an office building, a R&D center, an exhibition hall, a hotel (Micro-E Hotel) and recreation area,

etc. Technologies of solar air collectors, seasonal heat storage, solar heating and cooling, ceiling

radiation, intelligent control and geothermal system provides hot water, cooling in summer and

heating in winter, while those of PV power generation, PV lighting, building integrated PV (BIPV)

brightens the building in the evening. Besides, Winpin energy saving glass, sun-shading panels,

external wall insulation, roof gardens, rainwater collection and water treatment systems save energy

consumption of this building positively. Furthermore, integrating solar technologies with architec-

ture has broadened the way of modern construction.

7.1.1 Technology in Micro-Emission ·Sun-Moon Mansion

Intelligent building control

The Sun-Moon Mansion using advanced building automation technology, it is achieve a unique

point of integration of the intelligent building, visualization, integration and long-range and organic

all the control systems.

Ceiling Radiation

This technology combines equipments and suspended ceil-

ing into one. Adopting principle of heat radiation and

painted steel, the ceiling improves radiation effect as well as

the decoration. Besides, the system does not bring much

wind and noise when it works. Comparing with ground

heating system, it is faster in heating and cooling. And it

can save 30% energy. Moreover, the lightness of the radiat-

ing materials reduces building load greatly. The radiation

technology has Low cost and simple installation. It can be

applied in public buildings such as hospitals, shopping can-

ters. etc.

Insulation technology of wall

Kuva 13 Ceiling radiation

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Polystyrene board of 100mm in thickness ensures high insulation. Besides, extruded plastic plate

with the thickness of 25mm can decrease the heat loss from

the windows and doors. Roof garden functions insulation as

well as landscaping.

Cross-seasonal energy storage

By the feature of stagnancy of underground water in a certain

depth, two wells are drilled in the depth of 200m, then extra

heat energy is stored into hot water well from solar collectors

by heat exchanger in spring and autumn and then is con-

sumed in winter. At the same time cold water goes down to

the other well for summer cooling. This technology achieves

energy-saving greatly, namely 35% for cooling, while 40% for

heating.

Recycling water treatment system

Recycling water treatment system of ZHB-I type is adopted to

save water and realize recycling. In this system, the technique of

biological contact oxidation is combined with physicochemical

method to improve the water quality.

7.2 tourism center

Theme park designed with the green, envi-

ronmental protection, sustainable energy

ideas, using solar, wind and other renew-

able energy to form a colourful world of

solar energy applications.

7.3 Manufacturing center

Himin developed the first domestic production line of

solar professional, lay a foundation of world standar-

dized, high-quality, large-scale production of solar

energy.

There are 50 automated production lines and supporting

processes, it formed a good product manufacturing sys-

tem. More than 300 kinds of machines for specialized

design the solar applications. There are also 8000 ODM

(Original design manufacture) components upstream for

effective quality control.

Kuva 14 Insulation technology of wall

Kuva 14 Cross seasonal energy storage

Kuva 16 Manufacturing center

Kuva 15 Tuorism center

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7.4 Scientific popularization and education center

The solar energy science museum brings together cutting-edge

solar technology to provide a future energy solution: West-East

power transmission project, desert control project and seawater

desalination project.

7.5 R&D and testing center

There are 8 laboratories in the testing center, including control

valve laboratory, physics laboratory, chemical laboratory, tem-

perature laboratory, electronic laboratory, solar energy laboratory, optical laboratory and metrology

laboratories. Testing field covers 150 items including all parts of components and the environmental

adaptation projects. In recent years, the Group imported a number of the world‟s advanced test

equipment from Japan, Germany, Switzerland, the United States, Britain and other countries. The

purpose is to ensure the testing is authority, scientific and advanced.

Kuva 18 . Solar cells and solar module test systems

8 RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT

This part is focus on the future development of renewable energy, including the technology research

and industry trend.

8.1 Solar energy

8.1.1 In search of solar cells efficiency

Much of the industry is focused on the most cost efficient technologies in terms of cost per generat-

ed power, There are three main types of solar cells, Multiple-junction solar cells, Thin-film solar

cells and crystalline silicon. Picture 20 shows the solar cells efficiencies

Kuva 17 Science museum

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Kuva 19. Solar cells efficiencies trend.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PVeff%28rev100414%29.png

Multiple-junction solar cells

With a maximum efficiency of 40.7%, multiple-junction solar cells are currently the most efficient

solar cells. [6] However, it‟s currently costly to allow a high scale use of it for individuals. The high

cost is mainly due to the complex structure and the high price of materials. Nevertheless, with light

concentrators under illumination of at least 400suns, the use of multiple-junction solar panels be-

comes possible and profitable. The main application of multiple-junction solar cells is for space.

The comparison with other technologies shows that it‟s more convenient to use multi-junction solar

cells in space. Indeed, it has a higher radiation resistance, a higher efficiency and a lower tempera-

ture coefficient.

Thin-film solar cells

So far the new record of thin-film solar cells efficiency is 20.1% according to the statement by ZSW

in Stuttgart, which achieved in March 2008. [7] Compared to standard crystalline silicon solar cells,

thin-film photovoltaic cells save materials and costs, the market share of thin-film photovoltaic has

hence risen from 7% to about 17% in recent years. Of the three basic variants of thin-film solar

technology (amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, and CIGS), CIGS offers the highest efficiency.

Commercially available CIGS modules currently range from 10% to 12% (a complete module al-

ways has a lower total efficiency than a single solar cell). Nevertheless, the new efficiency record

shows the great potential of CIGS technology for lower-cost, efficient photovoltaic systems, says

ZSW. Powalla assumes that efficiency levels of up to 15% can also be achieved in commercial

modules within the next few years.

Crystalline Silicon

The highest commercial efficiency (24.2%) on silicon has been achieved by SunPower. This is a

new world record for c-Si cells. [8] Crystalline silicon devices are approaching the theoretical limit-

ing efficiency of 29% and achieve an energy payback period of 1–2 years [9] Polycrystalline silicon

is a key component of solar panel construction. Monocrystalline silicon is higher priced and more

efficient than polycrystalline.

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8.1.2 Market trend

According to the Technology Roadmaps [10], the annual PV market is expected to increase from

6GW to 34GW, to ramp-up into mass-scale industrial production, and to reduce system and genera-

tion costs by more than 50% in the next decade. By 2020 PV generation costs are expected to range

from USD 13-26 cents/kWh (commercial systems) to USD 16-31 cents/kWh (residential systems),

depending on the site-specific solar irradiation level.

From 2020 to 2030, the roadmap envisions that PV will advance toward

large-scale grid integration, and start to become competitive at a much

broader scale. Towards the end of the decade, typical utility PV system

generation costs are expected to decrease down to USD 7-13 cent/kWh and

PV will become competitive at utility-scale with wholesale electricity pric-

es in some world regions. By that time, commercial and residential systems

will become cost-competitive in almost all world regions with reasonable

solar irradiation. The annual market/shipment volume will have increased

by another factor of three over this decade (hitting the benchmark of 100 GW by 2030), leading to a

cumulative installed capacity of almost 900 GW worldwide. During this period, economic incen-

tives should begin to gradually be phased-out while maintaining grid access guarantees and sus-

tained R&D support.

8.1.3 Research and development direction

There are many institutes are engaged in R&D of solar system, here I take two of them as examples

at a glance.

Suntech:

Suntech develops, manufactures, and delivers the world‟s most reliable and cost-effective solar

energy solutions. Founded in 2001 by leading solar scientist Dr. Zhengrong Shi, they are the

world‟s largest producer of silicon solar modules.

Battery efficiency: how to increase solar energy

conversion efficiency is Suntech Power R&D one

of the most important objectives. Pluto technology

was put into mass production, monocrystalline sili-

con have achieved conversion efficiency of more

than 18%, Large-scale production of polycrystalline

photovoltaic cells are close to 17% conversion effi-

ciency. Pluto technology will continue to be im-

proved.

Component packaging technology and materials science: Suntech technology R&D focus on

the other two components of packaging, testing and evaluating new materials and improving

the materials, these improvements of technology and materials will extend the product life,

improve the stability and durability of power generation. They are studying the alternative

materials, such as EVA, glass, connection box. These improvement and replacement will

improve the quality of solar photovoltaic products and reduce the costs.

Production process: Suntech also concerning energy conservation. Energy conservation has

run through every aspect of production.

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System integration: The power to improve overall system efficiency and stability, and trying

to reduce the overall system cost.

Chinese institute-ERERC

Eco-Materials and Renewable energy Research Center (ERERC) at Nanjing University was offi-

cially founded in May, 2003 led by Prof. Zou Zhigang who is a Cheung Kong Scholar. ERERC was

supported with priority by Nanjing University which provided ERERC with RMB 5.5 million as the

start funding in 2003.

At present ERERC performs research mainly along three directions, including: developing and ex-

ploiting semiconductor photocatalysts with visible light activity to produce H2 by splitting water

directly via solar energy; developing and exploiting semiconductor photocatalyst with visible light

activity to decompose toxic gas and liquid substances and to purify environment; developing and

exploiting new, effective, low cost solar cell based on visible light response photocatalysts.

Now their laboratory has acquired the experiment capability ranging from sample preparation,

equipment testing to theoretical and computer simulation studies. Meanwhile ERERC has been

cooperating with foreign and domestic partners in an active manner and accumulated abundant ex-

perience.

The Phase II “985 Project” of Nanjing University which is in progress has listed ERERC as one of

the key support platforms, furthermore some new advanced testing analytical instrument and

equipment as well as fabrication facilities will be setup. In the meantime they've been keeping close

cooperative exchange relationships with numerous scientific research institutions, established close

cooperative research partnerships with Photocatalysis Laboratory at National Institute for Materials

Science in Japan and other laboratories etc, which enable our research work always maintain the

leading level in the world.

8.2 Wind energy

8.2.1 current situation of global wind power

In the last 40 years development since 1970‟s,

wind power has become a global industry

bearing the logos of established energy giants.

Figure 6 shows the World cumulative installed

wind power capacity from 1980 to 2009. In

2009, the cumulative installed wind power

capacity grew to 158,000 MW, with 31%

jump, the global wind fleet is now large

enough to satisfy the residential electricity

needs of 250 million people. [11]

In Finland, the total installed wind power capacity is 147 MW until 2009. [12]

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8.2.2 Ten-years development of wind energy of EU

There are four main technology areas are focused by EWI (the European Wind Initiative): new tur-

bines and components, offshore technology, grid integration, resource assessment and spatial plan-

ning. It is the result of several years of joint effort by the European wind energy sector, the Euro-

pean Commission and EU Member States working towards four common goals:

1) Maintain Europe's technology leadership in both onshore and offshore wind power;

2) Make onshore wind power the most competitive energy source by 2020, with offshore wind

power following by 2030;

3) Enable wind energy to supply 20 percent of Europe's electricity in 2020, 33 percent in 2030,

and 50 percent in 2050;

4) Create 250,000 new skilled jobs in the EU in the wind energy sector by 2020.[13]

In the other side, TPWind proposes an ambitious vision for Europe. In this vision, 300 GW of wind

energy capacity will be implemented by 2030, representing some 25% of EU electricity consump-

tion. Moreover, the TPWind vision includes a sub-objective on offshore wind energy, which should

represent some 10% of EU electricity consumption by 2030. An intermediate step is the implemen-

tation of 40GW offshore by 2020, compared to the 1 GW installed today. [14]

8.2.3 Wind industry development

EU For the 2007 to 2010 time frame, Europe‟s top 15 utilities and IPPs in terms of MW owned declared

construction pipelines totalling over 18GW, which translates into well over €25 billion in wind

plant investment, based on current cost estimates per MW installed. Overall, the European wind

market is expected to grow at a rate of over 9 GW installed annually through to 2010, which trans-

lates into annual investments of over €12 billion.

The European wind power market is coming of age with the technology‟s steady emergence into the

overall power market. Wind has become an integral part of the generation mix, alongside conven-

tional power sources, in markets such as Germany, Spain and Denmark. However, it continues to

face the double challenge of competing against other renewable technologies while proving to be a

strong energy choice for large power producers seeking to grow and diversify their portfolios. [15]

Asia Wind energy generation in the Asia-Pacific region has mushroomed from 1.7 GW in 2000 to 41GW

in 2009 and is expected to continue growing, according to Power-gen worldwide. However, the

transmission is inefficiency, about 30% of the renewable energy generated is lost because the exist-

ing power grid does not transport it efficiently. The high cost of developing offshore wind is an-

other potential block. In order to support increasing power loads; China, India, Thailand and Viet-

nam are building high-voltage direct current transmission systems, these systems will be much more

efficient at capturing renewable energy generated at remote sites or offshore. Additionally, regional

capital costs are low relative to the rest of the world and expected to fall further over the next dec-

ade. [16]

Based on the Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC) research, Asia‟s wind-power industry could

generate $4.02 billion in revenues in 2016 from $1.95 billion in 2009. China has committed to in-

vest $220 billion in renewable energy over the next two years; Europe will continue to host the

largest wind capacity until 2013. [17]

US

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The United States are starting to rely increasingly on ocean wind for energy generation. At the be-

ginning of 2009, there were 5 offshore projects off the coasts of the U.S., at the end of 2009, there

were 20. The target is 54 GW offshore capacities by 2030. At present, 83 percent of all offshore

turbines are manufactured in Europe, which means great export opportunities to the U.S. for Euro-

pean manufacturing companies and service providers. [18]

8.2.4 Technological development

In its recently published Strategic Research Agenda the European wind energy platform, TPWind,

proposes an ambitious vision for Europe. In this vision, 300GW of wind energy capacity will be

implemented by 2030, representing some 25% of EU electricity consumption. Moreover, the

TPWind vision includes a sub-objective on offshore wind energy, which should represent some

10% of EU electricity consumption by 2030. An intermediate step is the implementation of 40 GW

offshore by 2020, compared to the 1 GW installed today.

The main envisaged technology development achievements in 2020 are as follows:

1) Wind condition

TPWind proposes an ambitious long-term‟3%‟ vision. Current techniques must be improved so

that, given the geographic coordinates of any wind farm (flat terrain, complex terrain or off-

shore, in a region covered by extensive data sets or largely unknown) predictions with an uncer-

tainty of less than 3% can be made concerning:

the annual energy production

the wind conditions that will affect the design of the turbine

a short-term forecasting scheme for power production and wind conditions.

2) Wind energy integration

TPWind‟s goal is to enable high penetration levels with low integration costs, while maintaining

system reliability.

The first R&D objective is to make the most of the existing grids: Advanced grid integration

characteristics such as active power and voltage control, fault ride through capability and

advanced power forecasting will be gradually implemented. Planning and operation of the

remaining power system, including system balancing and maintaining system adequacy, will

be based on a profound understanding of the interaction of wind power plants and the grid.

The next R&D objective will be the network reinforcement: The necessary planning and de-

sign process for development of a trans-European grid will be undertaken in connection with

the wider energy sector. Advanced dedicated grid systems will be developed for the exploi-

tation of the European offshore wind resource.

3) Offshore deployment and operations

The objective is for offshore wind energy to represent more than 10% of Europe‟s electricity

demand in 2030. Sub-objectives are to achieve generating costs that are competitive with other

sources of electricity generation, using commercially mature technology for sites with a water

depth of up to 50m, at any distance from shore, and developing in parallel technologies for sites

in deeper water, proven through full-scale demonstration.

4) Wind turbines

The future technological developments will focus on cost reductions with the main objectives of

increasing the reliability, the efficiency and the accessibility of the machines.

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The present advanced wind turbine concept (horizontal axis, three-blade, variable pitch, variable

speed, full size electronic converter for maximum control) is most likely to be pursued. Gearbox-

based drive trains – beyond the present dimensions- as seen during the last decade will continue.

Materials with higher strength to mass ratios and compliant components will increasingly be used in

the design of elements bearing heavy dynamic loadings such as rotor blades, yaw systems, drive

train parts and towers. New design tools will be used to efficiently design and manufacture very

large wind turbines based on significant enhancements in the field of aerodynamics, aero-elasticity,

control, drive train dynamics, etc.

Dedicated O&M methods and transport and installation systems will be used in extreme locations

such as offshore, extreme cold climates and mountainous terrain. Integrated condition monitoring

systems for early diagnosis and assessment of damage will be widely used to increase wind turbine

availability and reduce the need for design conservatism. In the market segment of small wind tur-

bines (size from about 1 kW to a few 100 kW), a substantial improvement in technical quality will

be made, leading to expansion of the market, especially in remote areas, small isolated communities

and sites connected to weak grids.

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9 COMPARISON BETWEEN DEZHOU AND FORSSA AREA

As we know, solar valley is located in Dezhou, an area of 330 ha, it covering solar water heaters,

solar PV power generation and lighting, solar energy and construction integration, solar thermal

power generation and other renewable energy applications, in this case, what could we learn from

solar valley? What kind of technology can we apply in ELLO project? In this section, I will com-

pare the situation between Dezhou and Forssa area to analyse energy usage. The content includes

geography, climate, technology and so on.

Dezhou, China Forssa Area, Finland

Location North-western Shandong Province, east-

ern China.

It is in the province of Southern Finland and is

part of the Tavastia Proper region

Area 10 341 km

2 253.39 km

2 (97.83sq mi) which 4.61km

2 (1.78

sq mi) is water.

Population 5.24 million 17,812 (31 March 2010)

City seat 37°26‟N, 116°16‟E 60°49‟‟N, 23°37 E

Transport

Dezhou lies on the main rail route from

Beijing to Shanghai, which is known as

Jinghu Railway. Dezhou has always

been an important transport hub since

ancient times. Except for the two rail-

ways, National Highway 104, NH105

and a few provincial roads cross the city

as well. The Yellow River and the

Grand Canal (China) run through it.

Forssa area is located almost in the centre of a

triangle defined by the three largest major cities

in Finland, there are railway and highway that

go through of this area. Due to the previous

visit, the road condition of Forssa area should

be improved; it could be wider considering

more trucks and cars on road in the future.

Climate

The annual amount of sunshine is 2660

hours of sunshine rate 61%, solar radia-

tion was 124.8 kcal/ cm2. The average

temperature of 13.1°C.

The average frost-free period is 197

days. and the average annual rainfall is

585.2 mm.

The annual amount of sunshine is 1900 hours

in the southwestern. The mean annual tempera-

ture is about 5.5°C.

The mean rainfall is between 600 and 700 mm

Wind sources

The wind blows most commonly from

the eastern sea, The average wind speed

is less than 5 m/s.

The wind blows most commonly from the

southwest and least commonly from the north-

east; all other directions occur with equal fre-

quency. The average wind speed is 3 to 4 m/s.

Wind speeds are typically highest in winter and

lowest in summer. Moderate winds are typical.

Renewable

industry

Himin Solar has progressed to be a lead-

er in solar thermal industry by providing

evacuated tubes, solar collectors, solar

water heaters, and coated steel tubes for

power generation

There are many companies which put renew-

able energy into practice in Finland, such as

Winwind Ltd, Jn-Solar, Oy Nordic AC Ltd,

compare with solar energy, biomass is the most

import renewable energy source in Finland,

with its use accounting for about 20% of pri-

mary energy consumption.

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Warehouse technology application

Referring to the technology of Solar valley, there are several technologies we can apply in our pro-

ject:

Recycling water treatment system

The annual rainfall in Finland is quite much, as an ecological warehouse, we can recycle the storm

water in order to do the cleaning, even a small fountain for watching.

Insulation technology of wall

In a building, external envelope always lose greater heat, especially in winter, if the wall losing lots

of heat, we have to support more indoor. So the development of external wall insulation is becom-

ing more and more important, insulation technology as a part of building energy efficiency is the

major implementations.

Cross-seasonal energy storage

The solar radiation is different in a year, We are using energy for cooling in summer, and heating

for winter time. Generally, the solar radiation is richer in spring and summer than in winter, if we

can store the energy and use it in winter, it will be improve the efficiency and energy saving. Cross-

seasonal energy storage technology can store excess heat in the well for winter heating use. This

can solve the problem of inconstant temperature in a year, greatly increased the utilization of solar

energy and ensure the normal operation of the solar system.

SWOT analyse of Eco airport

Strengths:

Location: Eco airport is lie on the north of Helsinki, about 2 hours‟ distance, the rail-

way connects Tampere and Turku, so the transport is very convenient.

The rainfall is abundant, recycling the storm water is a potential project, and wind en-

ergy and biomass energy are abundant.

The land of Eco airport is cheaper than at the other airports‟; this advantage will at-

tract the companies to set here.

Weaknesses:

Although the light time is long in summer, the annual amount of sunshine is still

small. During the winter, the weather is always cloudy and snowy, so the solar energy

would be little in use in the winter. The equipment will be destroyed due to the cold

weather in winter.

Opportunities:

Comparison with airport in Tampere which only has passengers, Eco airport has both

passengers and cargo freight, the name of Helsinki Eco airport is more competitive in

the international freight industry.

Threats:

It‟s hard to say the Ryanair and other freight companies are willing to land in Eco air-

port, they already landed in Tampere airport, and the distance between Tampere and

Eco airport is only 74 km.

Technology development and project should be combined together. Everything in this project has to

be considered more for the future, and technology development is hard to predict.

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10 CONCLUSION

This paper presents an ecocity project and renewable energy development of China, The ecocity

project in Gongqing city is under construction right now, they plan to complete the basic frame

work of the construction and running in 2013, this project will combine the traditional urban func-

tions and modern information technology together mainly through the introduction of advanced

ecological concepts and environmental protection technology.

The main energy sources in Gongqing city are solar energy and ground energy. There are several

local companies which produce renewable energy to support this city, before the end of 2010 the

high energy consumption factories and high polluting enterprises will be eliminated. Unit GDP

energy consumption will reduce to 0.255 tons in 2012. At the same time, financial department of

Gongqing Development Area will arrange special funds 15 million every year to support energy-

saving innovation.

In order to conquer more and more energy pressure in future and the rapid increased energy need of

Chinese economy, some hortative policies are established by central government and local govern-

ment at present. Today, wind power and solar energy has made pronounced leaps in installation

capacity, with an average annual growth rate of over 40% in the past several years. The wind power

installation had reached 25805 MW and the yield of solar cell had reached 4000 MW by the end of

2009. People are trying to research high efficiency technology to improve the renewable energy

usage. Some companies are cooperating with institutes in order to develop new technology.

The future technological developments of renewable energy will focus on cost reductions with the

main objectives of increasing the efficiency and the accessibility of the solar cells and wind ma-

chines.

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http://wenku.baidu.com/view/ec7af4717fd5360cba1adbd9.html

[2] Status and prospects of Chinese wind energy, Energy(2009).

[3] China‟s installed PV capacity to rise.

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[4] 2009 solar cell yield in China take 40% of the world.

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detailItLmTkpHRJzO/China-Three-High-Tube.html

http://www.himin.com/

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[6] Multijuction solar cell: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multijunction_solar_cell

[7] ZSW sets thin-film PV cell efficiency record of 20.1%:

http://www.semiconductor-today.com/news_items/2010/MAY/ZSW_070510.htm

[8] SunPower pushes c-Si solar cell efficiency record to 24.2%: http://www.pv-

tech.org/news/_a/sunpower_pushes_c-si_solar_cell_efficiency_record_to_24.2/

[9] Third generation photovoltaics: solar cells for 2020 and beyond:

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rch&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000049225&_version=1&_urlVersion

=0&_userid=952961&md5=0eaf515babace1814daf0f2935adf810

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[10] Technology Roadmap- Solar photovoltaic energy:

http://www.iea.org/papers/2010/pv_roadmap.pdf

Suntech website: http://ap.suntech-power.com/en/about.html

[11] Wind power soared past 15,000 Megawatts in 2009.

http://www.treehugger.com/files/2010/03/wind-power-soared-past-150000-

megawatts-in-2009.php

[12] Wind power in Finland: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Finland

[13] EU lauches ten-year development roadmap for wind energy: http://www.energy-

enviro.fi/index.php?PAGE=3&PRINT=yes&ID=3162

[14] Renewable energy technology roadmap

[15] Renewable energy technology roadmap

[16] Asia wind market expanding rapidly: http://www.breakbulk.com/wind-

energy/asia-wind-market-expanding-rapidly

[17]Bright future for wind-market growth seen in RP, rest of Asia (June 2010):

http://www.breakbulk.com/wind-energy/asia-wind-market-expanding-rapidly

[18] New Trends in U.S. Energy Policy: Focus On Offshore Wind Energy:

http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/new-trends-in-us-energy-policy-focus-on-

offshore-wind-energy-97859189.html

http://www.chinasolarvalley.com/index.asp (in Chinese)

http://www.chinasolarcity.cn/Html/dezhou/151113424.html (in English)

ERERC: http://www1.nju.edu.cn/cps/site/hz/overview.htm

BENCHMARKS IN CHINA

Appendix 1

TITLE OF APPENDIX

Insulating glass: Two or more pieces of glass spaced apart and hermetical-

ly sealed to form a single glazed unit with one or more air spaces in be-

tween. It also called double glazing.

SunPower: SunPower designs, manufactures and delivers the highest effi-

ciency solar electric technology worldwide. Based on more than 20 years

of innovation, they deliver proven solar performance to residential, com-

mercial, and utility-scale power plant customers.

EWI: The European Wind Initiative is one of the initiatives of the SET-

Plan (Strategic Energy Technology Plan), published by the European

Commission in 2007. The SET-Plan aims to increase, coordinate, and fo-

cus EU support on key low-carbon technologies. The envisaged budget for

the SET-Plan has been estimated at up to EUR71.5 billion.

TPWind: The objective of TPWind is to identify areas for increased inno-

vation, new and existing research and development tasks. These will then

be prioritized on the basis of “must haves” versus “nice to haves,” the

primary objective being overall (social, environmental and technological)

cost reductions.