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Bell Ringer When does the history of the Americas begin? If history happens and no one is around to record it, does it make a sound? What do you know about early American history? How do you know it?

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CHAPTER 1 Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520

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5 Word Prediction Arrange the five words below to create a sentence or two that outlines the Asian migration to America. ArtifactsLand Bridge Theory NomadsRadio carbon dating Ice Age

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CHAPTER 1 SECTION 1 The Migration to America

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Clovis Culture Giant American Bison roamed 13,200 12,900 years ago. Found points like these embedded in the bison! Suggested that human inhabited the Americas 7,000 years earlier than previously thought.

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The Asian Migration to America When the first Americans appeared remains a hotly debated question. Using DNA, scientist have concluded the earliest Americans probably came from Asia. Radiocarbon dating- determines how old objects are. Nomads in search of food likely came to America across a land bridge that connected Asia to Alaska

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Homework Read pg. 18-19 in your textbook, Land Bridge to America. Choose 1 of the routes to America discussed in the reading to conduct further research on and provide the following information: MIGRATION THEORY Potential Problems with the Theory Evidence Supporting Theory * You may make assumptions about the potential problems they would have faced.

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Bell Ringer What must be present in order for a civilization to exist? Which characteristic is the most important? Why do some civilizations fail?

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Early Civilizations of Mesoamerica Civilizations began to develop as cultures shifted from nomadic hunters to agriculture. Pumpkins, squash, and MAIZE The Olmec civilization is believed to be the oldest emerging between 1500- 1200 B.C. Sophisticated society with large villages and temples.

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The Mayans Olmec ideas spread, influencing other people. The Mayan culture emerged in the Yucatan peninsula around 200 A.D. Known for their mathematics and engineering skills. Fragmented society and exhaustion of resources possibly led to their downfall.

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Early Civilizations of Mesoamerica Toltec emerged and dominated Mesoamerica around 800 A.D. Master architects known for their use of gold and copper for art and jewelry. Fell to invaders about 1200 A.D.

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Early Civilizations of Mesoamerica Aztec, formerly known as the Mexica, emerged in the 1300s. Thought to have originated from the American southwest. Established the city of Tenochtitlan, present day Mexico City. Used military power to create a mighty empire. Ruled through a sophisticated tribute system Practiced human sacrifices. Fell into decline with the arrival of Europeans.

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Bell Ringer: Is Geography Destiny?

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North American Cultures CultureTime PeriodCharacteristicsDownfall Hohokam Anasazi Adena and Hopewell Mississippian

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North American Cultures Anthropologists believe that the agricultural technology of Mesoamerica spread into the American Southwest and up the Miss. River. Hohokam Built a civilization in what is now south-central Arizona from about 300-1300s. Created an elaborate system of irrigation canals.

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Anasazi Adena Between 700 and 900 Present day Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and NM Lived in pueblos Mound-building culture. Originated in the Ohio River Valley and spread to New England Region. Lasted from 1000 B.C. to A.D. 200 North American Cultures

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Mississippian Culture Maize played a vital role in their rise along the Miss. R. Valley. Cahokia Mississippian culture spread along the Missouri, Ohio, Red, and Arkansas Rivers

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CHAPTER 1 SECTION 2 Native American Cultures

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Bell Ringer In what ways are we influenced by our environments?

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Native American Cultures RegionGroupsEnvironmentWays of Adapting The West The Far North The Eastern Woodlands

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Iroquois League The Iroquoian-speaking peoples included many tribes along what is today New York state: the Huron, Neutral, Erie, Wenro, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, and Mohawk Lived in kinship groups, or extended families, headed by the elder women of each clan. Despite their similar cultures, war often erupted among the Iroquoian groups.

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Iroquoian League 5 of the nations the Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, and Mohawk - formed an alliance to maintain peace, known as the Iroquois League. Founded by Dekanawidah, a shaman and tribal elder, and Hiawatha. The five nations agreed to a constitution that defined how the confederacy worked. Ruling council was made up of 50 chiefs. The women selected the council.

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Native American Cultures RegionGroups WestZuni Nez Perce Pawnee Hopi Yakima Kansas Apache Ute Iowa Navajo Shoshone Sioux Far NorthInuit Aleut Eastern WoodlandsDelaware Huron Shawnee Erie Cayuga Mohawk

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Mapping Early Americans Task: Create a map that shows the early Native American settlements in North America. You will make a legend for your map that identifies agricultural, economic, or cultural forces that were in effect in each civilization.

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Early Americans Procedures: Read Ch. 1 Sec. 2 (pgs. 20-24) Determine the location of each civilization and whether each civilization was based on hunting, farming, or a combination of both. Design a legend that will convey the information. Should use colors, symbols, etc.

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CHAPTER 1 SECTION 3 African Cultures

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West Africa Between 400s and 1500s, three great empires-Ghana, Mali, and Songhai-rose and fell. Gold and salt trade Use of camels and the est. of long distance trade routes Spread of Islam Followers called Muslims

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West African Empires Earliest to emerge; Soninke people Controlled regions trade; grew wealthy from the gold and salt trade Allowed mosques to be built Ghana Malinke people; Conquered the people of Ghana Reached its peak under the leadership of Mansa Musa Mali The Sorko people Emerged east of the Mali Empire along the Niger River. Seized control of the city of Timbuktu making it a center of trade and learning Songhai

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The Forest Kingdoms of Guinea Guinea, located in West Africas southern coast, had small states and kingdoms because the area was made up of very dense forest. The Yoruba people of Ife and the Edo people of Benin were hunters, farmers, and traders. Traded surplus food for salt and other goods

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Central and Southern Africa The people of Central and Southern Africa fished, grew wheat, and raised livestock. Many were matrilineal, lineage or descent was traced through mothers. Kingdom of the Kongo

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Slavery Slavery existed in African society Most were captured in war. Most were sold back or absorbed into their new African society but slavery changed when Arabs began to trade for enslaved Africans. Slaves were acquired to clear land and mine gold. Europeans used enslaved workers starting in the 1400s to work on sugar plantations off the west coast of Africa.

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CHAPTER 1 SECTION 4 European Cultures

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Main Idea: The fall of the Roman Empire fragmented Europe. Between 1100 and 1400, several developments helped reunify parts of Europe and encouraged new explorations.

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European Society Europeans were stuck in the Middle Ages, period lasting roughly 500-1400. Trade declined, cities, bridges, and roads fell into disrepair. Money was in short supply and lawlessness ruled. The Crusades, which began in 1095, helped get western Europe out of centuries of isolation and encouraged exploration. The Church promoted stability and order through its own laws and penalties for disobedience.

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Causes Effects The crusades led to an increase in interest in luxury items Exchange of goods and ideas Expanding Horizons and European Exploration

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Causes Effects The crusades led to an in interest for luxury items. Monarchs wanted gold to their rule. The Renaissance promoted a scientific view of the world. New technology Exchange of goods and ideas. Spread of European disease. Increased involvement in African slave trade. Expanding Horizons/European Exploration

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New Technologies The astrolabe used the suns position to determine direction, latitude, and local time. The compass The caravel was a ship that allowed explorers to sail long distances in a shorter time.

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Portuguese Exploration Prince Henry of Portugal (Henry the Navigator) Est. an astronomical and geographical center. Bartolomeu Dias Reached the southern tip of Africa, Cape of Good Hope. Vasco de Gama Sailed around Africa to Indias southwest coast.

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CHAPTER 1 SECTION5 Europe Encounters America

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The Vikings Arrive in America Strong archaeological evidence suggest that the Vikings were the first Europeans to come to America. Around A.D. 1000, Leif Ericsson explored Labrador and maybe Newfoundland. Early attempts at settlements failed because: 1. Native Americans opposed them 2. Outnumbered 3. Inferior weapons

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Spain Sends Columbus West Ptolemys Geography, maps rediscovered. Italian navigator, believed he could find a trade route from Spain to India. Applies unsuccessfully to Portugal for financial backing. After six years, Columbus finally convinced King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain he would bring them wealth, empire, and converts to Catholicism.

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The First Voyage

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Later Voyages

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Spain Claims America Spain and Portugal argue over trade routes Treaty of Tordesillas Granted Portugal everything east of the Line of Demarcation, an imaginary north-to-south line running down the middle of the Atlantic, and gave everything west of the line to Spain.

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Continuing Spanish Expeditions Juan Ponce de Leon Discovered land of flowers known as Florida Vasco de Balboa Became the first European to see the Pacific coast Ferdinand Magellan His crew became the first to circumnavigate the globe

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Columbian Exchange The Columbian Exchange was a series of societal and environmental between Europe and the Americas.

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Study Guide Reviewing Key Terms, pg 46 Identify the following: Native American Olmec, Aztec, Hohokam, Mississippian, Iroquios African Soninke, Mansa Musa, Edo, Peoples of Central and South Africa, Akan European Pope Urban II, Portuguese, Prince Henry the Navigator, Leif Ericsson, Christopher Columbus

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Homework 1. Who were the Americas named for? 2. Who was he? 3. Why was America named after him instead of Columbus or other explorers?