Beginning Greek for Beginning Greek for Bible StudyBible Study

Class #5Class #5

Conjunctions and Other Conjunctions and Other Grammatical FriendsGrammatical Friends

Evgw, eivmi to; A[lfa

kai; to; w=

Exegetical ExampleExegetical Example

1 Peter 1:3 - Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who according to His great mercy chas caused us to be born again to a living hope through the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead, 4 to obtain an inheritance which is imperishable and undefiled and will not fade away, reserved in heaven for you, 5 who are protected by the power of God through faith for a salvation ready to be revealed in the last time.

Exegetical ExampleExegetical Example

tou.j evn duna,mei qeou/ frouroume,nouj dia. pi,stewj eivj swthri,an e`toi,mhn avpokalufqh/nai evn kairw/| evsca,tw|Å

AlphaAlpha aa aa FFaatherther

BetaBeta bb bb BBibleible

GammaGamma gg gg ggoneone

DeltaDelta dd dd ddogog

EpsilonEpsilon ee ee mmeett

ZetaZeta zz zz dadazzee

EtaEta hh ee obobeeyy

ThetaTheta qq thth ththinging

IotaIota ii ii iintrntriiguegue

KappaKappa kk kk kkitchenitchen

LambdaLambda ll ll llawaw

MuMu mm mm mmotherother

NuNu nn nn nnewew

XiXi xx xx aaxxiomiom

OmicronOmicron oo oo nnoott

PiPi pp pp ppeacheach

RhoRho rr rr rrodod

SigmaSigma s - Vs - V ss sstudytudy

TauTau tt tt ttalkalk

UpsilonUpsilon uu uu oopsoops

PhiPhi ff phph phphoneone

ChiChi cc chch lolochch

PsiPsi yy psps lilipsps

OmegaOmega ww oo ttoonene

ConjunctionsConjunctions

Conjunctions are words that link thoughts Conjunctions are words that link thoughts together.together.

Conjunctions are significant in Bible study Conjunctions are significant in Bible study because they show the relationship because they show the relationship between clauses.between clauses.

There are two basic types of conjunctions:There are two basic types of conjunctions: CoordinatingCoordinating SubordinatingSubordinating

Coordinating ConjunctionsCoordinating Conjunctions

A coordinating conjunction connect A coordinating conjunction connect grammatically equal units.grammatically equal units. kai,kai, - “and,” “also,” “even,” “but” - “and,” “also,” “even,” “but” de,de, - “and,” “now,” “then,” “but” - “and,” “now,” “then,” “but” ga,rga,r – “for” – “for” avlla,avlla, - “but” - “but” ou=nou=n – “therefore” – “therefore” h;h; – “or” – “or”

Subordinate ConjunctionsSubordinate Conjunctions

Subordinate conjunctions introduce Subordinate conjunctions introduce dependent clausesdependent clauses o[tio[ti – “because,” “that” – “because,” “that” i[nai[na – “so that,” “in order that,” “that” – “so that,” “in order that,” “that” eiveiv – “if” – “if” eva,neva,n – “if” – “if” o[teo[te – “when” – “when”

Correlative ConjunctionsCorrelative Conjunctions

Correlative conjunctions are pairs of Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that function together:conjunctions that function together: me,nme,n … … de,de, – on the one hand … but on the – on the one hand … but on the

otherother kai,kai, … … kai,kai, - both … and - both … and h;h; … … h;h; - either … or - either … or mh,temh,te … … mh,temh,te – neither … nor – neither … nor ou;teou;te … … ou;teou;te – neither … nor – neither … nor ou,kou,k … … avlla,avlla, - not … but - not … but tete … … kai,kai, - both … and - both … and

Interlinears and HomeworkInterlinears and Homework

English Greek New TestamentEnglish Greek New Testament (EGNT) (EGNT) and and Interlinear for the Rest of UsInterlinear for the Rest of Us (IRU) are (IRU) are the same book.the same book.

It is an interlinear New Testament, which It is an interlinear New Testament, which gives the NIV English text, the Greek text, gives the NIV English text, the Greek text, parsing information, and Strong’s codes.parsing information, and Strong’s codes.

Advantages of IRUAdvantages of IRU

By keeping the English word order, the By keeping the English word order, the text is more user friendly.text is more user friendly.

The parsing information is very helpful.The parsing information is very helpful.

A Greek-English Dictionary is includedA Greek-English Dictionary is included

Disadvantages of IRUDisadvantages of IRU

The book is expensive ($49.99 retail, $32 The book is expensive ($49.99 retail, $32 online)online)

The Greek text that is used in IRU is a The Greek text that is used in IRU is a non-standard Greek text.non-standard Greek text.

There are other options which may be There are other options which may be better solutions.better solutions.

Other optionsOther options

The New Greek English Interlinear New The New Greek English Interlinear New TestamentTestament by Brown & Comfort (Tyndale, by Brown & Comfort (Tyndale, 1993) - $24.99 retail, $16.50 online.1993) - $24.99 retail, $16.50 online.

Or online:Or online: www. blueletterbible.orgwww. blueletterbible.org www.searchgodsword.orgwww.searchgodsword.org

AdjectivesAdjectives

An adjective is a word that modifies a noun An adjective is a word that modifies a noun or pronoun.or pronoun.

Adjectives can function in two ways:Adjectives can function in two ways: Attributive – John is a Attributive – John is a goodgood man. man. Substantive – The Substantive – The poorpoor and the and the richrich have a have a

common bond, the LORD is the maker of them common bond, the LORD is the maker of them all (Prov. 22:2).all (Prov. 22:2).

Adjectives can be in the predicate:Adjectives can be in the predicate: John is John is badbad..

AdjectivesAdjectives

Other phrases can function to modify nouns Other phrases can function to modify nouns (prepositional phrase, participial phrase).(prepositional phrase, participial phrase).

A phrase can also function as a substantive A phrase can also function as a substantive (noun).(noun).

Greek AdjectivesGreek Adjectives

Unlike English, Greek adjectives are not Unlike English, Greek adjectives are not always right in front of the noun they modify.always right in front of the noun they modify.The word order can be:The word order can be: Article + adjective + nounArticle + adjective + noun

avpo. th/j prw,thj h`me,raj a;cri tou/ nu/nFrom the first day

Article + noun + article + adjectiveArticle + noun + article + adjectiveto. pneu/ma to. a[gionthe spirit the holy = the holy spirit

This is how Greek handles attributive adjectives

Greek AdjectivesGreek Adjectives

Greek adjectives can also function as Greek adjectives can also function as substantives (think, “nouns”).substantives (think, “nouns”). VIwsh.f de. o` avnh.r auvth/j( di,kaioj w'n Joseph but the husband of her righteous being But Joseph, her husband, being a righteous man

Another important example is Matt. 6:13 avlla. r`u/sai h`ma/j avpo. tou/ ponhrou/ But deliver us from evil But deliever us from the evil one.

Greek AdjectivesGreek Adjectives

An adjective must agree with the word it An adjective must agree with the word it modifies in case, number, and gender.modifies in case, number, and gender.

The Greek ArticleThe Greek Article

Greek only has a definite article. It does Greek only has a definite article. It does not have an indefinite article like English.not have an indefinite article like English.

The function of the article is not simply to The function of the article is not simply to make definite something that would make definite something that would otherwise be indefinite.otherwise be indefinite.

The Greek ArticleThe Greek Article

Definite article - Definite article - oi` maqhtai.Grammatical marker - Grammatical marker - meta. tw/n avgge,lwn tw/n a`gi,wnWith proper nouns (names) - With proper nouns (names) - o` VIhsou/jTo make a participle or adjective into a noun - To make a participle or adjective into a noun - le,gei tw/| avnqrw,pw| tw/| th.n xhra.n cei/ra e;contiTo function as a personal, possessive, or To function as a personal, possessive, or relative pronoun - relative pronoun - Oi` a;ndrej( avgapa/te ta.j gunai/kajOften not used when English requires it - Often not used when English requires it - VEn avrch/| h=n o` lo,goj

CasesCases

EnglishEnglish GreekGreek UsageUsage

SubjectiveSubjective NominativeNominative subjectsubject

PossessivePossessive GenitiveGenitive possessionpossession

-- DativeDative indirect indirect objectobject

ObjectiveObjective AccusativeAccusative direct direct objectobject

PrepositionsPrepositions

In Greek, the preposition governs the case of In Greek, the preposition governs the case of the objectthe object Some prepositions always take the same case of Some prepositions always take the same case of

the object:the object:evnevn – dative = “in” – dative = “in”evkevk – genitive = “out of” – genitive = “out of”eivjeivj – accusative = “into” – accusative = “into”

However, some prepositions take objects in However, some prepositions take objects in different cases. The case determines the different cases. The case determines the meaning of the preposition:meaning of the preposition:

dia,dia, - with the genitive = “through” - with the genitive = “through”dia,dia, - with the accusative = “on account of” - with the accusative = “on account of”

Participle phrasesParticiple phrases

A participle is a verb ending in “ing.”A participle is a verb ending in “ing.”

A participle phrase is a participle that A participle phrase is a participle that takes an object and often modifiers as takes an object and often modifiers as well. (“seeing the black cat”)well. (“seeing the black cat”)

Participle phrasesParticiple phrases

Sometimes translators will change a Sometimes translators will change a participial phrase (dependent) to an participial phrase (dependent) to an independent clause or phrase. They do this independent clause or phrase. They do this for two reasons:for two reasons: Greek often has very long sentences which need Greek often has very long sentences which need

to be broken up when translating into English.to be broken up when translating into English.Eph. 1:3-14 is one sentence in Greek!Eph. 1:3-14 is one sentence in Greek!In order to break the section up into manageable In order to break the section up into manageable sections, some participles are turned into regular sections, some participles are turned into regular verbs (vs. 5 – “predestining” => “predestined”)verbs (vs. 5 – “predestining” => “predestined”)This is sometimes necessary in English, but unhelpful This is sometimes necessary in English, but unhelpful in terms of seeing the author’s flow of thought.in terms of seeing the author’s flow of thought.

Participle phrasesParticiple phrases

Sometimes translators will change a Sometimes translators will change a participial phrase (dependent) to an participial phrase (dependent) to an independent clause or phrase. They do this independent clause or phrase. They do this for two reasons:for two reasons: Greek likes using a participle followed by a Greek likes using a participle followed by a

regular verb.regular verb.““Herod Herod calledcalled the Magi secretly and the Magi secretly and found outfound out from from them…” (Matt. 2:7)them…” (Matt. 2:7)

““Therefore Therefore gogo and and make disciplesmake disciples of all nations, of all nations, baptizing thembaptizing them… and … and teaching themteaching them…” (Matt. 28:19-…” (Matt. 28:19-20)20)

ClausesClauses

Relative clause – a relative pronoun is a Relative clause – a relative pronoun is a noun substitute (“who(m), whose, that, noun substitute (“who(m), whose, that, which what(ever)).which what(ever)).

Sometimes a pronoun needs to be added Sometimes a pronoun needs to be added to make the relative clause makes sense to make the relative clause makes sense in English:in English: ““Who will be first will be last” =>Who will be first will be last” => ““HeHe who will be first will be last” who will be first will be last”

ClausesClauses

Pronouns and antecedents – an Pronouns and antecedents – an antecedent is the noun a pronoun refers antecedent is the noun a pronoun refers to. Sometimes, the translation from Greek to. Sometimes, the translation from Greek to English makes the antecedent unclear.to English makes the antecedent unclear. o] ga.r avpe,qanen( th/| a`marti,a|

avpe,qanen evfa,pax Which for he died to the sin he died once for all KJV – For in that he died, he died unto sin once. ESV – The death he died, he died to sin once for all. NLT – He died once to defeat sin.

ClausesClauses

4 Classes of conditional clauses (“if… 4 Classes of conditional clauses (“if… then”)then”) 1st class – “condition of fact” 2nd class – “contrary to fact” 3rd class – “more probable future” 4th class – “less probable future”

ClausesClauses

11stst class – “condition of fact” class – “condition of fact” Begins with eiv (“if”), verb is indicative If something is true, and let’s assume so for

the sake of argument, then…

2nd class – “contrary to fact” Begins with eiv (“if”), verb is indicative If something is true, even though we know it is

not, then…

ClausesClauses

33rdrd class – “more probable future” class – “more probable future” Begins with eva,n (“if”), verb is subjunctive

If some event happens in the future, and it is likely to happen, then…If + an axiomatic truth (“if anyone walks in the day”), then…

4th class – “less probable future” Begins with eiv (“if”), verb is optative If something happens, and it is unlikely that it

will, then…

HomeworkHomework

Do the exercises at the end of chapter 12 Do the exercises at the end of chapter 12 in in Greek for the Rest of Us Greek for the Rest of Us (Green book)(Green book)

Read chapter 13 in Read chapter 13 in Greek for the Rest of Greek for the Rest of Us Us (Green book)(Green book)

Lead a Bible study with your family this Lead a Bible study with your family this week based on a passage you have week based on a passage you have “phrased.”“phrased.”

Advanced ClassAdvanced Class

Class #5Class #5

Adjectives & PronounsAdjectives & Pronouns

PracticePractice

o` ku,rioj tou/ ouvranou/ o` ku,rioj tou/ ouvranou/ ei=pen auvtoi/j o` VIhsou/javlla. e;gnwka u`ma/j o[ti th.n avga,phn tou/ qeou/ ouvk e;cete evn e`autoi/jVArch. tou/ euvaggeli,ou VIhsou/ Cristou/evpi,steusen o` a;nqrwpoj tw/| lo,gw|Do,xan para. avnqrw,pwn ouv lamba,nwkai. evbapti,zonto u`pV auvtou/ evn tw/| VIorda,nh

Greek CasesGreek Cases22 11 22

MasculineMasculine FeminineFeminine NeuterNeuter

Nom sgNom sg lo,gojlo,goj grafh,grafh, w-raw-ra e;rgone;rgon

Gen sgGen sg lo,goulo,gou grafh/jgrafh/j w-rajw-raj e;rgoue;rgou

Dat sgDat sg lo,gw|lo,gw| grafh/|grafh/| w-ra|w-ra| e;rgow|e;rgow|

Acc sgAcc sg lo,gonlo,gon grafh,grafh,nn

w-ranw-ran e;rgone;rgon

Nom plNom pl lo,goilo,goi grafai,grafai, e;rgae;rga

Gen plGen pl lo,gwnlo,gwn grafw/grafw/nn

e;rgwne;rgwn

Dat plDat pl lo,goijlo,goij grafai/grafai/jj

e;rgoije;rgoij

Acc plAcc pl lo,goujlo,gouj grafa,jgrafa,j e;rgae;rga

The ArticleThe Article

22 11 22

MasculineMasculine FeminineFeminine neuterneuter

Nom sgNom sg o`o` h`h` to,to,

Gen sgGen sg tou/tou/ th/jth/j tou/tou/

Dat sgDat sg tw|tw| th|/th|/ tw|tw|

Acc sgAcc sg to,nto,n th,nth,n to,to,

Nom plNom pl oi`oi` ai`ai` ta,ta,

Gen plGen pl tw/ntw/n tw/ntw/n tw/ntw/n

Dat plDat pl toi/jtoi/j tai/jtai/j toi/jtoi/j

Acc plAcc pl tou,jtou,j ta,jta,j ta,ta,

Noun RulesNoun Rules

1.1. Stems ending in alpha or eta are in the first Stems ending in alpha or eta are in the first declension, stems ending in omicron are in the declension, stems ending in omicron are in the second, and consonantal stems are in the third second, and consonantal stems are in the third declension.declension.

2.2. Every neuter word has the same form in the Every neuter word has the same form in the nominative and accusative.nominative and accusative.

3.3. Almost all neuter words end in alpha in the Almost all neuter words end in alpha in the nominative and accusative plural.nominative and accusative plural.

4.4. In the dative singular, the iota subscripts if possible.In the dative singular, the iota subscripts if possible.5.5. Vowels often change their length (ablaut).Vowels often change their length (ablaut).6.6. In the genitive and dative, the masculine and neuter In the genitive and dative, the masculine and neuter

will always be identical.will always be identical.

eivmi,eivmi,

eivmi eivmi is the most common verb in Greek is the most common verb in Greek and it needs to be memorized.and it needs to be memorized.

11stst sg sg eivmi,eivmi, I amI am

22ndnd sg sg ei=ei= You areYou are

33rdrd sg sg evsti,evsti,((nn)) He/she/it isHe/she/it is

11stst pl pl evsme,nevsme,n We areWe are

22ndnd pl pl evste,evste, You areYou are

33rdrd pl pl eivsi,neivsi,n They areThey are

More on AdjectivesMore on Adjectives

Attribute adjectives can be used in two Attribute adjectives can be used in two positions:positions: First attributive – art + adj + nounFirst attributive – art + adj + noun

o` avgaqo.j a;nqrwpojo` avgaqo.j a;nqrwpoj = the good man = the good man Second attributive – art + noun + art + adjSecond attributive – art + noun + art + adj

o` a;nqrwpoj o` avgaqo.jo` a;nqrwpoj o` avgaqo.j = the good man = the good man

If there is no noun, the adjective is probably If there is no noun, the adjective is probably functioning substantively (as a noun)functioning substantively (as a noun) o` avgaqo.jo` avgaqo.j = the good man/person = the good man/person

More on AdjectivesMore on Adjectives

If the adjective lacks the article, it is predicateIf the adjective lacks the article, it is predicate o` a;nqrwpoj avgaqo.j o` a;nqrwpoj avgaqo.j = the man is good= the man is good avgaqo.j o` a;nqrwpojavgaqo.j o` a;nqrwpoj = the man is good = the man is good

Adjective ChartAdjective Chart22

MasculineMasculine

Nom sgNom sg avgaqo,javgaqo,j

Gen sgGen sg avgaqou/avgaqou/

Dat sgDat sg avgaqw|/avgaqw|/

Acc sgAcc sg avgaqo,navgaqo,n

Nom plNom pl avgaqoi,avgaqoi,

Gen plGen pl avgaqw/navgaqw/n

Dat plDat pl avgaqoi/javgaqoi/j

Acc plAcc pl avgaqou,javgaqou,j

First & Second Person Personal First & Second Person Personal PronounsPronouns

Nom sgNom sg evgw,evgw, II

Gen sgGen sg mou evmou/mou evmou/ MyMy

Dat sgDat sg moi evmoi,moi evmoi, To meTo me

Acc sgAcc sg me evme,me evme, MeMe

Nom plNom pl h`mei/jh`mei/j WeWe

Gen plGen pl h`mw/nh`mw/n OurOur

Dat plDat pl h`mi/nh`mi/n To usTo us

Acc plAcc pl h`ma/jh`ma/j UsUs

First Person

First & Second Person Personal First & Second Person Personal PronounsPronouns

Nom sgNom sg su,su, YouYou

Gen sgGen sg sou sou/sou sou/ YourYour

Dat sgDat sg soi soi,soi soi, To youTo you

Acc sgAcc sg se se,se se, YouYou

Nom plNom pl u`mei/ju`mei/j YouYou

Gen plGen pl u`mw/nu`mw/n YourYour

Dat plDat pl u`mi/nu`mi/n To youTo you

Acc plAcc pl u`ma/ju`ma/j youyou

Second Person

auvto,jauvto,j

auvto,jauvto,j is the 3 is the 3rdrd person personal pronoun person personal pronoun

It is similar to the 1It is similar to the 1stst and 2 and 2ndnd person person personal pronouns, except that it has personal pronouns, except that it has gendergender

It has three purposes:It has three purposes: As a personal pronoun (he, she, it, they)As a personal pronoun (he, she, it, they) As an adjectival intensiveAs an adjectival intensive As an identical adjective (“same”)As an identical adjective (“same”)

Adjectival IntensiveAdjectival Intensive

It normal modifies another word, and is It normal modifies another word, and is usually in the predicate positionusually in the predicate position auvto.j o` avpostoloj auvto.j o` avpostoloj = the apostle himself= the apostle himself auvto.j to. dw/ron auvto.j to. dw/ron = the gift itself= the gift itself

Used this way, the pronoun is usually in the Used this way, the pronoun is usually in the nominative case and modifies the subject:nominative case and modifies the subject: auvto.j Daui.d ei=pen evn tw/| pneu,mati

tw/| a`gi,w|( Ihsou/j auvto.j ouvk evba,ptizen avllV oi`

maqhtai. auvtou/

Identical AdjectiveIdentical Adjective

Used this way, the pronoun is translated as “same,” and is often in the attributive position. kai. pa,lin avpelqw.n proshu,xato to.n

auvto.n lo,gon eivpw,n VEn auvth/| th/| w[ra| prosh/lqa,n tinej

Farisai/oi

ChartChart

The pronoun The pronoun auvto,j auvto,j follows the same follows the same case endings as adjectives and the nouns case endings as adjectives and the nouns we have learned thus far (2-1-2)we have learned thus far (2-1-2)

HomeworkHomework

Read chapters 10, 13, & 14 in Read chapters 10, 13, & 14 in Basics of Basics of Biblical GreekBiblical Greek (blue book) (blue book)

Learn the vocabulary words in chapters 9, Learn the vocabulary words in chapters 9, 11 & 12 in 11 & 12 in Basics of Biblical GreekBasics of Biblical Greek (blue (blue book)book)

Do the workbook exercises for chapters 9, Do the workbook exercises for chapters 9, 11, & 1211, & 12