Greek 1001 Elementary Greek

Ancient Greek for Everyone:A New Digital Resource for Beginning Greek as taught at Louisiana State UniversitySpring 2013Albert WatanabeUnit 17: Participles1Elementary GreekThis class (someday, Month ##, 2013)AGE Unit 17: Participles You have learned verbs in the indicative and infinitive mood.Unit 12 presented adjectives. This unit presents a hybrid of verbs and adjectives, known as the participle. 2Elementary GreekVerb

personnumbertense mood voice Adjective

numbergendercaseParticiple

numbergendercasetense mood voice 3Elementary GreekPARTICIPLE

verb stem + participle marker + adjective endingtense of verb meaning of verbnumber of subjectgender of subjectcase of subjectvoice of verbmood = participle4Elementary GreekParticiples Greek participles are both verbs which modify their subjects using adjective endings (instead of using personal endings to indicate their subject)AND adjectives which describe a noun as involved in a verbal action 5Elementary GreekParticiples After the indicative mood, participles are the second most common mood in Greek.In general, nearly a third of Greek verbs appear in participle form.6Elementary GreekParticiples exist in the Present tense Future tense Aorist tense Participles use the same stem in each tense that the verb uses in the indicative or infinitive moods. Participles exist in both active and middle voices, but they use different markers for each voice.

7Elementary GreekParticiples All participles in the active voice use the marker -- between the stem and adjective ending3rd declension endings for the masculine and neuter 1st declension endings for the feminine (-- in the Nominative and Accusative singular)

8Elementary GreekThe present active participle The pattern for present active participles is present stem + + For - verbs, the combination with thematic vowel yields One of the most common and useful participles is the present active participle of be

The masculine forms will be familiar from the noun , ruler in Unit 3. In fact, this word is actually a participle that was used so much it was also used as a noun. 9Elementary GreekThe present active participlepresent participle active of be masculine formssingularNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. pluralNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. nom. sg.: dat. pl.: 10Elementary GreekThe present active participlepresent participle active of be feminine formssingularNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. pluralNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. These are the same endings used by glory, judgment, opinion in Unit 811Elementary GreekThe present active participle present participle active of be neuter formssingularNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. = nom. pluralNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. = nom.nom. sg.: dat. pl.: 12Elementary GreekThe present active participle For - verbs, simply add , , as an ending: masculine formssingularNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. pluralNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. 13Elementary GreekThe present active participleFor - verbs, simply add , , as an ending: feminine formssingularNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. pluralNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. 14Elementary GreekThe present active participleFor - verbs, simply add , , as an ending: neuter formssingularNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. = nom.pluralNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. = nom.15Elementary GreekThe present active participleContract verbs follow the normal rules of contraction when forming participles, e.g., . Nom. () () ()Gen. () () . 16Elementary GreekThe present active participleContract verbs follow the normal rules of contraction when forming participles, e.g., . Nom. () () ()Gen. () (). 17Elementary GreekThe present active participleContract verbs follow the normal rules of contraction when forming participles, e.g., . Nom. () () ()Gen. () (). 18Elementary GreekPresent active participles - , ,

19Elementary GreekThe future active participle To form the future active participle, add , , to the future stem (= stem + ):

present: , , future: , ,

Recall that all verbs are - verbs in the future tense. 20Elementary GreekThe aorist active participle To form the aorist active participle, if the verb has a 1st (weak) aorist: to the verbs stem, add + -- + - . Hint: This is the same pattern as .

Remember: only the indicative has an augment, so the participle has no augment.21Elementary GreekThe aorist active participle To form the aorist active participle, if the verb has a 2nd (strong) aorist: to the verbs stem, add , , . Note that the accent does not recede to the stem.

Remember: only the indicative has an augment, so the participle has no augment.22Elementary GreekAorist active participles , , - - - -

For each of these verbs, the aorist active participle is identical with the present active participle except for the reduplication in the present: (/ , / , /, /). 23Elementary GreekAorist intransitive/passive participle

Recall that the marker -- means an aorist is intransitive or passive (Unit 13). In the participle, the -- shortens to --Thus the pattern is: stem + + + . The result is - (nominative singular endings) .

Remember, only the indicative has an augment, so the participle has no augment.24Elementary GreekAorist intransitive/passive participle

The result is - (nominative singular endings) .

Hint: this is similar to the present active except -- in place of --. Hint: this is identical to the aorist active participle of ( ).

Remember, only the indicative has an augment, so the participle has no augment.25Elementary GreekSummary of active participlesPresent: present stem + + - verbs = present stem + Future: stem + + Aorist: 1st (weak) = stem + + + 2nd (strong) = stem + Passive (intransitive) = stem + + + .

26Elementary GreekMiddle participles All participles in the middle voice have the marker --. All participles in the middle voice use endings.

In other words, wherever the personal ending (or infinitive ending) would be, substitute: 27Elementary GreekMiddle participles (present) (future) (aorist) (aorist) Note that the accent remains fixed on the -- marker. - - (present) - (present), - (aorist) - - (present), - (aorist) - - (present) - - (present), - (aorist)

28Elementary GreekAs of this Unit, you have encountered all the words and forms on Master List of Greek Nouns Adjectives Pronouns. 29Elementary GreekParticiples Greek participles are both verbs which modify their subjects using adjective endings (instead of using personal endings to indicate their subject)AND adjectives which describe a noun as involved in a verbal action 30Elementary GreekParticiplesA participle has two basic functions: Attributive, when a definite article precedes it.In this use, the participle is primarily an adjective. Circumstantial, when no article precedes it. In this use, the participle is primarily a verb. 31Elementary GreekParticiplesA participle has two basic functions: Attributive, when a definite article precedes it. In this use, the participle is primarily an adjective. The participle can refer to a specific person or persons doing the action or to the whole class of people who perform this action. . The men flee. ... The men who flee . We do not honor men who flee from battle. 32Elementary GreekParticiplesA participle has two basic functions: Circumstantial, when no article precedes it. In this use, the participle is primarily a verb.

The participle now replaces a verb and a conjunction. Although a participle almost never has its own conjunction, Greek verbs are, as we have seen, always linked, so a conjunction should be supplied in translation. 33Elementary GreekParticiplesA participle has two basic functions Circumstantial, when no article precedes it. The participle now replaces a verb and a conjunction. . . We are running. We catch the horses. . We are running and we catch the horses. When we are running, we catch the horses. Because we are running, we catch the horses. Although we are running, we catch the horses. 34Elementary GreekParticiplesA participle has two basic functions Circumstantial, when no article precedes it. The participle now replaces a verb and a conjunction.

. If we are running, we catch the horses. Since we are running, we catch the horses. While we are running, we catch the horses. As long as we are running, we catch the horses. . 35Elementary GreekParticiplesMake sure you translate the subject of the participle correctly.

. We catch the horses, while we are running.

. We catch the horses, while they are running. 36Elementary GreekParticiples The present participle refers to action happening at the same time as the main verb:

. While we are running, we catch the horses.

. While we were running, we caught the horses. 37Elementary GreekParticiples The negative for a participle is normally :

. Although we were not running, we caught the horses. 38Elementary GreekParticiples For generic attributive participles, however, the negative is :

. We catch horses that do not run.

For circumstantial participles expressing a negative condition, the negative is :

. We catch horses, if they are not running. 39Elementary GreekParticiples The future active participle refers to action after the main verb:

. We catch the horses, while they are running away. present participle

. We catch the horses, while they are about to run away. future participle40Elementary GreekParticiples In practice, the future active participle often expresses purpose:

. We were running, when we were about to chase the horses.

We were running, in order to chase the horses.

41Elementary GreekParticiplesThe aorist participle often refers to action prior to another verb.

, . After the men captured the horses, they led them home. he men captured the horses, before they led them home. 42Elementary GreekThe Genitive Absolute You have seen how often Greek chains verbs together by making one or more of the verbs participles. Participles always modify their subjects, so a participle modifies whatever noun is its subject. If the subject-noun is not part of a sentence already, however, the problem arises: what case should the noun and participle be?Elementary GreekThe Genitive Absolute In this situation, there is sort of a default setting. If the subject-noun of the participle is not part of the main sentence, then both this noun and the participle by default go into the genitive case, called the Genitive Absolute (< Latin absolutus cast off). Translate the clause like any other circumstantial participle, but the Genitive case has no particular meaning in this construction. Elementary GreekThe Genitive Absolute For example:

, . The enemy arrived, but we were already leaving the city.

. When the enemy arrived, we were already leaving the city.Elementary GreekNext class (someday, Month ##, 2013)Classical reading Biblical reading 46