bell activity chem ii january 3, 2012

Bell ActivityChem II

January 3, 2012

• Discuss the real differences (by your understanding) in organic chemistry and inorganic chemistry. Make it at least two paragraphs (one on each topic) (you can find all you need starting in chapter 11 of the organic (green) book).

CHEMISTRY II BELL January 4, 2012

•Name 5 things that one should never do in a laboratory setting.

•Name 5 things that would be considered acceptable during a lab activity.

•List 5 (general) pieces of equipment and define their purpose during lab activities.

Chemistry II Bell ActivityJanuary 5, 2012

• Ingesting this causes blindness and then death.

• This is found in nail polish remover.• This causes impotence• The most flammable of all the solvents• This causes one to become intoxicated.• The solvent used in dry cleaning• Was one used as an anesthetic

Chemistry II Bell Work January 6, 2012

• What is the purpose of the “tare” button on the electronic balance?

• What is the advantage of having the shapes of the Erlenmeyer flask and the graduated cylinder?

• What does “denatured” mean?• What happens if you don’t wear your goggles?• If you boil alcohol and water, which one would

boil off first? (hint: alcohol = 650, water = 1000—both in Celsius)

CHEM II BELL ACTIVITYJanuary 10, 2012

• What is distillation? • a process in which a liquid or vapor mixture

of two or more substances is separated into its component fractions of desired purity, by the application and removal of heat.

• List the pieces that you will be using in the distillation process.

• Beaker, boiling flask, distillation head, hollow stopper w/gray holder attached, thermometer, condenser, rubber tubing, vacuum adapter, ring stands (2), graduated cylinder, hot plate, ring stand clamps (2).

Chem II Bell ActivityJanuary 13, 2012

• From yesterday’s lab, answer the following questions:– What did you learn?– What did you do differently the second day?– How could you have made your lab activity safer?– What was the purpose of the food coloring?– How did you find your percent y?– Why do you think your boiling points differed from the

accepted values?

Chem II Bell Work January17, 2012• Name each functional Group below:

• CH3 – CH– CH2 – CH3

• CH3 – C – CH2 – CH2 – CH3

• CH3 – C – H

• CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – C – OH

• CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – C – CH2 – CH3

• CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 –NH2

• CH3 – CH2 – O – CH3

• CH3 – CH2 – C – NH2

• CH3 – CH = CH – CH2 – CH2 – CH3

Chemistry II Bell WorkAugust 25, 2011

• Name at least six items you recognize to be composed of organic compounds.

• Why were the compounds of carbon originally called organic compounds?

• Describe what Wohler did that made the vital force theory highly questionable.

• What is the unique structural feature shared by all organic compounds?

Early scientists noted that organized (living) systems were the source of these

compounds, hence; the name “organic” was applied

They all contain carbon

CHEMISTRY II BELL ACTIVITY January 18, 2012

• Define the terms and/or describe what the following people contributed to organic chemistry. Get this from your book:– Friedrich Wohler– Lewis Dot structures– VSEPR theory– Vital force (chapter 11)– Covalent bond– Ionic bond

Daily Purpose: To identify the 10 functional Groups we use in organic chemistry.

Chem II Bell Activity August 26, 2011 (Put these in your notes)The Functional Groups

Term/DefinitionAlkane consists of only carbon to carbon single bonds

Alkene consists of at least one carbon to carbon double bond

Alkyne consists of at least one carbon to carbon triple bond

Alcohol contains an R-OH group

Aldehyde contains a terminal R- O=C-H group

Ketone contains an internal R-C=O-Rgroup

Carboxylic acid contains a terminal R-O=C-OH group

Ether contains an internal R-O-R group

Ester contains an internal R-O=C-O-R group

Amine contains a terminal R-NH2 group

Amide contains a terminal o=C-NH2

Aromatic contains the benzene ring C6H6

CHEMISTRY II BELL ACTIVITYAugust 26, 2011

• Define the following terms:– Polar covalent bond– Nonpolar– Condensed structural formula– Expanded structural formula– Functional group– Hybrid orbital– Isomerism

shows bond polarization—bonding electrons are shared unequally

Pair of electrons are shared equally by the bonded atoms

Shows the general arrangement of atoms but without showing all the covalent bonds

Shows all the covalent bonds

A combination of atoms that differentiates molecules of organic compounds of one class from those of another

An orbital produced from the combination of two or more nonequivalent orbital's of an atom

A property in which two or more compounds have the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms

Chemistry II Bell WorkAugust 26, 2011

• What is one of the major differences in organic and inorganic compounds?

• What is one of the major reasons why we have so many organic molecules?

• What does “saturated” mean?• Draw the structure belonging to C6H6.• Yes or No! Can carbon tetrachloride be

made from reacting methane with chlorine?


• What causes all the different molecules to form different shapes? Answer this based on your knowledge of electrons, polarity, charges, electronegativity, etc. (Use your book to find this answer under the VSEPR section)

• Draw the tetrahedral shape of the methane molecule.

• Draw the two isomers of C2H6O


• What does the term “Like dissolves like” mean?

• What is the difference in polar and nonpolar molecules?

• What does it mean for something to be “hydrophobic” or “hydrophilic”?

Chemistry II Bell Activity January 31, 2011

• Explain how the structure and bonding of carbon lead to the diversity and number of organic compounds.

• Tell me how many covalent bonds each of the 10 elements we use in organic can form. Ex. Carbon can form 4, etc.

Chem II Bell ActivitySeptember 1, 2010

• Discuss 5 reasons why a pharmacists or doctor would need to have a good understanding of organic chemistry.

• Why is carbon so important to the medical field as well as to each of us?


• Do learning check 11.1 and 11.2 on page 344 (green book)

• Define the following terms:– Hydrocarbons– Saturated hydrocarbons– Normal alkane

•List the prefixes for the first 10 alkanes and name the alkyl group associated with them. (Page 357) (top of page in first paragraph)


• Do learning check 11.4 on page 350.• Look at the story on “petroleum” on page

367. Pick out 5 key words in the 3 paragraphs, then write a summary statement using those five key words. (**Remember a summary statement consists of 2-3 sentences only using key words you have picked out of the paragraphs)

Chemistry II Bell ActivitySeptember 1, 2011

• Name the first 10 alkanes.

• State the first 3 rules in naming alkanes.

• What is the naming system we use in naming organic compounds?


• List the prefixes (from memory) for the alkyl groups (1-5)

• List the first ten alkanes (from memory)• Are the following (1)parents or (2)groups

and give the name the parent or group:– C6H14 C2H5

– C10H21 C4H9

– C7H15 C3H8

– C8H18 C5H11

CHEMISTRY II BELL ACTIVITYSeptember 6, 2011

• Write a molecular formula for the following structures: (remember: CnH2n + 2)

– Methane -hexane– Methyl -hexyl– Ethane -pentane– Ethyl -pentyl– Propane -butane– Propyl -butyl


• What is the term given to a carbon that is connected to 4 other carbons?

• Which functional group does benzene belong to?

• How do you write an alkyl halide?• What is a continuous chain of carbons called?• Define isomer.• Go to page 374 and complete problem 11.42.


• Turn to page 369 and read “Carbon Monoxide, Silent and Deadly” and write a 3-5 sentence summary of the topic discussed.

• Why are there NO 1-methyl groups?

• What is the difference in a primary carbon and a tertiary carbon group?


• Are the following structures possible? If not, then write the correct answer– 1,2-dimethylpropane– 3,4-dimethylpentane– 2-ethyl-4-methylpentane– 2-bromo-3-ethylbutane– 2-methylhexane– 2,4-methylhexane– 1,1,1-triethylcyclopentane– 2-propylcyclobutane


• Which functional group contains at least one double bond and is unsaturated?

• Is “COKE” found in nature or is it synthetic?

• Do alkanes undergo oxidation? And if they do what is produced?

• Where is natural gas found?


• How is methane transported?

• What color are the tankers that transport propane and butane? Why?

• What is another name for Isopropyl Iodide?

• Which alkanes are more cost efficient for tractor fuels?

Chem II Bell WorkSeptember 15,2011

Are the following molecules possible?– 1,2,2,2-tetrabromobutane– 3,3-dimethyl-4-ethyloctane– 1-methylcyclobutane– Dimethylpropane

• Draw the following:

•3,4,4-trimethyloctane 4-ethyl-3,3-dimethylhexane

•3-ethyl-2-methylhexane 2,2,6-trimethyloctane

•1,1,4—trimethylcyclohexanemethylcycloheptane

Chem II Bell WorkSeptember 16, 2011

• This is used as a refrigerant• Can an alkyl halide be produced when alkanes

undergo substitution?

• Does the blood hemoglobin like CO or CO2 better?

• Is “Iso” a prefix or does it go by the alphabetizing rule?

• What are the 4 products of petroleum refining?• Which process is used for petroleum refining?


• Define the following terms:– Hydration polyunsaturated– Polymerization carbocation– Markovnikov’s rule phenyl group– Addition reaction– Aromatic hydrocarbons– Alkenes– Alkynes– Alkyl halide


• Name the following alkenes:– CH3CH2CH=CHCH2CH2CH3

– CH2(Br)CH2CH(Br)CH2CH2CH=CH2

– CH3CH2CH(CH(CH3)2)CH=CHCH2CH2CH3

– CH3CH2C CCH2CH2CH(Br)CH3

CH2CH3

CH3

Chemistry II Bell ActivitySeptember 23 , 2010

• What are cis and trans isomers?

• Draw the following molecules:– 1-ethyl-3-methylcyclobutene– 2-bromo-1,3-pentadiene– 2,5-dichloro-2,4-hexadiene– 4-isopropylcyclopentene– 5,5-diIsobutylcycloheptene– 1,2-dimethyl-4-propylcyclohexene


• Draw the following alkenes:– 2-pentene– Ethyne– 3,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentene– 1,2,3-tribromocyclo butene– 1-chloro-3-methyl-3-hexene– 2,5-diethyl-1,3,3-trimethylcyclopentene– 1-butyl-2-isopropylcyclopropene– 2,2,5-trichloro-3-heptyne


• Which kind of rubber is bouncy?

• Which kind of rubber is not bouncy?

• Another name for vitamin A is _____.

• Which kind of fatty acid is bad for you?

• What is the pheromone secreted by the female gypsy moth?

cis

trans

Cis-retinal or opsin

trans

Cis-glyplure


• What is the IUPAC name for acetylene?• What is the common name for propene?• What is the chemical that ripens fruits and

vegetables?• What is the process that changes the cis

fatty acid to trans fatty acid?• The rule that states that the carbon that is

“poor” (of hydrogens) will produce the major product.


• Look on page 407 and do the following exercises:– 12.1– 12.2– 12.3Define the following terms:– carbocation -hydration– hydrogenation -Markovnikov’s rule– phenyl group -polyunsaturated

Chemistry II Bell Activity October 4, 2010

• What do you dehydrate in order to make an alkene?

• In an alkyl halide-RX-what does the X stand for? The R?

• What agent is used in dehydrohalogenation?

• In a dehydration reaction, what is produced other than an alkene?

Chemistry II Bell ActivityAlkene test info 2008

• Things to remember for the test– Read the wording carefully.– Name all HC products– If you have a major—then you will have a minor—

draw them both– If you have a cis—there is a trans— draw them both– Don’t put a major/ minor if you can’t use one of the

rules– Put your lines representing the hydrogens.– Remember the difference in hydration and

hydrogenation.

Chemistry II Bell ActivityOctober 21, 2011

• Who was Michael Faraday?

• Who was Freidrich Kekule’ and his contribution to the benzene structure?

• Name 9 ways of lowering your cancer rate and give an explanation of each of the 9.

He discovered the benzene structure in 1825

He was the one who suggested that the benzene molecule might be represented by a ring arrangement of carbon atoms with alternating single and double bonds between the carbon atoms.

(Next slide)

1. Do not smoke: increases ones risk of mouth, throat, pancreatic, kidney, stomach, bladder, breast, and colon cancers.

2. Increase your consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains: High fruit/vegetable intake have the lowest rate of most cancers.

3. Reduce your intake of animal fat: red meat—risk of prostate and colon cancer & sometimes breast cancer.

4. Don’t grill meats at high temperatures: open flames cause cancer-promoting compounds to form in the meat.

5. Reduce your alcohol intake: excessive use can cause cirrhosis and cancer to the liver.

6. Be active: exercise has shown that it reduces breast cancer in women and prostate cancer in males

7. Maintain a proper weight: obesity increases the risk of heart disease, strokes, diabetes, and development of cancer.

8. Don’t sunbathe: limit your exposure to the sun

9. Avoid exposure to known hazardous materials or conditions: Be aware of and use appropriate precautions and protective equipment.

Chemistry II Bell ActivityMarch 28, 2011

• Describe the chief physical properties of aromatic hydrocarbons.

• Why does benzene not readily undergo addition reactions characteristic of other unsaturated compounds?

• Compare the chemical behavior of benzene and cyclohexene.

Nonpolar & insoluble in water

B/c benzene rings are relatively stable chemically & b/c of this, benzene often reacts in such a way that the aromatic ring remains intact.

Cyclohexene undergoes addition reactions. Benzene resists addition reactions. Both undergo combustion.


• What is another name for 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene?

• What is DDT’s greatest drawback?

• What does DDT stand for?

• What did DDT do the egg shells of birds?

TNT

It is very stable

dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane

It upset the bird’s estrogen level


• Why will DDT become less effective in the future?

• What is the compound that smells like mothballs?

• What type of reaction does benzene go through?

• Do all aromatics smell good?• Is chlordane synthetic or naturally

produced?

Insects are becoming immune to it

naphthalene

substitution

No

synthetic

Chemistry II Bell ActivityMarch 30, 2011

• What is a major drawback for DDT?• Name three advantages of using DDT.

• Which animals would most likely have the highest levels of DDT?

• What does DDT stand for?• Why did DDT become less effective?• What made bird egg shells to become thin?

Very stable

Kills lice/ticks, mosquitoes, control of bird population

Fish or minnows

dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane

Insects became resistant

Birds estrogen levels were upset


• What are the terms given to the OH group?

• What is the source for making wine?• What is tetrahydrofuran used for?

• How are alcohols similar to water?

• What are two ways to make ethanol?

Hydroxy, hydroxyl, and hydrid

grapes

PVC coating & laboratory solvents

They are both polar molecules & they contain the OH grouping

Fermentation and hydration of ethene

Chemistry II Bell ActivityApril 5, 2011

Apple Lab Questions

• If oxygen is lacking what will be the product of fermentation? If present?

• Write a balanced equation illustrating the process of fermentation.

• What is one way you can determine whether the product is alcohol or vinegar?

• Differentiate between beers and wine.• What causes dough to rise?• What gas is produced in fermentation?• What is the purpose of the balloon on top of the

apparatus used to distill the alcohol?

Chemistry II Bell Acitivity April 6, 2011

• Why are the boiling points of alcohols much higher than the boiling points of alkanes with similar molecular weights.

• Arrange the compounds of each group in order of increasing boiling points– Ethanol, 1-propanol, methanol– Butane, ethylene glycol, 1-propanol

• Which member of each of the following pairs would you expect to be more soluble in water?

•Butane or 2-butanol

•2-propanol or 2-pentanol

•2-butanol or 2,3-butanediol


• What is the irritant in poison ivy?

• What is the aqueous form of phenol?

• Which of the solvents causes you to go blind if you drink it?

• This is also called grain alcohol?

• The antifreeze that is safe for pets.

• What is the common name for 2-propanol?

tetrahydrourushiol

Carbolic acid

methanol

ethanol

Propylene glycol

Isopropyl alcohol


• This is used in mouthwash and also treats hookworms

• The antifreeze that is safe around pets and animals

• This lowers the cholesterol and found in red wine

• This is a powerful explosive and is used to treat angina pectoris (heart conditions)

• This is known as wood alcohol

4-n-hexylrescorcinol

Propylene glycol

resveratol

nitroglycerin

methanol


• One of the earliest antiseptics but no longer used b/c it burns the skin.

• What is the sticky black stuff on railroad ties and telephone poles?

• A moisturizing agent used to help babies poop.

• This is now used as a germicide for cleaning (floors).

• This was added to mouthwash to make it taste bad b/c we all know that if it tastes bad it works better.

Carbolic acid

creosote

glycerin

Lysol

menthol

Chemistry II Bell ActivityNovember 15, 2011

• Is the carbonyl group polar or nonpolar?

• Can secondary alcohols oxidize into ketones?

• Can we have cyclic ketones?

• Is formalin is a gas at room temperature?

• Does a ketone end in “anal” or “one”?

• What is the IUPAC name for acetone?

polar

yes

yes

no

“one”

2-propanone


• Draw the following aldehydes/ ketones:– 2-ene-pentanal– CycloOctanone– 3,4-dichloro-2-ene-butanal– 2,3-dimethylcyclopropanone– 4-ene-2-hexanone– Cyclobutanone– Acetone


1. What is the term associated with the carbon next to the carbonyl group?

2. What is the reaction called when an aldehyde changes into a carboxylic acid?

3. What is the name of the simplest ketone?4. Which of the test produces the silver mirror?5. What was once used to embalm cadavers and

transport specimens to schools?6. What is now used to transport specimens to

school systems?

Alpha carbon

oxidation

acetone

Tollens

formaldehyde

formalin


• This has a musky aroma

• Used in margarine and foods

• Used in candy, toothpaste, and foods

• Part of the nut family

• Has a buttery odor

• Has a spearmint odor

• Known as a lachrymator

muscone

butyraldehyde

carvone

acetophenone

butyraldehyde

carvone

chloroacetophenone

Chem II Bell ActivityNovember 17, 2011

• Is formalin a liquid or gas at room temperature?

• What is the “suffix” in naming aldehydes? Ketones?

• What is another name for acetone?(can be two different names)

• This is usually green in color and can be found in ice cream.

gas

“anal” and “one”

2-propanone & dimethyl ketone

acetophenone

Chem II Bell ActivityApril 28, 2010

• This kills bacteria and used to sterilize surgical instruments.

• What is the chemical that will turn your skin black that we do in lab?

• What is electronegativity?

• Acetaldehyde is often converted into this, which is easier to handle.

• This is used in liniments and inhalants.

formalin

Silver nitrate

Refers to the attraction of electrons to an atom

paraldehyde

camphor

Bell ActivityNovember 29, 2011

IUPAC Name Common Name

Methanoic acid Formic acid

Ethanoic acid Acetic acid

Propanoic acid Propionic acid

Butanoic acid Butyric acid

Pentanoic acid Valeric acid•

Hexanoic acid Caproic acid

Heptanoic acid Heptylic acid

• Octanoic acid Caprylic acid

• Nonanoic acid Pelargonic acid

• Decanoic acid Capric acid


• What is the structure of the carboxylic acid functional group? How does it differ from the structure of an alcohol and from that of an aldehyde or a ketone?

• What is the latin term given to acetic acid?• Why are carboxylic acids generally called fatty

acids?• What is a familiar physical property

characteristic of carboxylic acids? Give an example and tell where it comes from.

Chapter 15


• What is the reason why the common names are used more often that IUPAC naming?

• What was formic acid isolated from?• What was caproic, caprylic, and capric acids first

isolated from?• What ending is used in naming a CA with more

than one double bond present?

• Describe the boiling points of CA’s.

They were discovered before IUPAC came into existence.

Red ants

Goat fat secretions (perspiration)

Dieneoic acid

They have the highest b.p. of any functional group studied

Chemistry II Bell ActivityDecember 1, 2011

• List the common names for CA’s #’s 1-5• What is a dimer?• Where does “locker room odor” come from?• What is the most important commercial CA?• Show the equation for producing vinegar.

• Where is most industrial acetic acid produced from and show the equation for producing it?

• What is the simplest dicarboxylic acid? What is its IUPAC name?

A species made of two identical units

Butyric acid

Acetic acid

Sugar -----------> acetic acid + carbon dioxide

Acetylene; acetylene -------------> acetaldehyde -------------> acetic acid

Oxalic acid; ethanedioic acid


• What is the most characteristic property of CA’s?• What is the simplest dicarboxylic acid?• This is used to cauterize gums when going to

the dentist.• The term associated with the feeling of ants

crawling all over you.• The acid that is produced in the muscles after

doing heavy exercise.• The strongest organic acid

Sour taste

Oxalic acid

Trichloroacetic acid

formication

Lactic acid

Oxalic acid

Chemistry II Bell ActivitiesDecember 12, 2011

• This is an important preservative used to inhibit the growth of mold and bacteria.

• Used as a preservative in cheese, bread, and cakes

• Used to treat athlete’s foot• Used for minor skin irritations such as

diaper rash, insect bites, acne, etc.• Formed from a reaction between a CA and

an alcohol.

Sodium benzoate

Ca/Na propionate

Zinc-10-Undecylenate

Aluminum Acetate

Ester


• Give the name of the ester for the following flavors:– Rum– Banana– Orange– Pineapple– Apple

• What is esterification?

• The great pain reliever with major drawbacks.

• The acid used to form aspirin.

Ethyl formate

Isopentyl acetate

Octyl acetate

Ethyl butyrate

Methyl butyrateThe synthesis of an alcohol and CA

aspirin

Salicylic acid


• What is the disorder in children that is caused by taking aspirin?

• What is the chemical name for aspirin?

• What is an acyl chloride?

• What is saponification?

• What are vasodilators?

• How is saponification(the process) carried out?

Reye Syndrome

Acetylsalicylic acid

Compound with a carbonyl group connected to a chlorine

Soap making process

They enter the bloodstream and cause the smooth muscles that line blood vessels to relax, which lowers blood pressure

Carried out by the hydrolysis of glycerides which yields salts of the CA’s and glycerol


• Give the IUPAC or common name for the ones listed:– Methanoic acid 2-hydroxypropanoic acid– Heptanoic acid octanoic acid– Acetic acid valeric acid

• Which of the following groups would have the lowest boiling point:

•Alkenes esters CA’s

• Draw the following structures:

•Lactic acid acetylsalicylic acid ethanedioic acid


• Define a syndet.• What is another name for lye?• Is soap an organic or inorganic salt?• What does dialate mean?• Is saponification a base-catalyzed or acid

catalyzed reaction?• In a detergent, which end would be considered

hydrophilic and which end would be hydrophobic?

• From what language are the common names of CA’s derived?

Synthetic detergents

NaOH

organic

Make larger

Base-catalyzed

Carbonyl end (hydrophilic) HC end (hydrophobic

Latin


• What is the other name for each of the following: Do not use notes on this– Acetic acid -formic acid– Formic acid -oxalic acid– Methanoic acid -heptanoic acid– 2-hydroxypropanoic acid– Caprylic acid -pentanoic acid– Butanoic acid hexanoic acid

Chemistry I Bell ActivityMarch 7, 2008

• What is lattice energy?• What are some properties of ionic compounds?

• What does the term “crystal” have to do with ionic compounds?

• What are some properties of molecular compounds?

• As light strikes the surface of a metal, what do the electrons in the electron sea do?

The energy released when 1 mol of an ionic crystalline compound is formed from gaseous ions

high melting/boiling points, conduct electricity, soluble in water

The ions in an ionic compound are organized into a crystal

low melting/boiling points, do not conduct electricity, not soluble in water

Absorbs and re-emits light


• How do you indicate resonance structures? (hint: show the arrows)

• What does the chemical formula for an ionic compound represent?

What is a molecular formula?

• What is a formula unit?

With double-headed arrows

Simplest ratio of the combined ions that balances total charges.

A formula that shows the types and numbers of atoms combined in a single molecule

The simplest ratio of ions that balances total charge.


• What is the key to drawing a Lewis Dot structure?

• How many valence electrons does the ammonium ion contain?

• Which elements will most likely form multiple bonds?

• What do the charges tell us about the polyatomic ions?

Knowing the number of valence electrons in each atom

8 valance electrons

Carbon, nitrogen, or oxygen

They tell us how many electrons the ion has lost or gained


• Which of the groups of atoms do not need to satisfy the octet rule?

• When the octet rule is satisfied, which of the sublevels are filled.

• When drawing the Lewis structures, which atom would be the central atom?

• What determination can you make if there are too many valance electrons to be used?

Noble gases

s and p orbitals

Least electronegative

There will be one or more multiple covalent bonds

Chemistry I Bell ActivityFebruary 26, 2008

• Define a molecule.

• Give an example of a molecular formula.

• What is bond length.

• How many electrons are needed in the outermost energy level in order for a compound to become stable?

• What does the octet rule state?

Neutral group of atoms held together by covalent bonds

H2O

The separation for which potential energy is at a minimum.

8

States that chemical compounds tend to form so that each atom has an octet of eletrons in its highest occupied energy level.


• What is an ionic bond?

• What is the difference in polar and nonpolar molecules?

• What is shared in a covalent bond?

• Describe how you would determine whether a compound is ionic or covalently bonded?

• What is a molecule?

Attraction between positive & negative ions

Polar-shared electrons having an unequal attraction for the

electrons. .Non-polar—two covalently bonded atoms are

identical. electrons

Take the chart on page 161 and subtract the elements, in the compound, differences

A neutral group of atoms held together by covalent bonds.


• What happens to the potential energy as atoms bond to each other?

• Why do atoms form bonds?

• Before an atom combines with another atom, what type of energy is present?

• Why are valence electrons important in the bonding process?

The potential energy decreases

making a more stable

arrangement of matter.

To become more stable

A relatively high potential energy

Because the way they are redistributed will determine the stability of the atom

Chem I Bell ActivityFebruary 20, 2008

• A chemical bond results from the mutual attraction of the nuclei for

• A. electrons.

• B. neutrons.

• C. protons.

• D. dipoles.

Ans. (A)

Chemistry I Bell ActivityJanuary 30, 2008

• What is the mass (in grams) of each of the following:– 1.00 mol Li 6.022 x 1023 atoms C

How many moles of atoms are there in each of the following:

– 3.011 x 1023 atoms Mg– 3.25 x 105 g Pb

Chem I Bell ActivityJanuary 31, 2008

• What is the mass in grams of each of the following:– A. 3.011 x 1023 atoms F– B. 1.50 x 1023 atoms Mg– C. 4.50 x 1012 atoms Cl– D. 8.42 x 1018 atoms Br– E. 25 atoms W– F. 1 atom Au

a) 9.500 g

(b) 6.05 g

(c) 2.65 x 10-10 g

(d) 1.12 x 10-3 g

(e) 7.6 x 10-21 g

(f) 3 x 10-22 g


• 5.00 mole Zn = _____atoms Zn

• 20.0 X 1046 molecules H2O = ___mol HOH

• 1.50 mol Ca = ___ g Ca

• 6.75 mol Cu = ___atoms Cu

• 1.75 x 1015 atoms K = ___ g K

Ans:


• 15.0 x 1023 atoms Zn = ___ g Zn

• 878 g O = ___ atoms O

• 125 g Cr = ___ atoms Cr

• 4.75 x 106 atoms Al = ___ g Al

• 5.88 moles Na = ___ atoms Na

• 3.01 x 1023 molecules CO2 = ___ mole CO2

Bell ActivityJanuary 14, 2008

•Scientific and technological advances are constantly changing how people live and work. Discuss a change that you have observed in your lifetime and that has made life easier or more enjoyable for you.

Chem I Bell Activity1-15-08

• If you find an element in nature in its pure elemental state, what can you infer about the element’s chemical reactivity? How can you tell whether that element is a metal or a nonmetal.

Possible answer: The element is relatively un-reactive. If it were reactive, it would have combined with other elements, such as oxygen in the air, to form compounds. If it is shiny, malleable, and ductile, a good conductor of electrical energy, and can transfer energy as heat well, it is probably a metal. If it is a nonconductor, it is probably a nonmetal

Chem I Bell ActivityJanuary 18, 2008

• 1. Calculate the density of a substance with a mass of 24.3 grams and a volume of 32.9 ml

• 2. What is the volume of an object with a density of 1.25 g/ml and a mass of 281 grams?

• 3. A substance has a density of 0.876 g/ml and a volume of 25.6 ml. Find its mass in grams.


• What does Valentines Day mean to you and who is that special person that you need to tell “I Love You”. This could be a parent, friend, sibling, etc.


• Determine how many significant figures are in the following numbers:

• 1.2080• 35.8900• 0.000000010• 50000900• 305.00009• 0.00050304• 10000• 50000.• 56.3234000


• Do the following problems:• 4.271 g + 2 g + 10.0 g• 8.35 m x 3.996 m• 7 cm x 1.86 cm x .002 cm• 4.6215 L / 0.0000150 L• 0.4330 cm x 209,000 cm• 6.078g + 0.3329g + 3.45g• 94.20g / 3.16722g• 18.623g – 0.75g


• 1. How many grams are in 3.52 moles of sodium phosphate, Na3 PO4 ?

• 2. How many moles are in 225 g of potassium iodide, KI?

• 3. How many atoms are in 0.615 grams of sodium hydrogen carbonate (sodium bicarbonate), NaHCO3.

• 4. 542 g of aluminum sulfate, Al2(SO4)3, is how many atoms?

• 5. Convert 2.56 moles of nickel chloride, NiCl2, to grams.

• 6. 2.50 moles of ethyl alcohol, C2H5OH, is how many grams?

• 7. Convert 1000 g of ammonium sulfate, (NH4)2SO4, to molecules.

• 8. You have 35.2 g of barium hydroxide, Ba(OH)2. How many moles is that?


• No bell activity due to test today.

• Are there any questions before we take the test.

• Use a #2 pencil to work the problems

• Put all answers on the answer sheet provided.

• Put a book bag between you and your table buddy.


1. What is the principal quantum number?– How is it symbolized?– What are shells?– What are the sublevels or subshells?

2. How many orbital orientations are possible in each of the s, p, d, & f sublevels?

3. List five examples of electromagnetic radiation.


• We are going to do the following electron configurations together. Write them down so we can work on them.– Carbon potassium– Magnesium calcium– Sulfur nitrogen– Chromium gallium– Bromine neon– Lithium zinc


• An object has a mass of 57.6 g. Find the object’s density given that its volume is 40.25 cm3.

• A lab worker measures the mass of some sucrose as 0.947 mg. Convert that quantity to grams and to kilograms.

• A large office building is 1.07 x 102m long, 31m wide, and 4.25 x 102m high. What is its volume?

1.43 g/cm3

9.47 x 10-4 g;

9.47 x 10-7 kg

1.4 x 106m3


• Consider the following statements:– Young people should not smoke and;– Smoking at an early age may make it more

difficult to quit smoking later.

Determine which statement is an opinion (unsupported idea) and which is a theory (uses reason to explain observations and experimental data). Which is similar to Aristotle’s statements? (Hint: read page 67)


• Atomic mass of an element is a weighted average of the masses of the naturally occurring isotopes of that element. Compare atomic mass with a weighted average that you, as students, encounter during your lifetime.


• No Bell Activity today due to testing.


• How many atoms are contained in the formula Al2O3?

• List 3 formulas that would represent a molecule?

• What would be the correct formula for the compound containing potassium ions and oxygen ions?

• What is the formula for aluminum carbonate?


• Name the following compounds/molecules—use the correct formula:– Iron II hydroxide aluminum nitride– Ammonium sulfide nitrogen dioxide– Antimony pentasulfide zinc II sulfate– Potassium permanganate hydrogen

acetate– Lithium phosphate nickel II chloride– Lead II acetate gold III chloride– Mercury I iodate lithium oxide– Potassium arsenate strontium carbonate


• Write the correct formulas for the following:


Use the stock system to name the following compounds:

•CuCl2

•PbO

•SnI4

•PbO2

Write formulas with polyatomic ions for the following:

•Tin (IV) sulfate

•Sodium carbonate

•Potassium dichromate

•Ammonium hydroxide

Chemistry I Bell ActivityQuiz I, March 25, 2008

• Write the correct chemical formulas for the following:

• lead(II) carbonate• copper(I) sulfate • iron(III) sulfide • dinitrogen trioxide • lithium carbonate • calcium nitrate • ammonium sulfide • sodium sulfate

PbCO3

Cu2SO4

Fe2S3

N2O3

Li2CO3

Ca(NO3)2

(NH4)2S

Na2SO4

Chemistry I Bell ActivityQuiz II, March 26, 2008

• 1. __________________ sodium chloride• 2. __________________ dinitrogen pentoxide• 3. __________________ potassium sulfate• 4. __________________ silver acetate• 5. __________________ chromium(III) nitrate• 6. __________________ ammonium carbonate• 7. __________________ calcium hydroxide• 8. __________________ mercury(II) nitrate• 9. __________________ dinitrogen monoxide• 10. __________________ ferric oxide• 11. __________________ lead(II) chlorate• 12. __________________ ammonium phosphate• 13. __________________ zinc chloride• 14. __________________ calcium phosphate• 15. __________________ oxygen difluoride

Chemistry I Bell ActivityQuiz III March 27, 2008

1. __________________ iron(III) sulfate2. __________________ chromium(III) oxide3. __________________ dinitrogen tetroxide4. __________________ ammonium nitrate5. __________________ gold(III) bromide6. __________________ carbon monoxide7. __________________ potassium carbonate8. __________________ cesium chloride9. __________________ nickel(II) permanganate10. __________________ aluminum sulfate11. __________________ aluminum sulfite12. __________________ barium acetate13. __________________ manganese(III) hydroxide


• Calculate the % Composition• HgO • Na2S • (NH4)2S • Sr(NO3)2

• Calculate the Empirical Formula• Determine the empirical formula of a compound that

contains 36.5% sodium, 25.4% sulfur, and 38.1% oxygen.

• A hydrated compound has an analysis of 18.29% Ca, 32.37% Cl, and 49.34% H2 O. What is the formula?

Chem I Bell ActivityMarch 31, 2008

• Define the first 10 vocabulary words from chapter 8

Chemistry I Bell ActivityApril 1, 2008

1. Fe + H2S04 Fe2 (SO4 )3 + H2

2. C2 H6 + O2 H2O + CO2

3. KOH + H3PO4 K3PO4 + H2O

4. SnO2 + H2 Sn + H2O

5. NH3 + O2 NO + H2 O


6. KNO3 + H2CO3 K2CO3 + HNO3

7. B2Br6 + HNO3 B(NO3)3 + HBr

8. BF3 + Li2 SO3 B2 (SO3)3 + LiF

9. (NH4)3PO4 + Pb(NO3)4 Pb3(PO4)4 + NH4NO3

10. SeCl6 + O2 SeO2 + Cl2


Complete & Balance the following:

1. Na2 SO4 + CaCl2 -->

2. C2 H6 + O2 -->

3. Fe + H2 O -->

4. Al2O3 -->

5. Ca(OH)2 + HF ----->

6. Pb(NO3)2 + K2CrO4 -------->

7. Zn + H2CO3 ---------->


Use the Activity Series and predict whether of the possible reactions listed below will occur. For the reactions that will occur, write the products and balance the equation.

1. Cr + HOH --->

2. Pt + O2 ------->

3. Cd + 2HBr ----->

4. Mg + steam ----->

5. Ni + HOH ------>

6. Br2 + KI ------->

7. Au + HCl ------>

8. Cd + HCl ------>

9. Mg + Co(NO3)2 ------>


• NO BELL ACTIVITY DUE TO TESTING


• Write out the following equations from word form given—then balance:– Hydrogen and oxygen react under a specific set of conditions to

produce water.

– Ethane (C2H6) undergoes combustion.

– Sodium chloride is produced from its elements through a synthesis reaction.

– As early as 1938, the use of NaOH was suggested as a means of removing CO2 from the cabin of a spacecraft

Chemistry I Bell Activity April 14, 2008

1. Given the following equation: 2 C4H10 + 13 O2 ---> 8 CO2 + 10 H2 O, show what the following molar ratios should be.

a. C4H10 / O2

b. O2 / CO2

c. O2 / H2Od. C4H10 / CO2

e. C4H10 / H2O2. Given the following equation: 2 KClO3 ---> 2 KCl + 3 O2

How many moles of O2 can be produced by letting 12.00 moles of KClO3 react?

3. Given the following equation: 2 K + Cl2 ---> 2 KClHow many grams of KCl is produced from 2.50 g of K and excess Cl2.

4. Given the following equation: Na2O + H2O ---> 2 NaOHHow many grams of NaOH is produced from 1.20 x 102 grams of Na2O?

5. Given the following equation: 8 Fe + S8 ---> 8 FeSWhat mass of iron is needed to react with 16.0 grams of sulfur?

bell activity chem ii january 3, 2012

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