bell ringer 1.9.2012 take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. if you...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
BELL RINGER1.9.2012
Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in.
If you did any extra credit , turn them in at this time as well.
On your bell ringer sheet, briefly describe “learning” in your own words.
![Page 2: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Unit 7: LearningAP Psychology Ms. Desgrosellier
![Page 3: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Key Ideas:
Classical conditioning Classical conditioning paradigm Classical conditioning learning
curve Strength of conditioning Classical aversive conditioning Operant conditioning Thorndike’s instrumental
conditioning Operant conditioning training
procedures Operant aversive conditioning Reinforcers
Operant conditioning training schedules of reinforcement
Superstitious behavior Cognitive processes in learning The contingency model Latent learning Insight learning Social learning Biological factors in learning Preparedness evolves Instinctive draft
![Page 4: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Learninglearning: a relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience.
This is an example of nurture.
![Page 5: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Classical ConditioningLearning which takes place when two or more stimuli are presented together.
An unconditioned stimulus is paired repeatedly with a neutral stimulus until it acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.
The subject learns to give a response it already knows to a new stimulus.
![Page 6: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Classical Conditioning
Can be used to overcome fears, increasing or decreasing immune functioning, and increasing or decreasing attraction of people or products.
![Page 7: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Classical Conditioning
Stimulus: a change in the environment that elicits (brings about) a response.
Neutral stimulus (NS): a stimulus that initially does not elicit a response.
![Page 8: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Classical Conditioning
Unconditioned stimulus (US): reflexively, or automatically, brings about the conditioned response.
Unconditioned response (UR): an automatic, involuntary reaction to an unconditioned stimulus.
![Page 9: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Classical Conditioning
Conditioned stimulus (CS): a neutral stimulus (NS) at first, but when paired with the US, it elicits the conditioned response (CR).
Acquisition: in classical conditioning, learning to give a known response to a new stimulus, the neutral stimulus.
![Page 10: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Classical Conditioning
Pavlov used classical conditioning to train his dogs.
Reflexive behavior
US (Meat) UR (Salivating)
Acquisition trials
NS (Bell) + US (Meat) UR (Salivating)
Acquisition demonstrated
CS (Bell) CR (Salivation)
![Page 11: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Classical Conditioning
![Page 12: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Classical Conditioning
CS = the organism LEARNED to respond to it.
US = the organism responds REFLEXIVELY
![Page 13: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Classical Conditioning
In classical conditioning, the learner is passive – behavior is learned by association.
Presentation of the US strengthens or reinforces the behavior.
Video (The Office)
![Page 14: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Strength of Conditioning
Delayed conditioning: ideal training – the NS precedes the US and they briefly overlap.Produces the strongest conditioning.
Simultaneous conditioning: NS and US are paired together at the same time.Produces weak conditioning.
![Page 15: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Strength of Conditioning
Trace conditioning: NS presented first, removed, then the US is presented.Produces moderately strong conditioning.
Backward conditioning: US presented first and NS follows.Usually produces no conditioning.e.g. when a pregnant woman vomits hours after eating a burrito often will not eat a burrito again.
![Page 16: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Little Albert Study
John B. Watson conditioning a nine-month-old infant known as Little Albert to fear a rat.
US = Loud noise
UR = Crying to loud noise
NS = The rat
CS = The rat
CR = Crying when seeing the rat
![Page 17: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Little Albert Study
Extinction: repeatedly presenting a CS without an US leads to return of NS.e.g. showing the rat over and over with no loud noise.
![Page 18: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Little Albert Study
Spontaneous recovery: after extinction, and without training, the previous CS suddenly elicits the CR again temporarily.e.g. seeing the rat after a short break, Little Albert starts crying again.
![Page 19: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Little Albert Study
Generalization: stimuli similar to the CS also elicit the CR without training.Little Albert crying when he sees anything white and fuzzy.
![Page 20: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Little Albert Study
Discrimination: the ability to tell the difference between stimuli so that only the CS elicits the CR.Little Albert NOT crying when he sees other white, fuzzy things.
![Page 21: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Little Albert Study
Higher-order conditioning: classical conditioning in which a well-learned CS is paired with an NS to produce a CR to the NS.
The new CR is not as strong as the original CR.
e.g. Conditioning your dog to salivate to a light instead of a bell
![Page 22: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Little Albert Study
Acquisition Trials:
NS (Light) + CS (Bell) CR (Salivation)
Acquisition Demonstrated:
new CS (Light) CR (Salivation)
![Page 23: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Classical Aversive Conditioning
Conditioned taste aversion: an intense dislike and avoidance of a food because of its association with an unpleasant or painful stimulus through backward conditioning.
![Page 24: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
BELL RINGER1.11.2012
Think about the conditioning experiment from yesterday’s Bell Ringer (Martese, Toyin, and cookies).
What would happen if extinction occurred?
Spontaneous recovery?
Generalization?
Descrimination?
![Page 25: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Operant Conditioning
learning that occurs when an active learner performs certain voluntary behavior and the consequences of the behavior (pleasant or unpleasant) determine the likelihood of its recurrence.
![Page 26: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Thorndike’s Instrumental Conditioning
E.L. Thorndike experimented with hungry cats. He put them in “puzzle boxes” and placed a fish outside.
To get the fish, the cats stepped on a pedal, which opened the door.
![Page 27: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Thorndike’s Instrumental Conditioning
![Page 28: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Thorndike’s Instrumental Conditioning
The cats clawed at the door at first until they accidently stepped on the pedal.
The time it took the cats to escape gradually fell.
![Page 29: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Thorndike’s Instrumental Conditioning
Thorndike called this instrumental learning: associative learning in which a behavior becomes more or less probable depending on its consequences.
Law of Effect: behaviors followed by positive consequences are strengthened while behaviors followed by annoying or negative consequences are weakened.
![Page 30: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
B.F. Skinner’s Training Procedures
The ABC’s of behavior:
A: antecedents (or stimuli) that are present before a behavior occurs.
B: behavior that the organism voluntarily emits.
C: consequences that follow the behavior.
![Page 31: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
B.F. Skinner’s Training Procedures
positive reinforcement: reward training, a rewarding consequence that follows a behavior or response that increases the probability that the response will occur again.
e.g. giving a child allowance after they do their chores
e.g. giving a piece of candy after a student gives the correct answer
![Page 32: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
B.F. Skinner’s Training Procedures
negative reinforcement: removal of an aversive (bad) consequence that follows a voluntary behavior thereby increasing the probability the behavior will be repeated.
e.g. taking an aspirin when you have a headache.
e.g. putting on your seatbelt when you hear the buzzer in your car.
![Page 33: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
B.F. Skinner’s Training Procedures
Reinforcement = increasing behavior!
Video (The Big Bang Theory)
![Page 34: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
DO NOW2.9.2011
Take out your reading notes to be checked.
THEN briefly describe the differences and similarities between positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement.
![Page 35: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
B.F. Skinner’s Training Procedures
Positive punishment: an aversive (bad) consequence that follows a voluntary behavior, thereby decreasing the probability the behavior will be repeated.
e.g. every time a student talks out of turn they get shocked
e.g. bank fees when your overdraft
![Page 36: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
B.F. Skinner’s Training Procedures
Negative punishment (omission training): removal of a rewarding consequence that follows a voluntary behavior, thereby decreasing the probability the behavior will be repeated.
e.g. taking away your cell phone for getting bad grades
e.g. getting grounded for missing your curfew
![Page 37: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
B.F. Skinner’s Training Procedures
Punishment = decreasing behavior!
“Positive” = giving a consequence
“Negative” = taking something away
![Page 38: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Operant Aversive Conditioning
Aversive conditioning is both negative reinforcement and punishment.
Avoidance behavior takes away the aversive stimulus before it begins.
e.g. a dog jumping over a hurdle to avoid an electric shock.
![Page 39: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Operant Aversive Conditioning
Escape behavior takes away the aversive stimulus after it has already started.
e.g. the dog is shocked and jumps the hurdle to stop the shocking.
![Page 40: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Operant Aversive Conditioning
Learned helplessness: the feeling of futility and passive resignation that results from the inability to avoid repeated aversive events
If it then becomes possible to avoid or escape the aversive stimuli, it is unlikely that the learner will respond.
![Page 41: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
BELL RINGER1.13.2012
Objective: SWBAT define and provide examples of latent learning, insight, social learning, and instinctive drift.
In your own words, provide an example of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment & negative punishment.
![Page 42: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Reinforcersprimary reinforcer: something that is biologically important, and thus, rewarding.e.g. food, sleep, oxygen
secondary reinforcer: something that is rewarding because it is associated with a primary reinforcer.e.g. money, points, gold stars
![Page 43: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
ReinforcersGeneralized Reinforcer: secondary reinforcer associated with a number of different primary reinforcers.e.g. money
![Page 44: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
ReinforcersToken economy: an operant conditioning training system that has been used extensively in mental hospitals and jails.
Tokens are given to positively reinforce desired behavior.
Tokens can then be exchanged for items and special privileges, like food, TV time, or weekend passes.
![Page 45: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Teaching a New Behavior
Shaping: positively reinforcing closer and closer approximations of a desired behavior to teach a new behavior.
e.g. If I want my dog to eat in the laundry room instead of the kitchen, I might slowly move the bowl and reward the dog every time he eats at his new location. Eventually, he’ll be eating in the laundry room.
![Page 46: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Teaching a New Behavior
Chaining: establishing a specific sequence of behaviors by initially positively reinforcing each behavior in a desired sequence, then later rewarding only the completed sequence.
![Page 47: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Teaching a New Behavior
e.g. Trainers at an aquarium will train their animal to do a routine and reward the desired behavior step by step (jump, flip, splash). Eventually, they will only reward the animal when it does the entire sequence.
![Page 48: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Schedules of Reinforcement
A schedule refers to the training program that states how and when reinforcers will be given to the learner.
![Page 49: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Schedules of Reinforcement
Continuous reinforcement: schedule that provides reinforcement following the particular behavior every time it is emitted.Best for the acquisition of a new behavior.
![Page 50: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Schedules of Reinforcement
Partial reinforcement (intermittent schedule): occasional reinforcement of a particular behavior.Produces responding that is more resistant to extinction.
4 types of partial reinforcement.
![Page 51: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Schedules of Reinforcement
Fixed ratio: reinforcement of a particular behavior after a specific number of responses.e.g. After answering a question correctly 5 times, you get a cookie.
Fixed interval: reinforcement of the first particular response made after a specific length of time.e.g. Only reward students who answer a question every 10 minutes.
![Page 52: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Schedules of Reinforcement
Variable ratio: reinforcement of a particular behavior after a number of responses that changes at random around an average number.
e.g. Give a psych dollar when students answer a questions correctly following this schedule:1, 9, 3, 5, 7, 4, 2
![Page 53: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Schedules of Reinforcement
Variable interval: reinforcement of the first particular response made after a length of time that changes at random around an average time period.
e.g. give out candy when a student answers a question correctly following this schedule:30 seconds, 2 minutes, 1 minute, 45 seconds, 90 seconds
![Page 54: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Schedules of Reinforcement
Fixed (same amount)
Variable (different amount)
Interval (time)
Fixed interval reinforce at a constant time
Variable interval
reinforce at random times
Ratio (# of
responses)
Fixed ratioreinforce after a
constant number of responses
Variable ratioreinforce after a random number
of responses
![Page 55: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
DO NOW2.14.2011
Turn your CLASSICAL CONDITIONING projects in to the back tray.
Briefly describe one of the four types of partial reinforcement.fixed intervalfixed ratiovariable intervalvariable ratio
![Page 56: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
![Page 57: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Reward every 30 times a rat presses the buttonFixed-ratio schedule
checking e-mail repeatedly to get the reward of a new messagevariable-interval schedule
Reinforcement Schedules
![Page 58: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
People who play slot machines in hopes of winning the jackpotvariable-ratio schedule
people checking for the mail as delivery time gets closerfixed-interval schedule
Reinforcement Schedules
![Page 59: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
fixed ratio: know how much behavior for reinforcement
fixed interval: know when behavior is reinforced
variable ratio: how much behavior for reinforcement changes
variable interval: when behavior is reinforced changes
Reinforcement Schedules
![Page 60: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Not traditionally studied by behaviorists. Why?
Cognitive Processes in Learning
![Page 61: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Cognitive theorists believe that humans and other animals are capable of forming expectations and consciously being motivated by rewards.
Contiguity model: the close time between the CS and the US in classical conditioning was most important for making the connection between the two stimuli and that the CS eventually substituted for the US.
The Contingency Model
![Page 62: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Contingency model: in classical conditioning, the CS tells the organism that the US will follow. The key is how well the CS predicts the appearance of the UCS.
Blocking effect: when one cannot condition an organism to react to a NS because of a previously learned CS.
Delaying gratification often affects one’s decisions and behaviors.
The Contingency Model
![Page 63: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
learning in the absence of rewards.
Edward Tolman studied rats learning a maze.
Latent Learning
![Page 64: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
The experimental group did not receive an award for going through a maze for 10 days, while the other group did.
The rewarded group made significantly fewer errors navigating the maze.
On day 11, both groups were rewarded.
On day 12, the previously unrewarded group navigated the maze as well as the rewarded group, demonstrating latent learning.
Latent Learning
![Page 65: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
He hypothesized that the previously unrewarded rats formed a cognitive map or mental picture of the maze during the early nonreinforced trials.
Once they were rewarded, they expected future rewards and were motivated to improve.
Latent Learning
![Page 66: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
the sudden appearance of an answer or solution to a problem.
Wolfgang Kohler exposed chimpanzees to new learning tasks and concluded that they learn by insight.
Insight
![Page 67: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
A piece of fruit was placed outside a chimp’s cage beyond his reach, with a short stick inside the cage.
After several attempts to reach the fruit using the stick, the chimpanzee stopped trying and stared at the fruit.
Insight
![Page 68: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Suddenly, he bolted up and used the short stick to reach a longer stick outside the cage, and then used the longer stick to reach the fruit.
NO conditioning had been used.
Insight
![Page 69: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Suddenly, he bolted up and used the short stick to reach a longer stick outside the cage, and then used the longer stick to reach the fruit.
NO conditioning had been used.
Insight
![Page 70: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Observational learning: learning that occurs by watching the behavior of a model.e.g. learning a new dance by first watching someone else do the dance.
The cognitive aspect comes in when you think through how the person is moving various body parts and, keeping that in mind, try to do it yourself.
Social Learning
![Page 71: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Bobo doll study with Albert Bandura.
Social Learning
![Page 72: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Mirror neurons in the premotor cortex and other portions of the temporal and parietal lobes provide a biological basis for observational learning.
These neurons are active when you perform an action, but also when you observe someone else perform a similar action.
Biological Factors in Learning
![Page 73: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
These neurons transform the sight of someone else’s action into the motor program you would use to do the same thing and to experience similar sensations or emotions, the basis of empathy.
Biological Factors in Learning
![Page 74: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
e.g. conditioned taste aversion
According to some psychologists, conditioned taste aversions are probably adaptive responses of organisms to foods that could sicken or kill them.
Preparedness Evolves
![Page 75: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Preparedness: through evolution, animals are biologically predisposed to easily learn behaviors related to their survival as a species, and that behaviors contrary to an animal’s tendencies are learned slowly or not at all.e.g. people are more likely to fear snakes or spiders than flowers or happy faces.
Preparedness Evolves
![Page 76: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
There are biological constraints on the ease with which particular stimuli can be associated with particular responses.e.g. rats have a tendency to associate nausea and dizziness with tastes, but not with sights or sounds.
Rats also tend to associate pain with sights and sounds, but not with tastes.
Preparedness Evolves
![Page 77: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
a conditioned response that drifts back toward the natural (instinctive) behavior of the organism. e.g. wild rats in Skinner boxes sometimes reverted to scratching and biting the lever, instead of pressing it for a reward.
e.g. animal trainers who must stay vigilant even after training their animals because they may revert to dangerous behaviors.
Instinctive Drift
![Page 78: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Classical conditioning
Classical conditioning paradigm
Classical conditioning learning curve
Strength of conditioning
Classical aversive conditioning
Operant conditioning
Questions?
![Page 79: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Thorndike’s instrumental conditioning
Operant conditioning training procedures
Operant aversive conditioning
Reinforcers
Operant conditioning training schedules of reinforcement
Questions?
![Page 80: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Cognitive processes in learning
The contingency model
Latent learning
Insight learning
Social learning
Questions?
![Page 81: BELL RINGER 1.9.2012 Take out your reading assignment and dream log projects to turn in. If you did any extra credit, turn them in at this time as](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e355503460f94b23f9a/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Biological factors in learning
Preparedness evolves
Instinctive draft
Questions?