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The Healing Power of Essential Oils

Your personal sourcebook on the effective and safe use of essential oils

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‘Live Life Abundantly’

BellaSentials Essential Oil Disclaimer

Essential oils are used for a very wide range of emotional and physical health. They can be used singly on in complex blends depending on user experience and desired benefit. BellaSentials essential oils are usually administered by one of two ways: applied topically to the skin and/or diffusing aromatically. (Note: BellaSentials Essential Oils are not to be taken internally). Recommended seeking consultation from a professional will help first-time users have a more beneficial and enjoyable experience with essential oils.

Essential oils are safe to use and have few, if any undesirable side effects when used as directed. They are, however, concentrated and should be used with caution. Be sure to use only 100% pure therapeutic-grade essential oils and follow all label warnings and instructions.

Essential oils should never be used in the eyes or inside the ear canal. If redness or irritation occurs when using essential oils topically, simply apply a vegetable oil such as coconut oil to the affected area. Please note, water will not dilute the essential oils. Consult your physician before using essential oils if you are pregnant or under a doctor’s care.

Use instructions and appropriate cautions included on individual essential oil labels.

*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent disease.

First published in the United States of America Copyright © BellaSentials.com 2015 All rights reserved: no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, without the prior permission from the publisher.

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Contents

Introduction ………………….1

What is essential oil? ………………….2

Essential Oils for Younger Looking Skin ………………….3

10 Anti-Aging Essential Oils for Beautiful Looking Skin

………………….4

Sleep Well with Essential Oils ………………….9

5 Essential Oils for Better Sleep ………………….10

Natural Remedy for Anxiety ………………….13

5 Essential Oils for Anxiety ………………….14

Relieve Aches and Pains with Essential Oils ………………….17

5 Essential Oils for Pain Relief ………………….18

Fight Colds and Flu with Essential Oils ………………….20

4 Essential Oils for Colds and Flu ………………….22

The Wonder of Oil Diffusion ………………….24

How does essential oil diffusion work? ………………….24

Stay Safe with Essential Oils ………………….26

Factors Influencing Safety of Essential Oil ………………….27

General Safety Precautions ………………….28

List of Oils and Their Potential Adverse Effects ………………….29

Skin Irritants ………………….29

Skin Sensitizers ………………….30

Photosensitizers ………………….31

Non-Phototoxic Citrus Oils ………………….31

Mucus Membrane Irritants ………………….32

Essential Oils to Avoid Throughout Pregnancy, Labor, and While Breastfeeding

………………….33

Essential Oils Considered Safe for Pregnancy from 2nd Trimester

………………….34

23 Essential Oil Combinations to Try with Your Diffuser

………………….36

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ssential oil is amazing!

Got a headache? There’s an essential oil for that. Can’t sleep? There’s an essential oil for that. Have a skin problem? There are TONS of essential oils for that, too.

Essential oils and plant derivatives have been used for healing purposes for nearly 6,000 years. Ancient civilizations including Chinese, Egyptians, and Greeks used them in medicines, cosmetics, and perfumes. In World War I and WW II, soldiers in Europe used to carry with them tea tree essential oil in their first aid kit to use as antiseptic.1

In 1910, René-Maurice Gattefossé, a French chemist, accidentally discovered the healing property of lavender oil. During an experiment, Gattefossé burnt his hand. To prevent serious injury, he plunged it to the nearest tub of liquid, which just happened to be lavender oil. Later, he was amazed to see how quickly his burn healed and how little the scaring was. This fascinated and inspired him to study the properties of essential oils. In 1928, he founded the science of aromatherapy. By the 1950s, health professionals and beauty therapists began using aromatherapy.2

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Introduction

1"Tea Tree Essential Oil | Essentially Australia." Tea Tree Essential Oil Comments. Web. 16 Mar. 2015. <https://essentiallyaustralia.com.au/shop/tea-tree-essential-oil/>.

2"Aromatherapy." University of Maryland Medical Center. Web. 16 Mar. 2015. <http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/treatment/aromatherapy>.

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Lavender field in Provence, Southern

Today, essential oils and plant derivatives still play a great part in medicine. For instance, the current two important and most effective malarial drugs are Quinine, a derivative of Cinchona tree, and Artemisinin, from the Chinese Qinghao plant, which was used by Chinese herbalist to treat malaria 2,000 years ago.3

What is essential oil?

he National Cancer Institute defines Essential oil as ‘scented liquid taken

from specific plant through steam or pressure.’ Essential oil contains the plant’s DNA that gives it flavor and odor. Plants create and store their essential oil under the surface of their leaves, bark, and skin of their fruits or shell of their seeds.

However, this scented liquid is only considered essential oil if it is extracted through distillation or mechanical pressure. If it’s extracted chemically (that is using solvents), it’s called absolute. Absolute oil is more concentrated than essential oil.

Each type of essential oil has different chemical makeup that affects its smell, absorption, and use. Even plants within the same species produce oil with different chemical properties. The geography and climate of where plants grow also affect their essential oil composition.

Essential oil and absolute oil are very concentrated. For instance, to extract 1lb of lavender essential oil, you will need around 220lbs of lavender flowers. They are also very volatile, which means they evaporate quickly when you expose them to open air. The more concentrated the oil, the more volatile it is.

In this book, we will show you just some of the wonderful power of essential oil - from keeping you looking fresh and young to calming your anxiety, allowing you to enjoy life.

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3"Treatment Milestones." MMV. Medicine for Malaria Venture. Web. 16 Mar. 2015. <http://www.mmv.org/malaria-medicines/treatment-milestones>.

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Essential Oils for Younger Looking Skin

ur quest for the fountain of youth supports an industry that in 2014 brought over $55 billion in to the US economy. Every year new

revolutionary anti-aging cream is launched, claiming to be a result of years of research. But if you look closely, you’ll find that the magic ingredients found in very expensive anti-aging creams are essential oils that have been used for centuries.

In this section, we give you the low-down of essential oils you can use to halt the progress of wrinkles and keep your skin healthy and younger looking.

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10 Anti-‐Aging Oils for Beautiful Looking Skin

1. Sweet Almond

Sweet almond (Prunus dulci) oil has many properties including anti-inflammatory, immunity-boosting and anti-hepatotoxicity effects. It also contains large amounts of vitamins E and K – so it doesn’t only help regenerate and maintain your skin elasticity, it also promotes better circulation.

Hundreds of years ago, Ayurvedic, Greco-Persian and Chinese schools of medicine used sweet almond oil to treat dry skin conditions like eczema and psoriasis. Anecdotal evidence and clinical experiences also showed sweet almond oil to smoothen and rejuvenate skin, as well as reduce post-operative hypertrophic scarring.

Today, sweet almond oil is widely used in cosmetic products as a moisturizer and emollient. The International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook 10th ed. (2004) describes the cosmetic functions of sweet almond oil as fragrant, occlusive agent (providing barrier to prevent moisture loss) and skin repairing agent. It also includes almond oil into several product categories, among them skin hydrating products, hair conditioning products, shampoos, oils and baby products.

Sweet almond oil is also found to reduce the skin damage caused by UV radiation. In a research published on PubMed in 2007, researchers from the Department of Pharmaceutics, Hamdard University, India, found that sweet almond oil can prevent structural damage caused by UV irradiation. They also found it useful in slowing photo-aging process.4 However; we don’t recommend it as a sunblock. If you’re planning to stay in the sun for long during the hottest time of the day, make sure you wear high factor sunblock.

2. Apricot Kernel

Apricot kernel (Prunus armeniaca) oil is very similar to sweet almond oil. It’s one of the best carrier oils for creating oil blends for skin.

4J Cosmet Dermatol. 2007 Mar; 6(1):14-9. Effect of pre-treatment of almond oil on ultraviolet B-induced cutaneous photoaging in mice. Sultana Y1, Kohli K, Athar M, Khar RK, Aqil M.

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Argan nut grown in Morocco – source of Argan oil

Apricot kernel oil is made up of 75% oleic acid, 20% linoleic acid and unsaturated fatty acids. The oleic and linoleic acids in apricot kernel oil help restore normal skin barrier function and permeability. Its Vitamins A and E elements encourage skin to renew and produce more collagen, thus reducing the appearance of fine line and wrinkles on your skin.

The skin absorbs apricot kernel oil fairly quickly and is non-greasy. It’s suitable for almost any skin type, but it’s especially helpful for hydrating and healing very dry skin.

3. Coconut

Coconut (Cocos nucifera) oil is full of anti-oxidant vitamin E, which makes it excellent carrier oil for anti-aging serums. It’s also mainly made up of medium-chain triglyceride lauric acid, known as the healthiest oil for your skin.

Coconut oil not only helps reduce signs of aging, it’s also said to help strengthen the epidermis against cellulite, as well as help reduce stretch marks, and eliminate keratosis pilaris.

4. Avocado

Avocado (Persea americana) oil is rich with vitamins A and E, as well as collagen-boosting plant sterolins. However, as thick oil, it’s not suitable for sensitive areas like the face. It’s best diluted with light carrier oil and used as body oil.

5. Argan

It's been used by the Berber women of Morocco for centuries, today argan (Argania spinosa) oil is considered liquid gold within Hollywood's beauty industry. It’s said to be celebrities’ secret weapon for red carpet radiance from head to toe. Eva Mendes considers it ‘spectacular’ and even called it her ‘total skin secret’.

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Known to improve patchy skin and lacklustre locks; argan oil is richer than olive oil in vitamin E, and is packed full of fatty acids making it one of nature's most effective moisturisers. But unlike olive oil, it is incredibly lightweight. It penetrates the skin easily giving you a youthful, dewy glow without any of the grease. It's gentle enough to use on all skin types and is even believed to help with skin conditions including acne and eczema.

For a facial routine that leaves your skin looking radiant, add a few drops of argan oil to your usual night moisturiser to wake up with a hydrated and nourished glow in the morning.5

6. Rosehip Seed

Rosehip (Rosa mosqueta) seed oil can be used by itself, as carrier oil or as secondary ingredient. It has the highest concentration of vitamin A (retinol) of any pure botanical oil. Retinol is known to boost skin cell renewal and collagen production. It’s the key ingredient of expensive and effective anti-aging cream. The prescription only anti-wrinkle cream tretinoin is the carbolic acid form of vitamin A.

Rosehip seed oil is also rich in skin nourishing essential fatty acids including omega-6 linoleic acid and omega-3 linolenic acid, which help to improve the elasticity, texture, and appearance of skin.

Rosehip seed oil is also light and easily absorbed by the skin, so it doesn’t leave your face feeling oily and shiny.

5"Argan Oil: Find out Why Celebrities Love This Liquid Gold." Hellomagazine.com. Web. 11 Mar. 2015. <http://www.hellomagazine.com/healthandbeauty/2013030511432/argan-oil-skin-hair-benefits/>.

Rosehips – is also one of the richest sources of Vitamin C. Its seeds are the source of rosehip essential oil.

During World War II, Britain used rosehips as a source of Vitamin C for children. The British Ministry of Food Office used to distribute rosehips syrup.

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Bitter orange blossom – the source of neroli essential oil

9. Neroli

Neroli (Citrus aurantium) essential oil has anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antiseptic properties. It is also known to help soothe damaged or irritated skin, heal scars, and improve circulation. Cosmetic companies use neroli essential oil in skin serum to calm the skin. It is believed that the best neroli oil comes from Tunisia.

8. Cypress

Cypress (Cupressus sempervirens) oil has antiseptic and astringent properties. As an astringent, it helps shrink or constrict pores. This helps make your skin look smoother. It also helps reduce the appearance of varicose veins and broken capillaries under the skin’s surface.

7. Carrot Seed

Carrot (Daucus carota) seed oil is rich in antioxidant carotenoids, efficient free-radicals scavengers, known to boost the body’s immune system. Carotenoids are also linked to preventing photo aging.

Carrot seed essential oil comes from ‘wild carrot’ aka ‘Queen Anne’s lace.’ They don’t come from the carrot variety sold in supermarket.

The carrots we eat today were once cultivated from ‘wild carrots.’

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10. Patchouli

Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin) essential oil is particularly great for aging skin and had been found to have anti-photo aging property.

In a study that explored the protective effect of patchouli oil against UV-induced skin photo aging, results showed that applying patchouli oil on the skin significantly reduced wrinkle formation, eased reduction in skin elasticity and increased skin’s collagen content. Researchers also found that application of patchouli oil didn’t only decrease the epidermal thickness by about 32.6%, but also prevent the UV-induced disruption of collagen fibers and elastic fibers. Researchers concluded that patchouli oil is able to prevent UV irradiation from damaging the skin’s structural integrity, thus protecting it from photo aging. These protective effects of patchouli oil were possibly due to its anti-oxidative property.6

6"Prevention of UV Radiation-induced Cutaneous Photoaging in Mice by Topical Administration of Patchouli Oil." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 16.2 (2013): 184–190. Print.

Patchouli grows well in tropical climates. It is native to Asia. Patchouli essential oil is produced from either fresh or dried leaves.

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ack of sleep doesn’t only make us feel cranky and foggy; it also dulls our memory and dumbs us down, ages our skin, contributes to our

weight gain and shots our sex drive to smithereens.

In fact, sleep deprivation played a significant role in the biggest disasters in history, such as the 1979 nuclear accident at Three Mile Island, the Exxon Valdez oil spill, and the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear disaster. According to investigators, lack of sleep played a significant factor in the incidents.

Although sleeping is a natural body function, not everyone find the process easy. In fact, over 35% of American adults are not getting the 7-hours sleep they need to function at an optimum level. Nearly 10% are chronic insomnia sufferers and over 9 million are on prescription sleeping pills. So, if you’re having trouble sleeping, you’re not alone. But before reaching for a sleeping pill, try using essential oil first. You might be surprise with the result.

Essential oil can’t cure the insomnia or the cause of your sleeplessness, but some have calming and relaxing effects that can help you fall asleep

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Sleep Well with Essential Oils

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faster and stay asleep longer. The trick is finding the right oil your body likes best. Since every person is different, oil that might send one person straight to sleep, might not do a thing for another.

5 Essential Oils for Sleep

1. Lavender

Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) is one hardworking essential oil. It inspired French chemist Gattefosse to study essential oils when it helped heal his burnt quicker with less scarring. Today, Cancer Research has been studying its calming effect on patients, and finds it helpful. It’s probably safe to say that no other oil has been more clinically studied than lavender.

Researchers from the Department of Medicine of Johns Hopkins Hospital found that lavender aromatherapy helped hospital patients get better sleep. In 2013, the International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice published a research from Vienna showing that Silexan, a preparation in gelatine capsule containing 80 mg of lavender oil, has comparable effect as lorazepam. It had beneficial effect on the symptoms of anxiety disorders including disturbed sleep.7

7Dr. Kasper, S. (2013). An orally administered lavandula oil preparation (Silexan) for anxiety disorder and related conditions: An evidence based review. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 17(S1), 15-22. Retrieved from http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/13651501.2013.813555

Various lavender cultivars grown at Snowshill, Cotswolds in England

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2. Roman Chamomile

Throughout history, people have used Roman chamomile essential oil (Chammaemelum nobile or Anthemis nobilis) for various purposes. It's said to work best with emotions, nervous system, and skin. Most chamomile varieties have been used for centuries to calm and prepare humans for restful sleep, making it a popular oil to use at bedtime.8 In fact, in ancient Rome, soldiers used it to give them mental clarity and courage in battle.

3. Bergamot

Bergamot (Citrus bergamia) is a citrus fruit and the oil is cold-pressed from its rind or peel. It has a fruity, gentle but refreshing flowery fragrance. Paolo Rovesti, founder of the Research Institute on Plant Derivatives and father of Phytocosmetics, 9 had explored the benefits of essential oil on depression, anxiety and hysteria, and he found that bergamot essential oil helps relieve fear and calm anxiety.10

Lemon bergamot – source of bergamot essential oil

8 Wilkinson S, Aldridge J, Salmon I, Cain E, Wilson B."An Evaluation of Aromatherapy Massage in Palliative Care." Palliative Medicine 13.5 (1999): 409-17. An Evaluation of Aromatherapy Massage in Palliative Care. SAGE Publications. Web. 14 Mar. 2015. <http://pmj.sagepub.com/content/13/5/409.abstract>.

9Fischer-Rizzi, S. (1990). Complete Aromatherapy Handbook: Essential Oils for Radiant Health (Illustrated ed., pp. 71-73). Sterling Publishing Company.

10Paolo Rovesti. (n.d.). Retrieved March 12, 2015, from http://www.istitutorovesti.it/en/paolo.php

Chamomile plant

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11Kinai, M. (2013). The Essentials of Aromatherapy Essential Oils. Almasi Holistic Healthcare.

12"Valerian Fact Sheet for Health Professionals." Valerian - Health Professional Fact Sheet. National Institute of Health - Office of Dietary Supplements. Web. 16 Mar. 2015. <http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Valerian-HealthProfessional/#h3>.

4. Marjoram (aka Sweet Marjoram)

Marjoram essential oil (Origanum majorana), with its warm, woody and spicy smell, has muscle relaxant property, making it an essential oil of choice for soothing muscle and joint pain. However, it’s also known to relieve anxiety and obsessive thinking, which are known factors of sleep deprivation. Marjoram also has a vasodilator property, which helps lower high blood pressure, so it’s not a good essential oil to use if you have low blood pressure.11

5. Valerian

Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) isn’t the nicest smelling essential oil in the market. In fact, it has a pungent and unpleasant smell; we don’t necessarily recommend it for making your room smell nice. But we’re including it in our list because of all the essential oils used for sleep problems valerian is the most powerful. It is known for its sedative effect. In tablet form, it is effective in inducing sleep. In oil form, it can be added to carrier oil and use for massage. You can also add it to your bath water at night. However, we can’t stress enough that this essential oil has quite a powerful sedative effect, and should be used with caution.12

Valerian plant In WWII, Valerian was used in England to relieve stress during air raids.

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Natural Remedy for Anxiety

motional disorders like anxiety and depression are serious issues and

often a difficult topic of conversation. Those who haven’t experienced

the problem can sometimes feel unsure how to respond. For those with

clinical depression and anxiety, the feeling can be debilitating. And only those

who have been affected by the experience can understand the feeling. One of

the major issues many sufferers worry about is the long-term effects of anti-

anxiety and anti-depressant drugs. So, it’s no wonder that many wants to

explore the potential benefits of natural remedies. For now, there is no

conclusive natural remedy for depression and anxiety. However, there are

essential oils that research revealed to help ease anxiety, and depression.

Here are five of them.

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5 Essential Oils for Anxiety

1. Bergamot

There are no shortage historical and anecdotal reports claiming the calming and antidepressant effects of bergamot (Citrus aurantium - var. bergamia). But more importantly, there are also clinical studies that support these claims. A research published on Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine in 2011 showed clear and powerful evidence on bergamot’s efficacy. The authors of the research conducted in Taiwan, recruited 54 elementary school teachers suffering work related stress to evaluate the benefits of aromatherapy in reducing stress. They used bergamot for aromatherapy spray for 10 minutes. After two 10-minutes aromatherapy sprays with bergamot, the subjects showed reduced anxiety levels. Furthermore, those suffering from high degree of anxiety benefitted more than those with light degree of anxiety.13

Another study published in 2013 also showed that bergamot helped reduced the anxiety on preoperative patients.14

In 2014, researchers from the Department of Nursing at Keimyung University, South Korea studied the benefits of aroma hand massage on 58 hospice patients suffering terminal cancer. The aim was to determine if aromatherapy combined with hand massage would have an effect on patients’ pain, anxiety, and depression. One group were given hand massage using general oil massage and the other a blend of bergamot, lavender, and frankincense diluted in sweet almond carrier oil. The result showed that patients who received massaged with aromatherapy reported less pain and depression.15

13Kang-Ming Chang and Chuh-Wei Shen, “Aromatherapy Benefits Autonomic Nervous System Regulation for Elementary School Faculty in Taiwan,” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2011, Article ID 946537, 7 pages, 2011. doi:10.1155/2011/946537

14Cheng-Hua Ni, Wen-Hsuan Hou, Ching-Chiu Kao, et al., “The Anxiolytic Effect of Aromatherapy on Patients Awaiting Ambulatory Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial,” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2013, Article ID 927419, 5 pages, 2013. doi:10.1155/2013/927419

15Chang, S.Y. (2008). Effects of aroma hand massage on pain, state anxiety and depression in hospice patients with terminal cancer. Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi., 38(4):493-502.

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Sandalwood flower

Sandalwood flowers are delicate and pretty. However, sandalwood essential oil doesn’t come from its flower but from its heartwood – the inner part of tree trunk – present mainly in Sandalwood’s roots.

The outer part of the wood produces lower quality oil. The older the tree, the higher the quality of the oil it produces.

Unfortunately, since high quality Sandalwood essential oil is in high demand, old sandalwood trees are dwindling. As a result, adulterated sandalwood essential oils have flooded the market.

2. Lavender

Apart from its pain reduction and healing properties, lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) also performed well at clinical trials in reducing mild anxiety. In 2005, a study in the US revealed that inhalation of lavender essential oil made patients feel less depressed and less anxious, as well as increased sense of wellbeing.16

In a later study published in Iranian Journal of Nursing Research in 2014, researchers also found that lavender reduced the level of anxiety in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass.17

3. Sandalwood

Sandalwood (Santalum album) is another essential oil that had been proven to help reduce anxiety. In a study conducted in the UK, researchers found that sandalwood essential oil reduced anxiety in palliative care patients.18

4. Lemon oil

In a Japanese research published in 2006, researchers examined the anti-stress action of lemon, lavender and rose essential oils. They found that of the three essential oils, lemon (Citrus limon) oil had the strongest anti-anxiety and anti-depressant effect on mice.19

16Louis, M. "Use of Aromatherapy with Hospice Patients to Decrease Pain, Anxiety, and Depression and to Promote an Increased Sense of Well-being." National Center for Biotechnology Information. Department of Nursing, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA., 1 Jan. 2002. Web. 14 Mar. 2015. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12442972>.

17Seifi Z1, Beikmoradi A2, Oshvandi K3, Poorolajal J4, Araghchian M5, Safiaryan R6. The effect of lavender essential oil on anxiety level in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery: A double-blinded randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Nursing Research. 2014 Nov;19(6):574-80.

18Kyle, Gaye. "Evaluating the Effectiveness of Aromatherapy in Reducing Levels of Anxiety in Palliative Care Patients: Results of a Pilot Study." Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice 12.2 (2006): 148-55. Print.

19Komiya, M, Takeuchi T, and Harada E. "Lemon Oil Vapor Causes an Anti-stress Effect via Modulating the 5-HT and DA Activities in Mice." Behavioural Brain Research 172.2 (2006): 240–249. Print.

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5. Neroli Oil

For some menopausal women, stress can be a prominent experience. If you’re going through menopausal stress, neroli (Citrus aurantium var. amara) oil may be able to help you. In a recent study published in 2014, researchers studied the use of neroli oil in ninety-two menopausal women under 65 years old. The women were instructed to inhale neroli oil twice daily for 5 days. The result revealed that neroli essential oil reduced their stress and menopausal symptoms. Participants also reported increased sexual desire.20

20Seo Yeon Choi, Purum Kang, Hui Su Lee, and Geun Hee Seol, “Effects of Inhalation of Essential Oil of Citrus aurantium L. var. amara on Menopausal Symptoms, Stress, and Estrogen in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial,” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2014, Article ID 796518, 7 pages, 2014. doi:10.1155/2014/796518

While bitter orange blossom produces neroli oil, its fruit peel produces bitter orange oil. Neroli oil is extracted from the blossom by steam distillation while bitter orange oil is extracted from the peel by cold expression.

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Relieve Aches and Pains with Essential Oils

ssential oil can’t cure pain. However, clinical trials have revealed that it can help alleviate it. In fact, there is enough evidence of its efficacy that

cancer clinics and hospitals in the UK offer aromatherapy as a free complimentary therapy for cancer patients to help them cope with pain, anxiety and depression.21

How to use essential oil to ease pain?

Combining essential oil with massage therapy is probably the most effective way to ease pain naturally. In 2012, PhD students of the Department of Kinesiology at McMaster University in Canada found that 10-minutes massage using essential oil dramatically help reduce cells’ inflammatory response. The researchers found that massage activates the body’s sensors that direct inflammation-reducing signals to muscle cells. Additionally, massage also triggers the muscles to build more mitochondria, the cells’ power center that plays a vital role in healing. 22

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21"Aromatherapy." Aromatherapy. Web. 14 Mar. 2015. <http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/cancers-in-general/treatment/complementary-alternative/therapies/aromatherapy>.

22McMaster University. (2012, February 1). Massage is promising for muscle recovery: Researchers find 10 minutes reduces inflammation. ScienceDaily. Retrieved March 14, 2015 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/02/120201173226.htm

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The result of the research wasn’t measured on the participants’ perception of pain but rather on biopsy result. Another way to use essential oil to ease pain, particularly headaches due to tension and stress, is through oil diffusion.

5 Essential Oils for Pain Relief

1. Lavender

Lavender - aka English lavender (Lavandula angustifolia, formerly Lavandula officinalis)-is probably the most often used essential oil for pain relief and relaxation. Lavender essential oil available in the market is distilled from the flowering tops of the plant. Though the plant grows all over the world, the best lavender oil comes from Bulgaria, England, France, Tasmania and Yugoslavia.

Lavender is indicated for muscle spasm, sprain and rheumatic pain. It also has sedative effects, and can help relieve headache due to tension. It is also recommended for mood swing and sleeplessness.

Lavender has a long list of application for skin. Some aromatherapy sources have listed it as safe to apply on skin neat (undiluted.) However, we don’t recommend it. We know from experience that lavender oil can cause irritation, like a burning sensation on the skin.

If you want slightly less sedation but powerful pain relief, try using Lavandula latifolia, or Spike lavender. Although it looks like English lavender, its scent is more like camphor. It grows in lower altitude and has a very high yield, making it cheaper to produce. Thus, it retails cheaper than English lavender. However, it doesn’t make it less powerful as a painkiller. In fact, it’s slightly stronger, and therefore should be used sparingly.

2. Chamomile

Both Roman (Anthemis nobilis) and German (Marticaria recutita) chamomiles are considered highly effective anti-inflammatory. They can help ease headache, muscle pains, neuralgia and TMJ syndrome. They are also known to help menstrual pain.

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Marjoram essential oil is extracted from the plant’s leaves and flowers/buds. The Romans referred to Marjoram as the ‘herb of happiness.’

3. Clary Sage

Clary sage (Salvia sclarea), not to be confused with sage (Salvia officinalis), is extremely useful in massage as it helps relieve spasm, muscle ache and cramps. It can also be blended effectively with chamomile to ease tension and menstrual pains.

Clary sage is said to be mildly intoxicating and euphoric. Therefore, it should be used in small quantities and preferably not if you’ve been drinking anything alcoholic, as it boosts the effects of alcohol.

4. Sweet Marjoram

Sweet marjoram (Origanum majorana) helps ease pain, muscle stiffness, spasm and neuromuscular contractions. It’s also historically used to ease pain caused by rheumatoid and osteoarthritis. It’s also considered highly sedative, so can make you sleepy.

5. Sandalwood

In Ayurvedic treatment, sandalwood (Santalum album) is used to relieve muscle spasm and to treat sciatica and lymph congestion.

Other essences considered to help ease pain are the flower essences of jasmine, neroli, rose and ylang ylang. They are said to have properties that encourage relaxation, thus relieving pain.23

23Enteen, RA, BA, LMBT, Shellie. "Essential Oils for Pain Relief." Massage Today 05.2 (2005). Essential Oils for Pain Relief. MPA Media. Web. 14 Mar. 2015. http://www.massagetoday.com/mpacms/mt/article.php?id=13161.

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efore we give you the low down of essential oils to help you fight off colds and flu, first, let’s start with knowing your enemy. Let’s sort out

the similarities and differences between colds and flu.

Similarities

Colds and flu are both viral infections. Since, they’re viral, they won’t respond to antibiotics.

Colds and flu don’t have any cure. You just have to wait for your body’s natural defences to fight off the virus. It will eventually, as long as you’re fit and healthy to start with. This can take several days, even weeks.

Both illnesses can be transmitted through air. So, you can get colds or flu by breathing in microscopic droplets of fluid containing the virus sneezed or coughed out by a person who has it. You can contract the virus for both illnesses by touching surfaces that are infected, like door handles in your office or in supermarkets, - then transferring them to your system by touching your nose or eyes.

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Fight Colds and Flu with Essential Oils

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Colds and flu are most common in the winter months, but can occur at any time of the year.

Differences

More than 100 different viruses cause colds. So many, that it’s impossible to make a vaccine that would stop us from getting them. On the other hand, there are only three viruses that cause flu. Hence, scientists are able to prepare a vaccine for it.

Cold is a nuisance but not serious. It’s uncomfortable but it doesn’t stop you carrying on with your normal activities. Flu, on the other hand is nasty. Flu is a common term for ‘influenza’. It causes headaches, dry chesty cough, chills, muscle pains, sudden high fever, upset stomach, loss of appetite and sleeping difficulty. When you have the flu, you need to stay in bed, rest and get as much sleep as you can.

Since both have no cure, all you can do is manage your symptoms and make yourself comfortable until your body manages to heal itself. And there are a number of essential oils available to help you.

The best way to use essential oil to ease symptoms of common cold, particularly blocked up nose, is through diffusion. Breathing the oil into your sinuses and lungs can help prevent or alleviate the mucus build up from a cold or cough. The diffuser also helps humidify the room, thus making it easier to breath.

For a heavy dose of steam, use a room humidifier -- or simply sit in the bathroom with the door shut and a hot shower running. Breathing in steam can break up your nasal congestion, giving you relief from stuffy nose.

In the absence of a diffuser, put boiling water in a bowl and add a few drops of eucalyptus. Make a steam tent by placing a towel over your head, close your eyes (to avoid irritation) and inhale the steam for 5 to 10 minutes. Repeat this 2 to 3 times a day until your symptoms subside.

Sometimes blocked up nose and cough can make sleeping difficult. To soothe both symptoms and help you get better sleep, mix a few drops of ravensar, eucalyptus, and lavender or tea tree oil and put a few drops on a tissue. Put the tissue under your pillow. The scent will help unblock your nose.

You can also relieve nasal congestion by mixing 3 drops of eucalyptus and 3 drops of peppermint oil with 2 teaspoons of carrier oil. Rub the blend on your neck, throat and chest.

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To ease aches and pains caused by the flu, add 10 drops of eucalyptus or tea tree oil in your bath.

4 Essential Oils for Colds and Flu

1. Eucalyptus

Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) is known to help loosen mucus and heal the throat, nasal passages and bronchial tubes. It’s a powerful decongestant and a common ingredient in many over-the-counter colds and flu medicine. It’s also a main ingredient in mouthwashes, toothpastes, lozenges, cough drops, antiseptic, and in muscle liniment and ointment.

If you’re suffering from terrible nasal congestion, you dab ointment with eucalyptus under your nose (not inside your nostrils) or on your chest or throat. Breathing in eucalyptus vapor can also help relieve cough and unblock congested passages.

Eucalyptus oil also has a strong expectorant, decongestant and antiseptic properties. You can use it for diffusion, massage, bath, inhalation, and direct application. Massage on feet, neck, chest and back to relieve congestion and aches caused by colds or flu.

2. Peppermint

Peppermint (Mentha piperita) essential oil is commonly used in making cosmetics, personal hygiene products, pharmaceutical products and food products. Like eucalyptus, it’s a common ingredient in bath preparations, toothpastes, mouthwashes, throat lozenges and topical preparations. As a topical preparation, peppermint oil is used to calm itch, ease irritation and reduce inflammation. As a food ingredient, it has a fresh sharp menthol scent and pungent taste followed by a cooling sensation.

When studied in laboratories, peppermint showed significant antimicrobial and antiviral activities, strong antioxidant and antitumor actions, as well as some antiallergenic potential. When tested in animals, it exhibited relaxation effect on gastrointestinal (GI) tissue, analgesic and anaesthetic effects in the central and peripheral nervous system, as well as immunomodulating actions and chemopreventive potential.24

24McKay, D. L. and Blumberg, J. B. (2006), A review of the bioactivity and potential health benefits of peppermint tea (Mentha piperita L.). Phytother. Res., 20: 619–633. doi: 10.1002/ptr.1936

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3. Lemon

Lemon essential oil (Citrus limonom), with its high vitamin content, is believed to help boost the body’s immune system, as well stimulate the production of white blood cells. These properties made lemon essential oil a good natural remedy to help the body fight off colds and flu.

Additionally, lemon essential oil is also known to soothe headaches and relieve migraines. Apart from its analgesic properties, lemon oil also has antiseptic property. In a study conducted in Brazil, lemon essential oil has a similar anti-microbial power as sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and more powerful than chlorhexidine (CNX).25

4. Tea Tree

Extracted from tea tree native to Southeast Queensland and New South Wales, Australia, tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) essential oil, like peppermint and eucalyptus, is effective in unblocking nasal passages. To unblock nasal congestion, add tea tree oil in your bath or diffuse it in the room.

Tea tree oil also has antibacterial, antimicrobial, antiseptic and antiviral properties. In 2012, a study showed that tea tree oil in aerosol form can kill influenza virus.26 This makes tea tree oil ideal for diffusion to help clean the air in your home and stop the spread of airborne viruses.

25Oliveira SA, Zambrana JR, Iorio FB, Pereira CA, Jorge AO. "The Antimicrobial Effects of Citrus Limonum and Citrus Aurantium Essential Oils on Multi-species Biofilms." Brazilian Oral Research 18.1 (2014). The Antimicrobial Effects of Citrus Limonum and Citrus Aurantium Essential Oils on Multi-species Biofilms - PubMed -NCBI. Sociedade Brasileira De Pesquisa Odontológica. Web. 15 Mar. 2015. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25000605>.

26Oleg V. Pyankova, Evgeny V. Usacheva, Olga Pyankovaa & Igor E. Agranovskia. "Inactivation of Airborne Influenza Virus by Tea Tree and Eucalyptus Oils." Aerosol Science and Technology 46.12 (2012): 1295-302. Inactivation of Airborne Influenza Virus by Tea Tree and Eucalyptus Oils - Aerosol Science and Technology - Volume 46, Issue 12. American Association for Aerosol Research. Web. 15 Mar. 2015. <http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02786826.2012.708948#.VQXBiI6sVin>.

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What is diffusion? Diffusion is the process of dispersing essential oil so its scent fills a room. There are a number of ways to diffuse essential oil in the air, from simple to elaborate. There is the simple tissue diffusion, steam diffusion, candle diffusion and cold oil diffusion. Of all mentioned, cold air diffusion is considered superior, effective and safe. As it disperses essential oil without heating or burning, it’s not changing or destroying the chemical properties of the oil.

What are the benefits of diffusing essential oil? Unadulterated therapeutic-grade essential oil has hundreds of chemical properties that can have significant effects on your mental and physical well-being. And diffusing it is the easiest and safest way to disperse these chemical properties into the air for your body to absorb and process. Additionally, diffusing essential oil with anti-viral and anti-bacterial properties helps clean the air in your home, inhibits bacteria growth and destroys odors. Thus leaving your home smelling nice, as well as make you feel calm, focused and balanced.

The Wonder of Oil Diffusion

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How does essential oil diffusion work? When the oil is diffused in the air, you inhale the aromatic molecules and this has powerful effects on your brain. They interact with your olfactory nerve and limbic system. The latter is connected to the brain that controls your heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, memory, stress level and other emotions. Oil diffusion isn’t only widely use at homes, but also in hospitals. In 2013, Vanderbilt Hospital in Tennessee trialled the use of oil diffuser using therapeutic grade essential oils in their emergency room. The aim of the exercise was to boost their staff productivity and health. The result surprised and convinced even sceptical members of staff. Before using essential oil diffusion, 41% of Vanderbilt’s E.R. staff reported job stress, and over 60% were frustrated. After using essential oil diffusers, only 3% felt stressed and 6% felt frustrated in their job.27

Today, there are over 25 hospitals across the US using essential oil diffusers including Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York, which is considered a cancer treatment juggernaut28, St. John’s Riverside Medical Centre, St. Luke’s Medical Center in New Bedford, Massachusetts, Florida Hospital Medical Center in Orlando and University of Michigan Hospital.

27"Hospitals Using Essential Oils to Boost Productivity and Health (Video)." Guardian Liberty Voice. Web. 16 Mar. 2015. <http://guardianlv.com/2013/07/hospitals-using-essential-oils-to-boost-productivity-and-health-video/>.

28"War on Cancer Becomes a Battle among Hospitals." Latest from Crains New York Business. Web. 15 Mar. 2015. <http://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20120122/HEALTH_CARE/301229983/war-on-cancer-becomes-a-battle-among-hospitals>.

Essential oil can also be dispersed in the air by candle

diffusion

Cold air diffusion is most superior, most effective and safest method of

dispersing essential oil in the air

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ssential oils are highly concentrated and can be potentially hazardous if not handled properly. So, it’s important you use them for the purpose they are

intended. Essential oils are generally applied on skin, inhaled or diffused. It’s seldom that essential oil is taken internally.

To help you get the best from your essential oils, we’ve compiled important safety information, which we gathered from the National Association for Holistic Aromatherapy (NAHA)

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Stay Safe with Essential Oils

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Factors influencing safety of essential oils

1. Quality: Impure essential oil is likely to cause adverse effects. Therefore, always insist on buying pure and therapeutic essential oil.

2. Chemical composition: Aldehydes and phenols in some essential oils can cause skin reactions. So, always dilute essential oil rich in these elements before applying it on your skin. If unsure of the components of your essential oil, ere on the side of caution and dilute.

3. Application method: Essential oil may be applied on the skin, breathe in, or diffused. Very few essential oils are taken internally. Each method has safety issues you need to consider. We discuss the potential safety concerns with skin application below. As for inhalation, although it’s quite safe, NAHA advises you to avoid prolong exposure to high level of essential oil vapor. Prolonged exposure to concentrated vapor can cause headache, dizziness, nausea and fatigue. Never ingest essential oil unless it’s food grade.

4. Dosage/dilution: Most essential oil blends are between 1 and 5 per cent dilutions. In this concentration, it’s safe. However, as you increase the concentration the higher the potential skin reactions, depending on the type of essential oil and the sensitivity of the area it’s applied.

5. Skin integrity: It’s potentially dangerous to put undiluted essential oil on damaged, broken or inflamed skin. Applying essential oil on damaged skin can worsen the condition.

6. User’s age: babies, toddlers, young children and elderly are more

sensitive to the potency of essential oil. Safe dilution for children is between 0.5% and 2.5%. Essential oils rich in methyl salicylate like birch and wintergreen should never be used on young children and elderly.

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General Safety Precautions

1. Keep all essential oils out of reach of children and pets.

2. Stay out of the sun or tanning booth at least 24 hours after applying photosensitizing essential oil on your skin

3. Avoid prolonged use of photosensitizing essential oil.

4. Avoid using essential oil you know nothing of. Know all the information, particularly its potential adverse reaction, before using an essential oil.

5. Avoid using undiluted essential oil on your skin, unless indicated.

6. If an essential oil causes skin irritation, apply a small amount of cream or vegetable oil on affected area. Immediately stop using the essential oil.

7. If you are applying essential oil on your skin for the first time, do a skin patch.

8. If pregnant or breastfeeding, avoid using essential oil unless it’s been proven safe for use during pregnancy.

9. Keep essential oil away from your eyes. If you’ve been handling essential oils, ensure to wash your hands properly before touching your eyes. If you accidentally get essential oil in your eyes, wipe it with cotton cloth infused with olive or sesame oil and/or wash your eyes immediately with cool water.

10. Essential oils are highly flammable. Keep them away from direct contact with flames.

11. If a child accidentally swallowed essential oil, call your nearest poison control unit. Keep the bottle for identification. Give the child some milk to drink. Don’t try to induce vomiting.

Note: All safety recommendations are obtained from the National Association for Holistic Therapy. They are not intended as medical advice.30

30"National Association for Holistic Aromatherapy." Safety | . Web. 17 Mar. 2015. <https://www.naha.org/explore-aromatherapy/safety/#general>.

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List of Oils and Their Potential Adverse Effect

Skin Irritants

This is the list of oils that can irritate the skin. Symptoms of skin irritation are immediate. They include blotchiness or redness as well as burning sensation. The severity of your skin reaction will depend on the concentration of the oil.

Essential Oil Latin Name

Bay Pimento racemosa

Cinnamon bark or leaf* Cinnamomum zeylanicum*

Clove bud Syzygium aromaticum

Citronella Cymbopogon nardus

Cumin Cuminum cyminum

Lemongrass Cymbopogon citratus

Lemon verbena Lippia citriodora

Oregano Origanum vulgare

Tagetes Tagetes minuta

Thyme ct. thymol Thymus vulgaris

*bark is more irritating than leaf

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Skin Sensitizers

This is the list of essential oils known to cause skin sensitization.

Skin sensitization is an allergic reaction to irritants that results in swelling and itchiness. However, unlike skin irritation, in sensitization, the skin becomes sensitive to the irritants for the rest of your life, and subsequent reaction could get severe.


Cassia Cinnamomum cassia

Cinnamon bark Cinnamomum zeylanicum

Peru balsam Myroxylon pereirae

Verbena absolute Lippia citriodora

Tea absolute Camellia sinensis

Turpentine oil Pinus spp.

Backhousia Backhousia citriodora

Inula Inula graveolens

Oxidized oils from Pinaceae family (e.g., Pinus and Cupressus species) and Rutaceae family (e.g., citrus oils)

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Photosensitizers

Photosensitizers (aka Phototoxic) essential oils cause burning or change in your skin color if skin is exposed to sunlight not long after application. Reactions can range from a mild tanning to burning. Stay away from the sun or tanning booths at least 24 hours after applying photosensitizing oil on your skin. And never use these oils to get a suntan as you are going to accelerate sun damage on your skin.


Angelica root Angelica archangelica

Bergamot Citrus bergamia

Cumin Cuminum cyminum

Distilled or expressed grapefruit (low risk)

Citrus paradisi

Expressed lemon Citrus limon

Expressed lime Citrus medica

Orange, bitter (expressed) Citrus aurantium

Rue Ruta graveolens

Non-Phototoxic Citrus Oils


Bergamot: Bergapteneless (FCF: Furanocoumarin Free) Citrus bergamia

Distilled lemon Citrus limon

Distilled lime Citrus medica

Mandarin - tangerine Citrus reticulata

Sweet orange Citrus sinensis

Expressed tangerine Citrus reticulata

Yuzu oil (expressed or distilled) Citrus juno

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Mucous Membrane Irritant

Mucus membrane irritants produce heating or drying effect on mucus membranes in the mouth, nose, eyes and reproductive organs. Don’t use mucus membrane irritant essential oils in a full body bath without dispersing them in milk or vegetable oil. It is also wise to add dispersed essential oil in the water after you get in the bath. Avoid using bay, clove, cinnamon bark, lemongrass, and thyme ct. thymol essential oils in your bath.


Bay Pimento racemosa

Caraway Carum carvi

Cinnamon bark or leaf Cinnamomum zeylanicum

Clove bud or leaf Syzygium aromaticum

Lemongrass Cymbopogon citratus

Peppermint Mentha x piperita

Thyme ct. thymol Thymus vulgaris

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Pregnancy

There’s no clear information available regarding the toxicity of essential oils during pregnancy, so we recommend you ere on the side of caution and avoid essential oils that are not on the safe list provided by the International Federation of Professional Aromatherapists. Essential Oils to Avoid Throughout Pregnancy, Labor, and While Breastfeeding


Aniseed Pimpinella anisum

Basil ct. estragole Ocimum basilicum

Birch Betula lenta

Camphor Cinnamomum camphora

Hyssop Hyssopus officinalis

French lavender Lavandula stoechas

Mugwort Artemisia vulgaris

Oakmoss Evernia prunastri

Parsley seed or leaf Petroselinum sativum

Pennyroyal Mentha pulegium

Rue Ruta graveolens

Sage Salvia officinalis

Tansy Tanacetum vulgare

Tarragon Artemisia dracunculus

Thuja Thuja occidentalis

Wintergreen Gaultheria procumbens

Wormwood Artemisia absinthium

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Essential Oils Considered Safe for Pregnancy from 2nd Trimester


Cardamon Elettaria Cardamonum

Roman chamomile Anthemis nobilis

German chamomile Matricaria recutita (aka Matricaria chamomilla)

Frankincense* Boswellia carterii & Boswellia sacra

Bergamot Citrus bergamia

Eucalyptus** Eucalyptus radiata

Geranium Pelargonium graveolens

Ginger Zingiber officinale

Grapefruit Citrus Paradisi

Lavender Lavandula angustifolia

Lemon Citrus limon

Lemongrass Cymbopogon flexuosus

Lime Citrus aurantifolia

Mandarin Citrus reticulata

Neroli Citrus aurantium L. var. amara

Patchouli Pogostemon Cablin

Petitgrain Citrus aurantium

Rose Otto Rosa damascena

Rosewood Aniba rosaeodora

Sandalwood Santalum album

Sweet orange (or simply Orange) Citrus sinensis

Tea tree Melaleuca alternifolia

Ylang Ylang Cananga odorata

Note: Avoid undiluted application or ingestion of essential oil throughout pregnancy.

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*Frankincense essential oil comes from different varieties. Most common varieties sold in the market are B. carterii and B. sacra. They're distinct individual frankincense species. Boswellia sacra have more �-Pinene than B. carterii. �-Pinene is bronchodilator and an anti-inflammatory. 31 **There's a subtle difference between E. radiata and E. globulus. E. radiata has a gentler fragrance than E. globulus.

31Russo, E. B (2011). "Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects". British Journal of Pharmacology 163 (7): 1344–1364. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01238.x. PMC 3165946. PMID 21749363.

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25 Essential Oil Combinations to Try with Your Diffuser

For Memory and Concentration:

a) 6 drops rosemary + 4 drops lemon

b) 8 drops cypress + 2 drops peppermint

c) 2 drops basil + 4 drops rosemary + 2 drops cypress

d) 6 drops lemon + 4 drops hyssop

e) 4 drops peppermint + 6 drops lemon

Pick-me Up and Alertness:

a) 5 drops orange + 5 drops peppermint

b) 3 drops lavender + 4 drops lemon + 3 drops rosemary

c) 2 drops lemon + 2 drops lime + 2 drops wild orange + 2 drops grapefruit + 2 drops bergamot

d) 4 drops juniper + 3 drops rosemary + 3 drops clary sage

e) 2 drops grapefruit + 2 drops lemon + 2 drops peppermint + 2 drops ginger + 2 drops cinnamon

For Nasal Congestions:

a) 4 drops eucalyptus + 4 drops rosemary + 2 drop peppermint

b) 4 drops lavender + 3 drops lemon + 3 drops peppermint

c) 2 drops lemon + 2 drops lime + 2 drops peppermint + 2 drops rosemary + 2 drops eucalyptus

d) 2 drops lemon + 2 drops cardamom + 3 drops peppermint + 3 drops eucalyptus

e) 3 drops eucalyptus + 3 drops peppermint + 4 drops tea tree

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For Anxiety Relief:

a) 6 drops clary sage + 2 drops lemon + 2 drops lavender

b) 4 drops Roman chamomile + 4 drops lavender + 2 drops bergamot

c) 6 drops bergamot + 2 drops geranium + 2 drops frankincense

d) 6 drops grapefruit + 2 drops jasmine + 2 drops ylang ylang

e) 3 drops grapefruit + 3 drops bergamot + 2 drops lime + 2 drops sandalwood

To Promote Sleep:

a) 2 drops lavender + 2 drops marjoram + 2 drops chamomile + 2 drops ylang ylang + 2 drops sandalwood

b) 3 drops lavender + 3 drops bergamot + 2 drops patchouli + 2 drops ylang ylang

c) 2 drops Roman chamomile + 2 drops clary sage + 2 drops lavender + 2 drops mandarin + 2 drops bergamot

d) 4 drops lavender + 2 drops neroli + 2 drops mandarin + 2 drops oregano

e) 4 drops lavender + 2 drops Roman chamomile + 2 drops orange + 2 drops ylang ylang

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