ISSN 1991-6655

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Bangladesh Shikhsha Samoiki (Bangla Periodical), year-9, number-1, June, 2012 edited by Abu Hamid Latif and Shafiul Alam. Published by Nazmul Haq, Executive Secretary, BAFED, on behalf of Bangladesh Forum for Educational Development.(BAFED) and Institute of Educational Development, BRAC University (IED-BRACU)278/3 Elephant Road (3rd Floor), Kataban, Dhaka 1205. Phone: 9668593, E-mail: bafed93@yahoo.com, Website: www.bafed.net

Printed by Arka, House: 1/3 (3rd Floor), Block: E, Lalmatia, Dhaka 1207. Phone: 9126171.

Price Tk. 100.00 US$ 5.00

Publication Information

Bangladesh Shikhsha Shamoiki (Bangladesh Education Periodical) is published by-Bangladesh Forum for Educational Development (BAFED) in collaboration with UNESCO Bangladesh, Dhaka and the Institute of Educational Development (IED), BRAC University of Bangladesh. Articles for publication in this journal are required to be of high standard and meet the criteria set by the editorial board. The articles are selected in two ways: either these are presented in the half yearly Educational Research Dissemination Conference organized jointly by UNESCO-BAFED or these can be sent directly to the editor. In both cases, the journal follows a peer review process and is edited by a board of editors. The journal is published from Bangladesh twice a year in Bangla Language and the ISSN of the journal is 1991-6655.

Another publication of BAFED is Bangladesh Education Journal published in English. This is also published in collaboration with UNESCO-Dhaka and the Institute of Educational Development (IED), BRAC University. Bangladesh Education Journal follows a peer review process. The journal is published from Bangladesh twice a year in English Language and the ISSN of the journal is (1811-0762).

Both the Journals are disseminated widely in print at national and international levels. They have a wide readership among those who are working in the area of education and development, both in the government and outside, as academics, researchers, policy makers, development partners and civil-society members. The contents of both are posted on the website: http://www.bafed.net/Journal.php

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Bangladesh Shikhsha Samoiki (Bangla Periodical), year-9, number-1, June, 2012 edited by Abu Hamid Latif and Shafiul Alam. Published by Nazmul Haq, Executive Secretary, BAFED, on behalf of Bangladesh Forum for Educational Development.(BAFED) and Institute of Educational Development, BRAC University (IED-BRACU)278/3 Elephant Road (3rd Floor), Kataban, Dhaka 1205. Phone: 9668593, E-mail: bafed93@yahoo.com, Website: www.bafed.net

Printed by Arka, House: 1/3 (3rd Floor), Block: E, Lalmatia, Dhaka 1207. Phone: 9126171.

Price Tk. 100.00 US$ 5.00

Publication Information

Bangladesh Shikhsha Shamoiki (Bangladesh Education Periodical) is published by-Bangladesh Forum for Educational Development (BAFED) in collaboration with UNESCO Bangladesh, Dhaka and the Institute of Educational Development (IED), BRAC University of Bangladesh. Articles for publication in this journal are required to be of high standard and meet the criteria set by the editorial board. The articles are selected in two ways: either these are presented in the half yearly Educational Research Dissemination Conference organized jointly by UNESCO-BAFED or these can be sent directly to the editor. In both cases, the journal follows a peer review process and is edited by a board of editors. The journal is published from Bangladesh twice a year in Bangla Language and the ISSN of the journal is 1991-6655.

Another publication of BAFED is Bangladesh Education Journal published in English. This is also published in collaboration with UNESCO-Dhaka and the Institute of Educational Development (IED), BRAC University. Bangladesh Education Journal follows a peer review process. The journal is published from Bangladesh twice a year in English Language and the ISSN of the journal is (1811-0762).

Both the Journals are disseminated widely in print at national and international levels. They have a wide readership among those who are working in the area of education and development, both in the government and outside, as academics, researchers, policy makers, development partners and civil-society members. The contents of both are posted on the website: http://www.bafed.net/Journal.php

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1. GKwesk kZvãxi Dc‡hvMx bvMwiK m„wói Rb¨ cª‡qvRb hy‡Mvc‡hvMx gvbm¯úbœ wkÿv| gvbm¤úbœ wkÿv wbf©i K‡i g~jZ †hvM¨ I A½xKvie× wkÿK, hy‡Mvc‡hvMx DbœZ wkÿvµg, cvV¨cy¯ÍK, wkLb mvgMÖx Ges Kvh©ÿg wkÿv e¨e¯’vcbvi Ici| G‡ÿ‡Î h_v_© I wbf©i‡hvM¨ g~j¨vqb e¨e¯’v, †fŠZ myweavw` Ges wkÿv-cÖhyw³i cÖvc¨Zv mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| wkÿv_©xi gvbm¤úbœ wkÿv wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ me©v‡MÖ cÖ‡qvRb wkÿK| wkÿK-†hvM¨Zvi cÖ_‡gB Av‡m wkÿ‡Ki A½xKvi, Gi mv‡_ mg¸iæZ¡c~Y© welqÁvb, wkÿY-`ÿZv Ges wkÿ‡Ki gvbweK ¸Yvewj I e¨w³Z¡| wb‡R‡K cwic~Y©fv‡e wkÿv_©xi †mevq wb‡qvwRZ Kivi Rb¨ wkÿ‡Ki PvB Avw_©K ^”QjZv I mvgvwRK gh©v`v|

2. gvbm¤§Z wkÿK cÖvwßi Rb¨ wkÿK wb‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î †hme wel‡qi cÖwZ jÿ ivLv cÖ‡qvRb †m¸‡jv n‡”Q- wkÿKZv †ckvi cÖwZ AvMÖn ev A½xKvi, welqÁvb, PvwiwÎK ¸Yvewj Ges e¨w³Z¡| DbœZgv‡bi wkÿK-wkÿv, †cŠb:cywbK cÖwkÿY Ges wbqwgZ †ckvMZ mnvqZv (mentoring) cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g wkÿK-†hvM¨Zv e„w×i e¨e¯’v _vKv AZ¨vek¨K| wkÿ‡Ki †eZb I mvgvwRK gh©v`v e„w×i welqwUI mg¸iæZ¡c~Y©| G K_vI mZ¨ †h, A½xKvi I Av`k©nxb wkÿK‡K hZB Avw_©K myweav I mvgvwRK gh©v`v †`Iqv †nvK bv †Kb G‡Z wkÿv_©xi †Kvb DcKvi n‡e bv|

3. we‡k¦i Rb¨ GKwesk kZvãxi Dc‡hvMx wkÿve¨e¯’vi iƒc‡iLv mycvwik Kivi Rb¨ d«v‡Ýi f‚Zc~e© gš¿x I BD‡ivcxq Kwgk‡bi †cÖwm‡W›U RuvK †`‡jvi‡K mfvcwZ K‡i BD‡b‡¯‹v 1993 m‡b GKwU AvšÍR©vwZK Kwgkb MVb K‡i| 1996 m‡b BD‡b‡¯‹v cÖwZ‡e`bwU cÖKvk K‡i Ges 2000 mv‡j BD‡b‡¯‹vi XvKv Awdm cÖwZ‡e`bwUi evsjv fvlvšÍi K‡i ÔwkLb AšÍwb©wnZ m¤ú` (Learning the Treasure Within)Õ wk‡ivbv‡g cÖKvk K‡i| GB cÖwZ‡e`‡b bxwZ wnmv‡e wkÿvi Pvi ͤ¢ (K) Rvbvi Rb¨ wkLb, (L) Kv‡Ri Rb¨ wkLb, (M) wg‡j wg‡k emevm Kivi Rb¨ wkLb Ges (N) DrKl© mva‡bi Rb¨ wkLb wPwýZ Kiv nq| G PviwU ¯Í‡¤¢i †fZi wkÿvi me KqwU †ÿÎ AšÍfz©³| †eÄvwgb eøyg Ges cieZ©x mg‡q GÛvimb KZ…©K wkÿvi †ÿÎmg~n- eyw×e„wËK (Cognitive), Av‡ewMK (Affective) Ges g‡bv‡ckxR (Psychomotor), G PviwU ¯Í‡¤¢ PgrKvifv‡e wPwýZ Kiv nq| ˆbwZK wkÿvi gva¨‡g gvbweK DrKl© mvab hv eøy‡gi fvlvq Affective Development- Zv‡K me©vwaK ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q Kwgkb Ôwg‡j-wg‡k emevm Kivi Rb¨ wkLbÕ ¯Í¤¢fuz³ K‡i‡Q| m„Rbkxj wPšÍv I Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g m„Rbkxj ÿgZvi weKv‡ki Ici GÛvimb †h ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q‡Qb Kwgkb G‡K Ô DrKl© mva‡bi Rb¨ wkLb Õ ¯Í‡¤¢ wb‡q G‡m‡Q| †gvUK_v GKwesk kZvãxi wkÿvq wkÿv_©xi Ávb, ÿZv, „wófw½, g~j¨‡eva I m„Rbkxj ÿgZv weKv‡ki ch©vß e¨e¯’v _vK‡Z n‡e|

GKwesk kZvãxi wkÿve¨e¯’v:*

cwi‡cªwÿZ evsjv‡`k**W. wQwÏKzi ingvb

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 07

GKwesk kZvãxi wkÿve¨e¯’v:cwi‡cªwÿZ evsjv‡`kW. wQwÏKzi ingvb

07-10

XvKv kn‡ii †avjvBLvj GjvKvi Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i wkÿvimy‡hvM I Zvi Dc‡hvwMZv: GKwU AbymÜvb

W. Avãyj gv‡jK†gvt ZwiKzj Bmjvg

11-23

gvbm¤§Z cÖv_wgK wkÿv ev¯Íevq‡b Dce„wË Kvh©µ‡gi cÖv‡qvwMK mgm¨v I m¤¢vebv

gwnDÏxb Avn‡g` ZvjyK`viGweGg wmwÏKzi ingvb

25-48

GKxf~Z †kªwYK‡¶ cvV`v‡bi Rb¨ wk¶K‡`i gvbwmKZv,ZvwË¡K Ávb I e¨envwiK `¶Zvi cwieZ©b:

†Kb Ges Kxfv‡e!W. D‡gk kg©v

Abyev`: bvwmgv Av³vi I†gvt †gv¯Ídv Kvgvj

49-60

ïay AvZ¥Rxe‡bi cÖwZfvm bq-GK Kvjcwiwai ˆbe¨w³K `c©Ybv‡g Kx Av‡m hvq

kwdDj Avjg61-64

* MZ 26 b‡f¤^i 2011 evsjv‡`k QvÎKj¨vY Uªv÷ Av‡qvwRZ ÔGKwesk kZvãxi wkÿve¨e¯’v: cwi‡cªwÿZ evsjv‡`kÕ kxl©K RvZxq wkÿv m‡¤§jb 2011-G Dc¯’vwcZ|

** cÖv³b cwiPvjK I Aa¨vcK, wkÿv I M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDU, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|

Kwgkb †gŠwjK wkÿv hv evsjv‡`‡k cÖv_wgK wkÿv bv‡g cwiPvwjZ-Gi Ici we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i‡Q| †gŠwjK wkÿv ev cÖviw¤¢K wkÿv‡K Rxe‡bi QvocÎ (Passport to life) wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ K‡i‡Q| gva¨wgK wkÿv‡K mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK AMÖMwZi cÖ‡ekØvi (Gateaway) e‡j MY¨ Kiv n‡q‡Q| Kg©Rxe‡b cÖ‡e‡ki Rb¨ e„wËg~jK wkÿvi cÖmv‡ii mycvwik ivLv n‡q‡Q| D”Pwkÿv m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q- G wkÿv nj hyMcrfv‡e A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Ab¨Zg PvwjKvkw³ Ges †h-†Kvb mgv‡Ri wkÿvi †K›`ªwe›`y| cÖvwZôwbK wkÿvi cvkvcvwk DcvbyôvwbK wkÿv I Rxebe¨vcx wkÿv‡K iæZ¡ †`qv n‡q‡Q|

4. `ªæZ cwieZ©bkxj mgvR, †`k I we‡k¦i K_v we‡ePbvq †i‡L evsjv‡`k RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ 2010 cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q| RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ 2010 Gi cÖavb K‡qKwU w`K n‡jv:

(K) cÖv_wgK wkÿvi †gqv` 5 eQi †_‡K e„w× K‡i 8 eQi Kiv,

(L) 8 eQi †gqvw` Awfbœ I eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wkÿv cÖeZ©b, G †ÿ‡Î mvaviY ‹zj, gv`imv Ges Bs‡iwR ¯‹z‡j GKB wkÿvµg, cvV¨cy¯ÍK I g~j¨vqb c×wZ Avbymv‡i wkÿv Kvh©µg cwiPvjb,

(M) 8 eQi †gqvw` eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wkÿv †k‡l †gav I cÖeYZv Abymv‡i wkÿv_©x‡`i GKwU As‡ki e„wËg~jK wkÿv wb‡q Kg©Rxe‡b cÖ‡ek Ges Aci As‡ki D”Pwkÿvq cÖ‡ek,

(N) gyw³hy‡×i †PZbv, bwZK g~j¨‡eva I Amv¤úª`vwqK †PZbvm¤úbœ RvwZ MVb,

(O) RvZxq HwZn¨ I ms¯‹…wZi jvjb, cÖhyw³i h_vh_ e¨env‡ii `ÿZv, weÁvb gb®‹Zv Ges hyw³ev`x MYZvwš¿K †PZbvi weKvk mvab|

evsjv‡`k RvZxq msm` KZ…©K M„nxZ RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ 2010 Gi ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ B‡Zvg‡a¨ wewfbœ c`‡ÿc MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q|

5. GKwesk kZvãxi P¨v‡jÄ †gvKv‡ejvi Dc‡hvMx Rbm¤ú` m„wói j‡ÿ¨ wkÿvbxwZ 2010Gi wfwˇZ eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki 1g †_‡K 5g Ges 6ô †_‡K 12k †kªwYi wkÿvµg Dbœqb, cvV¨cy¯ÍK I cªvmw½K wkÿY-wkLb mvgMÖx cÖYq‡bi KvR Pj‡Q| 2012 wkÿve‡l© lô †_‡K Aóg †kªwYi wZbwU wel‡qi Ges 2013 wkÿvel© †_‡K cÖ_g †_‡K Øv`k †kÖwYi mKj wkÿv Kvh©µg bZzb wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK Abymv‡i cwiPvwjZ n‡e| cÖPwjZ wkÿvµg †_‡K lô †_‡K Øv`k †kÖwYi bZzb wkÿvµg I wkLb mvgMÖx‡Z D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cwieZ©b Avbv n‡”Q|

bZzb wkÿvµ‡gi we‡kl ewkó¨ n‡”Q:

5.1 gvbweK DrKl© mva‡b Z_v bwZK g~j¨‡eva weKv‡ki Ici me©vwaK iæZ¡ Av‡ivc| mKj wel‡qi gva¨‡g we‡kl K‡i Ôag© I ˆbwZK wkÿvÕ wel‡qi gva¨‡g gvbweK ¸Yvewj weKv‡ki my‡hvM m„wó|

5.2 m„Rbkxj wPšÍv Ges m„Rbkxj KvR Kivi gva¨‡g m„Rbkxj ÿgZvi weKv‡ki ch©vß my‡hvM m„wó| cÖ‡hvR¨ †ÿ‡Î gyL‡¯’i cwie‡Z© aviYv jvf, cÖ‡qvM, we‡kølY I ms‡kølY Kivi ÿgZv e„w×, m‡e©vcwi m„wó Kivi ÿgZv AR©‡bi my‡hvM m„wó| G my‡hvM mKj wel‡q _vK‡Q, we‡kl K‡i Pviæ I KviæKjv, MwYZ I weÁvb wel‡q †ewk _vK‡Q|

5.3 wkÿv I Kg©wegyLZv cÖeYZvi cwieZ©b NwU‡q wkÿvi gva¨‡g KvwqK kÖg I kÖwg‡Ki cÖwZ `„wófw½i cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ lô †_‡K Aóg †kÖwY‡Z eva¨Zvg~jK welq wn‡m‡e Kg©gyLx

wkÿv cÖeZ©b| G wkÿv GKw`‡K e„wËg~jK wkÿvq AvK…ó Ki‡Z, Ab¨w`‡K mgv‡Ri wewfbœ e„wË I †ckvi gvbyl‡K Rvbvi I eySvi my‡hvM K‡i †`‡e|

5.4 Ômy¯’ †`‡n my›`i gbÕ-G bxwZi wfwˇZ †`n I g‡b my¯’RvwZ MV‡bi j‡ÿ¨ ÔkvixwiK wkÿv, ^v¯’¨ weÁvb I µxovÕ eva¨Zvg~jK welq wn‡m‡e Pvjy Kiv| my¯^v¯’¨ AR©‡bi wewfbœ w`K Z_v Lv`¨, cywó, cÖRbb ^v¯’¨ BZ¨vw` ZvwË¡K w`‡Ki mv‡_ e¨envwiK w`K †hgb kixi PP©v, †Ljvayjv, e¨vqvg, eªZPvix, ‹vDwUs, Mvj©m MvB‡Wi Ici mgvb iæZ¡ Av‡ivc|

5.5 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i Ici iæZ¡ Av‡ivc| GKw`‡K lô - kg †kªwY ch©šÍ Avewk¨K welq wn‡m‡e AvBwmwU cÖeZ©b Ab¨w`‡K wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡g AvBwmwU-Gi me©vwaK e¨envi|

5.6 cÖPwjZ ÔmgvR weÁvbÕ welq‡K cwigvwR©Z iƒ‡c Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦ cwiPqÕ bv‡g cÖeZ©b| evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm, A_©bxwZ, wkÿv, mvwnZ¨, ms¯‹…wZ BZ¨vw`‡K ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q ˆewk¦K †cÖÿvc‡U ch©v‡jvPbvi my‡hvM m„wó|

5.7 weÁvb wkÿvi cÖv‡qvwMK w`‡Ki Ici ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q ˆeÁvwbK hyw³ cÖ‡qvM I weÁvbgb¯‹ Kivi cªwZ AwaKZi ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc| ˆewk¦K Rjevqy cwieZ©b, Gi cÖfve I KiYxq m¤ú‡K© †hvM¨Zv AR©‡b iæZ¡ Av‡ivc|

5.8 ZvwË¡Kfv‡e MvwYwZK mgm¨v mgvav‡bi †hvM¨Zv AR©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ cÖv‡qvwMK `ÿZv AR©b Ges MvwYwZK hyw³ cÖ`v‡bi ÿgZv e„w×i my‡hvM m„wó|

5.9 fvlv wkÿvq Z_v evsjv I Bs‡iwR wel‡q fvlvi PviwU ÿZv †kvbv, ejv, cov I †jLvi Ici mgvb iæZ¡ Av‡ivc| †kÖwYK‡ÿ PviwU ÿZvB Abykxj‡bi my‡hvM m„wó| wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯Í‡K me KqwU ÿZv AR©‡bi e¨e¯’v ivLv|

5.10 ci¯úi‡K Rvbv I eyySvi j‡ÿ¨ evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g ev‡ii gZ ˆbe©¨w³K Hw”QK welq wn‡m‡e Ôÿz`ª b„‡Mvôxi fvlv I ms¯‹…wZÕ welq cÖeZ©b|

6. bZzb wkÿvµ‡g wkÿv_©xi AR©‡bi MVbKvjxb g~j¨vqb (formative assessment)- Gi Ici we‡kl iæZ¡ †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| wkÿv_©xiv hLb hv wkL‡Q Zv g~j¨vqb K‡i cÖ‡qvR‡b wbivgqg~jK e¨e¯’v MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g †hvM¨Zv AR©b wbwðZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| ‹zjwfwËK GB g~j¨vqb (SBA) e¨e¯’v bZzb wkÿvµ‡gi Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask| wkÿvµg ev¯Íevqb A‡bKvs‡k ¯‹zjwfwËK g~j¨vq‡bi mvd‡j¨i Ici wbf©ikxj| wkÿv_©xi A‡bK AR©bB kyay LvZv-Kjg (paper and pencil)wfwËK cixÿvi gva¨‡g g~j¨vqb Kiv m¤¢e bq| †hgb ejvi ÿZv, nv‡Z Kj‡g KvR m¤úv`‡bi ÿZv, gvbweK ¸Yvewj BZ¨vw`| eZ©gv‡b cÖPwjZ ¯‹zjwfwËK g~j¨vqb e¨e¯’v‡K cwigvR©b A_©vr e¨env‡ii Rb¨ mnR Kiv n‡”Q|

7. bZzb wkÿvµ‡gi djcÖm~ ev¯Íevqb wbf©i Ki‡Q wkÿvK cÖ¯‘wZi Ici| G wel‡q wkÿK I mswkøó mKj‡K wbweo cÖwkÿY w`‡Z n‡e| ZvQvov wkÿvµg ev¯ÍevqbKv‡j wbqwgZfv‡e Ô†gbUwisÕ-Gi e¨e¯’v Pvjyy Ki‡Z n‡e| †Kvb wKQz †_‡K mydj jv‡fi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb wbqwgZ cwiexÿY (Monitoring) I AbyeZ©b (Follow-up) Kvh©µg|

8. hy×weaŸ¯Í †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK `b¨ Ae¯’vq 37 nvRvi cÖv_wgK wkÿ‡Ki PvKzwi miKvwiKiY K‡i 1973 mv‡j RvwZi RbK e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb †h mvnmx c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb Zv G

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx08 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 09

Kwgkb †gŠwjK wkÿv hv evsjv‡`‡k cÖv_wgK wkÿv bv‡g cwiPvwjZ-Gi Ici we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i‡Q| †gŠwjK wkÿv ev cÖviw¤¢K wkÿv‡K Rxe‡bi QvocÎ (Passport to life) wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ K‡i‡Q| gva¨wgK wkÿv‡K mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK AMÖMwZi cÖ‡ekØvi (Gateaway) e‡j MY¨ Kiv n‡q‡Q| Kg©Rxe‡b cÖ‡e‡ki Rb¨ e„wËg~jK wkÿvi cÖmv‡ii mycvwik ivLv n‡q‡Q| D”Pwkÿv m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q- G wkÿv nj hyMcrfv‡e A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Ab¨Zg PvwjKvkw³ Ges †h-†Kvb mgv‡Ri wkÿvi †K›`ªwe›`y| cÖvwZôwbK wkÿvi cvkvcvwk DcvbyôvwbK wkÿv I Rxebe¨vcx wkÿv‡K iæZ¡ †`qv n‡q‡Q|

4. `ªæZ cwieZ©bkxj mgvR, †`k I we‡k¦i K_v we‡ePbvq †i‡L evsjv‡`k RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ 2010 cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q| RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ 2010 Gi cÖavb K‡qKwU w`K n‡jv:

(K) cÖv_wgK wkÿvi †gqv` 5 eQi †_‡K e„w× K‡i 8 eQi Kiv,

(L) 8 eQi †gqvw` Awfbœ I eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wkÿv cÖeZ©b, G †ÿ‡Î mvaviY ‹zj, gv`imv Ges Bs‡iwR ¯‹z‡j GKB wkÿvµg, cvV¨cy¯ÍK I g~j¨vqb c×wZ Avbymv‡i wkÿv Kvh©µg cwiPvjb,

(M) 8 eQi †gqvw` eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wkÿv †k‡l †gav I cÖeYZv Abymv‡i wkÿv_©x‡`i GKwU As‡ki e„wËg~jK wkÿv wb‡q Kg©Rxe‡b cÖ‡ek Ges Aci As‡ki D”Pwkÿvq cÖ‡ek,

(N) gyw³hy‡×i †PZbv, bwZK g~j¨‡eva I Amv¤úª`vwqK †PZbvm¤úbœ RvwZ MVb,

(O) RvZxq HwZn¨ I ms¯‹…wZi jvjb, cÖhyw³i h_vh_ e¨env‡ii `ÿZv, weÁvb gb®‹Zv Ges hyw³ev`x MYZvwš¿K †PZbvi weKvk mvab|

evsjv‡`k RvZxq msm` KZ…©K M„nxZ RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ 2010 Gi ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ B‡Zvg‡a¨ wewfbœ c`‡ÿc MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q|

5. GKwesk kZvãxi P¨v‡jÄ †gvKv‡ejvi Dc‡hvMx Rbm¤ú` m„wói j‡ÿ¨ wkÿvbxwZ 2010Gi wfwˇZ eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki 1g †_‡K 5g Ges 6ô †_‡K 12k †kªwYi wkÿvµg Dbœqb, cvV¨cy¯ÍK I cªvmw½K wkÿY-wkLb mvgMÖx cÖYq‡bi KvR Pj‡Q| 2012 wkÿve‡l© lô †_‡K Aóg †kªwYi wZbwU wel‡qi Ges 2013 wkÿvel© †_‡K cÖ_g †_‡K Øv`k †kÖwYi mKj wkÿv Kvh©µg bZzb wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK Abymv‡i cwiPvwjZ n‡e| cÖPwjZ wkÿvµg †_‡K lô †_‡K Øv`k †kÖwYi bZzb wkÿvµg I wkLb mvgMÖx‡Z D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cwieZ©b Avbv n‡”Q|

bZzb wkÿvµ‡gi we‡kl ewkó¨ n‡”Q:

5.1 gvbweK DrKl© mva‡b Z_v bwZK g~j¨‡eva weKv‡ki Ici me©vwaK iæZ¡ Av‡ivc| mKj wel‡qi gva¨‡g we‡kl K‡i Ôag© I ˆbwZK wkÿvÕ wel‡qi gva¨‡g gvbweK ¸Yvewj weKv‡ki my‡hvM m„wó|

5.2 m„Rbkxj wPšÍv Ges m„Rbkxj KvR Kivi gva¨‡g m„Rbkxj ÿgZvi weKv‡ki ch©vß my‡hvM m„wó| cÖ‡hvR¨ †ÿ‡Î gyL‡¯’i cwie‡Z© aviYv jvf, cÖ‡qvM, we‡kølY I ms‡kølY Kivi ÿgZv e„w×, m‡e©vcwi m„wó Kivi ÿgZv AR©‡bi my‡hvM m„wó| G my‡hvM mKj wel‡q _vK‡Q, we‡kl K‡i Pviæ I KviæKjv, MwYZ I weÁvb wel‡q †ewk _vK‡Q|

5.3 wkÿv I Kg©wegyLZv cÖeYZvi cwieZ©b NwU‡q wkÿvi gva¨‡g KvwqK kÖg I kÖwg‡Ki cÖwZ `„wófw½i cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ lô †_‡K Aóg †kÖwY‡Z eva¨Zvg~jK welq wn‡m‡e Kg©gyLx

wkÿv cÖeZ©b| G wkÿv GKw`‡K e„wËg~jK wkÿvq AvK…ó Ki‡Z, Ab¨w`‡K mgv‡Ri wewfbœ e„wË I †ckvi gvbyl‡K Rvbvi I eySvi my‡hvM K‡i †`‡e|

5.4 Ômy¯’ †`‡n my›`i gbÕ-G bxwZi wfwˇZ †`n I g‡b my¯’RvwZ MV‡bi j‡ÿ¨ ÔkvixwiK wkÿv, ^v¯’¨ weÁvb I µxovÕ eva¨Zvg~jK welq wn‡m‡e Pvjy Kiv| my¯^v¯’¨ AR©‡bi wewfbœ w`K Z_v Lv`¨, cywó, cÖRbb ^v¯’¨ BZ¨vw` ZvwË¡K w`‡Ki mv‡_ e¨envwiK w`K †hgb kixi PP©v, †Ljvayjv, e¨vqvg, eªZPvix, ‹vDwUs, Mvj©m MvB‡Wi Ici mgvb iæZ¡ Av‡ivc|

5.5 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i Ici iæZ¡ Av‡ivc| GKw`‡K lô - kg †kªwY ch©šÍ Avewk¨K welq wn‡m‡e AvBwmwU cÖeZ©b Ab¨w`‡K wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡g AvBwmwU-Gi me©vwaK e¨envi|

5.6 cÖPwjZ ÔmgvR weÁvbÕ welq‡K cwigvwR©Z iƒ‡c Ôevsjv‡`k I wek¦ cwiPqÕ bv‡g cÖeZ©b| evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm, A_©bxwZ, wkÿv, mvwnZ¨, ms¯‹…wZ BZ¨vw`‡K ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q ˆewk¦K †cÖÿvc‡U ch©v‡jvPbvi my‡hvM m„wó|

5.7 weÁvb wkÿvi cÖv‡qvwMK w`‡Ki Ici ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q ˆeÁvwbK hyw³ cÖ‡qvM I weÁvbgb¯‹ Kivi cªwZ AwaKZi ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc| ˆewk¦K Rjevqy cwieZ©b, Gi cÖfve I KiYxq m¤ú‡K© †hvM¨Zv AR©‡b iæZ¡ Av‡ivc|

5.8 ZvwË¡Kfv‡e MvwYwZK mgm¨v mgvav‡bi †hvM¨Zv AR©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ cÖv‡qvwMK `ÿZv AR©b Ges MvwYwZK hyw³ cÖ`v‡bi ÿgZv e„w×i my‡hvM m„wó|

5.9 fvlv wkÿvq Z_v evsjv I Bs‡iwR wel‡q fvlvi PviwU ÿZv †kvbv, ejv, cov I †jLvi Ici mgvb iæZ¡ Av‡ivc| †kÖwYK‡ÿ PviwU ÿZvB Abykxj‡bi my‡hvM m„wó| wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯Í‡K me KqwU ÿZv AR©‡bi e¨e¯’v ivLv|

5.10 ci¯úi‡K Rvbv I eyySvi j‡ÿ¨ evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g ev‡ii gZ ˆbe©¨w³K Hw”QK welq wn‡m‡e Ôÿz`ª b„‡Mvôxi fvlv I ms¯‹…wZÕ welq cÖeZ©b|

6. bZzb wkÿvµ‡g wkÿv_©xi AR©‡bi MVbKvjxb g~j¨vqb (formative assessment)- Gi Ici we‡kl iæZ¡ †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| wkÿv_©xiv hLb hv wkL‡Q Zv g~j¨vqb K‡i cÖ‡qvR‡b wbivgqg~jK e¨e¯’v MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g †hvM¨Zv AR©b wbwðZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| ‹zjwfwËK GB g~j¨vqb (SBA) e¨e¯’v bZzb wkÿvµ‡gi Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask| wkÿvµg ev¯Íevqb A‡bKvs‡k ¯‹zjwfwËK g~j¨vq‡bi mvd‡j¨i Ici wbf©ikxj| wkÿv_©xi A‡bK AR©bB kyay LvZv-Kjg (paper and pencil)wfwËK cixÿvi gva¨‡g g~j¨vqb Kiv m¤¢e bq| †hgb ejvi ÿZv, nv‡Z Kj‡g KvR m¤úv`‡bi ÿZv, gvbweK ¸Yvewj BZ¨vw`| eZ©gv‡b cÖPwjZ ¯‹zjwfwËK g~j¨vqb e¨e¯’v‡K cwigvR©b A_©vr e¨env‡ii Rb¨ mnR Kiv n‡”Q|

7. bZzb wkÿvµ‡gi djcÖm~ ev¯Íevqb wbf©i Ki‡Q wkÿvK cÖ¯‘wZi Ici| G wel‡q wkÿK I mswkøó mKj‡K wbweo cÖwkÿY w`‡Z n‡e| ZvQvov wkÿvµg ev¯ÍevqbKv‡j wbqwgZfv‡e Ô†gbUwisÕ-Gi e¨e¯’v Pvjyy Ki‡Z n‡e| †Kvb wKQz †_‡K mydj jv‡fi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb wbqwgZ cwiexÿY (Monitoring) I AbyeZ©b (Follow-up) Kvh©µg|

8. hy×weaŸ¯Í †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK `b¨ Ae¯’vq 37 nvRvi cÖv_wgK wkÿ‡Ki PvKzwi miKvwiKiY K‡i 1973 mv‡j RvwZi RbK e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb †h mvnmx c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb Zv G

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx08 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 09

†`‡ki wkÿvi BwZnv‡m GKwU Abb¨ gvBjdjK| Avgiv G ai‡bi AviI GKwU gvBjdjK ¯’vc‡bi myeY© my‡hvM nvZQvov KiwQ| RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ 2010-G cÖv_wgK wkÿvi †gqv` cuvP †_‡K evwo‡q AvU eQi Kivi bxwZ MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q| e¨w³i †gŠwjK wkLb Pvwn`v c~iY wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ G bxwZ MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖ‡qvM Dc‡hvMx I †UKmB mvÿiZv, Rxebhvc‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq hveZxq Rxeb`ÿZv I gvbweK Yvewj AR©b cÖv_wgK wkÿvi gyL¨ D‡Ïk¨| cÖv_wgK wkÿv †k‡l A‡b‡K Kg©Rxe‡b cÖ‡ek K‡i, Zv‡`i Rb¨ G wkÿv cÖ¯‘wZg~jK| eZ©gv‡b cÖPwjZ cuvP eQi †gqvw` cÖv_wgK wkÿv bv cvi‡Q Kg©Rxe‡bi wfZ Zwi Ki‡Z, bv cvi‡Q cieZ©x ͇ii Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z| ZvB GKw`‡K †hgb cÖ‡qvRb †gqv` e„w× Kiv, Ab¨w`‡K cÖ‡qvRb wkÿvµg cwigvR©b I djcªm~ wkLb-†kLv‡bv c×wZ cÖ‡qvM| ZvB †gqv` e„w×i D‡Ïk¨ wkÿv wel‡qi cwimi e„w× hv wkÿvi welq I wkÿv jv‡fi c×wZ m¤úwK©Z| GLv‡b †K †kLv‡e ev †Kv_vq †kLv‡e Zv gyL¨ welq bq|

9. AwZ Aí mg‡q Ges Kg Li‡P AvU eQi †gqvw` cÖv_wgK wkÿv mdjfv‡e Pvjy Kiv m¤¢e| Aóg †kÖwY ch©šÍ cÖv_wgK wkÿv Pvjy Ki‡Z gvÎ 20 nvRvi ¯‹z‡ji cÖ‡qvRb n‡e| lvU-mËi nvRvi bZzb †kÖwYKÿ ˆZwi Ges GK jÿ bZzb wkÿK wb‡qvM bv K‡iI wbgœ-gva¨wgK I gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi cÖPwjZ †fŠZ myweav Ges Kg©iZ wkÿK‡`i Øviv Zv Kiv m¤¢e| G‡ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvRb wbgœ-gva¨wgK I gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi Avjv`v cÖkvm‡bi Aax‡b D”P cÖv_wgK (lô †_‡K Aóg †kÖwY) ¯Íi Pvjy Kiv| G Rb¨ GLbB wKQy ¸iæZ¡c~Y© c`‡ÿc †bIqv cÖ‡qvRb, †hgb- 1g - 8g †kÖwY ch©šÍ Awfbœ wkÿvµg ˆZwi Ges cÖv_wgK wkÿvi Ici mKj wkÿ‡Ki cÖwkÿ‡Yi e¨e¯’v Kiv | Aw_©K e¨e¯’vcbv I cÖkvmwbK cybwe©b¨v‡mi Rb¨ KwgwU KvR Ki‡e, Z‡e Gi Rb¨ A‡cÿv Kivi cÖ‡qvRb †bB|

Gfv‡e m¤úªmvwiZ cÖv_wgK wkÿv Pvjy Kiv n‡j eZ©gv‡b wbgœ-gva¨wgK I gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡q Kg©iZ jÿ jÿ wkÿK †eKvi n‡eb bv, bZzb Ni-`iRv K‡i †KvwU †KvwU UvKvI LiP Ki‡Z n‡e bv|

10. GKwesk kZvãx‡Z ˆewk¦K †cÖÿvc‡U evsjv‡`k‡K GwM‡q wb‡q †h‡Z n‡j wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î ˆecøweK cwieZ©b AZ¨vek¨K| Gi wKQz wKQz KvR Avi¤¢ n‡q‡Q, wKš‘ GLb mgš^q Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| cwieZ©b Avb‡Z n‡j P¨v‡jÄ _vK‡eB, Z‡e mvn‡mi mv‡_ †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z n‡e| wkÿvbxwZ -2010 RvwZi GKwU g~j¨evb wjj| bxwZ cÖYqbB †kl K_v bq- Gi mwVK ev¯Íevq‡bi IciB wbf©i Ki‡Q RvZxq AMÖMwZ| Avmyb Avgiv RvwZi Rb‡Ki c`v¼ AbymiY K‡i AviI GKwU gvBjdjK ’vcb Kwi|

MÖš’cwÄ

1. UNESCO (1996), Learning the Treasure Within, Paris

2. wkÿv gš¿Yvjq (2010), MYcÖRvZš¿x esjv‡`k miKvi, RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ 2010, XvKv|

3. RvZxq wkÿvµg I †U·eyK †eW© (1991), Avek¨Kxq wkLbµg (cÖv_wgK wkÿv), XvKv|

4. RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW© (1995), wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~wP : cÖ_g, wØZxq I Z„Zxq LÐ, XvKv|

5. †m‡KÛvwi GWz‡Kkb †W‡fjc‡g›U cÖ‡R± I RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW© (2010), gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿvµg g~j¨vqb I Pvwn`v wbiƒcY mgxÿv 2010, XvKv|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx10 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 11

mvims‡ÿcevsjv‡`‡ki cÖv_wgK I MYwkÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi DcvbyôvwbK wkÿv ey¨‡ivi wnmve g‡Z, evsjv‡`‡ki kni¸‡jv‡Z K‡qK wgwjqb wkï †Kvb bv †Kvb K‡g© wb‡qvwRZ i‡q‡Q| wkÿv mKj gvby‡li †gŠwjK AwaKvi n‡jI Gme wkïi AwaKvsk wkÿvi Afv‡e ÿZvwenxb Kg©x †_‡K hv‡”Q| evsjv‡`‡k kn‡ii Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i wkÿvi AwaKvi ev¯Íevqb I Zv‡`i Kg©`ÿZv Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ DcvbyôvwbK wkÿv ey¨‡iv Ges wKQz †emiKvwi ms¯’v KZ„©K M„nxZ cÖvwZôvwbK my‡hvM Ges Zvi Dc‡hvwMZv AbymÜvb Kivi Rb¨ 2011 mv‡j G M‡elYvKg©wU cwiPvwjZ nq| XvKv kn‡ii GKwU wkï-kªgNb GjvKv wn‡m‡e †avjvBLvj‡K G M‡elYvi bgybv GjvKv wbe©vPb Kiv nq| G GjvKvi wewfbœ cÖwZôvb/†`vKv‡b Kg©iZ 300 wkï (7-15 eQi eqmx) Ges 30 Rb gvwjK ev wb‡qvMKZ©v‡K bgybvfz³ Kiv nq| †avjvBLvj GjvKvq wkÿv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvKvix ms¯’vmg~‡ni Kg©KZ©v Ges wkLb †K‡›`ªi wkÿK‡`i mvÿvrKvi MÖnY Kiv nq| M‡elYvi djvd‡j †`Lv hvq, †avjvBLvj GjvKvi AwaKvsk Kg©Rxex wkï MÖvg †_‡K G‡m kn‡i A¯’vqxfv‡e emevm Ki‡Q| bgybvfz³ Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i †ewkifvMB c~‡e© we`¨vj‡q fwZ© n‡q †Kvb bv †Kvb ¯Íi ch©šÍ †jLvcov K‡i‡Q| Z‡e G‡`i wmsnfvMB cÂg †kªwY ch©šÍ †jLvcov K‡i S‡i c‡o| S‡i cov wkï‡`i cÖvq A‡a©K we`¨vjq †_‡K S‡i covi †cQ‡b AbvKl©Yxq we`¨vjq cwi‡ek, A_©msKU Ges cvwievwiK Kv‡Ri Pvc‡K KviY wn‡m‡e D‡jøL K‡i‡Q| Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i AwZbMY¨-msL¨K eZ©gv‡b †jLvcov wkL‡Q| G †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖvwZôvwbK my‡hvM Ges mgq-my‡hv‡Mi Afve cÖavb KviY wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Ki‡Q| wb‡qvMKZ©viv Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i wkÿv jv‡fi e¨vcv‡i AvMÖn cÖKvk Ki‡jI, wkï‡`i wkÿvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq mgq-my‡hvM w`‡Z Zv‡`i Abxnv i‡q‡Q| †avjvBLvj GjvKvq Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i wkÿvi cÖvwZôvwbK my‡hv‡Mi mxgve×Zv i‡q‡Q| hZUzKz my‡hvM i‡q‡Q Zv bvbv w`K †_‡K we‡klZ mg‡qi w`K †_‡K Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i AbyK~‡j bq| Gme wkÿv Kg©m~wP Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i Kg©`ÿZv Dbœq‡bi mnvqKI bq| d‡j wkïivI eZ©gv‡b wkÿv jv‡f †Zgb AvMÖnx n‡q DV‡Q bv| †avjvBLvj GjvKvq Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i Dc‡hvMx wkÿv my‡hvM cÖmv‡ii Rb¨ wewfbœ c`‡ÿc MÖnY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| evsjv‡`‡ki wecyjmsL¨K Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i Kg©`ÿZv evwo‡q Zv‡`i Rxeb gv‡bi Dbœqb mva‡bi j‡ÿ¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq wkÿvi my‡hvM m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e| G †ÿ‡Î miKvwi I †emiKvwi ms¯’vmg~n Df‡qiB Kvh©Ki c`‡ÿc MÖnY GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb|

XvKv kn‡ii †avjvBLvj GjvKvi Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i wkÿvimy‡hvM I Zvi Dc‡hvwMZv: GKwU AbymÜvb

W. Avãyj gv‡jK *†gvt ZwiKzj Bmjvg **

* Aa¨vcK, wkÿv I M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDU, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq** Rywbqi cÖ‡dkbvj (GKv‡WwgK), wkÿv Dbœqb Bbw÷wUDU, eª¨vK wek¦we`¨vjq K…ZÁZv ^xKvi: wkÿv cÖKíb I Dbœqb M‡elYv dvD‡Ûkb (†d«cW)

†`‡ki wkÿvi BwZnv‡m GKwU Abb¨ gvBjdjK| Avgiv G ai‡bi AviI GKwU gvBjdjK ¯’vc‡bi myeY© my‡hvM nvZQvov KiwQ| RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ 2010-G cÖv_wgK wkÿvi †gqv` cuvP †_‡K evwo‡q AvU eQi Kivi bxwZ MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q| e¨w³i †gŠwjK wkLb Pvwn`v c~iY wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ G bxwZ MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖ‡qvM Dc‡hvMx I †UKmB mvÿiZv, Rxebhvc‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq hveZxq Rxeb`ÿZv I gvbweK Yvewj AR©b cÖv_wgK wkÿvi gyL¨ D‡Ïk¨| cÖv_wgK wkÿv †k‡l A‡b‡K Kg©Rxe‡b cÖ‡ek K‡i, Zv‡`i Rb¨ G wkÿv cÖ¯‘wZg~jK| eZ©gv‡b cÖPwjZ cuvP eQi †gqvw` cÖv_wgK wkÿv bv cvi‡Q Kg©Rxe‡bi wfZ Zwi Ki‡Z, bv cvi‡Q cieZ©x ͇ii Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z| ZvB GKw`‡K †hgb cÖ‡qvRb †gqv` e„w× Kiv, Ab¨w`‡K cÖ‡qvRb wkÿvµg cwigvR©b I djcªm~ wkLb-†kLv‡bv c×wZ cÖ‡qvM| ZvB †gqv` e„w×i D‡Ïk¨ wkÿv wel‡qi cwimi e„w× hv wkÿvi welq I wkÿv jv‡fi c×wZ m¤úwK©Z| GLv‡b †K †kLv‡e ev †Kv_vq †kLv‡e Zv gyL¨ welq bq|

9. AwZ Aí mg‡q Ges Kg Li‡P AvU eQi †gqvw` cÖv_wgK wkÿv mdjfv‡e Pvjy Kiv m¤¢e| Aóg †kÖwY ch©šÍ cÖv_wgK wkÿv Pvjy Ki‡Z gvÎ 20 nvRvi ¯‹z‡ji cÖ‡qvRb n‡e| lvU-mËi nvRvi bZzb †kÖwYKÿ ˆZwi Ges GK jÿ bZzb wkÿK wb‡qvM bv K‡iI wbgœ-gva¨wgK I gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi cÖPwjZ †fŠZ myweav Ges Kg©iZ wkÿK‡`i Øviv Zv Kiv m¤¢e| G‡ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvRb wbgœ-gva¨wgK I gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi Avjv`v cÖkvm‡bi Aax‡b D”P cÖv_wgK (lô †_‡K Aóg †kÖwY) ¯Íi Pvjy Kiv| G Rb¨ GLbB wKQy ¸iæZ¡c~Y© c`‡ÿc †bIqv cÖ‡qvRb, †hgb- 1g - 8g †kÖwY ch©šÍ Awfbœ wkÿvµg ˆZwi Ges cÖv_wgK wkÿvi Ici mKj wkÿ‡Ki cÖwkÿ‡Yi e¨e¯’v Kiv | Aw_©K e¨e¯’vcbv I cÖkvmwbK cybwe©b¨v‡mi Rb¨ KwgwU KvR Ki‡e, Z‡e Gi Rb¨ A‡cÿv Kivi cÖ‡qvRb †bB|

Gfv‡e m¤úªmvwiZ cÖv_wgK wkÿv Pvjy Kiv n‡j eZ©gv‡b wbgœ-gva¨wgK I gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡q Kg©iZ jÿ jÿ wkÿK †eKvi n‡eb bv, bZzb Ni-`iRv K‡i †KvwU †KvwU UvKvI LiP Ki‡Z n‡e bv|

10. GKwesk kZvãx‡Z ˆewk¦K †cÖÿvc‡U evsjv‡`k‡K GwM‡q wb‡q †h‡Z n‡j wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î ˆecøweK cwieZ©b AZ¨vek¨K| Gi wKQz wKQz KvR Avi¤¢ n‡q‡Q, wKš‘ GLb mgš^q Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| cwieZ©b Avb‡Z n‡j P¨v‡jÄ _vK‡eB, Z‡e mvn‡mi mv‡_ †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z n‡e| wkÿvbxwZ -2010 RvwZi GKwU g~j¨evb wjj| bxwZ cÖYqbB †kl K_v bq- Gi mwVK ev¯Íevq‡bi IciB wbf©i Ki‡Q RvZxq AMÖMwZ| Avmyb Avgiv RvwZi Rb‡Ki c`v¼ AbymiY K‡i AviI GKwU gvBjdjK ’vcb Kwi|

MÖš’cwÄ

1. UNESCO (1996), Learning the Treasure Within, Paris

2. wkÿv gš¿Yvjq (2010), MYcÖRvZš¿x esjv‡`k miKvi, RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ 2010, XvKv|

3. RvZxq wkÿvµg I †U·eyK †eW© (1991), Avek¨Kxq wkLbµg (cÖv_wgK wkÿv), XvKv|

4. RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW© (1995), wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~wP : cÖ_g, wØZxq I Z„Zxq LÐ, XvKv|

5. †m‡KÛvwi GWz‡Kkb †W‡fjc‡g›U cÖ‡R± I RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW© (2010), gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿvµg g~j¨vqb I Pvwn`v wbiƒcY mgxÿv 2010, XvKv|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx10 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 11

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wkÿv jvf I cÖ‡qvR‡b Avw_©K mvn‡h¨i Dchy³ e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|Õ 1(N) DcAby‡”Q‡` ejv n‡q‡Q Ôwkÿv welqK I e„wËg~jK Z_¨ Ges w`Kwb‡`©kbv me wkïi Rb¨ mn‡R MÖnY‡hvM¨ Ges chv©ß _vK‡Z n‡e|Õ 1990 mv‡j _vBj¨v‡Ûi RgwZ‡q‡b wkÿv wel‡q AvšÍR©vwZK m‡¤§jb †_‡K Ômevi Rb¨ wkÿvÕ †NvlYvq mK‡ji Rb¨ †gŠwjK wkÿvi Pvwn`vc~iY we‡kl iæZ¡ jvf K‡i| 1993 mv‡j w`jøx †NvlYvq ¯úófv‡e ejv nq †h Ô... †`kmg~‡ni Avkv-AvKv•ÿv Ges Dbœqb jÿ¨ †KejgvÎ mKj bvMwi‡Ki Rb¨ wkÿv wbwðZ Kivi gva¨‡gB AR©b Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|Õ G †NvlYvq Av‡iv ejv n‡q‡Q Ôwkÿv n‡”Q Ges Aek¨B Zv n‡Z n‡e GKwU mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡; miKvi, cwievi, mgvR Ges †emiKvwi ms¯’v mK‡j G vwq‡Z¡i mv‡_ mshy³| eûgyLx gZvgZ I ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’vb wbwe©‡k‡l e¨vcK ‰gÎxwfwËK mevi cÖwZkÖæwZ I AskMÖnY Gi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb|Õ BD‡b‡¯‹v 1993 mv‡j ÔGKzk kZ‡Ki wkÿvi Rb¨ AvšÍRv©wZK KwgkbÕ MVb K‡i| G Kwgk‡bi g‡Z, ÔRxebe¨vcx wkÿvi gva¨‡g e¨w³ Ávb I ÿZvi gv‡bvbœqb NUv‡Z cvi‡e| Giƒc wkÿve¨e¯’vq wewfbœ †ckvi gvby‡li Rb¨ bvbvwea wewfbœ mÄxebx cÖwkÿY I cybtcÖwkÿY e¨e¯’v _vK‡e| G Kvh©µ‡g mKj gvby‡li wewfbœ D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi j‡ÿ¨ wewfbœ †Kvm© m¤úv`‡bi my‡hvM _vK‡e| KviI KviI Rb¨ wkÿvi wØZxq my‡hvM, KviI KviI Rb¨ Z…Zxq my‡hvM m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡qvR‡b KviI KviI Rb¨ AviI my‡hvM m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e| e¨w³i Ávb- wccvmv I b›`wbK AvKv•ÿv †gUv‡bvi cÖwZ †hgb jÿ ivL‡Z n‡e, †Zgwb e¨w³i ev¯Íe Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi Rb¨ wewfbœ e„wËg~jK cÖwkÿ‡Yi e¨e¯’vI ivL‡Z n‡e|Õ †`ji Kwgkb GKzk kZ‡Ki wkÿve¨e¯’vi †h PviwU ¯Í¤¢ wbav©iY K‡i Zvi g‡a¨ ÔKi‡Z †kLvÕ GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯Í¤¢| †Kvb e„wË ev †ckvq cÖ‡e‡ki †hvM¨Zv AR©‡bi Rb¨ Giƒc wkÿv Acwinvh©| Gi gva¨‡g e¨w³ †h-†Kvb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z KvR Kivi †hvM¨Zv AR©b K‡i| wewfbœ mvgvwRK Kg©Kv‡Ð AskMÖnY K‡i AbvbyôvwbKfv‡e AwfÁZv AR©b KivI Gi AšÍM©Z| wewfbœ AvbyôvwbK Kg©KvÐ I wkÿv †Kv‡m© Ask wb‡q †kLvi G ¯Í¤¢wU my`„p Kiv hvq| †gŠwjK wkÿv m¤ú‡K© G Kwgk‡bi `„wófw½ nj, Ôc„w_exi wewfbœ †`‡k wkï‡`i cov, †jLv I MvwYwZK aviYv cvKv‡cv³ Kivi Rb¨ †gŠwjK wkÿv Z_v cÖv_wgK wkÿv kw³kvjx Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| mv‡_ mv‡_ wkï‡`i msjvc-ÿgZv Ges Dcjwä-mvg_©¨ evov‡bvi Rb¨ †gŠwjK wkÿvq ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc cÖ‡qvRb| GQvov wkï‡`i bwZK I mvs¯‹…wZK, weÁvb I cÖhyw³ Ges A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK Ávb I †hvM¨Zv e„w×i Ici ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc Kiv `iKvi| 2000 mv‡j †m‡bMv‡ji ivRavbx WvKv‡i wek¦ ivR‰bwZK †bZ…e„›` Ges wewfbœ AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’v Ômevi Rb¨ wkÿvÕ bxwZ ev¯Íevq‡b GKwU †NvlYvcÎ cÖYqb K‡ib| GwU WvKvi †d«gIqvK© di GKkb (wWGdG) †NvlYv bv‡g cwiwPZ| G †NvlYvi jÿ¨mg~‡ni g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q, ÔmKj wkï-wK‡kvi I eq¯‹‡`i wkÿv-Pvwn`v wbwðZ Ki‡Z eywbqvw`, RxebNwbô I mvgvwRK wkÿv msµvšÍ Kg©m~wP Ggbfv‡e cÖYqb Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z mK‡ji AskMÖnY wbwðZ nq| wkÿvi gvb Dbœqb Ges G msµvšÍ mKj Kv‡R DrKl© mvab Ki‡Z n‡e, hv‡Z mevi c‡ÿ AšÍZ mvÿiZv, MvwYwZK Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq Rxeb-`ÿZvi gZ ¯^xK…Z I cwigvc‡hvM¨ wkÿvMZ KykjZv AR©b m¤¢e nqÕ|

Ômnmvª ã †NvlYv 2000Õ-G meR© bxb cvÖ _wgK wkÿv AR‡© bi Ici we‡kl ¸iæZv¡ ‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡Q| G †ÿ‡Î 2015 mv‡ji g‡a¨ we‡ki¦ meΩ mKj evjK-evwjKvi cvÖ _wgK wkÿvPµ mgvß Kivi wbðqZv weav‡bi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| G †NvlYvq 2005 mv‡ji g‡a¨ cvÖ _wgK I gva¨wgK wkÿv¯‡Í i AMvÖ waKvi wfwˇZ Ges 2015 mv‡ji g‡a¨ wkÿvi mKj ‡Í i wj½ ‰elg¨ i~ xKi‡Yi jÿ¨gvÎv wbavi© Y Kiv n‡q‡Q|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx14 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 15

Gfv‡e †`Lv hvq †h, mKj‡K †gŠwjK wkÿv AR©b Kiv‡bvi `vwqZ¡ mgvR I iv‡óªi Ici Awc©Z n‡q‡Q| GRb¨ cÖ_g cÖ‡qvRb wkÿvi Aeva my‡hvM m„wó Kiv Ges wkÿv‡K wkÿv_©x‡`i RxebPvwn`v Dc‡hvMx Kiv| evsjv‡`‡ki Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i wkÿvi AwaKvi wbwðZKi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î wkÿvi Gme w`‡Ki Ici mwe‡kl iæZ¡ Av‡ivc cÖ‡qvRb|

M‡elYvi jÿ¨G M‡elYvKg©wUi cÖavb jÿ¨ wQj XvKv kn‡ii †avjvBLvj GjvKvi Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i (7 - 15 eQi eqmx) †gŠwjK wkÿv jv‡fi cÖvwZôvwbK my‡hvM I cÖ‡ekmy‡hvM AbymÜvb Kiv|

M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨G M‡elYvi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv n‡”Q-

1. XvKv kn‡ii †avjvBLvj GjvKvi Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i Av_©-mvgvwRK †cÖÿvcU AbymÜvb Kiv;

2. jÿ¨`j-wkï‡`i AwR©Z wkÿvi gvÎv wbiƒcY Kiv;

3. jÿ¨`j-wkï‡`i wkÿve¨e v’ we‡klZ Avbôy vwbK wkÿv †_‡K S‡i covi KviY Abmy Üvb Kiv;

4. Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i wkÿvPvwn`v hvPvB Kiv;

5. Zv‡`i wkÿv jv‡fi cÖvwZôvwbK my‡hvM AbymÜvb Kiv;

6. †avjvBLvj GjvKvi Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i wkÿv jv‡f cÖ‡ek-my‡hv‡Mi cÖvc¨Zv AbymÜvb Kiv;

7. Zv‡`i Rb¨ cÖPwjZ wkÿvKg©m~wPi wkÿvµg ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv;

8. Zv‡`i K‡g©i mv‡_ Giƒc wkÿvi m¤úK© AbymÜvb Kiv|

M‡elYvi cwimiXvKv kn‡ii wewfbœ GjvKvq A‡bK wkï Kg©iZ i‡q‡Q| Z‡e †avjvBLvj GjvKvq M‡o IVv bvbvwea ÿz`ª KviLvbv I †`vKv‡b Kg©iZ wkï‡`i msL¨v we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨| AbymÜv‡b †`Lv †M‡Q G GjvKvq cÖvq yB nvRvi wewfbœ ÿz`ª KviLvbvq I †`vKv‡b cÖavbZ 14 ai‡bi Kv‡R cÖvq 16000 Kg©x wb‡qvwRZ i‡q‡Q| G‡`i g‡a¨ 7-15 eQi eqmx wkïi msL¨v cÖvq wZb nvRvi| G M‡elYvwU Gme wkï‡`i Kg©`ÿZv Dbœqbg~jK †gŠwjK wkÿv jv‡fi my‡hvM AbymÜv‡bi Rb¨ cwiPvwjZ n‡q‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î miKvwi Ges †emiKvwi ms¯’v KZ…©K cwiPvwjZ wkÿv Kg©m~wP I Zvi Dc‡hvwMZv hvPvB Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gme wkÿv Kg©m~wP‡Z Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i cÖ‡e‡ki my‡hv‡Mi w`KwUI AbymÜvb Kiv n‡q‡Q |

bgybvqbG M‡elYvq XvKv kn‡ii †avjvBLvj GjvKvq wewfbœ ai‡bi ÿz`ª KviLvbv I †`vKv‡b 14 ai‡bi Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ 7 - 15 eQi eqmx wkï‡`i (evjK I evwjKv) cÖavb jÿ¨`j wn‡m‡e wba©viY Kiv nq| wKš‘ M‡elYv GjvKvi ÿz`ª KviLvbv I †`vKv‡b †Kvb Kg©Rxex evwjKv cvIqv hvq wb| d‡j †Kej Kg©Rxex evjK‡`i KvQ †_‡K Z_¨ msMªn Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖ‡Z¨K ai‡bi K‡g© wb‡qvwRZ‡`i ga¨ †_‡K wbwe©Pvi bgybvq‡bi gva¨‡g 20 Rb wkïi KvQ †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e wgwjs‡gwkb KviLvbvi AvwaK¨ _vKvq †mLv‡b Kg©iZ 40 Rb wkï‡K bgybvqbfz³ Kiv nq| G‡ÿ‡ÎI wbwe©Pvi bgybvqb c×wZ Aej¤^b Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gfv‡e †gvU 300 Rb wkï‡K bgybvfz³ K‡i Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv

nq| Gme ÿz`ª KviLvbv I †`vKv‡bi 10 ai‡bi wb‡qvMKZv© cvIqv hvq (†Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î GKB wb‡qvMKZ©v 2/3 ai‡bi cÖwZôv‡bi gvwjK)| wb‡qvMKZ©v‡`i ga¨ †_‡K 30 Rb wb‡qvMKZ©v‡K bgybvqbfz³ Kiv nq| G †ÿ‡Î cÖvc¨Zv Abyhvqx Zv‡`i bgybvqb msL¨v wbav©iY Kiv nq|

†avjvBLvj GjvKvq 3wU †emiKvwi ms¯’v (GbwRI) Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i Rb¨ wkÿvKg©m~wP cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡”Q- (K) Aciv‡Rq evsjv‡`k, (L) ccy‡jkb mvwf©‡mm GÛ †Uªwbs †m›Uvi (wcGwUwm) I (M) f‡j›Uvwi G‡mvwm‡qkb di iæivj †W‡fjc‡g›U (fvW©)| G GjvKvq G 3 wU ms¯’vi GKwU K‡i wkLb †K›`ª i‡q‡Q| Gme †K‡›`ª wb‡qvwRZ 3 Rb wkÿ‡Ki wbKU †_‡KI Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q| GQvov cÖwZwU GbwRI-Gi 1 Rb Kg©KZ©vi mvÿvrKvi MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q| D‡jøL¨ †h, fvW©-Gi Kg©KZ©vi mvÿvrKvi MÖnY Kiv m¤¢e nqwb|

M‡elYv-nvwZqvi cÖYqbG M‡elYvq Z_¨vw` msMª‡n Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i I Zv‡`i wb‡qvMKZ©v‡`i Rb¨ cÖkœgvjv cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q| Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i Rb¨ cÖYxZ cÖkœgvjvq Zv‡`i mvaviY Z_¨ I Av_©mvgvwRK Ae¯’v Ges Zv‡`i AwR©Z wkÿvi gvÎv, AvbyôvwbK wkÿv †_‡K S‡i covi KviY, wkÿvi Pvwn`v hvPvB, cÖvwZôvwbK my‡hvM AbymÜvb, wkÿv jv‡f cÖ‡ek-my‡hv‡Mi AbymÜvb I Zv‡`i Kv‡Ri mv‡_ AwR©Z wkÿvi m¤úK© AbymÜvb Kivi Rb¨ ms‡hvwRZ nq| G mKj cÖkœ Db¥y³ I Ave× ai‡bi wQj| wb‡qvMKZ©v‡`i Rb¨ cÖYxZ cÖkœgvjvq Zv‡`i cÖwZôv‡b Kg©iZ wkï‡`i wkÿvi mv‡_ mswkøó wewfbœ Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ cÖYqb Kiv nq| G cÖkœgvjvq wkÿv mswkøó Z‡_¨i Rb¨ wkï‡`i Rb¨ cÖYxZ cÖkœgvjvi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y© cªkœ AšÍf©z³ Kiv nq, hv‡Z Df‡qi cÖ`Ë Z‡_¨i g‡a¨ Zzjbv Kiv m¤¢e nq| wb‡qvMKZ©v‡`i Ô†dvKvm MÖæc Av‡jvPbviÕ Rb¨ GKwU wb‡`©kbvcÎ cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q| wkLb †K›`ªi wkÿK‡`i wbKU †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ mvÿvrKvigvjv cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q| wkÿK‡`i Rb¨ cÖYxZ mvÿvrKvigvjvq g~jZ wkLb †K‡›`ªi mv‡_ mswkøó wewfbœ Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ Db¥y³ e¨e¯’v ivLv nq| G‡Z wkÿv_x©i Z_¨, wkÿv cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ e¨eüZ wkÿvµg I DcKiY, wkÿv_x©‡`i Rb¨ cÖ`Ë my‡hvM-myweav I cÖwZeÜKZvmg~n, wkÿv_x©‡`i K‡g©i mv‡_ †K›`ª-cwiPvwjZ wkÿv Kg©m~wPi m¤úK© Ges wkÿv_x©‡`i Rb¨ cÖ`Ë Kg© m¤úwK©Z my‡hvM AbymÜv‡bi cÖ‡Póv Pvjv‡bv nq| GQvov miKvwi ms¯’v †hgb, DcvbyôvwbK wkÿv e¨y‡iv Ges †emiKvwi ms¯’v h_v: H GjvKvq wkÿv Kg©m~wP cwiPvjbvq wb‡qvwRZ wewfbœ GbwRI Kg©KZ©vi Rb¨I cÖkœgvjv cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q|

M‡elYv nvwZqvi e¨enviM‡elK m‡iRwg‡b M‡elYv nvwZqvi e¨envi K‡i Z_¨vw` msMÖn K‡i‡Qb| GKB mv‡_ Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i wb‡qvMKZ©v‡`i Ô†dvKvm MÖæc Av‡jvPbvÕi Av‡qvRb Kiv nq| †avjvBLv‡ji Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i Rb¨ cwiPvwjZ wkÿv Kvh©µ‡gi wkÿvµg ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv nq|

ˆbwZKZv we‡ePbv h_vh_ KZ©„cÿ/e¨w³i AbygwZ wb‡q Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q| G †ÿ‡Î M‡elK Z_¨ msMÖnKvix‡`i wbKU Aby‡ivacÎ mieivn K‡i‡Qb| Z_¨ msMÖn I Zv msiÿ‡Y †MvcbxqZv iÿv Kiv n‡q‡Q| M‡elYv cÖwZ‡e`‡bi evB‡i Ab¨ †Kvb D‡Ï‡k¨ G Z_¨ e¨envi Kiv n‡e bv|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx14 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 15

Gfv‡e †`Lv hvq †h, mKj‡K †gŠwjK wkÿv AR©b Kiv‡bvi `vwqZ¡ mgvR I iv‡óªi Ici Awc©Z n‡q‡Q| GRb¨ cÖ_g cÖ‡qvRb wkÿvi Aeva my‡hvM m„wó Kiv Ges wkÿv‡K wkÿv_©x‡`i RxebPvwn`v Dc‡hvMx Kiv| evsjv‡`‡ki Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i wkÿvi AwaKvi wbwðZKi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î wkÿvi Gme w`‡Ki Ici mwe‡kl iæZ¡ Av‡ivc cÖ‡qvRb|

M‡elYvi jÿ¨G M‡elYvKg©wUi cÖavb jÿ¨ wQj XvKv kn‡ii †avjvBLvj GjvKvi Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i (7 - 15 eQi eqmx) †gŠwjK wkÿv jv‡fi cÖvwZôvwbK my‡hvM I cÖ‡ekmy‡hvM AbymÜvb Kiv|

M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨G M‡elYvi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv n‡”Q-

1. XvKv kn‡ii †avjvBLvj GjvKvi Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i Av_©-mvgvwRK †cÖÿvcU AbymÜvb Kiv;

2. jÿ¨`j-wkï‡`i AwR©Z wkÿvi gvÎv wbiƒcY Kiv;

3. jÿ¨`j-wkï‡`i wkÿve¨e v’ we‡klZ Avbôy vwbK wkÿv †_‡K S‡i covi KviY Abmy Üvb Kiv;

4. Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i wkÿvPvwn`v hvPvB Kiv;

5. Zv‡`i wkÿv jv‡fi cÖvwZôvwbK my‡hvM AbymÜvb Kiv;

6. †avjvBLvj GjvKvi Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i wkÿv jv‡f cÖ‡ek-my‡hv‡Mi cÖvc¨Zv AbymÜvb Kiv;

7. Zv‡`i Rb¨ cÖPwjZ wkÿvKg©m~wPi wkÿvµg ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv;

8. Zv‡`i K‡g©i mv‡_ Giƒc wkÿvi m¤úK© AbymÜvb Kiv|

M‡elYvi cwimiXvKv kn‡ii wewfbœ GjvKvq A‡bK wkï Kg©iZ i‡q‡Q| Z‡e †avjvBLvj GjvKvq M‡o IVv bvbvwea ÿz`ª KviLvbv I †`vKv‡b Kg©iZ wkï‡`i msL¨v we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨| AbymÜv‡b †`Lv †M‡Q G GjvKvq cÖvq yB nvRvi wewfbœ ÿz`ª KviLvbvq I †`vKv‡b cÖavbZ 14 ai‡bi Kv‡R cÖvq 16000 Kg©x wb‡qvwRZ i‡q‡Q| G‡`i g‡a¨ 7-15 eQi eqmx wkïi msL¨v cÖvq wZb nvRvi| G M‡elYvwU Gme wkï‡`i Kg©`ÿZv Dbœqbg~jK †gŠwjK wkÿv jv‡fi my‡hvM AbymÜv‡bi Rb¨ cwiPvwjZ n‡q‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î miKvwi Ges †emiKvwi ms¯’v KZ…©K cwiPvwjZ wkÿv Kg©m~wP I Zvi Dc‡hvwMZv hvPvB Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gme wkÿv Kg©m~wP‡Z Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i cÖ‡e‡ki my‡hv‡Mi w`KwUI AbymÜvb Kiv n‡q‡Q |

bgybvqbG M‡elYvq XvKv kn‡ii †avjvBLvj GjvKvq wewfbœ ai‡bi ÿz`ª KviLvbv I †`vKv‡b 14 ai‡bi Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ 7 - 15 eQi eqmx wkï‡`i (evjK I evwjKv) cÖavb jÿ¨`j wn‡m‡e wba©viY Kiv nq| wKš‘ M‡elYv GjvKvi ÿz`ª KviLvbv I †`vKv‡b †Kvb Kg©Rxex evwjKv cvIqv hvq wb| d‡j †Kej Kg©Rxex evjK‡`i KvQ †_‡K Z_¨ msMªn Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖ‡Z¨K ai‡bi K‡g© wb‡qvwRZ‡`i ga¨ †_‡K wbwe©Pvi bgybvq‡bi gva¨‡g 20 Rb wkïi KvQ †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e wgwjs‡gwkb KviLvbvi AvwaK¨ _vKvq †mLv‡b Kg©iZ 40 Rb wkï‡K bgybvqbfz³ Kiv nq| G‡ÿ‡ÎI wbwe©Pvi bgybvqb c×wZ Aej¤^b Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gfv‡e †gvU 300 Rb wkï‡K bgybvfz³ K‡i Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv

nq| Gme ÿz`ª KviLvbv I †`vKv‡bi 10 ai‡bi wb‡qvMKZv© cvIqv hvq (†Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î GKB wb‡qvMKZ©v 2/3 ai‡bi cÖwZôv‡bi gvwjK)| wb‡qvMKZ©v‡`i ga¨ †_‡K 30 Rb wb‡qvMKZ©v‡K bgybvqbfz³ Kiv nq| G †ÿ‡Î cÖvc¨Zv Abyhvqx Zv‡`i bgybvqb msL¨v wbav©iY Kiv nq|

†avjvBLvj GjvKvq 3wU †emiKvwi ms¯’v (GbwRI) Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i Rb¨ wkÿvKg©m~wP cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡”Q- (K) Aciv‡Rq evsjv‡`k, (L) ccy‡jkb mvwf©‡mm GÛ †Uªwbs †m›Uvi (wcGwUwm) I (M) f‡j›Uvwi G‡mvwm‡qkb di iæivj †W‡fjc‡g›U (fvW©)| G GjvKvq G 3 wU ms¯’vi GKwU K‡i wkLb †K›`ª i‡q‡Q| Gme †K‡›`ª wb‡qvwRZ 3 Rb wkÿ‡Ki wbKU †_‡KI Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q| GQvov cÖwZwU GbwRI-Gi 1 Rb Kg©KZ©vi mvÿvrKvi MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q| D‡jøL¨ †h, fvW©-Gi Kg©KZ©vi mvÿvrKvi MÖnY Kiv m¤¢e nqwb|

M‡elYv-nvwZqvi cÖYqbG M‡elYvq Z_¨vw` msMª‡n Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i I Zv‡`i wb‡qvMKZ©v‡`i Rb¨ cÖkœgvjv cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q| Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i Rb¨ cÖYxZ cÖkœgvjvq Zv‡`i mvaviY Z_¨ I Av_©mvgvwRK Ae¯’v Ges Zv‡`i AwR©Z wkÿvi gvÎv, AvbyôvwbK wkÿv †_‡K S‡i covi KviY, wkÿvi Pvwn`v hvPvB, cÖvwZôvwbK my‡hvM AbymÜvb, wkÿv jv‡f cÖ‡ek-my‡hv‡Mi AbymÜvb I Zv‡`i Kv‡Ri mv‡_ AwR©Z wkÿvi m¤úK© AbymÜvb Kivi Rb¨ ms‡hvwRZ nq| G mKj cÖkœ Db¥y³ I Ave× ai‡bi wQj| wb‡qvMKZ©v‡`i Rb¨ cÖYxZ cÖkœgvjvq Zv‡`i cÖwZôv‡b Kg©iZ wkï‡`i wkÿvi mv‡_ mswkøó wewfbœ Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ cÖYqb Kiv nq| G cÖkœgvjvq wkÿv mswkøó Z‡_¨i Rb¨ wkï‡`i Rb¨ cÖYxZ cÖkœgvjvi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y© cªkœ AšÍf©z³ Kiv nq, hv‡Z Df‡qi cÖ`Ë Z‡_¨i g‡a¨ Zzjbv Kiv m¤¢e nq| wb‡qvMKZ©v‡`i Ô†dvKvm MÖæc Av‡jvPbviÕ Rb¨ GKwU wb‡`©kbvcÎ cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q| wkLb †K›`ªi wkÿK‡`i wbKU †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ mvÿvrKvigvjv cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q| wkÿK‡`i Rb¨ cÖYxZ mvÿvrKvigvjvq g~jZ wkLb †K‡›`ªi mv‡_ mswkøó wewfbœ Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ Db¥y³ e¨e¯’v ivLv nq| G‡Z wkÿv_x©i Z_¨, wkÿv cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ e¨eüZ wkÿvµg I DcKiY, wkÿv_x©‡`i Rb¨ cÖ`Ë my‡hvM-myweav I cÖwZeÜKZvmg~n, wkÿv_x©‡`i K‡g©i mv‡_ †K›`ª-cwiPvwjZ wkÿv Kg©m~wPi m¤úK© Ges wkÿv_x©‡`i Rb¨ cÖ`Ë Kg© m¤úwK©Z my‡hvM AbymÜv‡bi cÖ‡Póv Pvjv‡bv nq| GQvov miKvwi ms¯’v †hgb, DcvbyôvwbK wkÿv e¨y‡iv Ges †emiKvwi ms¯’v h_v: H GjvKvq wkÿv Kg©m~wP cwiPvjbvq wb‡qvwRZ wewfbœ GbwRI Kg©KZ©vi Rb¨I cÖkœgvjv cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q|

M‡elYv nvwZqvi e¨enviM‡elK m‡iRwg‡b M‡elYv nvwZqvi e¨envi K‡i Z_¨vw` msMÖn K‡i‡Qb| GKB mv‡_ Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i wb‡qvMKZ©v‡`i Ô†dvKvm MÖæc Av‡jvPbvÕi Av‡qvRb Kiv nq| †avjvBLv‡ji Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i Rb¨ cwiPvwjZ wkÿv Kvh©µ‡gi wkÿvµg ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv nq|

ˆbwZKZv we‡ePbv h_vh_ KZ©„cÿ/e¨w³i AbygwZ wb‡q Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q| G †ÿ‡Î M‡elK Z_¨ msMÖnKvix‡`i wbKU Aby‡ivacÎ mieivn K‡i‡Qb| Z_¨ msMÖn I Zv msiÿ‡Y †MvcbxqZv iÿv Kiv n‡q‡Q| M‡elYv cÖwZ‡e`‡bi evB‡i Ab¨ †Kvb D‡Ï‡k¨ G Z_¨ e¨envi Kiv n‡e bv|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx16 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 17

DcvË Dc¯’vcb I we‡kølYM‡elYvwU‡Z wgkªc×wZ (cwigvYMZ I ¸YMZ) Aej¤^b Kiv n‡q‡Q| cwimvswL¨K we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ cÖvß Z_¨ M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨ I Z_¨ mieivnKvix‡`i gZvg‡Zi wfwˇZ †kÖwYe×fv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| GmwcGmGm-16.00 mdUIq¨vi e¨envi K‡i mvaviY cwimvswL¨K †hgb: MYmsL¨v, kZKiv, Mo, Av`k©weP¨ywZ, µm‡Uey‡jkb cÖf…wZ Dcv‡q cÖkœgvjv †_‡K cÖvß DcvË we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q| cwimvswL¨K Z_¨ `„wó‡MvPi nIqv Ges mn‡R †evSvi Rb¨ Z‡_¨i wfwˇZ mviwY I wPÎ cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q| M‡elYvq Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i wkÿvi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ welq †hgb, wkï‡`i Av_©mvgvwRK Ae¯’v, AwR©Z wkÿvi gvÎv, wkÿve¨e¯’v †_‡K Zv‡`i S‡i cov, eZ©gv‡b wkÿv jv‡fi Pvwn`v I cÖvß my‡hvM-myweav, K‡g©i mv‡_ wkÿv my‡hv‡Mi m¤úK© cÖf„wZ we‡ePbvq †i‡L we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q|

wkÿvµg chv©‡jvPbvevsjv‡`‡k kû‡i Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i Rb¨ cÖPwjZ wkÿv Kg©m~wP mswkøó wkÿvµg, wkÿv mvgMÖx (cvV¨cy¯ÍK, g¨vbyqvj, wkÿK wb‡`©wkKv, gWy¨j BZ¨vw`) I wk‡ÿvcKiY ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖv_wgK I MYwkÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi DcvbyôvwbK wkÿv ey¨‡iv evsjv‡`‡k kn‡ii Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i Rb¨ wkÿv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q| G ey¨v‡ivi gva¨‡g Ôkn‡ii Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i Rb¨ †gŠwjK wkÿvÕ cÖKí cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q| evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii mv‡_ BDwb‡md, myBwWk wmWv I KvbvwWqvb wmWv G cÖK‡í Avw_©K mnvqZv cÖ`vb Ki‡Q| eZ©gv‡b G cÖK‡íi gva¨‡g evsjv‡`‡ki QqwU wefvMxq kn‡i Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i Rb¨ Pwjøk gv‡mi (cÖwZwU 8 gv‡mi cuvPwU P‡µ wef³) wkÿv Kvh©µg ev¯Íevqb Pj‡Q| DcvbyôvwbK wkÿv ey¨‡ivi ZË¡veav‡b KwZcq †emiKvwi ms¯’v‡K (GbwRI) G wkÿv Kvh©µg ev¯Íevq‡bi `vwqZ¡ Ac©Y Kiv n‡q‡Q| GbwRI¸‡jv Gme kn‡i wkï-kªgNb GjvKvq wkLb †K‡›`ªi gva¨‡g DcvbyôvwbK wkÿv ey¨‡iv cÖYxZ Ô†gŠwjK wkÿv KvwiKzjvgÕ Abymi‡Y G wkÿv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q| G wkÿv †K›`ª¸‡jv‡Z ïµevi ev‡` mßv‡n Qq w`b (cÖwZw`b `y NÈv wÎk wgwbU) cvV`vb Kiv nq| cÖwZ †K‡›`ª GKRb wkÿK i‡q‡Q| G wkÿvµ‡gi cÖ_g P‡µ evsjv, MwYZ I Rxeb`ÿZv cvV¨m~wPfz³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| wØZxq P‡µ G welq¸‡jvi mv‡_ Bs‡iwR hy³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| PZz_© I cÂg P‡µ G¸‡jvi mv‡_ mgvRweÁvb hy³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖwZwU wel‡qi Rb¨ GKwU IqvK©wkU iPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gme IqvK©wk‡U mvaviY wkÿvi welqe¯‘i mv‡_ Rxeb-`ÿZvwfwËK wkLb welqe¯‘I AšÍfz©³ i‡q‡Q|

†avjvBLvj GjvKvq wZbwU †emiKvwi ms¯’vi wkLb †K›`ª i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡”Q- (K) Aciv‡Rq evsjv‡`k, (L) ccy‡jkb mvwf©m GÐ †Uªwbs †m›Uvi (wcGmwUwm) Ges (M) f‡jbUvwi G‡mvwm‡qkb di iæivj †W‡fjc‡g›U (fvW©), ÔAciv‡Rq evsjv‡`kÕ g~jZ RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW© cÖYxZ cÖ_g †_‡K Z„Zxq †kªYxi evsjv, Bs‡iwR I MwYZ cvV¨cy¯ÍK I wkÿK wb‡`©wkKv e¨envi K‡i| Gme wkLbmvgMÖx mvaviYfv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki miKvwi I †emiKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨vjqmg~‡n e¨envi Kiv nq| G¸‡jv g~jZ mvaviY wkÿve¨e¯’vi Dc‡hvMx K‡i cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q| Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i Rb¨ Gme mvgMÖx‡Z `ÿZv-Dbœqbg~jK Avjv`v welqe¯‘ †bB| ccy‡jkb mvwf©m GÛ †Uªwbs †m›Uvi (wcGwUwm)-i wkLb †K‡›`ª yB eQ‡i Z…Zxq †kªYx ch©šÍ wkÿv`v‡bi e¨e¯’v i‡q‡Q| GB ms¯’vwUi wkÿv

Kvh©µ‡g mvÿiZv, evsjv I Bs‡iwR fvlv Ges MwYZ †kLvi Ic‡i ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc Kiv nq| G †ÿ‡Î XvKv Avnmvwbqv wgkb I RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW© cÖYxZ cvV¨cy¯ÍK I wkÿK wb‡`©wkKv e¨envi Kiv nq| GB ms¯’vwUi Kvh©µgI mvaviY wkÿvagx©| Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i Rb¨ we‡kl ai‡bi †Kvb wkÿvµg †bB|

f‡j›Uvwi G‡mvwm‡qkb di iæivj †W‡fjc‡g›U (fvW©)-Gi wkÿv Kg©m~wP cwiPvwjZ nq cÖv_wgK I MYwkÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi DcvbyôvwbK wkÿv ey¨‡iv cwiPvwjZ Ôkn‡ii Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i Rb¨ †gŠwjK wkÿv cÖKíÕ Abymi‡Y|

djvdj I Av‡jvPbvZ_¨vw` web¨vm I we‡køl‡Y cÖvß djvdj wb‡P Zy‡j aiv nj|

Av_©mvgvwRK Ae¯’v

cªwZôvb/‡`vKv‡b M‡o 1.57 Rb (7-15 eQi eqmx) Kg©Rxex wkï KvR K‡i| wewfbœ Kv‡Ri Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i g‡a¨ 12 eQi eqmx wkï‡`i msL¨v me‡P‡q †ewk (20.3%)| cieZx© chv©‡q Av‡Q 13 eQi eqmx wkï (19.7%)&| Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i mK‡j AweevwnZ| †ewki fvM wkï (57.7%) evev-gv‡qi m‡½ _v‡K| gvÎ 4% wkï Kg©‡ÿ‡Î evm K‡i| †ewki fvM wkï (71.3%) †gvUvgywU fvj cwi‡e‡k evm K‡i| gvÎ 0.7% wkï A¯^v¯’¨Ki cwi‡e‡k evm K‡i| †ewki fvM wkï (84%) cÖwZ eQi wewfbœ Dcj‡ÿ MÖv‡gi evwo Z_v ’vqx wVKvbvq †eov‡Z hvq| Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i 38.7% m‡ev©”P 6 gvm hveZ KvR Ki‡Q, 6 gv‡mi Dc‡i wKš‘ 1 eQ‡ii wb‡P KvR Ki‡Q 21.7% wkï, Ges 22.7% wkï KvR Ki‡Q 1 eQ‡ii †ewk wKš‘ 2 eQ‡ii Kg mgqKvj, 13% wkï 2 eQi †_‡K 3 eQ‡ii Kg mgq Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ i‡q‡Q| evwKiv (4%) 3 eQ‡ii DaŸ© mgqKvj a‡i KvR Ki‡Q|

Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i g‡a¨ 58.7% gv‡m GK nvRvi UvKvi Kg †eZb cvq| wkï‡`i g‡a¨ 13% gv‡m 500 UvKvi Kg †eZb cvq Ges GKB msL¨K wkï (13%) 500 †_‡K 1000 UvKv †eZb cvq| Zv‡`i 6% †eZb cvq 3000 UvKv ev Zvi †ewk| 8% wkï †Kvb †eZb cvq bv| eqm I Kg©-

4.00%13.00%

38.70%

21.70%

22.70%

0-6 gvm

7 gvm-1 eQ‡ii Kg

1 eQi-2 eQ‡ii Kg

2 eQi-3 eQ‡ii Kg

3 eQi ev Zvi †P‡q †ewk mgq

wPÎ: Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ nIqvi †gqv`

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx16 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 17

DcvË Dc¯’vcb I we‡kølYM‡elYvwU‡Z wgkªc×wZ (cwigvYMZ I ¸YMZ) Aej¤^b Kiv n‡q‡Q| cwimvswL¨K we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ cÖvß Z_¨ M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨ I Z_¨ mieivnKvix‡`i gZvg‡Zi wfwˇZ †kÖwYe×fv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| GmwcGmGm-16.00 mdUIq¨vi e¨envi K‡i mvaviY cwimvswL¨K †hgb: MYmsL¨v, kZKiv, Mo, Av`k©weP¨ywZ, µm‡Uey‡jkb cÖf…wZ Dcv‡q cÖkœgvjv †_‡K cÖvß DcvË we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q| cwimvswL¨K Z_¨ `„wó‡MvPi nIqv Ges mn‡R †evSvi Rb¨ Z‡_¨i wfwˇZ mviwY I wPÎ cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q| M‡elYvq Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i wkÿvi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ welq †hgb, wkï‡`i Av_©mvgvwRK Ae¯’v, AwR©Z wkÿvi gvÎv, wkÿve¨e¯’v †_‡K Zv‡`i S‡i cov, eZ©gv‡b wkÿv jv‡fi Pvwn`v I cÖvß my‡hvM-myweav, K‡g©i mv‡_ wkÿv my‡hv‡Mi m¤úK© cÖf„wZ we‡ePbvq †i‡L we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q|

wkÿvµg chv©‡jvPbvevsjv‡`‡k kû‡i Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i Rb¨ cÖPwjZ wkÿv Kg©m~wP mswkøó wkÿvµg, wkÿv mvgMÖx (cvV¨cy¯ÍK, g¨vbyqvj, wkÿK wb‡`©wkKv, gWy¨j BZ¨vw`) I wk‡ÿvcKiY ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖv_wgK I MYwkÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi DcvbyôvwbK wkÿv ey¨‡iv evsjv‡`‡k kn‡ii Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i Rb¨ wkÿv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q| G ey¨v‡ivi gva¨‡g Ôkn‡ii Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i Rb¨ †gŠwjK wkÿvÕ cÖKí cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q| evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii mv‡_ BDwb‡md, myBwWk wmWv I KvbvwWqvb wmWv G cÖK‡í Avw_©K mnvqZv cÖ`vb Ki‡Q| eZ©gv‡b G cÖK‡íi gva¨‡g evsjv‡`‡ki QqwU wefvMxq kn‡i Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i Rb¨ Pwjøk gv‡mi (cÖwZwU 8 gv‡mi cuvPwU P‡µ wef³) wkÿv Kvh©µg ev¯Íevqb Pj‡Q| DcvbyôvwbK wkÿv ey¨‡ivi ZË¡veav‡b KwZcq †emiKvwi ms¯’v‡K (GbwRI) G wkÿv Kvh©µg ev¯Íevq‡bi `vwqZ¡ Ac©Y Kiv n‡q‡Q| GbwRI¸‡jv Gme kn‡i wkï-kªgNb GjvKvq wkLb †K‡›`ªi gva¨‡g DcvbyôvwbK wkÿv ey¨‡iv cÖYxZ Ô†gŠwjK wkÿv KvwiKzjvgÕ Abymi‡Y G wkÿv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q| G wkÿv †K›`ª¸‡jv‡Z ïµevi ev‡` mßv‡n Qq w`b (cÖwZw`b `y NÈv wÎk wgwbU) cvV`vb Kiv nq| cÖwZ †K‡›`ª GKRb wkÿK i‡q‡Q| G wkÿvµ‡gi cÖ_g P‡µ evsjv, MwYZ I Rxeb`ÿZv cvV¨m~wPfz³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| wØZxq P‡µ G welq¸‡jvi mv‡_ Bs‡iwR hy³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| PZz_© I cÂg P‡µ G¸‡jvi mv‡_ mgvRweÁvb hy³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖwZwU wel‡qi Rb¨ GKwU IqvK©wkU iPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gme IqvK©wk‡U mvaviY wkÿvi welqe¯‘i mv‡_ Rxeb-`ÿZvwfwËK wkLb welqe¯‘I AšÍfz©³ i‡q‡Q|

†avjvBLvj GjvKvq wZbwU †emiKvwi ms¯’vi wkLb †K›`ª i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡”Q- (K) Aciv‡Rq evsjv‡`k, (L) ccy‡jkb mvwf©m GÐ †Uªwbs †m›Uvi (wcGmwUwm) Ges (M) f‡jbUvwi G‡mvwm‡qkb di iæivj †W‡fjc‡g›U (fvW©), ÔAciv‡Rq evsjv‡`kÕ g~jZ RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW© cÖYxZ cÖ_g †_‡K Z„Zxq †kªYxi evsjv, Bs‡iwR I MwYZ cvV¨cy¯ÍK I wkÿK wb‡`©wkKv e¨envi K‡i| Gme wkLbmvgMÖx mvaviYfv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki miKvwi I †emiKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨vjqmg~‡n e¨envi Kiv nq| G¸‡jv g~jZ mvaviY wkÿve¨e¯’vi Dc‡hvMx K‡i cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q| Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i Rb¨ Gme mvgMÖx‡Z `ÿZv-Dbœqbg~jK Avjv`v welqe¯‘ †bB| ccy‡jkb mvwf©m GÛ †Uªwbs †m›Uvi (wcGwUwm)-i wkLb †K‡›`ª yB eQ‡i Z…Zxq †kªYx ch©šÍ wkÿv`v‡bi e¨e¯’v i‡q‡Q| GB ms¯’vwUi wkÿv

Kvh©µ‡g mvÿiZv, evsjv I Bs‡iwR fvlv Ges MwYZ †kLvi Ic‡i ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc Kiv nq| G †ÿ‡Î XvKv Avnmvwbqv wgkb I RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW© cÖYxZ cvV¨cy¯ÍK I wkÿK wb‡`©wkKv e¨envi Kiv nq| GB ms¯’vwUi Kvh©µgI mvaviY wkÿvagx©| Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i Rb¨ we‡kl ai‡bi †Kvb wkÿvµg †bB|

f‡j›Uvwi G‡mvwm‡qkb di iæivj †W‡fjc‡g›U (fvW©)-Gi wkÿv Kg©m~wP cwiPvwjZ nq cÖv_wgK I MYwkÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi DcvbyôvwbK wkÿv ey¨‡iv cwiPvwjZ Ôkn‡ii Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i Rb¨ †gŠwjK wkÿv cÖKíÕ Abymi‡Y|

djvdj I Av‡jvPbvZ_¨vw` web¨vm I we‡køl‡Y cÖvß djvdj wb‡P Zy‡j aiv nj|

Av_©mvgvwRK Ae¯’v

cªwZôvb/‡`vKv‡b M‡o 1.57 Rb (7-15 eQi eqmx) Kg©Rxex wkï KvR K‡i| wewfbœ Kv‡Ri Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i g‡a¨ 12 eQi eqmx wkï‡`i msL¨v me‡P‡q †ewk (20.3%)| cieZx© chv©‡q Av‡Q 13 eQi eqmx wkï (19.7%)&| Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i mK‡j AweevwnZ| †ewki fvM wkï (57.7%) evev-gv‡qi m‡½ _v‡K| gvÎ 4% wkï Kg©‡ÿ‡Î evm K‡i| †ewki fvM wkï (71.3%) †gvUvgywU fvj cwi‡e‡k evm K‡i| gvÎ 0.7% wkï A¯^v¯’¨Ki cwi‡e‡k evm K‡i| †ewki fvM wkï (84%) cÖwZ eQi wewfbœ Dcj‡ÿ MÖv‡gi evwo Z_v ’vqx wVKvbvq †eov‡Z hvq| Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i 38.7% m‡ev©”P 6 gvm hveZ KvR Ki‡Q, 6 gv‡mi Dc‡i wKš‘ 1 eQ‡ii wb‡P KvR Ki‡Q 21.7% wkï, Ges 22.7% wkï KvR Ki‡Q 1 eQ‡ii †ewk wKš‘ 2 eQ‡ii Kg mgqKvj, 13% wkï 2 eQi †_‡K 3 eQ‡ii Kg mgq Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ i‡q‡Q| evwKiv (4%) 3 eQ‡ii DaŸ© mgqKvj a‡i KvR Ki‡Q|

Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i g‡a¨ 58.7% gv‡m GK nvRvi UvKvi Kg †eZb cvq| wkï‡`i g‡a¨ 13% gv‡m 500 UvKvi Kg †eZb cvq Ges GKB msL¨K wkï (13%) 500 †_‡K 1000 UvKv †eZb cvq| Zv‡`i 6% †eZb cvq 3000 UvKv ev Zvi †ewk| 8% wkï †Kvb †eZb cvq bv| eqm I Kg©-

4.00%13.00%

38.70%

21.70%

22.70%

0-6 gvm

7 gvm-1 eQ‡ii Kg

1 eQi-2 eQ‡ii Kg

2 eQi-3 eQ‡ii Kg

3 eQi ev Zvi †P‡q †ewk mgq

wPÎ: Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ nIqvi †gqv`

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx18 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 19

AwfÁZv e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ wkï‡`i †eZb ev‡o| Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i 48.7%-Gi wcZv w`bgRyi, wiKkvPvjK I cwienY kÖwgK| Zv‡`i 18%-Gi wcZv †`vKvb I †i÷z‡i‡›Ui Kg©Pvwi, 12.3%-Gi wcZv †QvULv‡Uv e¨emvq Ges 8.3%-Gi wcZv ^í †eZ‡bi PvKzwi‡Z wb‡qvwRZ| Zv‡`i 5.5% Gi wcZv wKQz K‡ib bv Ges 7.7% wkïi wcZv g„Z| Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i 87%-Gi gv M„wnYx| 11.6% wkï‡`i gv A_© DcvR©bg~jK Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ Ges 1% wkïi gv g„Z| wkï‡`i wcZv-gvZvi cwiev‡i M‡o 4.29 Rb m`m¨ i‡q‡Qb Ges DcvR©bÿg m`‡m¨i msL¨v M‡o 2.45 Rb| Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i g‡a¨ 2.3% wkï cwiev‡i GKgvÎ DcvR©bÿg m`m¨|

wkÿvMZ Ae¯’vKg©Rxex wkï‡`i cÖ`Ë Z_¨ Abyhvqx 70.3% wkï †Kvb bv †Kvb Íi ch©šÍ wkÿv jvf K‡i‡Q| A_©vr 29.7% wkï KL‡bv we`¨vj‡q fwZ© nq wb| wKš‘ 1990 mv‡j _vBj¨v‡Ûi RgwZ‡q‡b wkÿv wel‡q AvšÍR©vwZK m‡¤§jb †_‡K Ômevi Rb¨ wkÿvÕ †NvlYvq mK‡ji Rb¨ †gŠwjK wkÿvi Pvwn`vc~iY we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ jvf K‡i Ges mnmªvã †NvlYv (2000) G 2015 mv‡ji g‡a¨ we‡k¦i me©Î evjK-evwjKv, mK‡ji cÖv_wgK wkÿvPµ mgvß Kivi wbðqZv weav‡bi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| we`¨vj‡q fwZ© nIqv 70.3% wkï‡`i g‡a¨ 41.7% cÖ_g †_‡K Z…Zxq †kÖwY ch©šÍ, 23% wkï PZz_© †_‡K cÂg †kÖwY ch©šÍ, 5% lô †_‡K Aóg †kÖwY ch©šÍ Ges Aóg †kÖwYi †ewk †jLvcov K‡i‡Q 0.7% wkï| Z‡e wb‡qvMKZ©v‡`i g‡Z 90% bgybvfz³ wkï †jLvcov Rv‡b| 46.7% wkï cÖv_wgK ¯Íi ch©šÍ Ges wkï‡`i 16.7% wbgœgva¨wgK ¯Íi ch©šÍ †jLvcov K‡i‡Q| bgybvfz³ wkï‡`i 60.3% miKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡q †jLvcov K‡i‡Q, 7.3% Ges 2% wkï h_vµ‡g †emiKvwi I GbwRI we`¨vj‡q †jLvcov K‡i‡Q| gvÎ 0.7% wkï gv`ivmvq c‡o‡Q| cÂg †kÖwYi Dc‡i wkÿvjvfKvix‡`i AwaKvskB †emiKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡q †jLvcov K‡i‡Q|

wkÿve¨e¯’v †_‡K Zv‡`i S‡i covi KviY hw`I wWGdG (2000) -†Z †gŠwjK wkÿvq eywbqvw`, RxebNwbô I mvgvwRK wkÿv msµvšÍ Kg©m~wP AšÍ©fz³ Kivi K_v ejv nq, hv‡Z mevi c‡ÿ AšÍZ mvÿiZv, MvwYwZK Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq Rxeb `ÿZvi gZ ¯^xK…Z I cwigvc‡hvM¨ wkÿvMZ KykjZv AR©b m¤¢e nq| bgybvfz³ cÖvq A‡a©K wkï (48%) we`¨vj‡q bv hvIqvi †cQ‡b Z_v S‡i covi †cQ‡b we`¨vjq fvj jv‡M bv e‡j gZ †i‡L‡Q, 22.3% wkï †jLvcovi UvKv bv _vKv‡K A_©vr A_© msKU‡K Ges 21.3% wkï cwiev‡ii Kv‡Ri

Pvc‡K we`¨vjq Qvovi KviY e‡j D‡jøL K‡i‡Q| bgybvfz³ Kg©iZ wkï‡`i gvÎ 10 Rb (3.30%) eZ©gv‡b we`¨vj‡q hvq A_©vr 96.70% wkï eZ©gv‡b †jLvcov K‡i bv| hviv we`¨vj‡q hvq Zv‡`i †ewkifvMB (7 Rb) miKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡q c‡o| evwKiv (3 Rb) GbwRI ‹z‡j c‡o|

eZ©gv‡b wkÿv jv‡fi Pvwn`vwb‡qvMKZ©v‡`i †ewki fv‡Mi (66.7%) g‡Z eZ©gv‡b wkÿv jv‡fi e¨vcv‡i wkï‡`i AvMÖn †bB, 16.7% wb‡qvMKZ©v A_©msKU‡K wkï‡`i we`¨vj‡q bv hvIqvi †cQ‡b KviY wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡i‡Qb Ab¨w`‡K 6.7% wb‡qvMKZ©v Kv‡Ri dvu‡K mgq bv cvIqv‡K KviY wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb|

†ewkifvM wkï (61.7%) eZ©gv‡b †jLvcov †kLv DwPZ e‡j gZ cÖKvk K‡i‡Q, Z‡e 22.3% wkïi g‡Z eZ©gv‡b †jLvcov †kLvi cÖ‡qvRb †bB, Ab¨w`‡K 14.3% wkï g‡b K‡i †jLv cov Kivi mgq †bB Ges 1.7% wkïi g‡Z fvjfv‡e KvR Kivi Rb¨ †jLvcov Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|

K‡g©i mv‡_ wkÿv my‡hv‡Mi m¤úK© Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i A‡a©‡KiI †ewki (59.7%) g‡Z Zv‡`i AwR©Z wkÿv eZ©gvb †ckv‡K mnvqZv K‡i bv, 28.70% g‡b K‡i wkÿv Zv‡`i †ckvq mnvqZv K‡i, Z‡e 11.70% wkï G e¨vcv‡i †Kvb gZvgZ †`q wb| Z‡e wb‡qvMKZ©v‡`i A‡b‡KB (66.7%) gZ cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb †h, AwR©Z wkÿv wkï‡`i eZ©gvb †ckv‡K mnvqZv K‡i| A‡bK wkï †g‡gv cov I †jLv, gvc‡RvL Kiv I mvaviY wnmve-wbKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i|

†avjvBLv‡j Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i (bgybvfz³) gvÎ 3.3% eZ©gv‡b †jLvcov Ki‡Q| Zv‡`i †KD †KD miKvwi we`¨vj‡q Ges †KD †KD †emiKvwi ms¯’v cwiPvwjZ we`¨vj‡q †jLvcov Ki‡Q| Gme we`¨vj‡qi wkÿvµg cÖavbZ mvaviY welqagx©| Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i K‡g©i mv‡_ we‡klZ KvwiMwi Kv‡Ri mv‡_ G wkÿvi mivmwi m¤úK© †bB| cÖK…Z A‡_© †avjvBLvj GjvKvq wewfbœ KviLvbvq/†`vKv‡b Kg©iZ wkï‡`i Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨envwiK `ÿZv I e„wËg~jK/KvwiMwi wkÿvi

†ckv wk¶v eZg©vb †ckv‡K mnvqZv K‡i

nuv bv gZvgZ †`qwb †gvU

IqvKk©‡c SvjvB KvR 4 13 3 20

wgwjs †gwk‡bi mnKvwi 14 23 3 40

cyivZb BwÄb †avqv †gvQvi KvR 2 16 2 20

dz‡qj cv¤ú Gi †givgZ KvR 9 9 2 20

†nv‡Uj/†i÷y‡i‡›U KvR 0 17 3 20

Mw`i †`vKv‡b †ePv‡Kbvi KvR 9 11 0 20

gUi cvUm©-Gi †`vKv‡b KvR 5 10 5 20

Pv-Gi †`vKv‡b KvR 7 13 0 20

Pv, cvb Avbvi KvR 3 14 3 20

gUi †gKvwbKm Kv‡R wk¶vbwek (webv †eZ‡b) 5 13 2 20

†iwWIUv‡ii †`vKv‡b SvjvB mnKvix 4 14 2 20

nvW©Iq¨v‡ii †`vKv‡bi KgP©vix 7 7 6 20

gUi cvUm©-Gi †givgZ KvR 11 7 2 20

†`vKv‡b †µZv WvKvi KvR 6 12 2 20

†gvU 86 179 35 300

% 28.67% 59.67% 11.67% 100%

†Uwej: AwR©Z wkÿv eZ©gvb †ckvi mnvqK wel‡q Kg©wfwËK wkï‡`i gZvgZ

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx18 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 19

AwfÁZv e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ wkï‡`i †eZb ev‡o| Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i 48.7%-Gi wcZv w`bgRyi, wiKkvPvjK I cwienY kÖwgK| Zv‡`i 18%-Gi wcZv †`vKvb I †i÷z‡i‡›Ui Kg©Pvwi, 12.3%-Gi wcZv †QvULv‡Uv e¨emvq Ges 8.3%-Gi wcZv ^í †eZ‡bi PvKzwi‡Z wb‡qvwRZ| Zv‡`i 5.5% Gi wcZv wKQz K‡ib bv Ges 7.7% wkïi wcZv g„Z| Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i 87%-Gi gv M„wnYx| 11.6% wkï‡`i gv A_© DcvR©bg~jK Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ Ges 1% wkïi gv g„Z| wkï‡`i wcZv-gvZvi cwiev‡i M‡o 4.29 Rb m`m¨ i‡q‡Qb Ges DcvR©bÿg m`‡m¨i msL¨v M‡o 2.45 Rb| Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i g‡a¨ 2.3% wkï cwiev‡i GKgvÎ DcvR©bÿg m`m¨|

wkÿvMZ Ae¯’vKg©Rxex wkï‡`i cÖ`Ë Z_¨ Abyhvqx 70.3% wkï †Kvb bv †Kvb Íi ch©šÍ wkÿv jvf K‡i‡Q| A_©vr 29.7% wkï KL‡bv we`¨vj‡q fwZ© nq wb| wKš‘ 1990 mv‡j _vBj¨v‡Ûi RgwZ‡q‡b wkÿv wel‡q AvšÍR©vwZK m‡¤§jb †_‡K Ômevi Rb¨ wkÿvÕ †NvlYvq mK‡ji Rb¨ †gŠwjK wkÿvi Pvwn`vc~iY we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ jvf K‡i Ges mnmªvã †NvlYv (2000) G 2015 mv‡ji g‡a¨ we‡k¦i me©Î evjK-evwjKv, mK‡ji cÖv_wgK wkÿvPµ mgvß Kivi wbðqZv weav‡bi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| we`¨vj‡q fwZ© nIqv 70.3% wkï‡`i g‡a¨ 41.7% cÖ_g †_‡K Z…Zxq †kÖwY ch©šÍ, 23% wkï PZz_© †_‡K cÂg †kÖwY ch©šÍ, 5% lô †_‡K Aóg †kÖwY ch©šÍ Ges Aóg †kÖwYi †ewk †jLvcov K‡i‡Q 0.7% wkï| Z‡e wb‡qvMKZ©v‡`i g‡Z 90% bgybvfz³ wkï †jLvcov Rv‡b| 46.7% wkï cÖv_wgK ¯Íi ch©šÍ Ges wkï‡`i 16.7% wbgœgva¨wgK ¯Íi ch©šÍ †jLvcov K‡i‡Q| bgybvfz³ wkï‡`i 60.3% miKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡q †jLvcov K‡i‡Q, 7.3% Ges 2% wkï h_vµ‡g †emiKvwi I GbwRI we`¨vj‡q †jLvcov K‡i‡Q| gvÎ 0.7% wkï gv`ivmvq c‡o‡Q| cÂg †kÖwYi Dc‡i wkÿvjvfKvix‡`i AwaKvskB †emiKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡q †jLvcov K‡i‡Q|

wkÿve¨e¯’v †_‡K Zv‡`i S‡i covi KviY hw`I wWGdG (2000) -†Z †gŠwjK wkÿvq eywbqvw`, RxebNwbô I mvgvwRK wkÿv msµvšÍ Kg©m~wP AšÍ©fz³ Kivi K_v ejv nq, hv‡Z mevi c‡ÿ AšÍZ mvÿiZv, MvwYwZK Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq Rxeb `ÿZvi gZ ¯^xK…Z I cwigvc‡hvM¨ wkÿvMZ KykjZv AR©b m¤¢e nq| bgybvfz³ cÖvq A‡a©K wkï (48%) we`¨vj‡q bv hvIqvi †cQ‡b Z_v S‡i covi †cQ‡b we`¨vjq fvj jv‡M bv e‡j gZ †i‡L‡Q, 22.3% wkï †jLvcovi UvKv bv _vKv‡K A_©vr A_© msKU‡K Ges 21.3% wkï cwiev‡ii Kv‡Ri

Pvc‡K we`¨vjq Qvovi KviY e‡j D‡jøL K‡i‡Q| bgybvfz³ Kg©iZ wkï‡`i gvÎ 10 Rb (3.30%) eZ©gv‡b we`¨vj‡q hvq A_©vr 96.70% wkï eZ©gv‡b †jLvcov K‡i bv| hviv we`¨vj‡q hvq Zv‡`i †ewkifvMB (7 Rb) miKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡q c‡o| evwKiv (3 Rb) GbwRI ‹z‡j c‡o|

eZ©gv‡b wkÿv jv‡fi Pvwn`vwb‡qvMKZ©v‡`i †ewki fv‡Mi (66.7%) g‡Z eZ©gv‡b wkÿv jv‡fi e¨vcv‡i wkï‡`i AvMÖn †bB, 16.7% wb‡qvMKZ©v A_©msKU‡K wkï‡`i we`¨vj‡q bv hvIqvi †cQ‡b KviY wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡i‡Qb Ab¨w`‡K 6.7% wb‡qvMKZ©v Kv‡Ri dvu‡K mgq bv cvIqv‡K KviY wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb|

†ewkifvM wkï (61.7%) eZ©gv‡b †jLvcov †kLv DwPZ e‡j gZ cÖKvk K‡i‡Q, Z‡e 22.3% wkïi g‡Z eZ©gv‡b †jLvcov †kLvi cÖ‡qvRb †bB, Ab¨w`‡K 14.3% wkï g‡b K‡i †jLv cov Kivi mgq †bB Ges 1.7% wkïi g‡Z fvjfv‡e KvR Kivi Rb¨ †jLvcov Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|

K‡g©i mv‡_ wkÿv my‡hv‡Mi m¤úK© Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i A‡a©‡KiI †ewki (59.7%) g‡Z Zv‡`i AwR©Z wkÿv eZ©gvb †ckv‡K mnvqZv K‡i bv, 28.70% g‡b K‡i wkÿv Zv‡`i †ckvq mnvqZv K‡i, Z‡e 11.70% wkï G e¨vcv‡i †Kvb gZvgZ †`q wb| Z‡e wb‡qvMKZ©v‡`i A‡b‡KB (66.7%) gZ cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb †h, AwR©Z wkÿv wkï‡`i eZ©gvb †ckv‡K mnvqZv K‡i| A‡bK wkï †g‡gv cov I †jLv, gvc‡RvL Kiv I mvaviY wnmve-wbKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i|

†avjvBLv‡j Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i (bgybvfz³) gvÎ 3.3% eZ©gv‡b †jLvcov Ki‡Q| Zv‡`i †KD †KD miKvwi we`¨vj‡q Ges †KD †KD †emiKvwi ms¯’v cwiPvwjZ we`¨vj‡q †jLvcov Ki‡Q| Gme we`¨vj‡qi wkÿvµg cÖavbZ mvaviY welqagx©| Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i K‡g©i mv‡_ we‡klZ KvwiMwi Kv‡Ri mv‡_ G wkÿvi mivmwi m¤úK© †bB| cÖK…Z A‡_© †avjvBLvj GjvKvq wewfbœ KviLvbvq/†`vKv‡b Kg©iZ wkï‡`i Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨envwiK `ÿZv I e„wËg~jK/KvwiMwi wkÿvi

†ckv wk¶v eZg©vb †ckv‡K mnvqZv K‡i

nuv bv gZvgZ †`qwb †gvU

IqvKk©‡c SvjvB KvR 4 13 3 20

wgwjs †gwk‡bi mnKvwi 14 23 3 40

cyivZb BwÄb †avqv †gvQvi KvR 2 16 2 20

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Pv-Gi †`vKv‡b KvR 7 13 0 20

Pv, cvb Avbvi KvR 3 14 3 20

gUi †gKvwbKm Kv‡R wk¶vbwek (webv †eZ‡b) 5 13 2 20

†iwWIUv‡ii †`vKv‡b SvjvB mnKvix 4 14 2 20

nvW©Iq¨v‡ii †`vKv‡bi KgP©vix 7 7 6 20

gUi cvUm©-Gi †givgZ KvR 11 7 2 20

†`vKv‡b †µZv WvKvi KvR 6 12 2 20

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� †avjvBLvj GjvKvq Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i Rb¨ mvaviY wkÿvagx© cÖwZôvb Pvjy i‡q‡Q| Zv‡`i Rb¨ we‡klai‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxq-msL¨K wkÿv cÖwZôvb M‡o †Zvjv `iKvi| Giƒc cÖwZôv‡b wkï‡`i cÖ‡qvRbxq mvaviY wkÿv Ges Zv‡`i Kg©`ÿZv Dbœqbg~jK KvwiMwi wkÿv e¨e¯’v _vK‡e|

� Gme wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi Kvh©µg Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i Rb¨ myweavRbK I AvKl©Yxq n‡Z n‡e, †hb Zviv Av‡iv †jLvcov wkL‡Z we‡klfv‡e Drmvnx nq| G †ÿ‡Î we‡kl we‡kl Dcvq Aej¤^b Ki‡Z n‡e| D`vniY wn‡m‡e ejv P‡j, Zv‡`i Rb¨ myweavRbK mg‡q we`¨vjq cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î mvßvwnK QzwUi w`‡b `xN© mg‡qi Rb¨ Z_v mKvj-weKvj we`¨vjq †Lvjv ivL‡Z n‡e| Gw`b mKvj 10 Uv †_‡K ycyi 1Uv ch©šÍ Ges ycyi 2Uv †_‡K weKvj 5Uv ch©šÍ †gvU 6N›Uv †jLvcovi my‡hvM m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e| we`¨vj‡q Lvev‡ii e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Dce„wË cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|

� eZ©gv‡b Kg©iZ GbwRI¸‡jvi wkÿv‡K‡›`ªi Kvh©µg Av‡iv AvKl©Yxq Ki‡Z n‡e| we‡kl K‡i Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i Kg©`ÿZv Dbœqbg~jK wkÿv/cÖwkÿY †Rvi`vi Ki‡Z n‡e| wkÿv‡K‡›`ª fwZ© nIqv Ges wkÿv Ae¨vnZ ivLvi e¨vcv‡i GbwRI¸‡jv‡K Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i DØy× Ki‡Z n‡e|

� †avjvBLv‡ji wewfbœ cÖwZôvb/‡`vKv‡bi gvwjK‡`i Z_v wb‡qvMKZ©v‡`i Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i wkÿvi wel‡q Kvh©Ki f~wgKv cvjb Kiv `iKvi| G †ÿ‡Î Zv‡`i mevB‡K wkï‡`i wkÿv jv‡fi mgq-my‡hvM Ges A_©-mnvqZv w`‡Z n‡e| GKB mv‡_ wkÿv jv‡fi Rb¨ wkï‡`i‡K we‡klfv‡e DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z n‡e|

� †avjvBLv‡ji cÖwZôvb-gvwjK mwgwZ‡K Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i wkÿvi wel‡q mgwš^Z I Kvh©Ki D‡`¨vM MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| G †ÿ‡Î mwgwZ we`¨vj‡q †jLvcovi mywbw`©ó mgq wbav©iY K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i| we`¨vjq cwiPvjbv ms¯’vI †m Abyhvqx we`¨vj‡qi mgqm~wP wbav©iY Kivi e¨vcv‡i D‡`¨vM wb‡Z cv‡ib| G‡ÿ‡Î Kg©w`em¸‡jv‡Z GKUv wbw`©ó mg‡q AšÍZ y N›Uvi Rb¨ mKj cÖwZôvb wkï‡`i Kg©weiwZ w`‡Z cv‡i| A_ev we`¨vjq cwiPvjbvKvix ms¯’v

Ges wkï‡`i wb‡qvMKvix cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni msN/mwgwZ wkï‡`i wkÿvi Rb¨ mKv‡j/mܨvi ci y N›Uv mgq wbav©iY Ki‡Z cv‡i|

� Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i mvÿiZv AR©b Ges ÿZvi Dbœq‡b cÖwZôvwbK my‡hvM DbœZKiY Ges Zv †UKmBKi‡Y miKvwi Ges †emiKvwi ms¯’vi †hŠ_ cÖ‡Póv MÖnY cÖ‡qvRb|

evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ kn‡ii wkïkªgNb GjvKvq cÖ‡qvRbxq Rwic Pvwj‡q miKvwi I †emiKvwi ms¯’vmg~n‡K Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i Kg©`ÿZv Dbœqb Dc‡hvMx AviI wkÿv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Kiv `iKvi|

Z_¨m~ÎAvn‡g`, gbRyi (2010), †gŠwjK wkÿv: AwaKvi I vwqZ¡, cÖ_g Av‡jv, 17 †m‡Þ¤^i|

gv‡jK, Avãyj Ges Ab¨vb¨ (2009), wkÿvweÁvb I evsjv‡`‡k wkÿv (wØZxq ms¯‹iY), evsjv‡`k wek¦we`¨vjq gÄywi Kwgkb, XvKv, evsjv‡`k|

RvwZmsN (1948), gvbevwaKv‡ii me©Rbxb †NvlYvcÎ|

RvwZmsN (1989), wek¦ wkï AwaKvi mb`|

RvwZmsN (2000), mnmªvã Dbœqb jÿ¨gvÎv mevi Rb¨ wkÿv m‡¤§jb (1993), w`wjø †NvlYv Ges Kg© cwiKíbv|

BD‡b‡¯‹v (1990), mevi Rb¨ wkÿv, RgwZ‡qb, _vBj¨vÛ|

BD‡b‡¯‹v (1993), wkLb AšÍ©wbwnZ m¤ú`, GKzk kZ‡Ki wkÿvi Rb¨ AvšÍRv©wZK Kwgkb|

BD‡b‡¯‹v (2000), WvKvi †d«gIqvK© di GKkb, Iqv©ì GWz‡Kkb †dvivg, †m‡bMvj|

DcvbyôvwbK wkÿv ey¨‡iv (2009), †gŠwjK wkÿv KvwiKzjvg, kn‡ii Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i Rb¨ †gŠwjK wkÿv cÖKí, cÖv_wgK I MYwkÿv gš¿Yvjq, XvKv, evsjv‡`k|

†n‡m †L‡j MwYZ wkwL, kn‡ii Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i Rb¨ †gŠwjK wkÿv cÖKí, DcvbyôvwbK wkÿv ey¨‡iv,cÖv_wgK I MYwkÿv gš¿Yvjq|

Avgv‡`i mgvR Avgv‡`i weÁvb, kn‡ii Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i Rb¨ †gŠwjK wkÿv cÖKí, DcvbyôvwbK wkÿvey¨‡iv, cÖv_wgK I MYwkÿv gš¿Yvjq|

Avb›` Avb›`, kn‡ii Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i Rb¨ †gŠwjK wkÿv cÖKí, DcvbyôvwbK wkÿv ey¨‡iv,

cÖv_wgK I MYwkÿv gš¿Yvjq|

`ÿ nB Rxeb Mwo, kn‡ii Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i Rb¨ †gŠwjK wkÿv cÖKí, DcvbyôvwbK wkÿv ey¨‡iv,

cÖv_wgK I MYwkÿv gš¿Yvjq|

My English Book, BEHTRUWC Project, Bureau of Nonformal Education, Ministry of Primary and Mass Education.

Understanding Children’s Work (UCW) Programme (2011). Understanding children’s work in Bangladesh. Country Report, An Inter-Agency Research Cooperation Project of ILO, Unicef and World Bank Group. Rome.

Khan, M. Hayat, S. and Chalraborty, N. (2009). Rapid Assessment of the Basic Education for Hard to Reach Urban Working Children (BEHTRUWC) Project on Completion of 1st Learning Cycle. Final Report, Associates for Community and Population Research (ACPR), Dhaka.

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx22 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 23

†gŠwjK AwaKvi wn‡m‡e cÖ‡qvRbxq wkÿv jvf †_‡K ewÂZ n‡”Q| G cwiw¯’wZ‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki AmsL¨ wkï gvb‡eZi Rxebhvcb Ki‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki kn‡i emevmiZ wkï‡`i †ÿ‡Î G mgm¨vwU cÖKU iƒc jvf K‡i‡Q| XvKv kn‡ii †avjvBLvj GKwU wkïkªgNb GjvKv| cÖvß Z‡_¨i wfwˇZ †`Lv hvq, G GjvKvq cÖvq y nvRvi †QvU †QvU KviLvvbv I †`vKvb i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv‡Z cÖvq †lvj nvRvi Kg©x KvR K‡i| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q 7-15 eQi eqmx cÖvq wZb nvRvi Kg©Rxex wkï| Gme wkïi †ewkifvMB GK mgq we`¨vj‡q †jLvcov KiZ| wKš‘ bvbvwea Kvi‡Y Zviv †jLvcov †Q‡o †`q Ges MÖvg †_‡K XvKv kn‡i P‡j Av‡m Ges Av_©mvgvwRK ZvwM‡` Kg©Rxex wkï‡Z cwiYZ nq| G M‡elYvi djvdj Abyhvqx Zv‡`i AZ¨šÍ ÿz`ªZg Ask (3.3%) cybivq wkÿv Kvh©µ‡g AskMÖnY K‡i‡Q| evwK‡`i c‡ÿ wkÿv Kvh©µ‡g cÖ‡ek Kiv m¤¢e nq wb| G †ÿ‡Î Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i AvMÖ‡ni †hgb Afve i‡q‡Q, †Zgwb cÖK…Z A‡_© cÖvwZôvwbK my‡hvM I mgq-my‡hv‡Mi AfveI i‡q‡Q| Zv‡`i‡K Zv‡`i Kg© Dbœqb Dc‡hvMx wkÿve¨e¯’vq AšÍf©y³ Kiv Riæwi| G †ÿ‡Î we‡kl KZ¸‡jv mycvwik Zz‡j aiv nj:

� †avjvBLvj GjvKvq Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i Rb¨ mvaviY wkÿvagx© cÖwZôvb Pvjy i‡q‡Q| Zv‡`i Rb¨ we‡klai‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxq-msL¨K wkÿv cÖwZôvb M‡o †Zvjv `iKvi| Giƒc cÖwZôv‡b wkï‡`i cÖ‡qvRbxq mvaviY wkÿv Ges Zv‡`i Kg©`ÿZv Dbœqbg~jK KvwiMwi wkÿv e¨e¯’v _vK‡e|

� Gme wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi Kvh©µg Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i Rb¨ myweavRbK I AvKl©Yxq n‡Z n‡e, †hb Zviv Av‡iv †jLvcov wkL‡Z we‡klfv‡e Drmvnx nq| G †ÿ‡Î we‡kl we‡kl Dcvq Aej¤^b Ki‡Z n‡e| D`vniY wn‡m‡e ejv P‡j, Zv‡`i Rb¨ myweavRbK mg‡q we`¨vjq cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î mvßvwnK QzwUi w`‡b `xN© mg‡qi Rb¨ Z_v mKvj-weKvj we`¨vjq †Lvjv ivL‡Z n‡e| Gw`b mKvj 10 Uv †_‡K ycyi 1Uv ch©šÍ Ges ycyi 2Uv †_‡K weKvj 5Uv ch©šÍ †gvU 6N›Uv †jLvcovi my‡hvM m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e| we`¨vj‡q Lvev‡ii e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Dce„wË cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|

� eZ©gv‡b Kg©iZ GbwRI¸‡jvi wkÿv‡K‡›`ªi Kvh©µg Av‡iv AvKl©Yxq Ki‡Z n‡e| we‡kl K‡i Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i Kg©`ÿZv Dbœqbg~jK wkÿv/cÖwkÿY †Rvi`vi Ki‡Z n‡e| wkÿv‡K‡›`ª fwZ© nIqv Ges wkÿv Ae¨vnZ ivLvi e¨vcv‡i GbwRI¸‡jv‡K Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i DØy× Ki‡Z n‡e|

� †avjvBLv‡ji wewfbœ cÖwZôvb/‡`vKv‡bi gvwjK‡`i Z_v wb‡qvMKZ©v‡`i Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i wkÿvi wel‡q Kvh©Ki f~wgKv cvjb Kiv `iKvi| G †ÿ‡Î Zv‡`i mevB‡K wkï‡`i wkÿv jv‡fi mgq-my‡hvM Ges A_©-mnvqZv w`‡Z n‡e| GKB mv‡_ wkÿv jv‡fi Rb¨ wkï‡`i‡K we‡klfv‡e DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z n‡e|

� †avjvBLv‡ji cÖwZôvb-gvwjK mwgwZ‡K Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i wkÿvi wel‡q mgwš^Z I Kvh©Ki D‡`¨vM MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| G †ÿ‡Î mwgwZ we`¨vj‡q †jLvcovi mywbw`©ó mgq wbav©iY K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i| we`¨vjq cwiPvjbv ms¯’vI †m Abyhvqx we`¨vj‡qi mgqm~wP wbav©iY Kivi e¨vcv‡i D‡`¨vM wb‡Z cv‡ib| G‡ÿ‡Î Kg©w`em¸‡jv‡Z GKUv wbw`©ó mg‡q AšÍZ y N›Uvi Rb¨ mKj cÖwZôvb wkï‡`i Kg©weiwZ w`‡Z cv‡i| A_ev we`¨vjq cwiPvjbvKvix ms¯’v

Ges wkï‡`i wb‡qvMKvix cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni msN/mwgwZ wkï‡`i wkÿvi Rb¨ mKv‡j/mܨvi ci y N›Uv mgq wbav©iY Ki‡Z cv‡i|

� Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i mvÿiZv AR©b Ges ÿZvi Dbœq‡b cÖwZôvwbK my‡hvM DbœZKiY Ges Zv †UKmBKi‡Y miKvwi Ges †emiKvwi ms¯’vi †hŠ_ cÖ‡Póv MÖnY cÖ‡qvRb|

evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ kn‡ii wkïkªgNb GjvKvq cÖ‡qvRbxq Rwic Pvwj‡q miKvwi I †emiKvwi ms¯’vmg~n‡K Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i Kg©`ÿZv Dbœqb Dc‡hvMx AviI wkÿv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Kiv `iKvi|

Z_¨m~ÎAvn‡g`, gbRyi (2010), †gŠwjK wkÿv: AwaKvi I vwqZ¡, cÖ_g Av‡jv, 17 †m‡Þ¤^i|

gv‡jK, Avãyj Ges Ab¨vb¨ (2009), wkÿvweÁvb I evsjv‡`‡k wkÿv (wØZxq ms¯‹iY), evsjv‡`k wek¦we`¨vjq gÄywi Kwgkb, XvKv, evsjv‡`k|

RvwZmsN (1948), gvbevwaKv‡ii me©Rbxb †NvlYvcÎ|

RvwZmsN (1989), wek¦ wkï AwaKvi mb`|

RvwZmsN (2000), mnmªvã Dbœqb jÿ¨gvÎv mevi Rb¨ wkÿv m‡¤§jb (1993), w`wjø †NvlYv Ges Kg© cwiKíbv|

BD‡b‡¯‹v (1990), mevi Rb¨ wkÿv, RgwZ‡qb, _vBj¨vÛ|

BD‡b‡¯‹v (1993), wkLb AšÍ©wbwnZ m¤ú`, GKzk kZ‡Ki wkÿvi Rb¨ AvšÍRv©wZK Kwgkb|

BD‡b‡¯‹v (2000), WvKvi †d«gIqvK© di GKkb, Iqv©ì GWz‡Kkb †dvivg, †m‡bMvj|

DcvbyôvwbK wkÿv ey¨‡iv (2009), †gŠwjK wkÿv KvwiKzjvg, kn‡ii Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i Rb¨ †gŠwjK wkÿv cÖKí, cÖv_wgK I MYwkÿv gš¿Yvjq, XvKv, evsjv‡`k|

†n‡m †L‡j MwYZ wkwL, kn‡ii Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i Rb¨ †gŠwjK wkÿv cÖKí, DcvbyôvwbK wkÿv ey¨‡iv,cÖv_wgK I MYwkÿv gš¿Yvjq|

Avgv‡`i mgvR Avgv‡`i weÁvb, kn‡ii Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i Rb¨ †gŠwjK wkÿv cÖKí, DcvbyôvwbK wkÿvey¨‡iv, cÖv_wgK I MYwkÿv gš¿Yvjq|

Avb›` Avb›`, kn‡ii Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i Rb¨ †gŠwjK wkÿv cÖKí, DcvbyôvwbK wkÿv ey¨‡iv,

cÖv_wgK I MYwkÿv gš¿Yvjq|

`ÿ nB Rxeb Mwo, kn‡ii Kg©Rxex wkï‡`i Rb¨ †gŠwjK wkÿv cÖKí, DcvbyôvwbK wkÿv ey¨‡iv,

cÖv_wgK I MYwkÿv gš¿Yvjq|

My English Book, BEHTRUWC Project, Bureau of Nonformal Education, Ministry of Primary and Mass Education.

Understanding Children’s Work (UCW) Programme (2011). Understanding children’s work in Bangladesh. Country Report, An Inter-Agency Research Cooperation Project of ILO, Unicef and World Bank Group. Rome.

Khan, M. Hayat, S. and Chalraborty, N. (2009). Rapid Assessment of the Basic Education for Hard to Reach Urban Working Children (BEHTRUWC) Project on Completion of 1st Learning Cycle. Final Report, Associates for Community and Population Research (ACPR), Dhaka.

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 25

cUf~wg cÖv_wgK wkÿv n‡jv RvZxq wkÿve¨e¯’vi wfwË Ges Gi Ici Zwi nq RvZxq wkÿvi †mŠa| cÖv_wgK wkÿv jv‡fi my‡hvM cÖwZwU wkïi AwaKvi| evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi 15 I 17bs Aby‡”Q‡` wbw`©ó ¯Íi ch©šÍ wkÿv gvby‡li Ab¨Zg †gŠwjK AwaKvi wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ †c‡q‡Q| 1990 mv‡j eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wkÿv AvBb cvm nq| ZvB evsjv‡`‡ki mKj wkïi cÖv_wgK wkÿv wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ miKvi A½xKvie×|

weMZ k‡K cÖv_wgK wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î D‡jøL‡hvM¨ mvdj¨ n‡jv MÖm (gross) I wbU (Net) fwZ©i nvi e„w× Ges fwZ©i †ÿ‡Î wj½mgZv AR©b| †m Zyjbvq Abyiƒcfv‡e S‡i covi nvi K‡g cÖv_wgK wkÿvPµ mgvwßi nvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ nv‡i e„w× cvq wb| S‡i covi nvi Kgv‡bv Ges wkïi gvbm¤§Z wkÿv wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ 1993 mv‡ji A‡±vei gv‡m miKvi wkÿvi Rb¨ Lv`¨ Kg©m~wP Pvjy K‡ib|

cÖwZwU Dc‡Rjvi wbav©wiZ wKQy BDwbq‡bi AšÍfy©³ cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi wkÿv_x©iv GKK cwiev‡ii Rb¨ gv‡m 15 †KwR Ges †hŠ_ cwiev‡ii Rb¨ gv‡m 20 †KwR Mg eivÏ †cZ| A_ev mgg~‡j¨i Pvj †cZ| cÖ_g w`‡K GmGgwm weZiYKvix KZ„©cÿ wQj| c‡i wWjv‡ii gva¨‡g Mg/PvDj weZi‡Yi e¨e¯’v Kiv nq| wkÿvi Rb¨ Lv`¨ Kg©m~wPi cÖKí-ewnfy©Z BDwbqbmg~‡ni cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi wkÿv_x©i Rb¨ 1999-2000 A_©eQ‡i miKvi cÖv_wgK wkÿv Dce„wË cÖKí Pvjy K‡ib| myweav‡fvMx cÖwZwU wkïi cwievi‡K gv‡m 20/- UvKv nv‡i †`Iqv nZ| cieZ©x mg‡q Dce„wËi UvKv 25/- UvKvq DbœxZ Kiv nq| 2002-2003 A_© eQ‡ii ïiæ‡Z miKvi wkÿvi Rb¨ Lv`¨ Kg©m~wP eÜ K‡i gnvbMix I †cŠimfv GjvKv ewnfy©Z mKj cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡q cÖv_wgK wkÿvi Rb¨ Dce„wË cÖKí Pvjy K‡ib| ÔcÖ‡Z¨K GKK myweav‡fvMx cwievi gv‡m 100/- UvKv Ges †hŠ_ cwievi‡K gv‡m 125/- UvKv nv‡i Dce„wË †`Iqvi e¨e¯’v Kiv nqÕ (Avjg, gvneyeyj, 2002, c„-2)|

Ô2002-2003 A_©eQi †_‡K 2006-2007 ch©šÍ G cÖK‡íi ïiæ‡Z we`¨vj‡qi msL¨ 60,664wU cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq I 3300wU ¯^Zš¿ Be‡Z`vwq gv`ivmv| †gvU myweav‡fvMx wkÿv_x©i msL¨v 60,01,460Rb| myweav‡fvMx cwievi wQj GKK-55,93,458wU, †hŠ_-1,01,130wU| cieZx© mgq G msL¨v AviI e„w× †c‡q‡QÕ (mfvi Kvh©cÎ, 2003, c„-1)|

G cÖK‡íi AšÍfy©³ we`¨vjq¸‡jv n‡jv (K) miKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq (L) †iwR÷vW© †emiKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq (M) KwgDwbwU cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq (N) miKvwi Aby`v‡b GbwRI KZ„©K cwiPvwjZ cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq (O) miKvi KZ„©K ¯^xK…wZcÖvß ¯^Zš¿ Be‡Z`vwq gv`ivmv| cÖv_wgK wkÿvi Rb¨ Dce„wË cÖK‡íi g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq Mgb Dc‡hvMx mKj wkïi we`¨vj‡q fwZ© wbwðZ

gvbm¤§Z cÖv_wgK wkÿv ev¯Íevq‡b Dce„wË Kvh©µ‡gicÖv‡qvwMK mgm¨v I m¤¢vebv

gwnDÏxb Avn‡g` ZvjyK`vi *

* we‡klÁ, †bc (eZ©gv‡b wefvMxq DccwiPvjK, cÖv_wgK wkÿv, iscyi)** we‡klÁ, †bc (†Rjv cÖv_wgK wkÿv Awdmvi, cÂMo; mshyw³‡Z cÖv_wgK wkÿv Awa`ßi, XvKvq Kg©iZ)

GweGg wmwÏKzi ingvb **

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 25

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GweGg wmwÏKzi ingvb **

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M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨ Dce„wË ev¯Íevq‡b -

� `wi`ª cwievi h_vh_fv‡e wPwýZ n‡”Q wKbv

� `wi`ª QvÎQvÎx evQvB cÖwµqv mwVKfv‡e AbymiY Kiv n‡PQ wKbv

� Dce„wË cÖvwßi kZv©ewj h_vh_fv‡e AbymiY Kiv n‡”Q wKbv

� gvV chv©‡q mswkøó Kg©KZv©‡`i vwqZ¡ cvj‡b cÖwZeÜKZv Av‡Q wKbv

� S‡i covi nvi I wkï kª‡gi eZ©gvb mvwe©K wPÎ Rvbv

M‡elYvi mxgve×Zv Ab¨vb¨ M‡elYvi gZ G M‡elYviI mxgve×Zv i‡q‡Q| wkÿv-M‡elYvq †h e¨vcKZv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb Zv G M‡elYvq †bB| M‡elYvq M‡elYvi bgybv AvKvi kZKiv 5-10 fvM nIqv DwPZ (Lyiwk`, 1996, 310 c„t)| eZ©gvb M‡elYvq hv wbev©Pb Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv mgMÖ‡Ki Lye mvgvb¨ Ask| M‡elKMY g‡b K‡ib G ^í cwim‡i M„nxZ Z‡_¨i Ici wfwË K‡i GKUv mvaviYxKi‡Y (generalization) †cuŠQv‡bv hvq bv| G M‡elYvi djvdj ïay evsjv‡`‡ki Dce„wË Kvh©µ‡gi aviYv cvIqv hv‡e, hvi ¸iæZ¡ †Kvb As‡kB D‡cwÿZ bq| M‡elYvi b~¨bZg msL¨vwU wbev©Pb Kiv m¤¢e nq wb| mg‡qi ¯^íZvi K_v we‡ePbv K‡i b~¨bZg we`¨vjq msL¨v wbev©Pb Kiv n‡q‡Q|

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BwZc~‡e© gqgbwmsn wUPvm© †U«wbs K‡jR Gi Gg.GW cÖwkÿYv_x© (wkÿvel© 2002-2003) Rbve dv‡Zgv LvZyb ÔD”P gva¨wgK chv©‡q QvÎx Dce„wË Kvh©µ‡gi Kvh©KvwiZv hvPvBwelqKÕ M‡elYv K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi M‡elYvi K‡qKwU iæZ¡c~Y© wm×všÍ wbgœiƒc -

1. QvÎx Dce„wË GKwU Kvh©Ki I hy‡Mvc‡hvMx c`‡ÿc

2. Dce„wË cvIqvi we`¨gvb kZv©ewj mg‡qvc‡hvMx

3. Dce„wËi A_© mwVK Lv‡Z AvswkK e¨eüZ n‡”Q

4. QvÎx‡`i fvj djvdj jv‡f AvswkK mnvqK n‡”Q (LvZyb, 2003, GgGW w_wmm)|

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evsjv‡`k Ômevi Rb¨ wkÿvÕ I WvKvi K‡g©v‡`¨vM Kg©KvVv‡gv (Dakar Framework for Action) Ges 2015 mv‡ji Rb¨ wbav©wiZ RvwZmsN mnmªvã Dbœqb jÿ¨gvÎv AR©‡b A½xKvie×| wbav©wiZ mg‡qi g‡a¨ jÿ¨ AR©‡bi wbwg‡Ë miKvi cÖv_wgK wkÿvi Rb¨ Dce„wË cÖKí MÖnY K‡i‡Q| mswkøó cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq K¨vP‡g›U GjvKvi wi`ª gvby‡li vwi`ª¨ ~ixKiY I gvbe Dbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ cÖK‡íi mdj ev¯Íevq‡b Kx cÖv‡qvwMK mgm¨v Av‡Q Ges Kxfv‡e G mgm¨v ~i Kiv hvq G mKj wel‡q M‡elYv GLb mg‡qi `vwe| GB †cÖÿvc‡U Dce„wË Kvh©µ‡gi gvV chv©‡qi ev¯Íevq‡b mswkøó‡`i gZvg‡Zi GKwU cÖwZdjb _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| ev‡R‡U cÖv_wgK wkÿvi Rb¨ eiv‡Ïi GKwU eo Ask GB cÖK‡íi gva¨‡g e¨q Kiv nq| miKv‡ii wbR¯^ A_v©q‡bB G cÖKí cwiPvwjZ nq| GB cÖK‡íi mdj ev¯Íevq‡bi gva¨‡g Mwie‡`i Avw_©K Ae¯’vi †hgb Dbœqb NU‡e cvkvcvwk wkÿvi gvb Dbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ we`¨vj‡q wkïi fwZ©i nvi e„w×mn wkïkªg †iva, cÖv_wgK wkÿvPµ mgvwßi nvi e„w×mn vwi`ª¨ we‡gvP‡b mnvqK n‡e| ZvB G M‡elYvi cÖavb jÿ¨B n‡jv cÖv_wgK wkÿvi Rb¨ Dce„wË cÖK‡íi ev¯Íevq‡b cÖv‡qvwMK mgm¨vi Av‡jv‡K miKv‡ii Pjgvb G Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevq‡bi cÖwZeÜKZv wPwýZ K‡i Zv cÖwZKviK‡í cÖK‡íi wbav©wiZ jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡b mycvwik cÖ`vb Kiv|

M‡elYvi ¸iæZ¡ I †hŠw³KZv cvÖ _wgK wkÿvi ¸YMZ gv‡bvbqœ ‡b miKv‡ii eûwea Kgm© w~ Pi g‡a¨ Dcew„ Ë cÖ vb mv¤úwÖ ZK GKwU Kgm© w~ P| 2015 m‡bi mevi Rb¨ wkÿvi jÿ¨ ev¯eÍ vq‡b miKvi G hMy všKÍ vix I mg‡qvc‡hvMx Kgm© w~ P MnÖ Y K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ Gi djcmÖ Z~ v, mdjZv-e¨_Z© v Z_v Dcew„ Ë Kvhµ© ‡gi cvÖ ‡qvwMK mgm¨v wb‡q M‡elYv nIqv c‡Ö qvRb| M‡elKe‡„ ›`i Rvbvg‡Z G ai‡bi †Kvb KvR BwZc‡~ e© m¤úbœ nq wb|

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eZ©gvb miKv‡ii bvbviƒc mxgve×Zv m‡Ë¡I cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi wkÿv_x©‡`i wkïkªg †iva, `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvP‡bI Gi cÖfve KZUyKz Zvi wePvi we‡kølY K‡i Zvi GKwU Pjgvb cÖwZ”Qwe Zy‡j aivI G M‡elYvi GKwU Ab¨Zg KvR|

M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨ Dce„wË ev¯Íevq‡b -

� `wi`ª cwievi h_vh_fv‡e wPwýZ n‡”Q wKbv

� `wi`ª QvÎQvÎx evQvB cÖwµqv mwVKfv‡e AbymiY Kiv n‡PQ wKbv

� Dce„wË cÖvwßi kZv©ewj h_vh_fv‡e AbymiY Kiv n‡”Q wKbv

� gvV chv©‡q mswkøó Kg©KZv©‡`i vwqZ¡ cvj‡b cÖwZeÜKZv Av‡Q wKbv

� S‡i covi nvi I wkï kª‡gi eZ©gvb mvwe©K wPÎ Rvbv

M‡elYvi mxgve×Zv Ab¨vb¨ M‡elYvi gZ G M‡elYviI mxgve×Zv i‡q‡Q| wkÿv-M‡elYvq †h e¨vcKZv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb Zv G M‡elYvq †bB| M‡elYvq M‡elYvi bgybv AvKvi kZKiv 5-10 fvM nIqv DwPZ (Lyiwk`, 1996, 310 c„t)| eZ©gvb M‡elYvq hv wbev©Pb Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv mgMÖ‡Ki Lye mvgvb¨ Ask| M‡elKMY g‡b K‡ib G ^í cwim‡i M„nxZ Z‡_¨i Ici wfwË K‡i GKUv mvaviYxKi‡Y (generalization) †cuŠQv‡bv hvq bv| G M‡elYvi djvdj ïay evsjv‡`‡ki Dce„wË Kvh©µ‡gi aviYv cvIqv hv‡e, hvi ¸iæZ¡ †Kvb As‡kB D‡cwÿZ bq| M‡elYvi b~¨bZg msL¨vwU wbev©Pb Kiv m¤¢e nq wb| mg‡qi ¯^íZvi K_v we‡ePbv K‡i b~¨bZg we`¨vjq msL¨v wbev©Pb Kiv n‡q‡Q|

mvwnZ¨ chv©‡jvPbvÔmiKv‡ii wbR¯^ A_v©q‡b cÖv_wgK wkÿvi Rb¨ Dce„wË cÖ`vb GKwU hyMvšÍKvix c`‡ÿc| 1999-2000 A_©eQ‡i Gi hvÎv Avi¤¢ n‡jI 2002-2003 A_© eQ‡i wkÿvi Rb¨ Lv`¨ Kg©m~wP eÜ K‡i gnvbMix I †cŠi GjvKv ev‡` †`‡ki Ab¨vb¨ mKj GjvKvi cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi wi`ª wkÿv_x©i AwffveK‡`i Dce„wË †`Iqi e¨e¯’v K‡ib| mv‡_ mv‡_ Dce„wËi UvKvi cwigvY 25/- UvKv †_‡K e„w× K‡i GKK cwiev‡ii Rb¨ 100/- Ges †hŠ_ cwiev‡ii Rb¨ 125/- UvKv nv‡i cÖwZ gv‡m †`Iqvi e¨e¯’v K‡ib|Õ (Avjg, gvneyeyj, 2002, c„-1)

cÖv_wgK wkÿvq Dce„wË GKwU mv¤úÖwZK aviYv| 2002 mv‡j G Kvh©µg ïiæ nq| G ¯^í mg‡q welqwU wb‡q M‡elYv Kivi gZ mgq Ges my‡hvM GLbI n‡q D‡V wb| ZeyI †bc (NAPE) gvV ch©v‡qi wewfbœ ch©‡eÿY I cwi`k©‡bi gva¨‡g Dce„wË Kvh©µ‡gi wewfbœ cÖv‡qvwMK mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© AewnZ n‡q‡Q| GQvovI wewfbœ cÎ-cwÎKv I Dce„wË weZi‡Yi mv‡_ mswkøó e¨w³e‡M©i gZvg‡Zi cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q bvbvfv‡e | GiB †cÖÿvc‡U †bc KZ©„cÿ miKv‡ii G AwZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Kvh©µg m¤ú‡K© wek`fv‡e chv©‡jvPbv Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Abyfe K‡i|

BwZc~‡e© gqgbwmsn wUPvm© †U«wbs K‡jR Gi Gg.GW cÖwkÿYv_x© (wkÿvel© 2002-2003) Rbve dv‡Zgv LvZyb ÔD”P gva¨wgK chv©‡q QvÎx Dce„wË Kvh©µ‡gi Kvh©KvwiZv hvPvBwelqKÕ M‡elYv K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi M‡elYvi K‡qKwU iæZ¡c~Y© wm×všÍ wbgœiƒc -

1. QvÎx Dce„wË GKwU Kvh©Ki I hy‡Mvc‡hvMx c`‡ÿc

2. Dce„wË cvIqvi we`¨gvb kZv©ewj mg‡qvc‡hvMx

3. Dce„wËi A_© mwVK Lv‡Z AvswkK e¨eüZ n‡”Q

4. QvÎx‡`i fvj djvdj jv‡f AvswkK mnvqK n‡”Q (LvZyb, 2003, GgGW w_wmm)|

GQvovI Dce„wË msµvšÍ Avi GKwU g~j¨evb n¨vÛAvDU cÖYqb K‡ib G,†K,Gg gvneye Dj Avjg, cÖKí cwiPvjK (Zvs-23/03/2002)| Z_¨c‡Îi wk‡ivbvg, ÔcÖv_wgK wkÿvq Dce„wË cÖ`vb Kg©m~wP Ges ev¯Íevqb AMÖMwZ, Avgv‡`i mvdj¨ I e¨_©Zv|Õ G Z_¨c‡Î Dce„wË Kvh©µ‡gi AMÖMwZ wb‡q wek` chv©‡jvPbv Kiv nq|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx28 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 29

wb‡gœ K‡qKwU iæZ¡c~Y© wPwýZ mgm¨v D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q, hv eZ©gvb M‡elYvi m‡½ AZ¨šÍ m¤ú„³|

1. 40% myweav‡fvMx bxwZgvjv Abyhvqx wbev©wPZ nq bv|

2. mswkøó e¨vsK Kg©KZv©M‡Yi g‡a¨ Dce„wË weZi‡Y i‡q‡Q Ae‡njv I Abxnv|

3. 40% `wi`ª QvÎ-QvÎx wbev©wPZ Kivq evwK 60% Gi g‡a¨ nZvkv cwijwÿZ nq| (Avjg, gvneyeyj, 2002, c„-1)

cÖv_wgK wkÿvq Dce„wËevsjv‡`‡ki gnvbMix I †cŠi GjvKvi ewnfy©Z mKj cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡q `wi`ª wkÿv_x©i AwffveK‡`i (Ab~ש 40%) kZ© mv‡c‡ÿ GKK cwievi‡K 100/- UvKv Ges †hŠ_ cwievi‡K 125/- UvKv nv‡i cÖwZ gv‡mi bM` mnvqZv `vb| cÖwZ wZb gvm ci ci cÖavb wkÿK‡`i Pvwn`vi †cÖwÿ‡Z wbav©wiZ e¨vs‡Ki gva¨‡g mivmwi AwffveK‡`i nv‡Z G UvKv †cuŠ‡Q †`Iqv nq|

cÖv_wgK wkÿvi Dce„wË cÖ`v‡bi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ K) cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq Mg‡bvc‡hvMx wi`ª cwiev‡i wkï‡`i fwZ©i nvi e„w× Kiv|

L) cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi fwZ©K…Z wkÿv_x©‡`i we`¨vj‡q Dcw¯’wZi nvi e„w× Kiv|

M) cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡q fwZ©K…Z wkÿv_x©‡`i S‡i cov †iva Kiv|

N) cÖv_wgK wkÿvP‡µi mgvwßi nvi e„w× Kiv|

O) cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq Mg‡bvc‡hvMx wkï‡`i wkïkªg †iva I vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb|

P) cÖv_wgK wkÿvi YMZ gvb e„w× Kiv (cwicÎ - ms‡kvwaZ, cÖvMg, ZvwiL: 5/6/2004)

Dce„wË cÖvwßi kZv©ewj (cwic‡Îi kZv©byhvqx Dc¯’vwcZ)(K) G Kg©m~wPi g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q `wi`ª wcZv-gvZv/AwffveKMY hv‡Z Zv‡`i mšÍvb‡`i RxweKv

AR©‡b wb‡qvwRZ bv K‡i we`¨vjq †cÖiY K‡i Zv wbwðZ Kiv| G jÿ¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡LB cÖv_wgK wkÿv cÖwZôvbmg~‡n Aa¨qbiZ `wi`ª QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i cwievi‡K Avw_©K mnvqZv cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ wbev©Pb Ki‡Z n‡e| `wi`ª cwievi ej‡Z wb‡gœv³ †kªwYfz³ cwievi‡K eySv‡e -

� `yt¯’ weaev gwnjvi cwievi;

� w`bgRyi;

� Am”Qj †ckvRxex †hgb- †R‡j, Kzgvi, Kvgvi, gywP BZ¨vw`;

� f~wgnxb/0.50 GKi ch©šÍ Rwgi gvwjK|

(L) ZvwjKvfz³ `wi`ª QvÎ-QvÎx‡K gv‡m Kgc‡ÿ 85% cvVw`e‡m we`¨vj‡q Dcw¯’Z n‡Z n‡e| Ab¨_vq H gv‡m Hme QvÎQvÎx Dce„wË cv‡e bv|

GwU wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î ¸YMZ gv‡bvbœq‡bi Avi GKwU c`‡ÿc| †Kbbv †Kvb QvÎQvÎx cvV w`e‡m we`¨vj‡q Dcw¯’Z _vK‡j Ges wkÿK c×wZgvwdK cvV`vb Ki‡j Aek¨B Hme wkÿv_x© cv‡Vi AwaKvsk Kvw•ÿZ †hvM¨Zv AR©‡b mÿg n‡e GK_v †Rvi w`‡q ejv hvq|

(M) ZvwjKvfz³ (1g †kªYx e¨ZxZ) mKj wkÿv_x©‡K evwl©K cixÿvq Kgc‡ÿ M‡o 40% b¤^i †c‡Z n‡e| wkÿvi YMZ gv‡bvbœq‡bi GwU Avi GKwU kZ© Ges wkÿv_x©‡`i Rb¨ GwUI GKwU mnR jÿ¨gvÎv| †Kbbv 85% Kg©w`e‡m we`¨vj‡q Dcw¯’Z _vK‡j Ges Dce„wË cÖvwßi Rb¨ eva¨Zvg~jK n‡j wkÿv_x©iv Zv AR©‡b m‡Pó n‡e| d‡j wkÿvi YMZ gv‡bvbœqb NU‡e|

(N) ZvwjKvfy³ †Kvb we`¨vj‡qi 5g †kªwY‡Z Aa¨qbiZ Kgc‡ÿ 10% QvÎ-QvÎx e„wË cixÿvq AskMÖnY bv Ki‡j mswkøó we`¨vj‡q Dce„wË cÖ`vb eÜ ivLv n‡e| wkÿvi gv‡bvbœq‡bi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z n‡jI G kZ©wU A‡bKUv K‡Vvi e‡j g‡b nq| †Kbbv, 5g †kªwY‡Z e„wË cixÿvq AskMÖnY bv Kivi Kvi‡Y Ab¨ †kªwYi wkÿv_x©‡`i ewÂZ Kiv AgvbweK| Z‡e wkÿvi gv‡bvbœq‡b mswkøó we`¨vj‡qi wkÿKMY‡K m‡PZb Kivi Rb¨ GwU GKwU fvj c`‡ÿc|

(O) ZvwjKvfy³ cÖwZwU cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq‡K †kªwY Abyhvqx wbav©wiZ cixÿvmg~n myôyfv‡e Abyôv‡bi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| †Kvb we`¨vjq Zv Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡j D³ we`¨vj‡q Dce„wË cÖ`vb Kiv n‡e bv|

G kZw© U Av‡iv‡ci djkæª wZ‡Z wkÿKMY †kwª Y cvVbvq AviI hZkœ xj n‡eb †Kbbv, môy fy v‡e cixÿv Abwy ôZ nIqvi Rb¨ wkÿKMY‡K wkÿv_x‡© `i‡K cixÿvi Rb¨ wkÿv_x‡© `i cÖ ZyÍ Kivi j‡ÿ¨ AviI hZkœ xj n‡eb| d‡j wkÿv_x‡© `i we`¨vj‡q Dcw w’ Zi nvi Ges cVb-cvV‡bi gvb evo‡e|

(P) AbyK‚j AvenvIqvi w`‡b cwi`k©bKv‡j †gvU QvÎ QvÎxi msL¨vi Zyjbvq 60% A_ev Zvi Kg Dcw¯’wZ †`Lv †M‡j D³ we`¨vj‡q Dce„wË mvgwqKfv‡e eÜ ivLv n‡e| Dce„wËi nvi m‡šÍvlRbK chv©‡q DcbxZ nevi ci cybivq Dce„wË cÖ`vb Kiv hv‡e| Z‡e ¯’wMZ mg‡qi Dce„wËi A_© cieZx©Kv‡j e‡Kqv cÖ`vb Kiv hv‡e bv|

(Q) miKvi KZ„©K ¯^xK…wZcÖvß ¯^Zš¿ Be‡Z`vwq gv`ivmvmg~‡n Kgc‡ÿ 100 Rb QvÎ-QvÎx _vK‡Z n‡e Ges Dce„wËi Rb¨ mKj kZv©ewj c~iY Ki‡Z n‡e|

cÖv_wgK I MYwkÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi RvwiK…Z cwic‡Î Dce„wËi msÁv, D‡Ïk¨ I Dce„wË cÖvwßi kZ©vewj D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q, hv eZ©gvb M‡elYvwU cwiPvjbvi †ÿ‡Î M‡elK‡`i‡K mgm¨v wbev©Pb, mgm¨vi e¨vcKZv, MfxiZv Ges jÿ¨ wbev©P‡b wb‡`©k‡Ki KvR K‡i‡Q|

M‡elYvi c×wZ I †KŠkjc×wZ: M‡elYv cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ Rwic c×wZ AbymiY Kiv nq|

Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni †ÿÎ I Drm M‡elYv cwiPvjbvi Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni †ÿÎ wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`‡ki †fŠ‡MvwjK I f~-cÖvK…wZK ˆewk‡ó¨i w`‡K jÿ¨ †i‡L 6wU wefvM †_‡KB Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv nq| cÖwZ wefv‡Mi GKwU gvÎ †Rjv‡K wPwýZ K‡i D³ †Rjvi GK ev GKvwaK Dc‡Rjv †_‡K Dce„wËi cÖKífz³ wb‡¤œv³ cuvP ai‡bi we`¨vjq/cÖwZôvb †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv nq|

K) miKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

L) †iwR÷vW© †emiKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

M) KwgDwbwU cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

N) miKvwi Aby`v‡b GbwRI KZ„©K cÖwZwôZ cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx28 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 29

wb‡gœ K‡qKwU iæZ¡c~Y© wPwýZ mgm¨v D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q, hv eZ©gvb M‡elYvi m‡½ AZ¨šÍ m¤ú„³|

1. 40% myweav‡fvMx bxwZgvjv Abyhvqx wbev©wPZ nq bv|

2. mswkøó e¨vsK Kg©KZv©M‡Yi g‡a¨ Dce„wË weZi‡Y i‡q‡Q Ae‡njv I Abxnv|

3. 40% `wi`ª QvÎ-QvÎx wbev©wPZ Kivq evwK 60% Gi g‡a¨ nZvkv cwijwÿZ nq| (Avjg, gvneyeyj, 2002, c„-1)

cÖv_wgK wkÿvq Dce„wËevsjv‡`‡ki gnvbMix I †cŠi GjvKvi ewnfy©Z mKj cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡q `wi`ª wkÿv_x©i AwffveK‡`i (Ab~ש 40%) kZ© mv‡c‡ÿ GKK cwievi‡K 100/- UvKv Ges †hŠ_ cwievi‡K 125/- UvKv nv‡i cÖwZ gv‡mi bM` mnvqZv `vb| cÖwZ wZb gvm ci ci cÖavb wkÿK‡`i Pvwn`vi †cÖwÿ‡Z wbav©wiZ e¨vs‡Ki gva¨‡g mivmwi AwffveK‡`i nv‡Z G UvKv †cuŠ‡Q †`Iqv nq|

cÖv_wgK wkÿvi Dce„wË cÖ`v‡bi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ K) cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq Mg‡bvc‡hvMx wi`ª cwiev‡i wkï‡`i fwZ©i nvi e„w× Kiv|

L) cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi fwZ©K…Z wkÿv_x©‡`i we`¨vj‡q Dcw¯’wZi nvi e„w× Kiv|

M) cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡q fwZ©K…Z wkÿv_x©‡`i S‡i cov †iva Kiv|

N) cÖv_wgK wkÿvP‡µi mgvwßi nvi e„w× Kiv|

O) cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq Mg‡bvc‡hvMx wkï‡`i wkïkªg †iva I vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb|

P) cÖv_wgK wkÿvi YMZ gvb e„w× Kiv (cwicÎ - ms‡kvwaZ, cÖvMg, ZvwiL: 5/6/2004)

Dce„wË cÖvwßi kZv©ewj (cwic‡Îi kZv©byhvqx Dc¯’vwcZ)(K) G Kg©m~wPi g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q `wi`ª wcZv-gvZv/AwffveKMY hv‡Z Zv‡`i mšÍvb‡`i RxweKv

AR©‡b wb‡qvwRZ bv K‡i we`¨vjq †cÖiY K‡i Zv wbwðZ Kiv| G jÿ¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡LB cÖv_wgK wkÿv cÖwZôvbmg~‡n Aa¨qbiZ `wi`ª QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i cwievi‡K Avw_©K mnvqZv cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ wbev©Pb Ki‡Z n‡e| `wi`ª cwievi ej‡Z wb‡gœv³ †kªwYfz³ cwievi‡K eySv‡e -

� `yt¯’ weaev gwnjvi cwievi;

� w`bgRyi;

� Am”Qj †ckvRxex †hgb- †R‡j, Kzgvi, Kvgvi, gywP BZ¨vw`;

� f~wgnxb/0.50 GKi ch©šÍ Rwgi gvwjK|

(L) ZvwjKvfz³ `wi`ª QvÎ-QvÎx‡K gv‡m Kgc‡ÿ 85% cvVw`e‡m we`¨vj‡q Dcw¯’Z n‡Z n‡e| Ab¨_vq H gv‡m Hme QvÎQvÎx Dce„wË cv‡e bv|

GwU wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î ¸YMZ gv‡bvbœq‡bi Avi GKwU c`‡ÿc| †Kbbv †Kvb QvÎQvÎx cvV w`e‡m we`¨vj‡q Dcw¯’Z _vK‡j Ges wkÿK c×wZgvwdK cvV`vb Ki‡j Aek¨B Hme wkÿv_x© cv‡Vi AwaKvsk Kvw•ÿZ †hvM¨Zv AR©‡b mÿg n‡e GK_v †Rvi w`‡q ejv hvq|

(M) ZvwjKvfz³ (1g †kªYx e¨ZxZ) mKj wkÿv_x©‡K evwl©K cixÿvq Kgc‡ÿ M‡o 40% b¤^i †c‡Z n‡e| wkÿvi YMZ gv‡bvbœq‡bi GwU Avi GKwU kZ© Ges wkÿv_x©‡`i Rb¨ GwUI GKwU mnR jÿ¨gvÎv| †Kbbv 85% Kg©w`e‡m we`¨vj‡q Dcw¯’Z _vK‡j Ges Dce„wË cÖvwßi Rb¨ eva¨Zvg~jK n‡j wkÿv_x©iv Zv AR©‡b m‡Pó n‡e| d‡j wkÿvi YMZ gv‡bvbœqb NU‡e|

(N) ZvwjKvfy³ †Kvb we`¨vj‡qi 5g †kªwY‡Z Aa¨qbiZ Kgc‡ÿ 10% QvÎ-QvÎx e„wË cixÿvq AskMÖnY bv Ki‡j mswkøó we`¨vj‡q Dce„wË cÖ`vb eÜ ivLv n‡e| wkÿvi gv‡bvbœq‡bi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z n‡jI G kZ©wU A‡bKUv K‡Vvi e‡j g‡b nq| †Kbbv, 5g †kªwY‡Z e„wË cixÿvq AskMÖnY bv Kivi Kvi‡Y Ab¨ †kªwYi wkÿv_x©‡`i ewÂZ Kiv AgvbweK| Z‡e wkÿvi gv‡bvbœq‡b mswkøó we`¨vj‡qi wkÿKMY‡K m‡PZb Kivi Rb¨ GwU GKwU fvj c`‡ÿc|

(O) ZvwjKvfy³ cÖwZwU cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq‡K †kªwY Abyhvqx wbav©wiZ cixÿvmg~n myôyfv‡e Abyôv‡bi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| †Kvb we`¨vjq Zv Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡j D³ we`¨vj‡q Dce„wË cÖ`vb Kiv n‡e bv|

G kZw© U Av‡iv‡ci djkæª wZ‡Z wkÿKMY †kwª Y cvVbvq AviI hZkœ xj n‡eb †Kbbv, môy fy v‡e cixÿv Abwy ôZ nIqvi Rb¨ wkÿKMY‡K wkÿv_x‡© `i‡K cixÿvi Rb¨ wkÿv_x‡© `i cÖ ZyÍ Kivi j‡ÿ¨ AviI hZkœ xj n‡eb| d‡j wkÿv_x‡© `i we`¨vj‡q Dcw w’ Zi nvi Ges cVb-cvV‡bi gvb evo‡e|

(P) AbyK‚j AvenvIqvi w`‡b cwi`k©bKv‡j †gvU QvÎ QvÎxi msL¨vi Zyjbvq 60% A_ev Zvi Kg Dcw¯’wZ †`Lv †M‡j D³ we`¨vj‡q Dce„wË mvgwqKfv‡e eÜ ivLv n‡e| Dce„wËi nvi m‡šÍvlRbK chv©‡q DcbxZ nevi ci cybivq Dce„wË cÖ`vb Kiv hv‡e| Z‡e ¯’wMZ mg‡qi Dce„wËi A_© cieZx©Kv‡j e‡Kqv cÖ`vb Kiv hv‡e bv|

(Q) miKvi KZ„©K ¯^xK…wZcÖvß ¯^Zš¿ Be‡Z`vwq gv`ivmvmg~‡n Kgc‡ÿ 100 Rb QvÎ-QvÎx _vK‡Z n‡e Ges Dce„wËi Rb¨ mKj kZv©ewj c~iY Ki‡Z n‡e|

cÖv_wgK I MYwkÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi RvwiK…Z cwic‡Î Dce„wËi msÁv, D‡Ïk¨ I Dce„wË cÖvwßi kZ©vewj D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q, hv eZ©gvb M‡elYvwU cwiPvjbvi †ÿ‡Î M‡elK‡`i‡K mgm¨v wbev©Pb, mgm¨vi e¨vcKZv, MfxiZv Ges jÿ¨ wbev©P‡b wb‡`©k‡Ki KvR K‡i‡Q|

M‡elYvi c×wZ I †KŠkjc×wZ: M‡elYv cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ Rwic c×wZ AbymiY Kiv nq|

Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni †ÿÎ I Drm M‡elYv cwiPvjbvi Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni †ÿÎ wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`‡ki †fŠ‡MvwjK I f~-cÖvK…wZK ˆewk‡ó¨i w`‡K jÿ¨ †i‡L 6wU wefvM †_‡KB Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv nq| cÖwZ wefv‡Mi GKwU gvÎ †Rjv‡K wPwýZ K‡i D³ †Rjvi GK ev GKvwaK Dc‡Rjv †_‡K Dce„wËi cÖKífz³ wb‡¤œv³ cuvP ai‡bi we`¨vjq/cÖwZôvb †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv nq|

K) miKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

L) †iwR÷vW© †emiKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

M) KwgDwbwU cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

N) miKvwi Aby`v‡b GbwRI KZ„©K cÖwZwôZ cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx30 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 31

O) miKvi KZ„©K ^xK…Z ^Zš¿ Be‡Z`vwq gv`ivmv

bgybv wbev©PbD‡Ïk¨g~jK ˆ`ePq‡bi (Purposive Random Sample) gva¨‡g QqwU wefvMxq QqwU †Rjvi wewfbœ Dc‡Rjvi cuvP ai‡bi we`¨vjq †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv nq| D‡jøL¨, bgybv wbev©P‡bi †ÿ‡Î 'Purposive sample’ allow us to choose a case because it illustrates some future on process in which we are interested. However, this does not provide a sample appropriate to any case use happend to choose. Rather purposive sampling demands that me think critically the parameter of this bias' (Talukder, Mohiuddin, 2003 as in the M.A dissertation, P-27)| Dce„wË myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii wkÿv_x© (†Q‡j I †g‡q) ˆ`ePqb c×wZ‡Z wbev©Pb Kiv nq| wewfbœ ai‡bi †gvU 26wU we`¨vjq †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv nq|

wbev©wPZ †ÿÎQK (K)

we`¨vj‡qi aib we`¨vj‡qi msL¨v

1) miKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq 6

2) †iwR÷vW© †emiKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq 6

3) KwgDwbwU cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq 6

4) miKvwi Aby`v‡b GbwRI KZ„©K cÖwZwôZ cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq 2

5) miKvi KZ„©K ^xK…Z ^Zš¿ Be‡Z`vwq gv`ivmv 6

†gvU 26

welqx Z_¨QK (L)

wefvM †Rjv/ cÖavb mnKvix Dc‡Rjv Dce„wË e¨vsK wkÿv_x©Dc‡Rjv wkÿK Dc‡Rjv wkÿv wkÿv gwbUwis Kg©KZv© †Q‡j †g‡q †gvU

Awdmvi Awdmvi Kg©KZv©

XvKv MvwRcyi 4 1 1 1 1 4 4 8

ivRkvnx cvebv 4 1 1 1 1 4 4 8

Lyjbv ev‡MinvU 4 1 1 1 1 4 4 8

PÆMÖvg Kzwgjøv 5 1 1 - 1 5 5 10

wm‡jU wm‡jU 4 1 1 1 1 4 4 8

ewikvj cUyqvLvjx 5 1 1 1 1 5 5 10

†gvU 26 6 6 5 6 26 26 52

M‡elYv Uyjm&M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨mg~‡ni Av‡jv‡K cÖkœgvjv, mvÿvrKvicÎ I Z_¨msMÖn QK ˆZwi Kiv nq| MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKvi cÖv_wgK I MYwkÿv gš¿Yvjq, evsjv‡`k mwPevjq, XvKv m¥viK bs-cÖvMg/cwi-2/5-2002-04, ZvwiL-5/6/2004 Bs Gi cÖPvwiZ cwic‡Îi (cwiwkó `ªt) Av‡jv‡K Dce„wË cÖK‡íi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ we‡kølYc~e©K M‡elYvi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ wbav©iY Kiv nq| M‡elYvi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ Abyhvqx Dce„wË cÖK‡íi AvIZvq we`¨vjq/cÖwZôv‡bi myweav‡fvMx wkÿv_x©, cÖavb wkÿK, mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi, Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi, gwbUwis Awdmvi, e¨vsK Kg©KZv©i Rb¨ cÖkœgvjv I mvÿvrKvicÎ Zwi Kiv nq| Dce„wË cÖKí Kvh©µ‡gi we`¨vjq †iKW©cÎ hvPvB Gi wZbwU mnvqK Z_¨msMÖn QKI Zwi Kiv nq| cÖYxZ Uyjm& Gi ZvwjKv -

Z_¨ msMÖn mnvqK QK1| cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi Dce„wË myweav‡fvMx cwievi evQvB, Pvwn`v cÖ`vb Ges UvKv weZiY

Z_¨ msMÖn QK-1

2| myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii QvÎQvÎx‡`i †kªwYwfwËK (2002/2003/2004/2005) Z_¨ msMÖn QK-2

3| cvÖ _wgK we`¨vj‡qi Dcew„ Ëi UvKv weZi‡Yi gvmwfwËK (2002/2003/2004) Z_¨ QK-3

cÖkœgvjv 4| cÖavb wkÿ‡Ki Rb¨ cÖkœgvjv-1

5| Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi/mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv AwdmviM‡Yi Rb¨ cÖkœgvjv -2

6| Dce„wË gwbUwis Awdmvi Gi Rb¨ cÖkœgvjv-3

mvÿvrKvi 7| e¨vsK Kg©KZv©M‡Yi Rb¨ mvÿvrKvicÎ-4

8| wkÿv_x©‡`i Rb¨ mvÿvrKvicÎ-5

cÖYxZ Uyjm& Gi h_v_©Zv (validity) hvPvB Gi Rb¨ †deªæqvwi gv‡mi wØZxq mßv†n gqgbwmsn †Rjvi †MŠixcyi Dc‡Rjv Dce„wË cÖKífy³ miKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq, †iwRt cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq, Be‡Z`vwq I GbwRI cwiPvwjZ cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq‡K Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni gva¨‡g Z_¨msMÖ‡ni QK, cÖkœgvjv I mvÿvrKvi c‡Îi Kvh©KvwiZvi c` we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g hvPvB K‡i P~ovšÍ Kiv nq| M‡elYv wU‡gi m`m¨ I †bc Abyl` m`m¨‡`i †hŠ_ AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g M‡elYvi Uyjm& P~ovšÍ Kiv nq|

M‡elYvi mswkøó Kg©KZv©MY Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Kv‡R jwfwËK wewfbœ GjvKvq Mgb K‡ib| M‡elKMY mswkøó Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi, mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi I cÖavb wkÿ‡Ki mivmwi mn‡hvwMZvq Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Kvh©µg m¤úbœœ K‡ib|

wbev©wPZ Dc‡Rjvq GbwRI KZ„©K cwiPvwjZ we`¨vj‡qi Z_¨ ïaygvÎ Kzwgjøv I cUyqvLvjx †_‡K msM„nxZ nq|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx30 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 31

O) miKvi KZ„©K ^xK…Z ^Zš¿ Be‡Z`vwq gv`ivmv

bgybv wbev©PbD‡Ïk¨g~jK ˆ`ePq‡bi (Purposive Random Sample) gva¨‡g QqwU wefvMxq QqwU †Rjvi wewfbœ Dc‡Rjvi cuvP ai‡bi we`¨vjq †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv nq| D‡jøL¨, bgybv wbev©P‡bi †ÿ‡Î 'Purposive sample’ allow us to choose a case because it illustrates some future on process in which we are interested. However, this does not provide a sample appropriate to any case use happend to choose. Rather purposive sampling demands that me think critically the parameter of this bias' (Talukder, Mohiuddin, 2003 as in the M.A dissertation, P-27)| Dce„wË myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii wkÿv_x© (†Q‡j I †g‡q) ˆ`ePqb c×wZ‡Z wbev©Pb Kiv nq| wewfbœ ai‡bi †gvU 26wU we`¨vjq †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv nq|

wbev©wPZ †ÿÎQK (K)

we`¨vj‡qi aib we`¨vj‡qi msL¨v

1) miKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq 6

2) †iwR÷vW© †emiKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq 6

3) KwgDwbwU cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq 6

4) miKvwi Aby`v‡b GbwRI KZ„©K cÖwZwôZ cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq 2

5) miKvi KZ„©K ^xK…Z ^Zš¿ Be‡Z`vwq gv`ivmv 6

†gvU 26

welqx Z_¨QK (L)

wefvM †Rjv/ cÖavb mnKvix Dc‡Rjv Dce„wË e¨vsK wkÿv_x©Dc‡Rjv wkÿK Dc‡Rjv wkÿv wkÿv gwbUwis Kg©KZv© †Q‡j †g‡q †gvU

Awdmvi Awdmvi Kg©KZv©

XvKv MvwRcyi 4 1 1 1 1 4 4 8

ivRkvnx cvebv 4 1 1 1 1 4 4 8

Lyjbv ev‡MinvU 4 1 1 1 1 4 4 8

PÆMÖvg Kzwgjøv 5 1 1 - 1 5 5 10

wm‡jU wm‡jU 4 1 1 1 1 4 4 8

ewikvj cUyqvLvjx 5 1 1 1 1 5 5 10

†gvU 26 6 6 5 6 26 26 52

M‡elYv Uyjm&M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨mg~‡ni Av‡jv‡K cÖkœgvjv, mvÿvrKvicÎ I Z_¨msMÖn QK ˆZwi Kiv nq| MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKvi cÖv_wgK I MYwkÿv gš¿Yvjq, evsjv‡`k mwPevjq, XvKv m¥viK bs-cÖvMg/cwi-2/5-2002-04, ZvwiL-5/6/2004 Bs Gi cÖPvwiZ cwic‡Îi (cwiwkó `ªt) Av‡jv‡K Dce„wË cÖK‡íi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ we‡kølYc~e©K M‡elYvi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ wbav©iY Kiv nq| M‡elYvi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ Abyhvqx Dce„wË cÖK‡íi AvIZvq we`¨vjq/cÖwZôv‡bi myweav‡fvMx wkÿv_x©, cÖavb wkÿK, mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi, Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi, gwbUwis Awdmvi, e¨vsK Kg©KZv©i Rb¨ cÖkœgvjv I mvÿvrKvicÎ Zwi Kiv nq| Dce„wË cÖKí Kvh©µ‡gi we`¨vjq †iKW©cÎ hvPvB Gi wZbwU mnvqK Z_¨msMÖn QKI Zwi Kiv nq| cÖYxZ Uyjm& Gi ZvwjKv -

Z_¨ msMÖn mnvqK QK1| cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi Dce„wË myweav‡fvMx cwievi evQvB, Pvwn`v cÖ`vb Ges UvKv weZiY

Z_¨ msMÖn QK-1

2| myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii QvÎQvÎx‡`i †kªwYwfwËK (2002/2003/2004/2005) Z_¨ msMÖn QK-2

3| cvÖ _wgK we`¨vj‡qi Dcew„ Ëi UvKv weZi‡Yi gvmwfwËK (2002/2003/2004) Z_¨ QK-3

cÖkœgvjv 4| cÖavb wkÿ‡Ki Rb¨ cÖkœgvjv-1

5| Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi/mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv AwdmviM‡Yi Rb¨ cÖkœgvjv -2

6| Dce„wË gwbUwis Awdmvi Gi Rb¨ cÖkœgvjv-3

mvÿvrKvi 7| e¨vsK Kg©KZv©M‡Yi Rb¨ mvÿvrKvicÎ-4

8| wkÿv_x©‡`i Rb¨ mvÿvrKvicÎ-5

cÖYxZ Uyjm& Gi h_v_©Zv (validity) hvPvB Gi Rb¨ †deªæqvwi gv‡mi wØZxq mßv†n gqgbwmsn †Rjvi †MŠixcyi Dc‡Rjv Dce„wË cÖKífy³ miKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq, †iwRt cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq, Be‡Z`vwq I GbwRI cwiPvwjZ cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq‡K Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni gva¨‡g Z_¨msMÖ‡ni QK, cÖkœgvjv I mvÿvrKvi c‡Îi Kvh©KvwiZvi c` we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g hvPvB K‡i P~ovšÍ Kiv nq| M‡elYv wU‡gi m`m¨ I †bc Abyl` m`m¨‡`i †hŠ_ AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g M‡elYvi Uyjm& P~ovšÍ Kiv nq|

M‡elYvi mswkøó Kg©KZv©MY Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Kv‡R jwfwËK wewfbœ GjvKvq Mgb K‡ib| M‡elKMY mswkøó Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi, mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi I cÖavb wkÿ‡Ki mivmwi mn‡hvwMZvq Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Kvh©µg m¤úbœœ K‡ib|

wbev©wPZ Dc‡Rjvq GbwRI KZ„©K cwiPvwjZ we`¨vj‡qi Z_¨ ïaygvÎ Kzwgjøv I cUyqvLvjx †_‡K msM„nxZ nq|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx32 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 33

(R) mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi ZvwjKv hvPvB K‡i †`Lv‡eb hv‡Z QvÎ-QvÎx GKvwaK we`¨vj‡q fwZ©K…Z bv _v‡K| (8.3.1)

cwic‡Îi Dc‡iv³ wb‡`©kvewji Av‡jv‡K Rwic GjvKv †_‡K cÖvß myweav‡fvMx cwievi evQvB Z_¨ avivevwnKfv‡e we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv|

we`¨vj‡qi †gvU wkÿv_©x msL¨v

Z_¨ we‡kølYG M‡elYvq cÖKívaxb cuvP ai‡bi cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq †_‡K †gvU 26Rb cÖavb wkÿK/wkwÿKv, mswkøó we`¨vjq¸‡jv n‡Z †gvU 52Rb wkÿv_x© (26Rb evjK I 26 Rb evwjKv) 6Rb Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Kg©KZv© I mgmsL¨K mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Kg©KZv©, 5Rb Dce„wË gwbUwis Kg©KZv© I 6Rb e¨vsK Kg©KZv©i wbKU n‡Z DcvË msMÖn Kiv nq|

†gvU cuvP ai‡bi Uyjm (3wU cÖkœcÎ I 2wU mvÿvrKvicÎ) I 3wU Z_¨mnvqK Q‡Ki gva¨‡g M‡elKMY Dce„wË Kvh©µ‡gi bvbvwea cÖv‡qvwMK mgm¨vi w`‡K jÿ †i‡LB gvV chv©q †_‡K DcvË msMÖn K‡ib| D‡jøL¨ G M‡elYvwUi aib/cÖK…wZ g~jZ Quantitative Data wfwËK n‡jI Qualitative

DataI hy³ n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b D‡jøL¨, cÖvß DcvËmg~n cÖwZwU †ÿ‡Î ïaygvÎ mvwe©Kfv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q|

Z_¨ we‡køl‡Yi †ÿ‡Î cÖavbZ M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨vewj‡K †K›`ª K‡iB msM„nxZ Dcv‡Ëi cÖK…wZ Abyhvqx mswkøó mviwY I MÖvd ˆZwi Kiv nq| M‡elYvi Validity eRvq ivLvi j‡ÿ¨ wewfbœ cÖ‡kœi g‡a¨ TriangulationI Kiv nq| G‡ÿ‡Î GKB RvZxq Z_¨ msewjZ welq¸‡jvi (AvB‡Ug) g‡a¨ crosscheck cÖwµqv AbymiY Kiv nq| Dce„wËi 3wU me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †ÿÎ wPwýZ K‡i mw¤§wjZ gZvg‡Zi wfwˇZ wb‡gœ we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv -

myweav‡fvMx cwievi evQvBmyweav‡fvMx cwievi evQvB Kiv cÖv_wgK wkÿvi Rb¨ Dce„wË cÖ`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR| cÖv_wgK I MYwkÿv gš¿Yvjq KZ„©K RvwiK…Z ms‡kvwaZ cwic‡Î (m¥viK bs-cÖvMg/cwi-2/5/2002/4, ZvwiLt 6/6/2004) G wel‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq wb‡`©kvewj nj -

(K) myweav‡fvMx QvÎ-QvÎx Aek¨B wi`ª cwiev‡ii n‡e (cwicÎ wb‡`©kbx-3)

� `yt¯’ weaev gwnjv cwievi � w`bgRyi� A¯^”Qj †ckvRxex (†R‡j, Kvgvi, Kzgvi, ZuvwZ, gywP)� f~wgnxb (0.50 GKi ch©šÍ) Rwgi gvwjK

(L) cÖavb wkÿK GmGgwmi mn‡hvwMZvq †gvU QvÎ msL¨vi mev©waK 40% myweav‡fvMx‡K ZvwjKvf~³ Ki‡eb (wb‡`©kbx-4.1)|

(M) mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi ZvwjKv hvPvB Ki‡eb Ges Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi Aby‡gv`b Ki‡eb| (4.2)

(N) Aby‡gvw`Z ZvwjKv Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi I we`¨vj‡q msiÿY Ki‡eb| (4.3)

(O) cÖ‡Z¨K eQi 1g †kªwY‡Z fwZ©K…Z QvÎ QvÎx‡`i wi`ª cwievi Ges GKK I †hŠ_ cwievi wPwýZ Ki‡eb (4.4)|

(P) ZvwjKvi AwffveK‡`i †ckv eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e D‡jøL Ki‡Z n‡e| (8.1.4)

(Q) ZvwjKv cYÖ q‡bi mgq we‡klfv‡e jÿ ivL‡Z n‡e hv‡Z GKK †hŠ_ mwVKfv‡e wbevP© b Kiv nq (8.2.5)

we`¨vj‡qi aib

1. miKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

2. †emiKvwi †iwRt cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

3. KwgDwbwU cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

4. ^Zš¿ Be‡Z`vwq gv`ivmv

5. M.F.N cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

†gvU

2002

2519

1288

899

1242

402

6350

2003

3126

1292

953

1272

407

7050

2004

2561

1484

926

1297

425

6693

2005

2578

1392

942

1188

409

6509

QqwU wefv‡Mi QqwU †Rjvi 26wU we`¨vj‡q Rwic GjvKvq †h-mKj we`¨vj‡qi Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q †m mKj we`¨vj‡qi 1g-5g †kªwY ch©šÍ †gvU QvÎ msL¨v 2002 mv‡j 6350Rb, 2003 mv‡j 7050Rb, 2004 mv‡j 6693Rb Ges 2005 mv‡j 6509Rb|

we`¨vjqmg~‡ni wkÿv_x© †gvU KZwU cwievi †_‡K Av‡m Ggb Z_¨ msiwÿZ we`¨vj‡qi nviwe`¨vj‡qi QvÎ msL¨v †gvU KZwU cwievi ‡_‡K Av‡m (GmGgwm wbev©P‡bi Rb¨ ‡fvUvi wj‡÷i gZ) Zvi wnmve msiÿY Kiv n‡q‡Q 2002 mv‡j 10% we`¨vj‡q, 2003 mv‡j 13.4% we`¨vj‡q, 2004 mv‡j 16.6% we`¨vj‡q Ges 2005 mv‡j 16.6% we`¨vj‡q|

we`¨vjqmg~‡ni bZyb fwZ©K…Z wkÿv_x© msL¨v

we`¨vj‡qi aib

1. miKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

2. †emiKvwi †iwRt cÖv_wgK

we`¨vjq

3. KwgDwbwU cÖv_t we`¨vjq

4. ¯^Zš¿ Be‡Z`vwq gv`ivmv

5. M.F.N cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

†gvU

QvÎ msL¨v G Z_¨ msMÖn bvB Ggb we`¨vj‡qi nvi

2002

374

264

287

50

75

1050

2002

17%

33%

00%

83%

00%

27%

2003

711

278

331

279

120

1719

2003

17%

33%

00%

33%

00%

27%

2004

679

306

326

108

97

1516

2004

00%

33%

00%

67%

00%

20%

2005

640

243

205

143

97

1328

2005

00%

33%

33%

50%

00%

23%

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx32 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 33

(R) mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi ZvwjKv hvPvB K‡i †`Lv‡eb hv‡Z QvÎ-QvÎx GKvwaK we`¨vj‡q fwZ©K…Z bv _v‡K| (8.3.1)

cwic‡Îi Dc‡iv³ wb‡`©kvewji Av‡jv‡K Rwic GjvKv †_‡K cÖvß myweav‡fvMx cwievi evQvB Z_¨ avivevwnKfv‡e we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv|

we`¨vj‡qi †gvU wkÿv_©x msL¨v

Z_¨ we‡kølYG M‡elYvq cÖKívaxb cuvP ai‡bi cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq †_‡K †gvU 26Rb cÖavb wkÿK/wkwÿKv, mswkøó we`¨vjq¸‡jv n‡Z †gvU 52Rb wkÿv_x© (26Rb evjK I 26 Rb evwjKv) 6Rb Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Kg©KZv© I mgmsL¨K mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Kg©KZv©, 5Rb Dce„wË gwbUwis Kg©KZv© I 6Rb e¨vsK Kg©KZv©i wbKU n‡Z DcvË msMÖn Kiv nq|

†gvU cuvP ai‡bi Uyjm (3wU cÖkœcÎ I 2wU mvÿvrKvicÎ) I 3wU Z_¨mnvqK Q‡Ki gva¨‡g M‡elKMY Dce„wË Kvh©µ‡gi bvbvwea cÖv‡qvwMK mgm¨vi w`‡K jÿ †i‡LB gvV chv©q †_‡K DcvË msMÖn K‡ib| D‡jøL¨ G M‡elYvwUi aib/cÖK…wZ g~jZ Quantitative Data wfwËK n‡jI Qualitative

DataI hy³ n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b D‡jøL¨, cÖvß DcvËmg~n cÖwZwU †ÿ‡Î ïaygvÎ mvwe©Kfv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q|

Z_¨ we‡køl‡Yi †ÿ‡Î cÖavbZ M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨vewj‡K †K›`ª K‡iB msM„nxZ Dcv‡Ëi cÖK…wZ Abyhvqx mswkøó mviwY I MÖvd ˆZwi Kiv nq| M‡elYvi Validity eRvq ivLvi j‡ÿ¨ wewfbœ cÖ‡kœi g‡a¨ TriangulationI Kiv nq| G‡ÿ‡Î GKB RvZxq Z_¨ msewjZ welq¸‡jvi (AvB‡Ug) g‡a¨ crosscheck cÖwµqv AbymiY Kiv nq| Dce„wËi 3wU me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †ÿÎ wPwýZ K‡i mw¤§wjZ gZvg‡Zi wfwˇZ wb‡gœ we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv -

myweav‡fvMx cwievi evQvBmyweav‡fvMx cwievi evQvB Kiv cÖv_wgK wkÿvi Rb¨ Dce„wË cÖ`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR| cÖv_wgK I MYwkÿv gš¿Yvjq KZ„©K RvwiK…Z ms‡kvwaZ cwic‡Î (m¥viK bs-cÖvMg/cwi-2/5/2002/4, ZvwiLt 6/6/2004) G wel‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq wb‡`©kvewj nj -

(K) myweav‡fvMx QvÎ-QvÎx Aek¨B wi`ª cwiev‡ii n‡e (cwicÎ wb‡`©kbx-3)

� `yt¯’ weaev gwnjv cwievi � w`bgRyi� A¯^”Qj †ckvRxex (†R‡j, Kvgvi, Kzgvi, ZuvwZ, gywP)� f~wgnxb (0.50 GKi ch©šÍ) Rwgi gvwjK

(L) cÖavb wkÿK GmGgwmi mn‡hvwMZvq †gvU QvÎ msL¨vi mev©waK 40% myweav‡fvMx‡K ZvwjKvf~³ Ki‡eb (wb‡`©kbx-4.1)|

(M) mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi ZvwjKv hvPvB Ki‡eb Ges Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi Aby‡gv`b Ki‡eb| (4.2)

(N) Aby‡gvw`Z ZvwjKv Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi I we`¨vj‡q msiÿY Ki‡eb| (4.3)

(O) cÖ‡Z¨K eQi 1g †kªwY‡Z fwZ©K…Z QvÎ QvÎx‡`i wi`ª cwievi Ges GKK I †hŠ_ cwievi wPwýZ Ki‡eb (4.4)|

(P) ZvwjKvi AwffveK‡`i †ckv eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e D‡jøL Ki‡Z n‡e| (8.1.4)

(Q) ZvwjKv cYÖ q‡bi mgq we‡klfv‡e jÿ ivL‡Z n‡e hv‡Z GKK †hŠ_ mwVKfv‡e wbevP© b Kiv nq (8.2.5)

we`¨vj‡qi aib

1. miKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

2. †emiKvwi †iwRt cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

3. KwgDwbwU cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

4. ^Zš¿ Be‡Z`vwq gv`ivmv

5. M.F.N cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

†gvU

2002

2519

1288

899

1242

402

6350

2003

3126

1292

953

1272

407

7050

2004

2561

1484

926

1297

425

6693

2005

2578

1392

942

1188

409

6509

QqwU wefv‡Mi QqwU †Rjvi 26wU we`¨vj‡q Rwic GjvKvq †h-mKj we`¨vj‡qi Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q †m mKj we`¨vj‡qi 1g-5g †kªwY ch©šÍ †gvU QvÎ msL¨v 2002 mv‡j 6350Rb, 2003 mv‡j 7050Rb, 2004 mv‡j 6693Rb Ges 2005 mv‡j 6509Rb|

we`¨vjqmg~‡ni wkÿv_x© †gvU KZwU cwievi †_‡K Av‡m Ggb Z_¨ msiwÿZ we`¨vj‡qi nviwe`¨vj‡qi QvÎ msL¨v †gvU KZwU cwievi ‡_‡K Av‡m (GmGgwm wbev©P‡bi Rb¨ ‡fvUvi wj‡÷i gZ) Zvi wnmve msiÿY Kiv n‡q‡Q 2002 mv‡j 10% we`¨vj‡q, 2003 mv‡j 13.4% we`¨vj‡q, 2004 mv‡j 16.6% we`¨vj‡q Ges 2005 mv‡j 16.6% we`¨vj‡q|

we`¨vjqmg~‡ni bZyb fwZ©K…Z wkÿv_x© msL¨v

we`¨vj‡qi aib

1. miKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

2. †emiKvwi †iwRt cÖv_wgK

we`¨vjq

3. KwgDwbwU cÖv_t we`¨vjq

4. ¯^Zš¿ Be‡Z`vwq gv`ivmv

5. M.F.N cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

†gvU

QvÎ msL¨v G Z_¨ msMÖn bvB Ggb we`¨vj‡qi nvi

2002

374

264

287

50

75

1050

2002

17%

33%

00%

83%

00%

27%

2003

711

278

331

279

120

1719

2003

17%

33%

00%

33%

00%

27%

2004

679

306

326

108

97

1516

2004

00%

33%

00%

67%

00%

20%

2005

640

243

205

143

97

1328

2005

00%

33%

33%

50%

00%

23%

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 35evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx34

we`¨vj‡qi cÖwZ eQi cÖ_g †kªwY‡Z m¤ú~Y© bZyb (cybive„wË ev‡`) Ges Ab¨vb¨ K¬v‡m wKQy bZyb wkÿv_x© fwZ© nq Zv‡`i msL¨v 2002 mv‡j 1050Rb, 2003 mv‡j 1719Rb, 2004 mv‡j 1516Rb Ges 2005 mv‡j 1328Rb| GB Z_¨ mwVKfv‡e msiÿY Kiv nq bv Ggb we`¨vj‡qi nvi 2002 mv‡j 27%, 2003 mv‡j 27%, 2004 mv‡j 20% Ges 2005 mv‡j 23%| we`¨vjqmg~‡ni bZyb fwZ©K…Z wkÿv_x©i msL¨vi g‡a¨ myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii QvÎ msL¨vi wnmve msiÿY Kiv nq bv Ggb we`¨vj‡qi nvi 2002 mv‡j 100%, 2003 mv‡j 77%, 2004 mv‡j 83% Ges 2005 mv‡j 93%|

we`¨vjqmg~‡ni myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii wkÿv_x© msL¨v

we`¨vj‡qi aib

1. miKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

2. †emiKvwi †iwRt cÖv_wgK

we`¨vjq

3. KwgDwbwU cÖv_t we`¨vjq

4. ^Zš¿ Be‡Z`vwq gv`ivmv

5. M.F.N cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

†gvU

me©‡gvU

GKK

†hŠ_

GKK

†hŠ_

GKK

†hŠ_

GKK

†hŠ_

GKK

†hŠ_

2002

805

29

511

333

411

145

2205

29

2234

(35.18%)

gšÍe¨2003

874

106

515

18

350

16

439

4

155

26

2333

170

2503

(35.50%)

2004

812

156

451

56

318

28

455

24

139

10

2175

374

2549

(39.87%)

2005

875

166

431

40

312

56

468

20

150

12

2236

294

2530

(38.86%)

we`¨vjqmg~‡ni myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii wkÿv_x©i msL¨v 2002 mv‡j GKK cwiev‡ii 2205Rb, †hŠ_ cwiev‡ii 29Rb, 2003 mv‡j GKK cwiev‡ii 2333Rb, †hŠ_ cwiev‡ii 170Rb, 2004 mv‡j GKK cwiev‡ii 2175Rb, †hŠ_ cwiev‡ii 374Rb Ges 2005 mv‡j GKK cwiev‡ii 2236Rb, †hŠ_ cwiev‡ii 294Rb|

wkÿv_x©i Z_¨ QK (L Ask)

we`¨vj‡q Dcw¯’wZ Dce„wË eÜ wQj fvB †ev‡bi msL¨v we`¨vj‡q c‡o

nu¨v

8

7

8

5

8

10

(46)

88.46%

nu¨v

-

3

8

5

2

-

(18)

34.62%

`yB Rb

4

2

2

2

2

2

(14)

26.12%

GKB we`¨vj‡q

-

5

1

2

4

6

(18)

34.62%

bv

-

3

-

3

-

-

(6)

11.54%

GKvB

2

-

-

2

1

-

(5)

9.62%

bv

8

7

-

3

6

10

(34)

65.38%

wZb Rb

-

3

2

2

1

3

(11)

21.15%

Ab¨ we`¨vj‡q

2

5

4

1

1

2

(15)

28.85%

Pvi Rb

2

5

4

2

4

5

(22)

42.31%

†Kvb we`¨vj‡q c‡o bv

6

-

3

5

3

2

(19)

36.54%

Rwic GjvKvi myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii wkï‡`i mvÿvrKv‡i †`Lv hvq 9.62% wkï GKK cwiev‡ii Ges 90.38% †hŠ_ cwiev‡ii| Gi g‡a¨ 34.62% wkïi Ab¨ fvB †ev‡biv GB we`¨vj‡q c‡o| 28.85% wkïi fvB †ev‡biv Ab¨ we`¨vj‡q c‡o Ges 36.54% wkïi fvB‡evb †Kv_vI covïbv K‡i bv|

35%

29%

36% GKB we`¨vj‡q c‡o Ab¨ we`¨vj‡q c‡o†Kvb we`¨vj‡q c‡o bv

wPÎ: wkÿv_©x‡`i we`¨vj‡q covi aib

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 35evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx34

we`¨vj‡qi cÖwZ eQi cÖ_g †kªwY‡Z m¤ú~Y© bZyb (cybive„wË ev‡`) Ges Ab¨vb¨ K¬v‡m wKQy bZyb wkÿv_x© fwZ© nq Zv‡`i msL¨v 2002 mv‡j 1050Rb, 2003 mv‡j 1719Rb, 2004 mv‡j 1516Rb Ges 2005 mv‡j 1328Rb| GB Z_¨ mwVKfv‡e msiÿY Kiv nq bv Ggb we`¨vj‡qi nvi 2002 mv‡j 27%, 2003 mv‡j 27%, 2004 mv‡j 20% Ges 2005 mv‡j 23%| we`¨vjqmg~‡ni bZyb fwZ©K…Z wkÿv_x©i msL¨vi g‡a¨ myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii QvÎ msL¨vi wnmve msiÿY Kiv nq bv Ggb we`¨vj‡qi nvi 2002 mv‡j 100%, 2003 mv‡j 77%, 2004 mv‡j 83% Ges 2005 mv‡j 93%|

we`¨vjqmg~‡ni myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii wkÿv_x© msL¨v

we`¨vj‡qi aib

1. miKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

2. †emiKvwi †iwRt cÖv_wgK

we`¨vjq

3. KwgDwbwU cÖv_t we`¨vjq

4. ^Zš¿ Be‡Z`vwq gv`ivmv

5. M.F.N cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

†gvU

me©‡gvU

GKK

†hŠ_

GKK

†hŠ_

GKK

†hŠ_

GKK

†hŠ_

GKK

†hŠ_

2002

805

29

511

333

411

145

2205

29

2234

(35.18%)

gšÍe¨2003

874

106

515

18

350

16

439

4

155

26

2333

170

2503

(35.50%)

2004

812

156

451

56

318

28

455

24

139

10

2175

374

2549

(39.87%)

2005

875

166

431

40

312

56

468

20

150

12

2236

294

2530

(38.86%)

we`¨vjqmg~‡ni myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii wkÿv_x©i msL¨v 2002 mv‡j GKK cwiev‡ii 2205Rb, †hŠ_ cwiev‡ii 29Rb, 2003 mv‡j GKK cwiev‡ii 2333Rb, †hŠ_ cwiev‡ii 170Rb, 2004 mv‡j GKK cwiev‡ii 2175Rb, †hŠ_ cwiev‡ii 374Rb Ges 2005 mv‡j GKK cwiev‡ii 2236Rb, †hŠ_ cwiev‡ii 294Rb|

wkÿv_x©i Z_¨ QK (L Ask)

we`¨vj‡q Dcw¯’wZ Dce„wË eÜ wQj fvB †ev‡bi msL¨v we`¨vj‡q c‡o

nu¨v

8

7

8

5

8

10

(46)

88.46%

nu¨v

-

3

8

5

2

-

(18)

34.62%

`yB Rb

4

2

2

2

2

2

(14)

26.12%

GKB we`¨vj‡q

-

5

1

2

4

6

(18)

34.62%

bv

-

3

-

3

-

-

(6)

11.54%

GKvB

2

-

-

2

1

-

(5)

9.62%

bv

8

7

-

3

6

10

(34)

65.38%

wZb Rb

-

3

2

2

1

3

(11)

21.15%

Ab¨ we`¨vj‡q

2

5

4

1

1

2

(15)

28.85%

Pvi Rb

2

5

4

2

4

5

(22)

42.31%

†Kvb we`¨vj‡q c‡o bv

6

-

3

5

3

2

(19)

36.54%

Rwic GjvKvi myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii wkï‡`i mvÿvrKv‡i †`Lv hvq 9.62% wkï GKK cwiev‡ii Ges 90.38% †hŠ_ cwiev‡ii| Gi g‡a¨ 34.62% wkïi Ab¨ fvB †ev‡biv GB we`¨vj‡q c‡o| 28.85% wkïi fvB †ev‡biv Ab¨ we`¨vj‡q c‡o Ges 36.54% wkïi fvB‡evb †Kv_vI covïbv K‡i bv|

35%

29%

36% GKB we`¨vj‡q c‡o Ab¨ we`¨vj‡q c‡o†Kvb we`¨vj‡q c‡o bv

wPÎ: wkÿv_©x‡`i we`¨vj‡q covi aib

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx36 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 37

we`¨vjqmg~‡ni myweav‡fvMx cwievi evQvB - mKj wkÿv_x©i cwiev‡ii we‡ePbvq (BDBI I GBDBI Gi gZvgZ)we`¨vj‡qi aib

1. miKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

2. †emiKvwi †iwRt cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

3. KwgDwbwU cÖv_t we`¨vjq

4. ¯^Zš¿ Be‡Z`vwq gv`ivmv

5. M.F.N cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

†gvU

we`¨vj‡qi mKj QvÎ-QvÎxi AwffveK‡`i ZvwjKv Zwi K‡i Zvi ga¨ n‡Z myweav‡fvMx cwievi evQvB Kiv n‡q‡Q|

33%

33%

17%

33%

00%

23%

we`¨vj‡qi mKj QvÎ-QvÎxi AwffveK‡`i ZvwjKv ˆZwi bv K‡i ïay myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q|

67%

67%

83%

67%

100%

77%

gšÍe¨

we`¨vjqmg~‡ni myweav‡fvMx cwievi Kxfv‡e evQvB Kiv n‡q‡Q, Zvi Rev‡e cÖavb wkÿ‡Ki wbKU †_‡K cÖvß Z‡_¨ †`Lv hvq we`¨vj‡qi mKj QvÎ-QvÎxi AwffveK‡`i ZvwjKv ˆZwi K‡i Zvi ga¨ n‡Z myweav‡fvMx cwievi evQvB Kiv n‡q‡Q 23% we`¨vjq Ges we`¨vj‡qi mKj QvÎ-QvÎxi AwffveK‡`i ZvwjKv ˆZwi bv K‡i ïaygvÎ myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q 77% we`¨vjq - hv wbqg ewnf‚©Z|

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

6767

83

100

33 33

17

33

67

0

wPÎ: 2 AwffveK‡`i ZvwjKv ˆZwi K‡i cwievi evQvB

cÖkœ

we`¨vj‡qi mKj QvÎ-QvÎxi AwffveK‡`i ZvwjKv Zwi K‡i Zvi ga¨ n‡Z myweav‡fvMx cwievi evQvB Kiv n‡q‡Q|

we`¨vj‡qi mKj QvÎ-QvÎxi AwffveK‡`i ZvwjKv ˆZwi bv K‡i ïay myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii ZvwjKv Zwi Kiv n‡q‡Q|

nu¨v

67%67%

33%67%

bv

33%33%

67%17%

we`¨vjqmg~‡ni myweav‡fvMx cwievi Kxfv‡e evQvB Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi wnmve Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi I mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmv‡`i wbKU n‡Z cÖvß Z_¨ Abyhvqx we`¨vj‡qi mKj QvÎ-QvÎxi AwffveK‡`i ZvwjKv ˆZwi K‡i Zvi g‡a¨ n‡Z myweav‡fvMx cwievi evQvB Kiv n‡q‡Q e‡j Df‡q 67% Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi I mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi Rvbvb Ges K‡ib bvB e‡j Rvbvb 33% Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi I 67% mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi|

we`¨vjqmg~‡ni myweav‡fvMx cwievi evQvB‡q GmGgwm Gi f~wgKv

we`¨vj‡qi aiY

1. miKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

2. †emiKvwi †iwRt cÖv_wgK wet

3. KwgDwbwU cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

4. ¯^Zš¿ Be‡Z`vwq gv`ivmv

5. M.F.N cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

†gvU

myweav‡fvMx cwievi evQvB Kiv Ges myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ Gm Gg wm Ges IqvW© KwgwUi †hŠ_ mfv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

00%

00%

00%

00%

00%

00%

myweav‡fvMx cwievi evQvB Kiv Ges myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ Gm Gg wm Ges IqvW© KwgwUi †hŠ_ mfv Kiv nq bvB ïay Gm.Gg.wm Gi mfv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

100%

100%

83%

100%

100%

97%

gšÍe¨

17% DËi †`b bvB

3%

myweav‡fvMx cwievi evQvB‡qi †ÿ‡Î 97% GmGgwm evQvB K‡ib, 3% DËi`v‡b weiZ _v‡Kb| G‡Z cÖZxqgvb nq †h, myweav‡fvMx cwievi evQvB‡q †ek Am½wZ i‡q‡Q|

ZvwjKv ˆZwi K‡iZvwjKv ˆZwi bv K‡i

we`¨vjqmg~‡ni myweav‡fvMx cwievi evQvB (cÖavb wkÿ‡Ki gZvgZ)

DËi`vZv

BDBIGBDBI

BDBIGBDBI

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx36 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 37

we`¨vjqmg~‡ni myweav‡fvMx cwievi evQvB - mKj wkÿv_x©i cwiev‡ii we‡ePbvq (BDBI I GBDBI Gi gZvgZ)we`¨vj‡qi aib

1. miKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

2. †emiKvwi †iwRt cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

3. KwgDwbwU cÖv_t we`¨vjq

4. ¯^Zš¿ Be‡Z`vwq gv`ivmv

5. M.F.N cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

†gvU

we`¨vj‡qi mKj QvÎ-QvÎxi AwffveK‡`i ZvwjKv Zwi K‡i Zvi ga¨ n‡Z myweav‡fvMx cwievi evQvB Kiv n‡q‡Q|

33%

33%

17%

33%

00%

23%

we`¨vj‡qi mKj QvÎ-QvÎxi AwffveK‡`i ZvwjKv ˆZwi bv K‡i ïay myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q|

67%

67%

83%

67%

100%

77%

gšÍe¨

we`¨vjqmg~‡ni myweav‡fvMx cwievi Kxfv‡e evQvB Kiv n‡q‡Q, Zvi Rev‡e cÖavb wkÿ‡Ki wbKU †_‡K cÖvß Z‡_¨ †`Lv hvq we`¨vj‡qi mKj QvÎ-QvÎxi AwffveK‡`i ZvwjKv ˆZwi K‡i Zvi ga¨ n‡Z myweav‡fvMx cwievi evQvB Kiv n‡q‡Q 23% we`¨vjq Ges we`¨vj‡qi mKj QvÎ-QvÎxi AwffveK‡`i ZvwjKv ˆZwi bv K‡i ïaygvÎ myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q 77% we`¨vjq - hv wbqg ewnf‚©Z|

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

6767

83

100

33 33

17

33

67

0

wPÎ: 2 AwffveK‡`i ZvwjKv ˆZwi K‡i cwievi evQvB

cÖkœ

we`¨vj‡qi mKj QvÎ-QvÎxi AwffveK‡`i ZvwjKv Zwi K‡i Zvi ga¨ n‡Z myweav‡fvMx cwievi evQvB Kiv n‡q‡Q|

we`¨vj‡qi mKj QvÎ-QvÎxi AwffveK‡`i ZvwjKv ˆZwi bv K‡i ïay myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii ZvwjKv Zwi Kiv n‡q‡Q|

nu¨v

67%67%

33%67%

bv

33%33%

67%17%

we`¨vjqmg~‡ni myweav‡fvMx cwievi Kxfv‡e evQvB Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi wnmve Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi I mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmv‡`i wbKU n‡Z cÖvß Z_¨ Abyhvqx we`¨vj‡qi mKj QvÎ-QvÎxi AwffveK‡`i ZvwjKv ˆZwi K‡i Zvi g‡a¨ n‡Z myweav‡fvMx cwievi evQvB Kiv n‡q‡Q e‡j Df‡q 67% Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi I mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi Rvbvb Ges K‡ib bvB e‡j Rvbvb 33% Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi I 67% mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi|

we`¨vjqmg~‡ni myweav‡fvMx cwievi evQvB‡q GmGgwm Gi f~wgKv

we`¨vj‡qi aiY

1. miKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

2. †emiKvwi †iwRt cÖv_wgK wet

3. KwgDwbwU cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

4. ¯^Zš¿ Be‡Z`vwq gv`ivmv

5. M.F.N cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

†gvU

myweav‡fvMx cwievi evQvB Kiv Ges myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ Gm Gg wm Ges IqvW© KwgwUi †hŠ_ mfv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

00%

00%

00%

00%

00%

00%

myweav‡fvMx cwievi evQvB Kiv Ges myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ Gm Gg wm Ges IqvW© KwgwUi †hŠ_ mfv Kiv nq bvB ïay Gm.Gg.wm Gi mfv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

100%

100%

83%

100%

100%

97%

gšÍe¨

17% DËi †`b bvB

3%

myweav‡fvMx cwievi evQvB‡qi †ÿ‡Î 97% GmGgwm evQvB K‡ib, 3% DËi`v‡b weiZ _v‡Kb| G‡Z cÖZxqgvb nq †h, myweav‡fvMx cwievi evQvB‡q †ek Am½wZ i‡q‡Q|

ZvwjKv ˆZwi K‡iZvwjKv ˆZwi bv K‡i

we`¨vjqmg~‡ni myweav‡fvMx cwievi evQvB (cÖavb wkÿ‡Ki gZvgZ)

DËi`vZv

BDBIGBDBI

BDBIGBDBI

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx38 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 39

myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡i †h mKj QvÎ / QvÎx gv‡m 85% nvwRiv bvB, wbqggZ †h mKj cwiev‡ii Dce„wË ’wMZ _vK‡e - G iKg cwiev‡ii Dce„wË ’wMZ bv Kivi Rb¨ †Kvb Aby‡iva / Pvc

we`¨vj‡qi aib

1. miKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

2. †emiKvwi †iwRt cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

3. KwgDwbwU cÖv_t we`¨vjq

4. ^Zš¿ Be‡Z`vwq gv`ivmv

5. GbwRI cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

†gvU

nu¨v

50%

83%

67%

67%

100%

73%

bv

50%

17%

33%

33%

00%

27%

gšÍe¨

myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡i †h mKj QvÎ / QvÎx gv‡m 85% nvwRiv bvB, wbqggZ †h mKj cwiev‡ii Dce„wË ¯’wMZ _vK‡e - G iKg cwiev‡ii Dce„wË ¯’wMZ bv Kivi Rb¨ †Kvb Aby‡iva / Pvc Av‡Q 73% we`¨vjq|

27

nu v

bv73

wPÎ: Dce„wË ¯’wMZ bv Kivi Rb¨ †Kvb Pvc / Aby‡iva

cixÿvq AskMÖnYKvix myweav‡fvMx QvÎmsL¨vi nvi†Kvb cixÿvqB 100% myweav‡fvMx QvÎ/QvÎx Ask K‡i bvB| myweav‡fvMx QvÎ-QvÎx cixÿvq AskMÖnYKvixi nvi 2002 Gi 1g mvgwqK 93,% 2q mvgwqK 98%, evwl©K 99%| 1003 Gi 1g mvgwqK 99%, 2q mvgwqK 98%, evwl©K 97%| 1004 Gi 1g mvgwqK 97%, 2q mvgwqK 98%, evwl©K 97%| jÿYxq cÖwZwU †ÿ‡ÎB AwaKvsk wkÿv_©x cixÿvq AskMÖnY K‡i _v‡K|

cixÿvq AskMÖn‡Y myweav‡fvMx wkÿv_©xi Z_¨ msMªn bvB Ggb we`¨vj‡qi nvicixÿvq AskMÖnYKvix myweav‡fvMx QvÎ msL¨vi nvi- mwVKfv‡e Z_¨ msMÖn bvB Ggb we`¨vj‡qi 2002 m‡b 67%,2003 m‡b 53%, Ges 2004 m‡b 50%|

cÖavb wkÿ‡Ki g‡Z 7% we`¨vj‡q †Kvb cÖKvi DËic‡Îi msiÿY Kiv nq bv| 3% we`¨vj‡q AwbqwgZ msiÿY Kiv nq|

weZiYmyweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ hviv we`¨vj‡q cvV w`e‡mi 85% Dcw¯’Z _v‡K, mvgwqK cixÿvq AskMÖnY K‡i Ges evwl©K cixÿvq kZKiv 40 b¤^i cvq G kZ© c~iY Ki‡Q - Zv‡`i AbyK‚‡j Dce„wËi UvKv weZi‡Yi Rb¨ wewa †gvZv‡eK weZi‡Yi D‡Ïk¨ Pvwn`v †`Iqv nq| 3/4wU we`¨vj‡q hvZvqvZ myweav we‡ePbv K‡i †K›`ª wbe©vPbc~e©K c~e© wba©vwiZ Zvwi‡L e¨vsK KZ…©cÿ UvKv wb‡q †K‡›`ª Dcw¯’Z nb| myweav‡fvMx AwffveK c~e© wba©vwiZ Zvwi‡L mgqgZ Dcw¯’Z n‡q e¨vsK KZ…©c‡ÿi KvQ †_‡K UvKv MÖnY K‡ib| D³ Pvwn`vi Av‡jv‡K Rwic GjvKvi we`¨vj‡q weZiY Kvh©µ‡gi Ici cÖvß Z‡_¨i we‡kølY wbgœiƒc -

h_vmg‡q e¨vsK KZ…©cÿ UvKv wb‡q †K‡›`ª Dcw¯’wZ

we`¨vj‡qi aiY

1. miKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

2. †emiKvwi †iwRt cÖv_wgK wet

3. KwgDwbwU cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

4. ^Zš¿ Be‡Z`vwq gv`ivmv

5. M.F.N cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

†gvU

wba©vwiZ Zvwi‡L

h_v mgq

50%

83%

67%

67%

50%

63%

gv‡S gv‡Swej¤^ nq

50%

17%

33%

33%

50%

37%

cÖwZ Zvwi‡Lwej¤^ nq

KLbI ZvwiLcwieZ©b nq

gšÍe¨

UvKv weZi‡Yi Rb¨ wba©wiZ Zvwi‡L 37% e¨vsK Kg©KZ©v we`¨vj‡q Dcw¯’Z n‡Z gv‡S g‡a¨ wej¤^ K‡ib Ges evwK 63% h_vmg‡q Dcw¯’Z nb|

†K‡›`ª Dcw¯’wZ welqK gvV ch©v‡qi Kg©KZ©v‡`i gZvgZ

weZi‡Y wej¤^ nq

100%

67%

80%

gv‡S g‡a¨ wej¤^ nq

-

33%

-

KLbI wej¤^ nq bv

-

-

-

DËi`vZv

&GBDBI

BDBI

gwbUwis Awdmvi

GBDBI Gi g‡Z Dce„wËi UvKv eiv‡Ïi ci wba©vwiZ Zwi‡L UvKv weZiY nq 100%,BDBI Gi g‡Z 67% Ges gwbUwis Awdmvi Gi g‡Z 80%|

Pvwn`v †`Iqvi ci UvKv weZiY n‡q‡Q Ggb myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii nviRwic GjvKvq Pvwn`v †`Iqvi c‡i weZiYK…Z UvKvi cwigvY 2003 mv‡j GKK 4%, †hŠ_ 2%| 2003 mv‡j GKK 10%, †hŠ_ 13%|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx38 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 39

myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡i †h mKj QvÎ / QvÎx gv‡m 85% nvwRiv bvB, wbqggZ †h mKj cwiev‡ii Dce„wË ’wMZ _vK‡e - G iKg cwiev‡ii Dce„wË ’wMZ bv Kivi Rb¨ †Kvb Aby‡iva / Pvc

we`¨vj‡qi aib

1. miKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

2. †emiKvwi †iwRt cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

3. KwgDwbwU cÖv_t we`¨vjq

4. ^Zš¿ Be‡Z`vwq gv`ivmv

5. GbwRI cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

†gvU

nu¨v

50%

83%

67%

67%

100%

73%

bv

50%

17%

33%

33%

00%

27%

gšÍe¨

myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡i †h mKj QvÎ / QvÎx gv‡m 85% nvwRiv bvB, wbqggZ †h mKj cwiev‡ii Dce„wË ¯’wMZ _vK‡e - G iKg cwiev‡ii Dce„wË ¯’wMZ bv Kivi Rb¨ †Kvb Aby‡iva / Pvc Av‡Q 73% we`¨vjq|

27

nu v

bv73

wPÎ: Dce„wË ¯’wMZ bv Kivi Rb¨ †Kvb Pvc / Aby‡iva

cixÿvq AskMÖnYKvix myweav‡fvMx QvÎmsL¨vi nvi†Kvb cixÿvqB 100% myweav‡fvMx QvÎ/QvÎx Ask K‡i bvB| myweav‡fvMx QvÎ-QvÎx cixÿvq AskMÖnYKvixi nvi 2002 Gi 1g mvgwqK 93,% 2q mvgwqK 98%, evwl©K 99%| 1003 Gi 1g mvgwqK 99%, 2q mvgwqK 98%, evwl©K 97%| 1004 Gi 1g mvgwqK 97%, 2q mvgwqK 98%, evwl©K 97%| jÿYxq cÖwZwU †ÿ‡ÎB AwaKvsk wkÿv_©x cixÿvq AskMÖnY K‡i _v‡K|

cixÿvq AskMÖn‡Y myweav‡fvMx wkÿv_©xi Z_¨ msMªn bvB Ggb we`¨vj‡qi nvicixÿvq AskMÖnYKvix myweav‡fvMx QvÎ msL¨vi nvi- mwVKfv‡e Z_¨ msMÖn bvB Ggb we`¨vj‡qi 2002 m‡b 67%,2003 m‡b 53%, Ges 2004 m‡b 50%|

cÖavb wkÿ‡Ki g‡Z 7% we`¨vj‡q †Kvb cÖKvi DËic‡Îi msiÿY Kiv nq bv| 3% we`¨vj‡q AwbqwgZ msiÿY Kiv nq|

weZiYmyweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ hviv we`¨vj‡q cvV w`e‡mi 85% Dcw¯’Z _v‡K, mvgwqK cixÿvq AskMÖnY K‡i Ges evwl©K cixÿvq kZKiv 40 b¤^i cvq G kZ© c~iY Ki‡Q - Zv‡`i AbyK‚‡j Dce„wËi UvKv weZi‡Yi Rb¨ wewa †gvZv‡eK weZi‡Yi D‡Ïk¨ Pvwn`v †`Iqv nq| 3/4wU we`¨vj‡q hvZvqvZ myweav we‡ePbv K‡i †K›`ª wbe©vPbc~e©K c~e© wba©vwiZ Zvwi‡L e¨vsK KZ…©cÿ UvKv wb‡q †K‡›`ª Dcw¯’Z nb| myweav‡fvMx AwffveK c~e© wba©vwiZ Zvwi‡L mgqgZ Dcw¯’Z n‡q e¨vsK KZ…©c‡ÿi KvQ †_‡K UvKv MÖnY K‡ib| D³ Pvwn`vi Av‡jv‡K Rwic GjvKvi we`¨vj‡q weZiY Kvh©µ‡gi Ici cÖvß Z‡_¨i we‡kølY wbgœiƒc -

h_vmg‡q e¨vsK KZ…©cÿ UvKv wb‡q †K‡›`ª Dcw¯’wZ

we`¨vj‡qi aiY

1. miKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

2. †emiKvwi †iwRt cÖv_wgK wet

3. KwgDwbwU cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

4. ^Zš¿ Be‡Z`vwq gv`ivmv

5. M.F.N cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

†gvU

wba©vwiZ Zvwi‡L

h_v mgq

50%

83%

67%

67%

50%

63%

gv‡S gv‡Swej¤^ nq

50%

17%

33%

33%

50%

37%

cÖwZ Zvwi‡Lwej¤^ nq

KLbI ZvwiLcwieZ©b nq

gšÍe¨

UvKv weZi‡Yi Rb¨ wba©wiZ Zvwi‡L 37% e¨vsK Kg©KZ©v we`¨vj‡q Dcw¯’Z n‡Z gv‡S g‡a¨ wej¤^ K‡ib Ges evwK 63% h_vmg‡q Dcw¯’Z nb|

†K‡›`ª Dcw¯’wZ welqK gvV ch©v‡qi Kg©KZ©v‡`i gZvgZ

weZi‡Y wej¤^ nq

100%

67%

80%

gv‡S g‡a¨ wej¤^ nq

-

33%

-

KLbI wej¤^ nq bv

-

-

-

DËi`vZv

&GBDBI

BDBI

gwbUwis Awdmvi

GBDBI Gi g‡Z Dce„wËi UvKv eiv‡Ïi ci wba©vwiZ Zwi‡L UvKv weZiY nq 100%,BDBI Gi g‡Z 67% Ges gwbUwis Awdmvi Gi g‡Z 80%|

Pvwn`v †`Iqvi ci UvKv weZiY n‡q‡Q Ggb myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii nviRwic GjvKvq Pvwn`v †`Iqvi c‡i weZiYK…Z UvKvi cwigvY 2003 mv‡j GKK 4%, †hŠ_ 2%| 2003 mv‡j GKK 10%, †hŠ_ 13%|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx40 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 41

weZi‡Yi mgq Abycw¯’Z AwffveK‡`i UvKv Rgv

we`¨vj‡qi aib

1. miKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

2. †emiKvwi †iwRt cÖv_wgK wet

3. KwgDwbwU cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

4. ^Zš¿ Be‡Z`vwq gv`ivmv

5. GbwRI cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

†gvU

cÖavb wkÿ‡KiKv‡Q

00%

00%

17%

00%

00%

03%

Gm Gg wmm`m¨‡`i

Kv‡Q

00%

33%

00%

00%

00%

06%

e¨vsK Kg©KZ©viKv‡Q

100%

50%

83%

50%

100%

77%

e¨vs‡K Rgv†`qv nq

00%

17%

00%

50%

00%

14%

gšÍe¨

we`¨vj‡qi aib

1. miKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

2. †emiKvwi †iwRt cÖv_wgK wet

3. KwgDwbwU cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

4. ¯^Zš¿ Be‡Z`vwq gv`ivmv

5. M.F.N cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

†gvU

weZi‡Yi w`be¨vsK

Kg©KZ©vcÖavb

wkÿK‡K †`b

17%

50%

00%

00%

00%

14%

weZi‡Yi w`be¨vsK Kg©KZ©v

I cÖavbwkÿK ˆZwi

K‡ib

17%

17%

33%

33%

50%

30%

weZi‡Yi w`b cÖavb wkÿK

e¨vsK Kg©KZ©‡K †`b

50%

17%

33%

17%

00%

23%

KLbI †`qv/†bqv

nq bv

16%

16%

34%

50%

50%

30%

gšÍe¨

weZiYK…Z UvKv gvÎ 14% e¨vs‡K Rgv nq, 77% e¨vsK Kg©KZ©vi Kv‡Q _v‡K, 6% GmGgwm Gi wbKU Ges 3% cÖavb wkÿ‡Ki wbKU Rgv _v‡K|

weZiYK…Z UvKvi cÖZ¨qbcÎ e¨vsK KZ…©cÿ cÖ`v‡bi ixwZ

weZiYK…Z UvKvi cÖZ¨qbcÎ e¨vsK Kg©KZ©v I cÖavb wkÿK Zwi K‡ib 30%| e¨vsK Kg©KZ©v cÖavb wkÿK‡K †`b 14%, cÖavb wkÿK e¨vsK Kg©KZ©v‡K †`b 23% Ges †Kvb cÖZ¨qbcÎ †`Iqv nq bv 33% we`¨vj‡q| G‡ÿ‡ÎI †`Lv hvq †h, mywbw`©ó †Kvb wbqgbxwZ AbymiY Kiv nq bv|

weZiYK…Z UvKvi cwigv‡Yi wnmve we`¨vj‡qi wnmv‡ei mv‡_ hvPvB (gvV ch©v‡qi Kg©KZ©v‡`i gZvgZ)

welq

we`¨vjqwfwËK weZi‡Yi cwigvY mgš^q K‡i

e¨vs‡Ki wnmv‡ei mv‡_ hvPvB K‡ib|

hvPvB Ki‡j wnmv‡ei Miwgj †c‡q‡Qb

DËi`vZv

BDBI

GBDBI

BDBI

GBDBI

nu¨v

50%

50%

100%

100%

bv

50%

50%

-

-

we`¨vjqwfwËK weZi‡Yi cwigvY mgš^q K‡i wnmv‡ei mv‡_ Df‡qB 50% BDBI Ges GBDBI hvPvB K‡i †`‡Lb| hvPvBK…Z mKj wnmv‡ei †ÿ‡Î Miwgj jÿ Kiv hvq| we`¨vj‡qi AweZiYK…Z UvKvi cwigvY we`¨vjq I e¨vs‡Ki wnmv‡ei mv‡_ 100% Miwgj cwijwÿZ nq|

Dce„wË Kvh©µg ev¯Íevq‡bi mgm¨v/cÖwZeÜKZvDce„wË Kvh©µg ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z wM‡q we‡kl K‡i Dce„wË weZiYKv‡j mswkøó‡`i A‡bK mgm¨vi gy‡LvgywL n‡Z nq| wb‡P Dce„wË weZi‡Yi mv‡_ RwoZ cÖavb wkÿK, mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi, Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi Ges e¨vsK Kg©KZv©M‡Yi wbKU †_‡K cÖvß GZ`&msµvšÍ mgm¨vmg~n wbgœiƒc -

AwffveK I gvV chv©‡qi ev¯Íe mgm¨v � AwffveKMY wbqgbxwZ D‡cÿv K‡i Dce„wË vwe K‡ib Ges bZyb KvW© cvIqvi Rb¨ Pvc

†`b| hyw³msMZ Kvi‡Y ev` co‡jI (†hgb- cixÿvq †dj/Uv‡M©U b¤¦i bv cvIqv, Abycw¯’wZ BZ¨vw`) 85% nvwRiv bv _vKv, mvgwqK cixÿvq AskMÖnY bv Kiv Ges evwl©K cixÿvq 40% b¤¦i bv cvIqv AwffveKMY mswkøó wkÿv_x©i Dce„wË eÜ bv Kivi Rb¨ Pvc †`b| Abycw¯’wZi Kvi‡Y UvKv Kg †c‡j AwffveKMY UvKv MÖn‡Y A¯^xK…wZ Rvbvb, A‡kvfb AvPiY cwijwÿZ nq|

� `wi`ª GjvKv¸‡jv‡Z 40% Gi A‡bK †ewk wkÿv_x©B Dce„wË cvIqvi k‡Z©i g‡a¨ c‡o| wKš‘ 40% †KvUv wm‡÷‡gi Kvi‡Y A‡bK wkÿv_x© ev` co‡j GjvKvq †ÿv‡fi m„wó nq|

� myweav‡fvMx A‡bK AwffveK‡K UvKv weZiY †K‡›`ª h_vmg‡q nvwRi cvIqv hvq bv| Abycw¯’Z AwffveKM‡Yi UvKv e¨vs‡K †diZ v‡bi Rb¨ wb‡q Avm‡Z PvB‡j GjvKvevmx evav †`q| A‡bK †ÿ‡Î cwiw¯’wZi Kvi‡Y e¨vsK Kg©KZv©MY wbqg-ewnfy©Zfv‡e UvKv weZi‡Y eva¨ nb| D`vniY¯^iƒc, myweav‡fvMx wkÿv_x©i gv‡qi cwie‡Z© evev wKsev cwiev‡ii Ab¨ †Kvb m`m¨ UvKv MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ Dcw¯’Z nb| †m‡ÿ‡Î GjvKvevmxi Pv‡c e¨vsK Kg©KZv© Zv‡K UvKv weZi‡Y eva¨ nb|

� g¨v‡bwRs KwgwU ZvwjKv ˆZwii mgq cÿcvwZZ¡ K‡i _v‡Kb| †KD †KD Zuv‡`i cwiwPZ †jvK‡`i we‡kl myweav w`‡q _v‡Kb| A‡bK †ÿ‡Î ‡hŠ_ Kv‡W©i cwie‡Z© GKRb‡K GKK KvW© Ges Ab¨Rb‡K ewÂZ Kiv nq|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx40 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 41

weZi‡Yi mgq Abycw¯’Z AwffveK‡`i UvKv Rgv

we`¨vj‡qi aib

1. miKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

2. †emiKvwi †iwRt cÖv_wgK wet

3. KwgDwbwU cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

4. ^Zš¿ Be‡Z`vwq gv`ivmv

5. GbwRI cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

†gvU

cÖavb wkÿ‡KiKv‡Q

00%

00%

17%

00%

00%

03%

Gm Gg wmm`m¨‡`i

Kv‡Q

00%

33%

00%

00%

00%

06%

e¨vsK Kg©KZ©viKv‡Q

100%

50%

83%

50%

100%

77%

e¨vs‡K Rgv†`qv nq

00%

17%

00%

50%

00%

14%

gšÍe¨

we`¨vj‡qi aib

1. miKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

2. †emiKvwi †iwRt cÖv_wgK wet

3. KwgDwbwU cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

4. ¯^Zš¿ Be‡Z`vwq gv`ivmv

5. M.F.N cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq

†gvU

weZi‡Yi w`be¨vsK

Kg©KZ©vcÖavb

wkÿK‡K †`b

17%

50%

00%

00%

00%

14%

weZi‡Yi w`be¨vsK Kg©KZ©v

I cÖavbwkÿK ˆZwi

K‡ib

17%

17%

33%

33%

50%

30%

weZi‡Yi w`b cÖavb wkÿK

e¨vsK Kg©KZ©‡K †`b

50%

17%

33%

17%

00%

23%

KLbI †`qv/†bqv

nq bv

16%

16%

34%

50%

50%

30%

gšÍe¨

weZiYK…Z UvKv gvÎ 14% e¨vs‡K Rgv nq, 77% e¨vsK Kg©KZ©vi Kv‡Q _v‡K, 6% GmGgwm Gi wbKU Ges 3% cÖavb wkÿ‡Ki wbKU Rgv _v‡K|

weZiYK…Z UvKvi cÖZ¨qbcÎ e¨vsK KZ…©cÿ cÖ`v‡bi ixwZ

weZiYK…Z UvKvi cÖZ¨qbcÎ e¨vsK Kg©KZ©v I cÖavb wkÿK Zwi K‡ib 30%| e¨vsK Kg©KZ©v cÖavb wkÿK‡K †`b 14%, cÖavb wkÿK e¨vsK Kg©KZ©v‡K †`b 23% Ges †Kvb cÖZ¨qbcÎ †`Iqv nq bv 33% we`¨vj‡q| G‡ÿ‡ÎI †`Lv hvq †h, mywbw`©ó †Kvb wbqgbxwZ AbymiY Kiv nq bv|

weZiYK…Z UvKvi cwigv‡Yi wnmve we`¨vj‡qi wnmv‡ei mv‡_ hvPvB (gvV ch©v‡qi Kg©KZ©v‡`i gZvgZ)

welq

we`¨vjqwfwËK weZi‡Yi cwigvY mgš^q K‡i

e¨vs‡Ki wnmv‡ei mv‡_ hvPvB K‡ib|

hvPvB Ki‡j wnmv‡ei Miwgj †c‡q‡Qb

DËi`vZv

BDBI

GBDBI

BDBI

GBDBI

nu¨v

50%

50%

100%

100%

bv

50%

50%

-

-

we`¨vjqwfwËK weZi‡Yi cwigvY mgš^q K‡i wnmv‡ei mv‡_ Df‡qB 50% BDBI Ges GBDBI hvPvB K‡i †`‡Lb| hvPvBK…Z mKj wnmv‡ei †ÿ‡Î Miwgj jÿ Kiv hvq| we`¨vj‡qi AweZiYK…Z UvKvi cwigvY we`¨vjq I e¨vs‡Ki wnmv‡ei mv‡_ 100% Miwgj cwijwÿZ nq|

Dce„wË Kvh©µg ev¯Íevq‡bi mgm¨v/cÖwZeÜKZvDce„wË Kvh©µg ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z wM‡q we‡kl K‡i Dce„wË weZiYKv‡j mswkøó‡`i A‡bK mgm¨vi gy‡LvgywL n‡Z nq| wb‡P Dce„wË weZi‡Yi mv‡_ RwoZ cÖavb wkÿK, mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi, Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi Ges e¨vsK Kg©KZv©M‡Yi wbKU †_‡K cÖvß GZ`&msµvšÍ mgm¨vmg~n wbgœiƒc -

AwffveK I gvV chv©‡qi ev¯Íe mgm¨v � AwffveKMY wbqgbxwZ D‡cÿv K‡i Dce„wË vwe K‡ib Ges bZyb KvW© cvIqvi Rb¨ Pvc

†`b| hyw³msMZ Kvi‡Y ev` co‡jI (†hgb- cixÿvq †dj/Uv‡M©U b¤¦i bv cvIqv, Abycw¯’wZ BZ¨vw`) 85% nvwRiv bv _vKv, mvgwqK cixÿvq AskMÖnY bv Kiv Ges evwl©K cixÿvq 40% b¤¦i bv cvIqv AwffveKMY mswkøó wkÿv_x©i Dce„wË eÜ bv Kivi Rb¨ Pvc †`b| Abycw¯’wZi Kvi‡Y UvKv Kg †c‡j AwffveKMY UvKv MÖn‡Y A¯^xK…wZ Rvbvb, A‡kvfb AvPiY cwijwÿZ nq|

� `wi`ª GjvKv¸‡jv‡Z 40% Gi A‡bK †ewk wkÿv_x©B Dce„wË cvIqvi k‡Z©i g‡a¨ c‡o| wKš‘ 40% †KvUv wm‡÷‡gi Kvi‡Y A‡bK wkÿv_x© ev` co‡j GjvKvq †ÿv‡fi m„wó nq|

� myweav‡fvMx A‡bK AwffveK‡K UvKv weZiY †K‡›`ª h_vmg‡q nvwRi cvIqv hvq bv| Abycw¯’Z AwffveKM‡Yi UvKv e¨vs‡K †diZ v‡bi Rb¨ wb‡q Avm‡Z PvB‡j GjvKvevmx evav †`q| A‡bK †ÿ‡Î cwiw¯’wZi Kvi‡Y e¨vsK Kg©KZv©MY wbqg-ewnfy©Zfv‡e UvKv weZi‡Y eva¨ nb| D`vniY¯^iƒc, myweav‡fvMx wkÿv_x©i gv‡qi cwie‡Z© evev wKsev cwiev‡ii Ab¨ †Kvb m`m¨ UvKv MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ Dcw¯’Z nb| †m‡ÿ‡Î GjvKvevmxi Pv‡c e¨vsK Kg©KZv© Zv‡K UvKv weZi‡Y eva¨ nb|

� g¨v‡bwRs KwgwU ZvwjKv ˆZwii mgq cÿcvwZZ¡ K‡i _v‡Kb| †KD †KD Zuv‡`i cwiwPZ †jvK‡`i we‡kl myweav w`‡q _v‡Kb| A‡bK †ÿ‡Î ‡hŠ_ Kv‡W©i cwie‡Z© GKRb‡K GKK KvW© Ges Ab¨Rb‡K ewÂZ Kiv nq|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx42 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 43

� myweav‡fvMx AwffveKMY wbqgvewj AbymiY bv K‡i A‡bK mgq wek„•Ljvi m„wó K‡i _v‡Kb|

� GKB w`‡b 8/10wU we`¨vj‡q Dce„wË weZi‡Yi KvR Ki‡Z nq| cÖ_g ‹y‡ji AwffveKMY wej‡¤¦ Dcw¯’Z n‡j Ab¨vb¨ ‹y‡jI wej¤¦ nq|

e¨vsK msµvšÍ mgm¨v � e¨vsK Kg©KZv©MY Dce„wË weZi‡Yi Kv‡R cÖ‡qvRbxq mgq w`‡Z Pvb bv| A‡bK †ÿ‡Î

e¨vsK Kg©KZv©MY Dce„wËi UvKv wb‡q A‡bK wej‡¤¦ weZiY‡K‡›`ª †cuŠQvi d‡j GjvKvevmxi †ÿv‡fi gy‡L c‡ob| wej‡¤¦i Kvi‡Y A‡bK AwffveK Zv‡`i evwo/Kg©¯’‡j wd‡i hvb|

� e¨vsK Kg©KZv©MY Dce„wË weZi‡Yi Kv‡R †Zgb AvMÖn †`Lvb bv| A‡bK mgq e¨vsK Kg©KZv©i cwie‡Z© e¨vs‡Ki wb¤œc`¯’ Kg©Pvix GgbwK wcIb/MvW©‡KI UvKv weZi‡Yi Kv‡R cvVv‡Z †`Lv hvq|

� `~i ~iv†šÍ bM` UvKv cwien‡Y †ek SzuwK _v‡K|

cÖkvmwbK mgm¨v � cÖ‡qvRbxq †jvKe‡ji Afv‡e A‡bK †ÿ‡Î wbw`©ó w`‡b Dce„wË weZi‡Yi KvR †kl Kiv

hvq bv| A‡bK mgq QywUi w`‡bI KvR Ki‡Z nq|

� UvKv weZi‡Yi Rb¨ LyeB Kg mgq cvIqv hvq| G Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨ UvKv weZi‡Yi mgqm~wP mKj myweav‡fvMx AwffveK‡K AewnZKiY m¤¢e nq bv|

� GKB †K‡›`ª 12/15wU we`¨vj‡qi UvKv weZiY Ki‡Z nq weavq †m ‡ÿ‡ÎI †ek Sv‡gjvi m„wó nq|

myZivs D‡jøwLZ KviYmg~‡ni Rb¨ Dce„wË weZi‡Yi KvR myôyfv‡e m¤úbœ Kiv m¤¢e n‡q D‡V bv weavq Gme mgm¨v mgvavb LyeB iæZ¡c~Y©|

Dce„wË Kvh©µg‡K MwZkxj Kivi Rb¨ M‡elYvi mv‡_ mswkøó e¨w³e‡M©i gZvgZ wbgœiƒc:

1. mKj wkÿv_x©i Rb¨ Dce„wËi e¨e¯’v Kiv| cÖ‡qvR‡b UvKvi cwigvY Kwg‡q ‡`Iqv|

2. Dce„wË Kvh©µg myôyfv‡e ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ Dc‡Rjv chv©‡q AviI Rbej wb‡qvM Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|

3. bZyb myweav‡fvMx wbev©P‡bi †ÿ‡Î ïaygvÎ 1g †kªwYi wkÿv_x©‡`i cwievi wbev©Pb Kiv|

4. e¨vsK GKvD‡›Ui gva¨‡g Dce„wËi UvKv weZi‡Yi e¨e¯’v Kiv | A_ev Zv‡`i bv‡g †PK mieivn Kiv|

5. †hŠ_ Kv‡W©i GKRb wkÿv_x© †dj Ki‡j evwK GKRb‡K GKK Kv‡W© Dce„wË cÖ`vb Kiv|

6. g¨v‡bwRs KwgwUi m`m¨‡`i Rb¨ cÖwkÿ‡Yi e¨e¯’v Kiv |

7. Dce„wËi UvKv weZiY I cÖvmw½K cÖ¯ÍywZi Rb¨ chv©ß mgq †`Iqv cÖ‡qvRb|

8. Dce„wË Kvh©µg‡K myôyfv‡e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awd‡m Kw¤úDUv‡ii e¨e¯’v Kiv|

9. cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq Ges Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awd‡m Ges mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv AwdmviM‡Yi Rb¨ c„_K c„_Kfv‡e Avbylw½K eivÏ e„w× KiY|

10. mswkøó ‹y‡ji wkÿK‡`i h_vmg‡q myweav‡fvMx wkÿv_x©‡`i nvwRiv wbwðZ Kiv|

11. †Kvb myweav‡fvMx AwffveK Ab¨Î P‡j †M‡j/g„Zy¨eiY Ki‡j bZyb AwffveK cybtwbav©iY- c~e©K bZyb KvW© Bmy¨ Ki‡Z n‡e|

12. `~i ~iv‡šÍi UvKv cwien‡Yi Rb¨ Dc‡Rjv cÖkvm‡bi cÿ †_‡K hvbevnb Ges wbivcËvi e¨e¯’v Kiv|

13. Dce„wË weZi‡Yi Rb¨ mswkøó e¨vsK kvLvi †jvKej e„w× Kiv |

14. UvKv weZi‡Yi Rb¨ Ges cÖ¯ÍywZg~jK mgq AviI e„w× Kiv |

15. UvKv weZi‡Yi AšÍZ 3 w`b c~‡e© cÖavb wkÿ‡Ki weZi‡Yi ZvwiL wbwðZ Kiv |

16. QywUi Rb¨ Dce„wËi UvKv weZiY msµvšÍ AwZwi³ Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Avbylw½K myweav e„w× Kiv|

D‡jøwLZ mycvwikmg~n ev¯Íevqb Kiv †M‡j Dce„wË mdjfv‡e cÖ‡qv‡Mi mgm¨vmg~n ~i Kiv m¤¢e n‡e e‡j Avkv Kiv hvq|

djvdj, wm×všÍ I mycvwikgvjvwe‡køwlZ me‡P‡q 3wU iæZ¡c~Y© †ÿ‡Îi we‡køl‡Yi Av‡jv‡K djvdj wbgœiƒc -

myweav‡fvMx cwievi evQvB †`Lv hvq wkÿv_x©‡`i (Dce„wËcÖvß) mvÿvrKv†i Zv‡`i Awffve‡Ki †ckv cwic‡Î wbav©wiZ †ckv Av‡Q 65.38%| cwic‡Îi ewnf~©Z PvKzwiRxex 11.53%, we‡`‡k Kg©iZ 3.84%, e¨emvq 19.25%|

†`Lv hvq †h, evwl©K cixÿvq 40% cvq bvB Zv‡`i ev` w`‡q hv‡`i bZyb KvW© †`Iqv n‡q‡Q - Zv‡`i AwffveK‡`i †ckv cwicÎ-ewnf‚©Z 100%| 15bs µwg‡K G‡ÿ‡Î AwffveK‡`i †ckvi Z_¨ msiwÿZ Av‡Q 2004 mv‡j 40%, 2005 mv‡j 20%|

wbav©wiZ †ckvi evB‡i Dce„wË cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœfv‡e Aby‡iva/Pvc _v‡K 50% †ÿ‡Î| myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii ZvwjKv Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi KZ„©K Aby‡gvw`Z 90%|

†`Lv hvq †h, Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi KZ„©K myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii ZvwjKv 90% Aby‡gvw`Z|

µwg‡K bZyb QvÎ/QvÎx‡`i fwZ©i Z_¨ msiwÿZ Av‡Q Ggb we`¨vj‡qi nvi 2002 mv‡j 73%, 2003 mv‡j 73%, 2004 mv‡j 80% Ges 2005 mv‡j 77%|

bZyb fwZ©K…Z wkÿv_x©‡`i g‡a¨ myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii Qv·`i g‡a¨ myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii wkÿv_x©‡`i Z_¨ msMÖn Av‡Q Ggb we`¨vj‡qi nvi 2003 mv‡j 23%, 2004 mv‡j 17%, 2005 mv‡j 7%|

GKK I †hŠ_ cwievi mwVKfv‡e evQvB n‡q‡Q 2002 mv‡j 00%, 2003 mv‡j bv‡g gvÎ 03%, 2004 mv‡j 27% Ges 2005 mv‡j 33%|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx42 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 43

� myweav‡fvMx AwffveKMY wbqgvewj AbymiY bv K‡i A‡bK mgq wek„•Ljvi m„wó K‡i _v‡Kb|

� GKB w`‡b 8/10wU we`¨vj‡q Dce„wË weZi‡Yi KvR Ki‡Z nq| cÖ_g ‹y‡ji AwffveKMY wej‡¤¦ Dcw¯’Z n‡j Ab¨vb¨ ‹y‡jI wej¤¦ nq|

e¨vsK msµvšÍ mgm¨v � e¨vsK Kg©KZv©MY Dce„wË weZi‡Yi Kv‡R cÖ‡qvRbxq mgq w`‡Z Pvb bv| A‡bK †ÿ‡Î

e¨vsK Kg©KZv©MY Dce„wËi UvKv wb‡q A‡bK wej‡¤¦ weZiY‡K‡›`ª †cuŠQvi d‡j GjvKvevmxi †ÿv‡fi gy‡L c‡ob| wej‡¤¦i Kvi‡Y A‡bK AwffveK Zv‡`i evwo/Kg©¯’‡j wd‡i hvb|

� e¨vsK Kg©KZv©MY Dce„wË weZi‡Yi Kv‡R †Zgb AvMÖn †`Lvb bv| A‡bK mgq e¨vsK Kg©KZv©i cwie‡Z© e¨vs‡Ki wb¤œc`¯’ Kg©Pvix GgbwK wcIb/MvW©‡KI UvKv weZi‡Yi Kv‡R cvVv‡Z †`Lv hvq|

� `~i ~iv†šÍ bM` UvKv cwien‡Y †ek SzuwK _v‡K|

cÖkvmwbK mgm¨v � cÖ‡qvRbxq †jvKe‡ji Afv‡e A‡bK †ÿ‡Î wbw`©ó w`‡b Dce„wË weZi‡Yi KvR †kl Kiv

hvq bv| A‡bK mgq QywUi w`‡bI KvR Ki‡Z nq|

� UvKv weZi‡Yi Rb¨ LyeB Kg mgq cvIqv hvq| G Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨ UvKv weZi‡Yi mgqm~wP mKj myweav‡fvMx AwffveK‡K AewnZKiY m¤¢e nq bv|

� GKB †K‡›`ª 12/15wU we`¨vj‡qi UvKv weZiY Ki‡Z nq weavq †m ‡ÿ‡ÎI †ek Sv‡gjvi m„wó nq|

myZivs D‡jøwLZ KviYmg~‡ni Rb¨ Dce„wË weZi‡Yi KvR myôyfv‡e m¤úbœ Kiv m¤¢e n‡q D‡V bv weavq Gme mgm¨v mgvavb LyeB iæZ¡c~Y©|

Dce„wË Kvh©µg‡K MwZkxj Kivi Rb¨ M‡elYvi mv‡_ mswkøó e¨w³e‡M©i gZvgZ wbgœiƒc:

1. mKj wkÿv_x©i Rb¨ Dce„wËi e¨e¯’v Kiv| cÖ‡qvR‡b UvKvi cwigvY Kwg‡q ‡`Iqv|

2. Dce„wË Kvh©µg myôyfv‡e ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ Dc‡Rjv chv©‡q AviI Rbej wb‡qvM Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|

3. bZyb myweav‡fvMx wbev©P‡bi †ÿ‡Î ïaygvÎ 1g †kªwYi wkÿv_x©‡`i cwievi wbev©Pb Kiv|

4. e¨vsK GKvD‡›Ui gva¨‡g Dce„wËi UvKv weZi‡Yi e¨e¯’v Kiv | A_ev Zv‡`i bv‡g †PK mieivn Kiv|

5. †hŠ_ Kv‡W©i GKRb wkÿv_x© †dj Ki‡j evwK GKRb‡K GKK Kv‡W© Dce„wË cÖ`vb Kiv|

6. g¨v‡bwRs KwgwUi m`m¨‡`i Rb¨ cÖwkÿ‡Yi e¨e¯’v Kiv |

7. Dce„wËi UvKv weZiY I cÖvmw½K cÖ¯ÍywZi Rb¨ chv©ß mgq †`Iqv cÖ‡qvRb|

8. Dce„wË Kvh©µg‡K myôyfv‡e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awd‡m Kw¤úDUv‡ii e¨e¯’v Kiv|

9. cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq Ges Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awd‡m Ges mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv AwdmviM‡Yi Rb¨ c„_K c„_Kfv‡e Avbylw½K eivÏ e„w× KiY|

10. mswkøó ‹y‡ji wkÿK‡`i h_vmg‡q myweav‡fvMx wkÿv_x©‡`i nvwRiv wbwðZ Kiv|

11. †Kvb myweav‡fvMx AwffveK Ab¨Î P‡j †M‡j/g„Zy¨eiY Ki‡j bZyb AwffveK cybtwbav©iY- c~e©K bZyb KvW© Bmy¨ Ki‡Z n‡e|

12. `~i ~iv‡šÍi UvKv cwien‡Yi Rb¨ Dc‡Rjv cÖkvm‡bi cÿ †_‡K hvbevnb Ges wbivcËvi e¨e¯’v Kiv|

13. Dce„wË weZi‡Yi Rb¨ mswkøó e¨vsK kvLvi †jvKej e„w× Kiv |

14. UvKv weZi‡Yi Rb¨ Ges cÖ¯ÍywZg~jK mgq AviI e„w× Kiv |

15. UvKv weZi‡Yi AšÍZ 3 w`b c~‡e© cÖavb wkÿ‡Ki weZi‡Yi ZvwiL wbwðZ Kiv |

16. QywUi Rb¨ Dce„wËi UvKv weZiY msµvšÍ AwZwi³ Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Avbylw½K myweav e„w× Kiv|

D‡jøwLZ mycvwikmg~n ev¯Íevqb Kiv †M‡j Dce„wË mdjfv‡e cÖ‡qv‡Mi mgm¨vmg~n ~i Kiv m¤¢e n‡e e‡j Avkv Kiv hvq|

djvdj, wm×všÍ I mycvwikgvjvwe‡køwlZ me‡P‡q 3wU iæZ¡c~Y© †ÿ‡Îi we‡køl‡Yi Av‡jv‡K djvdj wbgœiƒc -

myweav‡fvMx cwievi evQvB †`Lv hvq wkÿv_x©‡`i (Dce„wËcÖvß) mvÿvrKv†i Zv‡`i Awffve‡Ki †ckv cwic‡Î wbav©wiZ †ckv Av‡Q 65.38%| cwic‡Îi ewnf~©Z PvKzwiRxex 11.53%, we‡`‡k Kg©iZ 3.84%, e¨emvq 19.25%|

†`Lv hvq †h, evwl©K cixÿvq 40% cvq bvB Zv‡`i ev` w`‡q hv‡`i bZyb KvW© †`Iqv n‡q‡Q - Zv‡`i AwffveK‡`i †ckv cwicÎ-ewnf‚©Z 100%| 15bs µwg‡K G‡ÿ‡Î AwffveK‡`i †ckvi Z_¨ msiwÿZ Av‡Q 2004 mv‡j 40%, 2005 mv‡j 20%|

wbav©wiZ †ckvi evB‡i Dce„wË cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœfv‡e Aby‡iva/Pvc _v‡K 50% †ÿ‡Î| myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii ZvwjKv Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi KZ„©K Aby‡gvw`Z 90%|

†`Lv hvq †h, Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi KZ„©K myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii ZvwjKv 90% Aby‡gvw`Z|

µwg‡K bZyb QvÎ/QvÎx‡`i fwZ©i Z_¨ msiwÿZ Av‡Q Ggb we`¨vj‡qi nvi 2002 mv‡j 73%, 2003 mv‡j 73%, 2004 mv‡j 80% Ges 2005 mv‡j 77%|

bZyb fwZ©K…Z wkÿv_x©‡`i g‡a¨ myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii Qv·`i g‡a¨ myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii wkÿv_x©‡`i Z_¨ msMÖn Av‡Q Ggb we`¨vj‡qi nvi 2003 mv‡j 23%, 2004 mv‡j 17%, 2005 mv‡j 7%|

GKK I †hŠ_ cwievi mwVKfv‡e evQvB n‡q‡Q 2002 mv‡j 00%, 2003 mv‡j bv‡g gvÎ 03%, 2004 mv‡j 27% Ges 2005 mv‡j 33%|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx44 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 45

†`Lv hvq †h, S‡i covi Z_¨ msiwÿZ Av‡Q Ggb we`¨vj‡qi nvi 2002 mv‡j 28%, 2003 mv‡j 33%, 2004 mv‡j 50%|

myweav‡fvMx wkÿv_x©i nvi 2004 mv‡j m‡ev©”P 39.87%, me©wb¤œ 2004 mv‡j 35.11%|

S‡i covi g‡a¨ myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii QvÎ msL¨v KZ GB wnmve 2002-2004 ch©šÍ †Kvb we`¨vj‡qB msiwÿZ †bB| GKK ev †hŠ_ myweav‡fvMx cwievi mwVKfv‡e evQvB Kiv n‡q‡Q wKbv G cÖ‡kœi Rev‡e cÖavb wkÿK 77%, mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi 83% Ges Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi 67% nu¨v m~PK Reve w`‡q‡Qb| G‡Z BwZevPK g‡bvfve jÿYxq|

†Kvb cwiev‡ii GKvwaK wkÿv_x© _vK‡j Zv‡`i GKK KvW© †`qv n‡q‡Q wKbv mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi 33% nu¨v e‡j‡Qb Ges Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi 67% G welqwU‡Z GKgZ n‡q‡Qb|

cwic‡Î D‡jøL Av‡Q †h, ZvwjKvq AwffveK‡`i †ckv eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e D‡jøL Ki‡Z n‡e (8.1.4)| Z_¨ we‡køl‡Y 6bs µwg‡K †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, †gvU wkÿv_x© KZwU cwievi †_‡K Av‡m †m wnmve Av‡Q Ggb we`¨vj‡qi nvi 2002 mv‡j 10%, 2003 mv‡j 13%, 2004 mv‡j 17% Ges 2005 mv‡j 17%|

†`Lv hv‡”Q †h, myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii ZvwjKv m¤ú~Y© msiwÿZ Av‡Q 2002 mv‡j 50%, 2003 mv‡j 70%, 2004 mv‡j 80% Ges 2005 mv‡j 53% we`¨vj‡q|

myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii wkÿv_©xi Dce„wË cÖvwßi kZ© c~iY1. myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii wkÿv_©x‡`i we`¨vjq cvV w`e‡m 85% nvwRiv bv _vKvi Rb¨ Dce„wË

¯’wMZ Av‡Q 2002 mv‡j GKK 5%| 2003 mv‡j GKK 16.1%, †hŠ_ 6.2%| 2004 mv‡j GKK 23.9%, †hŠ_ 12.5%| GB wnmve mwVKfv‡e msiwÿZ Av‡Q Ggb we`¨vj‡qi nvi 2002 mv‡j 3%,2003 mv‡j 27% Ges 2004 mv‡j53%| jÿYxq kZKiv 85% nvwRiv kZ© mwVKfv‡e Kvh©Ki Kivi cÖeYZvi nvi BwZevPK| Z‡e G nvi 100% nIqv iKvi|

2. cixÿvq AskMÖnYKvix myweav‡fvMx wkÿv_©xi nvi 2002 mv‡j 1g mvgwqK cixÿvq 93%, 2q mvgwqK cixÿvq 98% Ges evwl©K cixÿvq 99%| 2003 mv‡ji 1g mvgwqK cwiÿvq 97%, 2q mvgqxK cixÿvq 98% Ges evwl©K cixÿvq 96%| 2004 mv‡ji 1g mvgwqK cixÿvq 97%, 2q mvgqxK cixÿvq 98% Ges evwl©K cixÿvq 96%|

3. mvgwqK cixÿvq AskMÖnY bv Kivi Rvb¨ Dce„wË ’wMZ myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii nvi 2004 mv‡j GKK1.2%, †hŠ_0.8%| Ab¨w`‡K, 2002 mv‡j 1g mvgwqK cixÿvq 7%, 2q mvgwqK cixÿvq 2%| 2003 mv‡ji 1g mvgwqK cixÿvq 3%, 2q mvgwqK cixÿvq 2% wkÿv_©x cixÿvq Ask MÖnY K‡i wb| A_P 2002 Ges 2003 mv‡ji mvgwqK cixÿvq AskMÖnY bv Kivi Rb¨ †Kvb Dce„wË ’wMZ Kiv nq wb|

4. evwl©K cixÿvq 40% b¤^i cvq wb Ggb myweav‡fvMx wkÿv_©xi nvi 2002 mv‡j GKK 16%, wKš‘ G Rb¨ †Kvb KvW© ’wMZ Kiv nq wb| 2003 mv‡j evwl©K cwiÿvq 40% b¤^i cvq wb Ggb Ggb myweav‡fvMx wkÿv_©xi nvi GKK& 20.6%| A_P GRb¨ Dce„wË ¯’wMZ myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii nvi GKK 1.8%| †hŠ_ KvW© ’wMZ Kiv nq wb| 2004 mv‡j evwl©K cixÿvq 40% b¤^i cvq wb Ggb myweav‡fvMx wkÿv_©xi nvi GKK 18%| A_P GRb¨ Dce„wË ¯’wMZ

myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii nvi GKK 3.3%, †hŠ_10.4%| G wnmve mwVKfv‡e msiwÿZ Av‡Q Ggb we`¨vj‡qi nvi 2002 mv‡j 00%, 2003 mv‡j 03% Ges 2004 mv‡j 10%|

5. 2003 mv‡j evwl©K cixÿvq 40% b¤^i cvq wb Ggb myweav‡fvMx wkÿv_©xi nvi GKK 20.6%| Zv‡`i ev` w`‡q hviv 40% b¤^i †c‡q‡Q Zv‡`i bZzb KvW© †`qvi nvi 6.6%| 2004 mvj ch©šÍ G wbqg wQj bv| 2004 mv‡j evwl©K cixÿvq 40% b¤^i cvq wb Ggb myweav‡fvMx wkÿv_©xi nvi GKK 18%| A_P Zv‡`i ev` w`‡q hviv 40% b¤^i †c‡q‡Q Zv‡`i bZzb KvW© †`qvi nvi 5%| G wnmve Av‡Q Ggb we`¨vj‡qi nvi 2004 mv‡j 10% Ges 2005 mv‡j 3%|

6. 85% Dcw¯w’ Z bv _vKv, mvgwqK cixÿvq AskMnÖ Y bv Ki, evwlK© cixÿvq 40% b¤i bv cvIqvi Rb¨ †gvU ¯w’ MZ Kv‡Wi© nvi 2002 mv‡j GKK 5%| 2003 mv‡j GKK 17.9%, †hŠ_6.2% Ges 2004 mv‡j GKK 28.4%, †hŠ_ 24%| A_P Pvwn`v †`Iqv n‡q‡Q 2002 mv‡j 100%| 2002 mv‡j GKK 97.2% Ges 2004 mv‡j GKK 88%, †hŠ_ 86%| kZ© ci~ Y bv Kivi Rb¨ hv‡`i KvW© w’ MZ _vKvi K_v †Kvb eQiB Zv‡`i mK‡ji KvW© w’ MZ Kiv nq wb|

7. Dce„wËi Pvwn`v †`Iqvi ci UvKv weZiY nq wb 2003 mv‡j GKK 4%, †hŠ_ 2%, 2004 mv‡j GKK 10%, †hŠ_ 13%| AweZiYK…Z UvKvi 100% wnmve cvIqv hv‡”Q bv 2003 mv‡j 20% Ges 2004 mv‡j GKK 10%, †hŠ_ 23% we`¨vjq|

8. GKRb myweav‡fvMx wkÿv_©x 85% nvwRiv, mvgwqK cixÿvq AskMÖnY bv Kiv Ges evwl©K cwiÿvq 40% b¤^i bv cvIqvi wZbwU kZ©B c~iY bv Ki‡j wZbwU k‡Z©i Rb¨ Avjv`v Avjv`v ¯’wMZ myweav‡fvMx Kv‡W©i msL¨v †hvM Ki‡j GKRb wkÿ_©x GKvwaK kZ© c~iY bv Kivi Rb¨ GKvwaKevi Avmvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K weavq wZbwU k‡Z©i g‡a¨ †h k‡Z©i Rb¨ ¯’wMZ Kv‡W©i nvi m‡e©v”P †mB kZ© a‡i wnmve Ki‡jI †`Lv hvq, †h mKj wkÿv_©x Dce„wË cÖvwßi kZ© c~iY K‡i wb, Zv‡`i mK‡ji KvW© ’wMZ Kiv nq wb|

weZiY1. myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii UvKv h_vmg‡q D‡Ëvjb Ki‡Z c‡i bv| H w`‡b 2/3wU †K‡›`ª weZi‡Yi

†ÿ‡Î avivevwnKfv‡e Ab¨ †K›`ª¸‡jv‡ZI UvKv weZiY wej¤^ nq|

2. AweZiYK…Z UvKvi 86% e¨vs‡K Rgv nq bv|

3. 33% we`¨vj‡qi †ÿ‡Î UvKv weZi‡Yi †Kvb cÖZ¨qcÎ †`Iqv nq bv| d‡j weZi‡Yi mwVK wnmve msiÿY I hvPvB Kivi †ÿ‡Î †Kvb cÖgvYvw` cvIqv hvq bv|

4. Pvwn`vi c‡i weZiYK…Z UvKvi cÖZ¨qbcÎ Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awd‡m 60% msiwÿZ _v‡K bv| †m‡ÿ‡Î Pvwn`v Ges weZi‡Yi mwVK wnmve hvPvB Kiv m¤¢e nq bv|

5. UvKv weZi‡Yi KvW© GmGgwm 3% c~iY K‡i hv wbqgewnf‚©Z|

6. weZiYK…Z UvKvi wnmve cwieviwfwËK avivevwnKfv‡e msiwÿZ †bB 2002 mv‡j 63%,2003 mv‡j 44% Ges 2004 mv‡j 33%|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx44 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 45

†`Lv hvq †h, S‡i covi Z_¨ msiwÿZ Av‡Q Ggb we`¨vj‡qi nvi 2002 mv‡j 28%, 2003 mv‡j 33%, 2004 mv‡j 50%|

myweav‡fvMx wkÿv_x©i nvi 2004 mv‡j m‡ev©”P 39.87%, me©wb¤œ 2004 mv‡j 35.11%|

S‡i covi g‡a¨ myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii QvÎ msL¨v KZ GB wnmve 2002-2004 ch©šÍ †Kvb we`¨vj‡qB msiwÿZ †bB| GKK ev †hŠ_ myweav‡fvMx cwievi mwVKfv‡e evQvB Kiv n‡q‡Q wKbv G cÖ‡kœi Rev‡e cÖavb wkÿK 77%, mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi 83% Ges Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi 67% nu¨v m~PK Reve w`‡q‡Qb| G‡Z BwZevPK g‡bvfve jÿYxq|

†Kvb cwiev‡ii GKvwaK wkÿv_x© _vK‡j Zv‡`i GKK KvW© †`qv n‡q‡Q wKbv mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi 33% nu¨v e‡j‡Qb Ges Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi 67% G welqwU‡Z GKgZ n‡q‡Qb|

cwic‡Î D‡jøL Av‡Q †h, ZvwjKvq AwffveK‡`i †ckv eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e D‡jøL Ki‡Z n‡e (8.1.4)| Z_¨ we‡køl‡Y 6bs µwg‡K †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, †gvU wkÿv_x© KZwU cwievi †_‡K Av‡m †m wnmve Av‡Q Ggb we`¨vj‡qi nvi 2002 mv‡j 10%, 2003 mv‡j 13%, 2004 mv‡j 17% Ges 2005 mv‡j 17%|

†`Lv hv‡”Q †h, myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii ZvwjKv m¤ú~Y© msiwÿZ Av‡Q 2002 mv‡j 50%, 2003 mv‡j 70%, 2004 mv‡j 80% Ges 2005 mv‡j 53% we`¨vj‡q|

myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii wkÿv_©xi Dce„wË cÖvwßi kZ© c~iY1. myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii wkÿv_©x‡`i we`¨vjq cvV w`e‡m 85% nvwRiv bv _vKvi Rb¨ Dce„wË

¯’wMZ Av‡Q 2002 mv‡j GKK 5%| 2003 mv‡j GKK 16.1%, †hŠ_ 6.2%| 2004 mv‡j GKK 23.9%, †hŠ_ 12.5%| GB wnmve mwVKfv‡e msiwÿZ Av‡Q Ggb we`¨vj‡qi nvi 2002 mv‡j 3%,2003 mv‡j 27% Ges 2004 mv‡j53%| jÿYxq kZKiv 85% nvwRiv kZ© mwVKfv‡e Kvh©Ki Kivi cÖeYZvi nvi BwZevPK| Z‡e G nvi 100% nIqv iKvi|

2. cixÿvq AskMÖnYKvix myweav‡fvMx wkÿv_©xi nvi 2002 mv‡j 1g mvgwqK cixÿvq 93%, 2q mvgwqK cixÿvq 98% Ges evwl©K cixÿvq 99%| 2003 mv‡ji 1g mvgwqK cwiÿvq 97%, 2q mvgqxK cixÿvq 98% Ges evwl©K cixÿvq 96%| 2004 mv‡ji 1g mvgwqK cixÿvq 97%, 2q mvgqxK cixÿvq 98% Ges evwl©K cixÿvq 96%|

3. mvgwqK cixÿvq AskMÖnY bv Kivi Rvb¨ Dce„wË ’wMZ myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii nvi 2004 mv‡j GKK1.2%, †hŠ_0.8%| Ab¨w`‡K, 2002 mv‡j 1g mvgwqK cixÿvq 7%, 2q mvgwqK cixÿvq 2%| 2003 mv‡ji 1g mvgwqK cixÿvq 3%, 2q mvgwqK cixÿvq 2% wkÿv_©x cixÿvq Ask MÖnY K‡i wb| A_P 2002 Ges 2003 mv‡ji mvgwqK cixÿvq AskMÖnY bv Kivi Rb¨ †Kvb Dce„wË ’wMZ Kiv nq wb|

4. evwl©K cixÿvq 40% b¤^i cvq wb Ggb myweav‡fvMx wkÿv_©xi nvi 2002 mv‡j GKK 16%, wKš‘ G Rb¨ †Kvb KvW© ’wMZ Kiv nq wb| 2003 mv‡j evwl©K cwiÿvq 40% b¤^i cvq wb Ggb Ggb myweav‡fvMx wkÿv_©xi nvi GKK& 20.6%| A_P GRb¨ Dce„wË ¯’wMZ myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii nvi GKK 1.8%| †hŠ_ KvW© ’wMZ Kiv nq wb| 2004 mv‡j evwl©K cixÿvq 40% b¤^i cvq wb Ggb myweav‡fvMx wkÿv_©xi nvi GKK 18%| A_P GRb¨ Dce„wË ¯’wMZ

myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii nvi GKK 3.3%, †hŠ_10.4%| G wnmve mwVKfv‡e msiwÿZ Av‡Q Ggb we`¨vj‡qi nvi 2002 mv‡j 00%, 2003 mv‡j 03% Ges 2004 mv‡j 10%|

5. 2003 mv‡j evwl©K cixÿvq 40% b¤^i cvq wb Ggb myweav‡fvMx wkÿv_©xi nvi GKK 20.6%| Zv‡`i ev` w`‡q hviv 40% b¤^i †c‡q‡Q Zv‡`i bZzb KvW© †`qvi nvi 6.6%| 2004 mvj ch©šÍ G wbqg wQj bv| 2004 mv‡j evwl©K cixÿvq 40% b¤^i cvq wb Ggb myweav‡fvMx wkÿv_©xi nvi GKK 18%| A_P Zv‡`i ev` w`‡q hviv 40% b¤^i †c‡q‡Q Zv‡`i bZzb KvW© †`qvi nvi 5%| G wnmve Av‡Q Ggb we`¨vj‡qi nvi 2004 mv‡j 10% Ges 2005 mv‡j 3%|

6. 85% Dcw¯w’ Z bv _vKv, mvgwqK cixÿvq AskMnÖ Y bv Ki, evwlK© cixÿvq 40% b¤i bv cvIqvi Rb¨ †gvU ¯w’ MZ Kv‡Wi© nvi 2002 mv‡j GKK 5%| 2003 mv‡j GKK 17.9%, †hŠ_6.2% Ges 2004 mv‡j GKK 28.4%, †hŠ_ 24%| A_P Pvwn`v †`Iqv n‡q‡Q 2002 mv‡j 100%| 2002 mv‡j GKK 97.2% Ges 2004 mv‡j GKK 88%, †hŠ_ 86%| kZ© ci~ Y bv Kivi Rb¨ hv‡`i KvW© w’ MZ _vKvi K_v †Kvb eQiB Zv‡`i mK‡ji KvW© w’ MZ Kiv nq wb|

7. Dce„wËi Pvwn`v †`Iqvi ci UvKv weZiY nq wb 2003 mv‡j GKK 4%, †hŠ_ 2%, 2004 mv‡j GKK 10%, †hŠ_ 13%| AweZiYK…Z UvKvi 100% wnmve cvIqv hv‡”Q bv 2003 mv‡j 20% Ges 2004 mv‡j GKK 10%, †hŠ_ 23% we`¨vjq|

8. GKRb myweav‡fvMx wkÿv_©x 85% nvwRiv, mvgwqK cixÿvq AskMÖnY bv Kiv Ges evwl©K cwiÿvq 40% b¤^i bv cvIqvi wZbwU kZ©B c~iY bv Ki‡j wZbwU k‡Z©i Rb¨ Avjv`v Avjv`v ¯’wMZ myweav‡fvMx Kv‡W©i msL¨v †hvM Ki‡j GKRb wkÿ_©x GKvwaK kZ© c~iY bv Kivi Rb¨ GKvwaKevi Avmvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K weavq wZbwU k‡Z©i g‡a¨ †h k‡Z©i Rb¨ ¯’wMZ Kv‡W©i nvi m‡e©v”P †mB kZ© a‡i wnmve Ki‡jI †`Lv hvq, †h mKj wkÿv_©x Dce„wË cÖvwßi kZ© c~iY K‡i wb, Zv‡`i mK‡ji KvW© ’wMZ Kiv nq wb|

weZiY1. myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii UvKv h_vmg‡q D‡Ëvjb Ki‡Z c‡i bv| H w`‡b 2/3wU †K‡›`ª weZi‡Yi

†ÿ‡Î avivevwnKfv‡e Ab¨ †K›`ª¸‡jv‡ZI UvKv weZiY wej¤^ nq|

2. AweZiYK…Z UvKvi 86% e¨vs‡K Rgv nq bv|

3. 33% we`¨vj‡qi †ÿ‡Î UvKv weZi‡Yi †Kvb cÖZ¨qcÎ †`Iqv nq bv| d‡j weZi‡Yi mwVK wnmve msiÿY I hvPvB Kivi †ÿ‡Î †Kvb cÖgvYvw` cvIqv hvq bv|

4. Pvwn`vi c‡i weZiYK…Z UvKvi cÖZ¨qbcÎ Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awd‡m 60% msiwÿZ _v‡K bv| †m‡ÿ‡Î Pvwn`v Ges weZi‡Yi mwVK wnmve hvPvB Kiv m¤¢e nq bv|

5. UvKv weZi‡Yi KvW© GmGgwm 3% c~iY K‡i hv wbqgewnf‚©Z|

6. weZiYK…Z UvKvi wnmve cwieviwfwËK avivevwnKfv‡e msiwÿZ †bB 2002 mv‡j 63%,2003 mv‡j 44% Ges 2004 mv‡j 33%|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx46 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 47

weZiY1. UvKv weZi‡Yi mgq wKQz AwffveK Abycw¯’Z _v‡Kb| cieZ©x mg‡q D³ UvKv weZi‡Yi bvbv

RwUjZv I Awbqg nIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K|

2. wbqgewnf‚©Zfv‡e AweZiYK…Z UvKvi 86% e¨vs‡Ki evB‡i _v‡K|

3. 33% we`¨vj‡q Dce„wËi Pvwn`v Ges Abycw¯’Z AwffveK‡`i UvKv weZi‡Y bvbvwea Awbq‡gi m¤¢vebv _v‡K|

4. UvKv weZi‡Yi cwigv‡Yi Ici e¨vsK KZ…©c‡ÿi †`Iqv cÖZ¨qb c‡Îi h_v_©Zv hvPvB Kivi cÖgvYvw` Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awd‡m _v‡K bv|

5. weZiYK…Z UvKvi cwigvY avivevwnKfv‡e wjwce× K‡i ivLvi cÖeYZvi nvi e„w× †c‡q‡Q| G nvi 100% evÂbxq|

mycvwikgvjv 1. we`¨vj‡qi mKj wkÿv_x©i AwffveK‡`i ZvwjKv K¨vP‡g›U GjvKvi eø‡Ki `vwqZ¡cÖvß

wkÿK†`i Øviv Zwi K‡i Zvi ga¨ n‡Z myweav‡fvMx cwievi evQvB Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î mKj AwffveK‡`i ZvwjKv Zwi Kivi Rb¨ mshy³ 1bs QK e¨envi Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|

2. GmGgwmÕi mfvq Dce„wËi Rb¨ evQvBK…Z cwiev‡ii ZvwjKv myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii †iwR÷vi mshy³ 2bs QK Abyhvqx ˆZwi Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| cÖwZgv‡m ZvwjKvq cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ Gw›U« Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|

3. myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii ZvwjKv Abyhvqx Dce„wË cÖvwßi kZ© (evwl©K cixÿvq 40% b¤¦i cÖvwß, mvgwqK cixÿvq AskMÖnY Ges gv‡mi cvV w`e‡m 85% nvwRiv _vKv) c~iYK…Z wkÿv_x©‡`i Dce„wËi Pvwn`v cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ mshy³ 3bs QK e¨envi Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|

4. we`¨vj‡qi myweav‡fvMx wkÿv_x©‡`i Dce„wËi UvKv wnmve msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ Pvwn`vi mgš^q K‡i †kªwYwfwËK Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î mshy³ 4bs QK Ges kZ©wfwËK wnmve mgš^‡qi Rb¨ mshy³ 5bs QK e¨envi Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|

5. mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi‡`i Rb¨ K¬v÷viwfwËK/weZiY †K›`ªwfwËK/BDwbqbwfwËK we`¨vjqmg~‡ni Pvwn`v mgš^q Kivi Rb¨ mshy³ 6bs QK e¨envi Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|

6. Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi, †Rjv cÖv_wgK wkÿv Awdmvi Ges wefvMxq Dc-cwiPvjK Zuv‡`i Kg© GjvKvi myweav‡fvMx wkÿv_x©‡`i Dce„wËi Pvwn`v, UvKv weZiY, AweZiYK…Z UvKv Ges eiv‡Ïi wnmve msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ mshy³ 7bs QK e¨envi Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|

7. mvgwqK cixÿvq AskMÖnY †_‡K weiZ _vKv wkÿv_x©‡`i ZvwjKv Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awd‡m we`¨vjqwfwËK bw_‡Z msiÿY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|

8. evwl©K cixÿvq 40% b¤¦i cÖvwßi h_v_©Zv hvQvB‡qi Rb¨ myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii wkÿv_x©‡`i DËicÎ Avjv`vfv‡e msiÿY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb Ges mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi 100% hvPvB K‡i ZvwjKv Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awd‡m we`¨vjqwfwËK bw_‡Z msiÿY Ki‡eb|

9. Pvwn`v cÖvwßi ci mvgwqK cixÿvq AskMÖnY Ges evwl©K cixÿvq 40% b¤¦i cÖvwß Awd‡m †iK‡W©i mv‡_ hvPvB K‡i mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi cÖK…Z Pvwn`v wbiƒcY K‡i Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmv‡ii wbKU vwLj Ki‡eb|

wm×všÍ

myweav‡fvMx cwievi evQvB1. cwic‡Îi wb‡`©kbvewji Av‡jv‡K myweav‡fvMx cwievi mwVKfv‡e evQvB Kiv nq wb| Z‡e G nvi

µgvš^‡q e„w× †c‡q‡Q|

2. myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii ZvwjKv h_vh_fv‡e msiwÿZ nq bv|

3. myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii evQvB‡qi †ÿ‡Î cwicÎ Abyhvqx †cl we‡ePbv Kiv nq bv|

4. myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii evQvB‡qi †ÿ‡Î GKK I †hŠ_ cwievi mwVKfv‡e wPwýZ Kiv nq bv|

myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii Dce„wË cvIqvi Rb¨ kZ©c~iYK. myweav‡fvMx wkÿv_x© mK‡jB 100% kZ© c~iY Ki‡j 2002 mv‡j GKK 2205 Ges †hŠ_

14 Kv‡W© evi gv‡m UvKv cÖ‡qvRb n‡Zv 26,67,000/- UvKv| 2003 mv‡j GKK 2333, †hŠ_ 85 Kv‡W©i cÖ‡qvRb n‡Zv 29,27,100/- UvKv, 2004 mv‡j GKK 2175 Ges †hŠ_ 137 Kv‡W©i cÖ‡qvRb n‡Zv 28,15,100/- UvKv|

L. µwg‡K myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii †h-mKj wkÿv_x© cvV w`e‡m 85% nvwRiv †bB, mvgwqK cixÿvq AskMÖnY K‡i wb Ges evwl©K cixÿvq 40% b¤¦i cvq wb Zv‡`i Dce„wË ¯’wMZ ivL‡j UvKv Kg jvMZ 2002 m‡b 7.96% (2,12,400/- UvKv), 2003 m‡b 29.04% (9,31,100/- UvKv), 2004 m‡b 45.31% (12,75,800/- UvKv)| D³ kZ© c~iY bv Kivi Rb¨ Kv‡W© ¯’wMZ Kiv n‡q‡Q GKK 5%, 2003 m‡b GKK 17.9%, †hŠ_ 6.2%, 2004 m‡b GKK 28.4%, †hŠ_ 24% KvW© ’wMZ †`Lv‡jI Pvwn`v †`Iqv n‡q‡Q 2002 m‡b 100%, 2003 m‡b 97.2%, 2004 m‡b GKK 88%, †hŠ_ 86%| AZGe KvM‡R- Kj‡g ¯’wMZ †`Lv‡bvi c‡iI 2002 mv‡j 5.2%, 2003 mv‡j 15.24%, 2004 mv‡j 18.23% †ewk Pvwn`v †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| hvi 2002 mv‡j 100%, 2003 mv‡j 97% Ges 2004 mv‡j 88.5% UvKv weZiY Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î AweZiYK…Z UvKvi 2003 mv‡j 80%, 2004 mv‡j 77% Gi †Kvb wnmve †bB|

M. mvgwqK cixÿvq AskMÖnY bv Kivi kZ© we`¨vjqmg~‡n mwVKfv‡e AbymiY Kiv n†PQ bv|

N. evwl©K cixÿvq 40% b¤¦i cÖvwßi wnmve mwVKfv‡e msiÿY K‡i †m Abyhvqx myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii Dce„wË ’wMZ Kiv nq bv|

O. evwl©K cixÿvq myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii †h-mKj wkÿv_x© 40% b¤¦i cvq wb Zv‡`i ev` w`‡q 2004 mv‡j AwbqwgZfv‡e 6.6% bZyb KvW© †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| 2004 mvj ch©šÍ G‡`i ev` w`‡q bZyb KvW© †`qvi wbqg wQj bv|

P. 85% nvwRiv, mvgwqK cixÿvq AskMÖnY Ges evwl©K cixÿvq 40% b¤¦i bv cvIqvi Rb¨ †h cwigvY KvW© ’wMZ _vKvi K_v ‡mB cwigvY KvW© ’wMZ Kiv nq bv| Zvi †P‡q A‡bK Kg ’wMZ Kiv nq|

Q. myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii †h-mKj wkÿv_x© Dce„wË cvIqvi kZ© c~iY K‡i bv Zv‡`i Pvwn`vI †`Iqv n‡q _v‡K hv wbqgewnfy©Z|

R. Pvwn`v †`Iqvi ci AweZiYK…Z UvKvi wnmve mwVKfv‡e msiÿY Kiv nq bv|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx46 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 47

weZiY1. UvKv weZi‡Yi mgq wKQz AwffveK Abycw¯’Z _v‡Kb| cieZ©x mg‡q D³ UvKv weZi‡Yi bvbv

RwUjZv I Awbqg nIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K|

2. wbqgewnf‚©Zfv‡e AweZiYK…Z UvKvi 86% e¨vs‡Ki evB‡i _v‡K|

3. 33% we`¨vj‡q Dce„wËi Pvwn`v Ges Abycw¯’Z AwffveK‡`i UvKv weZi‡Y bvbvwea Awbq‡gi m¤¢vebv _v‡K|

4. UvKv weZi‡Yi cwigv‡Yi Ici e¨vsK KZ…©c‡ÿi †`Iqv cÖZ¨qb c‡Îi h_v_©Zv hvPvB Kivi cÖgvYvw` Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awd‡m _v‡K bv|

5. weZiYK…Z UvKvi cwigvY avivevwnKfv‡e wjwce× K‡i ivLvi cÖeYZvi nvi e„w× †c‡q‡Q| G nvi 100% evÂbxq|

mycvwikgvjv 1. we`¨vj‡qi mKj wkÿv_x©i AwffveK‡`i ZvwjKv K¨vP‡g›U GjvKvi eø‡Ki `vwqZ¡cÖvß

wkÿK†`i Øviv Zwi K‡i Zvi ga¨ n‡Z myweav‡fvMx cwievi evQvB Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î mKj AwffveK‡`i ZvwjKv Zwi Kivi Rb¨ mshy³ 1bs QK e¨envi Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|

2. GmGgwmÕi mfvq Dce„wËi Rb¨ evQvBK…Z cwiev‡ii ZvwjKv myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii †iwR÷vi mshy³ 2bs QK Abyhvqx ˆZwi Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| cÖwZgv‡m ZvwjKvq cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ Gw›U« Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|

3. myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii ZvwjKv Abyhvqx Dce„wË cÖvwßi kZ© (evwl©K cixÿvq 40% b¤¦i cÖvwß, mvgwqK cixÿvq AskMÖnY Ges gv‡mi cvV w`e‡m 85% nvwRiv _vKv) c~iYK…Z wkÿv_x©‡`i Dce„wËi Pvwn`v cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ mshy³ 3bs QK e¨envi Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|

4. we`¨vj‡qi myweav‡fvMx wkÿv_x©‡`i Dce„wËi UvKv wnmve msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ Pvwn`vi mgš^q K‡i †kªwYwfwËK Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î mshy³ 4bs QK Ges kZ©wfwËK wnmve mgš^‡qi Rb¨ mshy³ 5bs QK e¨envi Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|

5. mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi‡`i Rb¨ K¬v÷viwfwËK/weZiY †K›`ªwfwËK/BDwbqbwfwËK we`¨vjqmg~‡ni Pvwn`v mgš^q Kivi Rb¨ mshy³ 6bs QK e¨envi Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|

6. Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi, †Rjv cÖv_wgK wkÿv Awdmvi Ges wefvMxq Dc-cwiPvjK Zuv‡`i Kg© GjvKvi myweav‡fvMx wkÿv_x©‡`i Dce„wËi Pvwn`v, UvKv weZiY, AweZiYK…Z UvKv Ges eiv‡Ïi wnmve msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ mshy³ 7bs QK e¨envi Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|

7. mvgwqK cixÿvq AskMÖnY †_‡K weiZ _vKv wkÿv_x©‡`i ZvwjKv Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awd‡m we`¨vjqwfwËK bw_‡Z msiÿY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|

8. evwl©K cixÿvq 40% b¤¦i cÖvwßi h_v_©Zv hvQvB‡qi Rb¨ myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii wkÿv_x©‡`i DËicÎ Avjv`vfv‡e msiÿY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb Ges mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi 100% hvPvB K‡i ZvwjKv Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awd‡m we`¨vjqwfwËK bw_‡Z msiÿY Ki‡eb|

9. Pvwn`v cÖvwßi ci mvgwqK cixÿvq AskMÖnY Ges evwl©K cixÿvq 40% b¤¦i cÖvwß Awd‡m †iK‡W©i mv‡_ hvPvB K‡i mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi cÖK…Z Pvwn`v wbiƒcY K‡i Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmv‡ii wbKU vwLj Ki‡eb|

wm×všÍ

myweav‡fvMx cwievi evQvB1. cwic‡Îi wb‡`©kbvewji Av‡jv‡K myweav‡fvMx cwievi mwVKfv‡e evQvB Kiv nq wb| Z‡e G nvi

µgvš^‡q e„w× †c‡q‡Q|

2. myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii ZvwjKv h_vh_fv‡e msiwÿZ nq bv|

3. myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii evQvB‡qi †ÿ‡Î cwicÎ Abyhvqx †cl we‡ePbv Kiv nq bv|

4. myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii evQvB‡qi †ÿ‡Î GKK I †hŠ_ cwievi mwVKfv‡e wPwýZ Kiv nq bv|

myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii Dce„wË cvIqvi Rb¨ kZ©c~iYK. myweav‡fvMx wkÿv_x© mK‡jB 100% kZ© c~iY Ki‡j 2002 mv‡j GKK 2205 Ges †hŠ_

14 Kv‡W© evi gv‡m UvKv cÖ‡qvRb n‡Zv 26,67,000/- UvKv| 2003 mv‡j GKK 2333, †hŠ_ 85 Kv‡W©i cÖ‡qvRb n‡Zv 29,27,100/- UvKv, 2004 mv‡j GKK 2175 Ges †hŠ_ 137 Kv‡W©i cÖ‡qvRb n‡Zv 28,15,100/- UvKv|

L. µwg‡K myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii †h-mKj wkÿv_x© cvV w`e‡m 85% nvwRiv †bB, mvgwqK cixÿvq AskMÖnY K‡i wb Ges evwl©K cixÿvq 40% b¤¦i cvq wb Zv‡`i Dce„wË ¯’wMZ ivL‡j UvKv Kg jvMZ 2002 m‡b 7.96% (2,12,400/- UvKv), 2003 m‡b 29.04% (9,31,100/- UvKv), 2004 m‡b 45.31% (12,75,800/- UvKv)| D³ kZ© c~iY bv Kivi Rb¨ Kv‡W© ¯’wMZ Kiv n‡q‡Q GKK 5%, 2003 m‡b GKK 17.9%, †hŠ_ 6.2%, 2004 m‡b GKK 28.4%, †hŠ_ 24% KvW© ’wMZ †`Lv‡jI Pvwn`v †`Iqv n‡q‡Q 2002 m‡b 100%, 2003 m‡b 97.2%, 2004 m‡b GKK 88%, †hŠ_ 86%| AZGe KvM‡R- Kj‡g ¯’wMZ †`Lv‡bvi c‡iI 2002 mv‡j 5.2%, 2003 mv‡j 15.24%, 2004 mv‡j 18.23% †ewk Pvwn`v †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| hvi 2002 mv‡j 100%, 2003 mv‡j 97% Ges 2004 mv‡j 88.5% UvKv weZiY Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î AweZiYK…Z UvKvi 2003 mv‡j 80%, 2004 mv‡j 77% Gi †Kvb wnmve †bB|

M. mvgwqK cixÿvq AskMÖnY bv Kivi kZ© we`¨vjqmg~‡n mwVKfv‡e AbymiY Kiv n†PQ bv|

N. evwl©K cixÿvq 40% b¤¦i cÖvwßi wnmve mwVKfv‡e msiÿY K‡i †m Abyhvqx myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii Dce„wË ’wMZ Kiv nq bv|

O. evwl©K cixÿvq myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii †h-mKj wkÿv_x© 40% b¤¦i cvq wb Zv‡`i ev` w`‡q 2004 mv‡j AwbqwgZfv‡e 6.6% bZyb KvW© †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| 2004 mvj ch©šÍ G‡`i ev` w`‡q bZyb KvW© †`qvi wbqg wQj bv|

P. 85% nvwRiv, mvgwqK cixÿvq AskMÖnY Ges evwl©K cixÿvq 40% b¤¦i bv cvIqvi Rb¨ †h cwigvY KvW© ’wMZ _vKvi K_v ‡mB cwigvY KvW© ’wMZ Kiv nq bv| Zvi †P‡q A‡bK Kg ’wMZ Kiv nq|

Q. myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii †h-mKj wkÿv_x© Dce„wË cvIqvi kZ© c~iY K‡i bv Zv‡`i Pvwn`vI †`Iqv n‡q _v‡K hv wbqgewnfy©Z|

R. Pvwn`v †`Iqvi ci AweZiYK…Z UvKvi wnmve mwVKfv‡e msiÿY Kiv nq bv|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 49

mvivskGKxf~Z †kªwYK‡ÿi Rb¨ Av`k© wkÿK Zwi Ki‡Z cÖvK-PvKzwiKvjxb cÖwkÿY GKwU AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| GB cÖe‡Ü wkÿK-wkÿv Kvh©µ‡gi GKwU AeKvVv‡gv Dc¯’vcb Kiv nj| evsjv‡`k, fviZ I cvwK¯Ív‡bi gZ †`‡k wkÿK‡`i cÖvK-PvKzwiKvjxb cÖwkÿ‡Yi gvb Av‡iv fvj Kivi Rb¨ GwU MÖnY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| G KvVv‡gv‡Z cwðgv †`‡k cÖPwjZ g‡W‡ji cwie‡Z© cÖwZwU †`‡ki HwZnvwmK cÖ_v Ges gvby‡li ag©xq wek¦vm‡K ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q wkÿK‡`i cÖ¯‘Z Kivi mycvwik Kiv n‡q‡Q| GQvovI GB cÖe‡Ü wkÿK-wkÿv Kvh©µ‡gi K‡qKwU D‡jø¨L‡hvM¨ cÖwZeÜKZv Ges Zv †_‡K DËi‡Yi †KŠkj wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

wfbœ wfbœœ `ÿZvi wkïiv Ab¨vb¨ wkï‡`i mv‡_ mvaviY we`¨vj‡q †jLvcov Ki‡e- Avgiv memgqB GgbUv PvB, wKš‘ Zvi ev¯Íevqb Lye KgB †`Lv hvq| GB wPÎ DbœZ I Dbœqbkxj †`‡k †`Lv hvq| Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †ewkifvMB bxwZ Ges AvB‡bi gva¨‡g mKj wkïi Rb¨ (†hgb: cÖwZeÜx, wewfbœ RvwZ‡Mvôx, wbgœ Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’v‡bi wkï) GKxf~Z wkÿvi my‡hvM Zwii †ÿ‡Î D‡jø¨L‡hvM¨ DbœwZ mvab K‡i‡Q| Z‡e †kªwYK‡ÿ GBme bxwZ Ges AvB‡bi ev¯Íe cÖ‡qvM GLbI AwR©Z nq wb, eis my`~i ev¯ÍeZv wn‡m‡eB i‡q †M‡Q| G †ÿÎwU‡Z Kvw•ÿZ Dbœqb bv nIqvi A‡bK¸‡jv KviY i‡q‡Q| D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv hvq, wkÿK cÖwkÿY - G †ÿ‡Î AZ¨šÍ iæZ¡c~Y© GKwU welh nIqv m‡Ë¡I GwUB mePvB‡Z †ewk Ae‡nwjZ| Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki GKwU wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wkÿK cÖwkÿY †cªvMÖv‡gi g~j¨vqb K‡i †`Lv †M‡Q, mvaviY †kªwYK‡ÿ wkÿv_©x‡`i wewfbœ ai‡bi Pvwn`v c~i‡Y nq G‡Kev‡iB iæZ¡ †`Iqv nq bv A_ev Lye Kg iæZ¡ †`Iqv nq | †kªwYK‡ÿ GKxf~Z wkÿvi mdj ev¯Íevq‡b mePvB‡Z iæZ¡c~Y© n‡”Qb mvaviY †kªwYK‡ÿi wkÿKMY| wKš‘ mvaviY †kªwYK‡ÿi wkÿKiv h‡_ó `ÿ bq e‡j †kªwYK‡ÿ wkÿv_©x‡`i wfbœ wfbœ Pvwn`v Lyu‡R †ei Ki‡Z AvMÖnx nb bv| GB wel‡q GKwU M‡elYvq wkÿK‡`i GKxf~Z wkÿvi Rb¨ h_vh_fv‡e cÖ¯‘Z Kivi Rb¨ wZbwU wel‡qi Ici mycvwik Kiv n‡q‡Q (Rouse, 2010; Shulman, 2004), G¸‡jv nj: wkÿ‡Ki gvbwmKZv, ZvwË¡K Ávb I e¨envwiK cÖ‡qv‡Mi ÿZv| wKš‘ GB cwieZ©b Kxfv‡e ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡e Zv GKwU Av‡jvwPZ cÖkœ| Av‡jvP¨ cÖe‡Ü GKwU Kvh©Ki KvVv‡gv Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q, hvi gva¨‡g cÖvK-PvKzwiKvjxb wkÿK‡`i h_vh_fv‡e cÖ¯‘Z Kiv hv‡e| d‡j G mKj wkÿK cieZ©x mg‡q Zv‡`i †kªwYK‡ÿ wfbœ wfbœ ÿZvm¤úbœ wkÿv_©x‡`i AskMÖn‡Y Av‡iv AvšÍwiK Ges ÿ n‡eb|

GKxf~Z †kªwYK‡¶ cvV`v‡bi Rb¨ wk¶K‡`i gvbwmKZv,ZvwË¡K Ávb I e¨envwiK `¶Zvi cwieZ©b:

†Kb Ges Kxfv‡e!*W. D‡gk kg©v

** ***Abyev`: bvwmgv Av³vi I †gvt †gv¯Ídv Kvgvj

* wmwbqi †jKPvivi, wkÿv Abyl`, †gvbvk BDwbfv©wmwU, A‡÷ªwjqv|** gwbUwis GÛ Bfvjy‡qkb Awdmvi, B.wm.wW.Avi.wm., eª¨vK wek¦we`¨vjq|*** GWz‡Kkb †¯úkvwjó, mv‡cvU© Avievb møøvg wPj‡Wªb Uz GK&‡mm& BbK¬zwmf bb-digvj GWz‡Kkb cÖ‡R±, bvix gÎx|

10. wbav©wiZ mg‡q UvKv weZi‡Yi Rb¨ mswkøó mK†ji †K‡›`ª Dcw¯’Z nIqv cÖ‡qvRb Ges weZiY †k‡l cÖavb wkÿK I e¨vsK Kg©KZv©i †hŠ_ ^vÿ‡i weZi‡Yi cÖZ¨qbcÎ (4bs µwg‡K D‡jøwLZ mshy³ 5bs QK) Zwi K†i Gi Kwc we`¨vj‡q, e¨vs‡K Ges Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awd‡m msiÿY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|

11. wbav©wiZ Zvwi‡L Abycw¯’Z AwffveK‡`i UvKv weZi‡Yi Rb¨ cieZx©‡Z bZyb ZvwiL wVK Kiv Ges weZiYK…Z UvKvi cÖZ¨qbcÎ 10bs µwgK Abyhvqx Zwi K‡i msiÿY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|

12. myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii ZvwjKvi mv‡_ wgj †i‡L UvKv weZi‡Yi wnmve myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii †iwR÷v‡i avivevwnKfv‡e msiÿY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|

DcmsnvicÖv_wgK wkÿvq Dce„wË Kvh©µg evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii GKwU Abb¨ I hyMvšÍKvix c`‡ÿc| cÖv_wgK wkÿvi cwigvYMZ I ¸YMZ gv‡bvbœq‡b Gi cÖfve my`~i cÖmvix| cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi wkÿvi Rb¨ Dce„wË Kvh©µg we`¨vjq K¨vPg¨v›U GjvKvi mKj wkïi fwZ©mn wkï‡`i wbqwgZ we`¨vj‡q Dcw¯’wZ e„w×, cixÿvq AskMÖnY wbwðZ K‡i Gi nvi evov‡bv Ges cÖv_wgK wkÿvPµ mgvwßi nvi e„w×i j‡ÿ¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| AvcvZZ cÖv_wgK wkÿvi Dce„wË cÖKí 2002-2003 n‡Z 2006-2007 ch©šÍ wbav©iY Kiv n‡q‡Q (mfvi Kvh©cÎ, Zvs-24/9/03, cÖv_wgK wkÿv Dce„wË cÖKí)|

eZ©gvb M‡elYvi djvdj †`‡L GwUB cÖZxqgvb nq †h, Dce„wË Kvh©µg ev¯Íevq‡b gvV chv©‡q e¨vcK mgm¨v I Am½wZ i‡q‡Q| M‡elKe„›` Zv‡`i gvV chv©‡qi AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K Dce„wË msµvšÍ wewfbœ cÖv‡qvwMK mgm¨vi mgvavK‡í K‡qKwU bgybv QK cÖ¯ÍyZ K‡i| cÖ¯ÍvweZ QKmg~n AbymiY I AbyKiY K‡i cÖv_wgK wkÿvq Dce„wË cÖ`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î BwZevPK cÖfve †dj‡e I Am½wZ `~ixf~Z n‡e|

D‡jøL¨, G M‡elYv Kvh©µgwU ¯^í cwim‡i cwiPvwjZ n‡q‡Q| fwel¨‡Z AviI e„nr cwim‡i G M‡elYv cwiPvjbv Kiv cÖ‡qvRb e‡j M‡elKe„›` g‡b K‡i|

MÖš’cwÄ1. Avjg, gvneyeyj, n¨vÛAvDU (2002)

2. LvZyb, dv‡Zgv, Gg.GW M‡elYvcÎ (D”P gva¨wgK chv©‡q QvÎx Dce„wË Kvh©µ‡gi Kvh©KvwiZv hvPvB) wkÿvel© 2002-2003, wUPvm© †U«wbs K‡jR, gqgbwmsn|

3. Lyiwk`, Avjg (1996, 310 c„t), mgvR M‡elYv cwiwPwZ, wgbvf©v cvewj‡Kkbm, XvKv|

4. cwicÎ (ms‡kvwaZ), cÖv_wgK I MYwkÿv gš¿Yvjq, ZvwiL- 5/6/2004

5. gvV chv©‡q wb‡qvwRZ †Rjv cÖv_wgK wkÿv Awdmvi Ges gwbUwis AwdmviM‡Yi AskMÖn‡Y Dce„wË weZiY welqK DØy×KiY mfvi Kvh©cÎ (2003), cÖv_wgK wkÿvi Rb¨ Dce„wË cÖKí, cÖv_wgK wkÿv Awa`ßi|

6. Talukder, Mohiuddin (2003), MA Dissertation, London (Formal Assesssment System Primary Education in Bangladesh)

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx48

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 49

mvivskGKxf~Z †kªwYK‡ÿi Rb¨ Av`k© wkÿK Zwi Ki‡Z cÖvK-PvKzwiKvjxb cÖwkÿY GKwU AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| GB cÖe‡Ü wkÿK-wkÿv Kvh©µ‡gi GKwU AeKvVv‡gv Dc¯’vcb Kiv nj| evsjv‡`k, fviZ I cvwK¯Ív‡bi gZ †`‡k wkÿK‡`i cÖvK-PvKzwiKvjxb cÖwkÿ‡Yi gvb Av‡iv fvj Kivi Rb¨ GwU MÖnY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| G KvVv‡gv‡Z cwðgv †`‡k cÖPwjZ g‡W‡ji cwie‡Z© cÖwZwU †`‡ki HwZnvwmK cÖ_v Ges gvby‡li ag©xq wek¦vm‡K ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q wkÿK‡`i cÖ¯‘Z Kivi mycvwik Kiv n‡q‡Q| GQvovI GB cÖe‡Ü wkÿK-wkÿv Kvh©µ‡gi K‡qKwU D‡jø¨L‡hvM¨ cÖwZeÜKZv Ges Zv †_‡K DËi‡Yi †KŠkj wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

wfbœ wfbœœ `ÿZvi wkïiv Ab¨vb¨ wkï‡`i mv‡_ mvaviY we`¨vj‡q †jLvcov Ki‡e- Avgiv memgqB GgbUv PvB, wKš‘ Zvi ev¯Íevqb Lye KgB †`Lv hvq| GB wPÎ DbœZ I Dbœqbkxj †`‡k †`Lv hvq| Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †ewkifvMB bxwZ Ges AvB‡bi gva¨‡g mKj wkïi Rb¨ (†hgb: cÖwZeÜx, wewfbœ RvwZ‡Mvôx, wbgœ Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’v‡bi wkï) GKxf~Z wkÿvi my‡hvM Zwii †ÿ‡Î D‡jø¨L‡hvM¨ DbœwZ mvab K‡i‡Q| Z‡e †kªwYK‡ÿ GBme bxwZ Ges AvB‡bi ev¯Íe cÖ‡qvM GLbI AwR©Z nq wb, eis my`~i ev¯ÍeZv wn‡m‡eB i‡q †M‡Q| G †ÿÎwU‡Z Kvw•ÿZ Dbœqb bv nIqvi A‡bK¸‡jv KviY i‡q‡Q| D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv hvq, wkÿK cÖwkÿY - G †ÿ‡Î AZ¨šÍ iæZ¡c~Y© GKwU welh nIqv m‡Ë¡I GwUB mePvB‡Z †ewk Ae‡nwjZ| Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki GKwU wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wkÿK cÖwkÿY †cªvMÖv‡gi g~j¨vqb K‡i †`Lv †M‡Q, mvaviY †kªwYK‡ÿ wkÿv_©x‡`i wewfbœ ai‡bi Pvwn`v c~i‡Y nq G‡Kev‡iB iæZ¡ †`Iqv nq bv A_ev Lye Kg iæZ¡ †`Iqv nq | †kªwYK‡ÿ GKxf~Z wkÿvi mdj ev¯Íevq‡b mePvB‡Z iæZ¡c~Y© n‡”Qb mvaviY †kªwYK‡ÿi wkÿKMY| wKš‘ mvaviY †kªwYK‡ÿi wkÿKiv h‡_ó `ÿ bq e‡j †kªwYK‡ÿ wkÿv_©x‡`i wfbœ wfbœ Pvwn`v Lyu‡R †ei Ki‡Z AvMÖnx nb bv| GB wel‡q GKwU M‡elYvq wkÿK‡`i GKxf~Z wkÿvi Rb¨ h_vh_fv‡e cÖ¯‘Z Kivi Rb¨ wZbwU wel‡qi Ici mycvwik Kiv n‡q‡Q (Rouse, 2010; Shulman, 2004), G¸‡jv nj: wkÿ‡Ki gvbwmKZv, ZvwË¡K Ávb I e¨envwiK cÖ‡qv‡Mi ÿZv| wKš‘ GB cwieZ©b Kxfv‡e ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡e Zv GKwU Av‡jvwPZ cÖkœ| Av‡jvP¨ cÖe‡Ü GKwU Kvh©Ki KvVv‡gv Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q, hvi gva¨‡g cÖvK-PvKzwiKvjxb wkÿK‡`i h_vh_fv‡e cÖ¯‘Z Kiv hv‡e| d‡j G mKj wkÿK cieZ©x mg‡q Zv‡`i †kªwYK‡ÿ wfbœ wfbœ ÿZvm¤úbœ wkÿv_©x‡`i AskMÖn‡Y Av‡iv AvšÍwiK Ges ÿ n‡eb|

GKxf~Z †kªwYK‡¶ cvV`v‡bi Rb¨ wk¶K‡`i gvbwmKZv,ZvwË¡K Ávb I e¨envwiK `¶Zvi cwieZ©b:

†Kb Ges Kxfv‡e!*W. D‡gk kg©v

** ***Abyev`: bvwmgv Av³vi I †gvt †gv¯Ídv Kvgvj

* wmwbqi †jKPvivi, wkÿv Abyl`, †gvbvk BDwbfv©wmwU, A‡÷ªwjqv|** gwbUwis GÛ Bfvjy‡qkb Awdmvi, B.wm.wW.Avi.wm., eª¨vK wek¦we`¨vjq|*** GWz‡Kkb †¯úkvwjó, mv‡cvU© Avievb møøvg wPj‡Wªb Uz GK&‡mm& BbK¬zwmf bb-digvj GWz‡Kkb cÖ‡R±, bvix gÎx|

10. wbav©wiZ mg‡q UvKv weZi‡Yi Rb¨ mswkøó mK†ji †K‡›`ª Dcw¯’Z nIqv cÖ‡qvRb Ges weZiY †k‡l cÖavb wkÿK I e¨vsK Kg©KZv©i †hŠ_ ^vÿ‡i weZi‡Yi cÖZ¨qbcÎ (4bs µwg‡K D‡jøwLZ mshy³ 5bs QK) Zwi K†i Gi Kwc we`¨vj‡q, e¨vs‡K Ges Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awd‡m msiÿY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|

11. wbav©wiZ Zvwi‡L Abycw¯’Z AwffveK‡`i UvKv weZi‡Yi Rb¨ cieZx©‡Z bZyb ZvwiL wVK Kiv Ges weZiYK…Z UvKvi cÖZ¨qbcÎ 10bs µwgK Abyhvqx Zwi K‡i msiÿY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|

12. myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii ZvwjKvi mv‡_ wgj †i‡L UvKv weZi‡Yi wnmve myweav‡fvMx cwiev‡ii †iwR÷v‡i avivevwnKfv‡e msiÿY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|

DcmsnvicÖv_wgK wkÿvq Dce„wË Kvh©µg evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii GKwU Abb¨ I hyMvšÍKvix c`‡ÿc| cÖv_wgK wkÿvi cwigvYMZ I ¸YMZ gv‡bvbœq‡b Gi cÖfve my`~i cÖmvix| cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi wkÿvi Rb¨ Dce„wË Kvh©µg we`¨vjq K¨vPg¨v›U GjvKvi mKj wkïi fwZ©mn wkï‡`i wbqwgZ we`¨vj‡q Dcw¯’wZ e„w×, cixÿvq AskMÖnY wbwðZ K‡i Gi nvi evov‡bv Ges cÖv_wgK wkÿvPµ mgvwßi nvi e„w×i j‡ÿ¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| AvcvZZ cÖv_wgK wkÿvi Dce„wË cÖKí 2002-2003 n‡Z 2006-2007 ch©šÍ wbav©iY Kiv n‡q‡Q (mfvi Kvh©cÎ, Zvs-24/9/03, cÖv_wgK wkÿv Dce„wË cÖKí)|

eZ©gvb M‡elYvi djvdj †`‡L GwUB cÖZxqgvb nq †h, Dce„wË Kvh©µg ev¯Íevq‡b gvV chv©‡q e¨vcK mgm¨v I Am½wZ i‡q‡Q| M‡elKe„›` Zv‡`i gvV chv©‡qi AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K Dce„wË msµvšÍ wewfbœ cÖv‡qvwMK mgm¨vi mgvavK‡í K‡qKwU bgybv QK cÖ¯ÍyZ K‡i| cÖ¯ÍvweZ QKmg~n AbymiY I AbyKiY K‡i cÖv_wgK wkÿvq Dce„wË cÖ`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î BwZevPK cÖfve †dj‡e I Am½wZ `~ixf~Z n‡e|

D‡jøL¨, G M‡elYv Kvh©µgwU ¯^í cwim‡i cwiPvwjZ n‡q‡Q| fwel¨‡Z AviI e„nr cwim‡i G M‡elYv cwiPvjbv Kiv cÖ‡qvRb e‡j M‡elKe„›` g‡b K‡i|

MÖš’cwÄ1. Avjg, gvneyeyj, n¨vÛAvDU (2002)

2. LvZyb, dv‡Zgv, Gg.GW M‡elYvcÎ (D”P gva¨wgK chv©‡q QvÎx Dce„wË Kvh©µ‡gi Kvh©KvwiZv hvPvB) wkÿvel© 2002-2003, wUPvm© †U«wbs K‡jR, gqgbwmsn|

3. Lyiwk`, Avjg (1996, 310 c„t), mgvR M‡elYv cwiwPwZ, wgbvf©v cvewj‡Kkbm, XvKv|

4. cwicÎ (ms‡kvwaZ), cÖv_wgK I MYwkÿv gš¿Yvjq, ZvwiL- 5/6/2004

5. gvV chv©‡q wb‡qvwRZ †Rjv cÖv_wgK wkÿv Awdmvi Ges gwbUwis AwdmviM‡Yi AskMÖn‡Y Dce„wË weZiY welqK DØy×KiY mfvi Kvh©cÎ (2003), cÖv_wgK wkÿvi Rb¨ Dce„wË cÖKí, cÖv_wgK wkÿv Awa`ßi|

6. Talukder, Mohiuddin (2003), MA Dissertation, London (Formal Assesssment System Primary Education in Bangladesh)

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx48

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx50 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 51

GKxf~Z wkÿvi Rb¨ wkÿK‡`i cÖ¯‘Z Kivi c~‡e© wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wkÿK‡`i GKxf~Z wkÿvi mywbw`©ó GKwU msÁvq GKgZ nIqvUv Riæwi| †Kbbv Avgiv hw` mevB GKB aviYv wb‡q _vwK, Zvn‡j Avgv‡`i Kvh©µg †_‡K Kx AR©b Ki‡Z PvB Zv mn‡RB eyS‡Z cvie| Avi hw` G‡ÿ‡Î `yRb Kgx© wfbœ wfbœ aviYv †cvlY K‡ib, Z‡e Zv‡`i Kvh©µ‡gi djvdj GK n‡e bv| ev¯Í‡e G iKg nIqvUv A¯^vfvweK bq| ZvB GLv‡b GKxf~Z wkÿv‡K `y fv‡e msÁvwqZ Kiv nq‡Q| hvi cÖ_gwU †evSv‡Z †M‡j msÁvwU‡K AKvh©Ki e‡j g‡b n‡e Ges wØZxqwU‡Z, mvaviY †kªwYK‡ÿ GKxf~Z wkÿvi mdj ev¯Íevq‡b wewfbœ Ae`vbKvixi Kx ai‡bi fzwgKv cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e Zv †evSv hv‡e| mnR fvlvq GKxf~Z A_© nj †h-mKj wkïiv Avgv‡`i we`¨vjqe¨e¯’vi evB‡i i‡q‡Q ( †hgb: cÖwZeÜx wkï, Kb¨v wkï, `wi`ª cwiev‡ii wkï, c_wkï) Zv‡`i mvaviY †kªwYK‡ÿi AšÍfz©³ Kiv| G msÁvi mePvB‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© w`K n‡”Q , GKxf‚ZKi‡Yi Rb¨ we`¨vjq¸‡jvi wkÿY avivq cwieZ©b Avb‡Z n‡e, hv‡Z K‡i mKj wkï we`¨vj‡qi GKv‡WwgK, mvgvwRK Ges Ab¨vb¨ mKj Kvh©µ‡g mgfv‡e AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| msÁvwUi wØZxq As‡k we`¨vj‡qi cÖavb, we`¨vj‡qi wkÿK, AwffveK, bxwZ wba©viK Ges wkÿK-cÖwkÿKMY mKj wkïi Rb¨ G aviYvwU‡K Kvh©Kifv‡e cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ Kx ai‡bi f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡ib Zv e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q|

GKRb we`¨vjq caÖ v‡bi Kv‡Q GKxfZ~ KiY ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? wZwb Zvu i we`¨vj‡q fwZ© n‡Z Pvq Ggb †h-†Kvb wkÿv_x© ‡K fwZ© Kiv‡eb Ges †mB wkÿv_x© i Pvwn`v Abhy vqx m‡ev© ”P gv‡bi wkÿvi e¨e v’ Ki‡eb| GQvovI wZwb we`¨vj‡qi mKj wkÿK Ges KgP© vix‡`i GKxfZ~ wkÿv ev¯eÍ vq‡bi Rb¨ mnvqZv Ki‡eb| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, GKxfZ~ wkÿvi Rb¨ we`¨vj‡qi caÖ vb wZbwU gLy ¨ fw~ gKv cvjb Ki‡eb- mKj wkÿv_x© ‡K vMZ Rvbv‡bv, Zv‡`i Rb¨ ¸YMZ gvbm¤úbœ wkÿv wbwðZ Kiv Ges we`¨vj‡qi wkÿ‡`i mnvqZv cÖ vb| GKxfZ~ wkÿvi Rb¨ GKRb †kwª Y wkÿ‡Ki `vwqZ¡ nj Zvi †kwª YK‡ÿi c‡Ö Z¨K wkÿv_x© i Pvwn`v Abhy vqx m¤v¢ e¨ m‡ev© Ëg wkÿvi e¨e v’ Kiv| A‡bK wkÿ‡Ki g‡bB Ôm¤v¢ e¨ m‡ev© Ëg wkÿvÕ welqwU wRÁvmvi Rb¥ †`‡e| GKRb wkÿK hw` g‡b K‡ib wZwb Zvu i wkÿv_x© ‡`i m¤v¢ e¨ m‡ev© Ëg wkÿv w`‡”Qb, Zvn‡j wjUgvm cixÿvi Rb¨ Zvi wb‡R‡K ckÖ œ Ki‡Z n‡e - GB wkïwU hw` Avgvi cwiev‡ii m`m¨ n‡Zv Zvn‡j wK Avwg Zvi mv‡_ GKB iKg AvPiY KiZvg? DËi hw` Ônu vÕ nq, Zvn‡j †m wkÿK wkÿv_x© ‡`i m¤v¢ e¨ m‡ev© Ëg wkÿv w`‡Z cvi‡Qb e‡j g‡b Kiv n‡e|

GLv‡b YMZ gvbm¤úbœ wkÿvi 5wU ewkó¨ †`Iqv nj:

� wkï †kªwYK‡ÿ Avm‡Z AvMÖnx n‡e

� wkÿK hv †kLv‡eb, wkï Zv wkL‡Z PvB‡e

� cÖwZwU wkïi wfbœ wfbœ wkLb Pvwn`v Avjv`vfv‡e ^xK…wZ Ges gh©v`v jvf Ki‡e

� wkï cÖwZw`b A_©en wKQz wkL‡e

� wkïi g‡a¨ Aek¨B G †eva Zwi n‡Z n‡e †h, †m G †kªwYK‡ÿiB GKRb (†kªwYK‡ÿ eÜz _vK‡Z n‡e)|

AwffveK‡`i Rb¨ GKxf~Z wkÿv ej‡Z †evSvq †h, Zv‡`i mšÍvb evwoi Kv‡Qi we`¨vjqwU‡Z Drmvnx wkÿK‡`i Kv‡Q fv‡jv gv‡bi wkÿv MÖnY Ki‡e| AwffveK‡`i Aek¨B g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e GKxf~Z wkÿvi mdj ev¯Íevq‡b wkÿ‡Ki cvkvcvwk Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`iI iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| Avi

bxwZ wba©viK‡`i †ÿ‡Î GKxf~ZKiY ej‡Z †evSvq, eûw`b a‡i wewfbœ cwiev‡ii †h-mKj wkï (†hgb: cÖwZewÜZv Av‡Q Ggb wkï) D‡cwÿZ i‡q‡Q †m mKj wkï‡K we`¨vj‡q AšÍfz©³ K‡i Zv‡`i wkÿvi Rb¨ cÖ‡hvRbxq e¨e¯’v MÖnY Kiv|

Dc‡iv³ msÁv †_‡K GKwU welq my¯úó †h, GKxf~ZKi‡Yi mdj ev¯Íevqb GKwU PµvKvi cÖwµqv| hw` bxwZ wba©viKMY Zv‡`i fzwgKv h_vh_fv‡e cvjb K‡ib, Zvn‡j we`¨vj‡qi cÖavbiv GmKj wkï‡`i we`¨vj‡q fwZ© Ki‡Z AvMÖnx n‡eb | Avevi hw` we`¨vj‡qi cÖavb GKxfyZKi‡Yi Rb¨ †hvM¨ †bZvi vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib, Zvn‡j we`¨vj‡qi wkÿKMY Aek¨B mKj wkÿv_©x‡K YMZgvb-m¤úbœ wkÿv cÖ`vb Ki‡eb| d‡j AwffveKMY Zv†`i mšÍvb †h-gv‡bi wkÿv cv‡”Q Zv wb‡q mš‘ó _vK‡eb| PµvKvi G cÖwµqvi GKRb ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Ae`vbKvix n‡”Qb- wkÿK-cÖwkÿK| GKxf~ZKi‡Yi msÁv Gu‡`i Rb¨ †Kgb n‡e ev Zuviv Kxfv‡e GKxf~ZKiY †K msÁvwqZ K‡ib, †mwU GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| GKRb wkÿK-cÖwkÿK we`¨vjq cÖavb, we`¨vj‡qi wkÿK, AwffveK Ges bxwZ wbav©iKMY GKxf~Z wkÿv wb‡q Kx aviYv †cvlY K‡ib, †m wel‡q mevi Av‡M AeMZ _vK‡eb| wØZxqZ, YMZ gvbm¤úbœ wkÿv ej‡Z Kx †evSvq Ges ¸YMZ gvbm¤úbœ wkÿv`v‡bi Rb¨ Kxfv‡e wkÿK‡`i †ckvc~e© cÖwkÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g ÿ K‡i †Zvjv hvq, †m wel‡qI Lye fvjfv‡e AeMZ _vK‡eb|

GKRb wkÿK-cÖwkÿK Zuvi `vwqZ¡ mwVKfv‡e cvjb Ki‡Qb wKbv Zv Rvbvi Rb¨ wZwb wb‡R‡K wRÁvmv Ki‡Z cv‡ib †h, Avwg wb‡R †h-mKj wkÿK‡K †ckvc~e© cÖwkÿY w`‡qwQ, Avwg wK Avgvi mšÍvb‡K Zv‡`i †kªwYK‡ÿ Avwg cvwV‡q mš‘ó ne? aiv hvK, GKRb wkÿK cÖwkÿK nvwg` bv‡gi GK wkï‡K wb‡Ri mšÍvb wn‡m‡e g‡b Ki‡Qb, hvi fvlvMZ ÿZvq NvUwZ i‡q‡Q| †m †kªwYK‡ÿi wkÿY Kvh©µ‡g Avb›` cvq bv| d‡j †m wewfbœ AvµgYvZœK AvPi‡Yi gva¨‡g (†hgb: †m Zvi LvZv wQu‡o †d‡j w`‡Z Pvq) Zvi nZvkv cÖKvk K‡i| wKš‘ cÖK…Zc‡ÿ nvwg‡`i †Kvb cÖwZewÜZv †bB| A‡bK M‡elYvi (e.g. Peetsma, Verger, Roelveld & Karsten, 2001; Kalambouka, Farrelle, Dyson &

Kaplan, 2005) djvd‡j †`Lv †M‡Q †h, nvwg‡`i gZ wkÿv_x©‡`i hw` Dchy³ wkÿvi gva¨‡g Zvi mgeqmx‡`i mv‡_ mvg‡b GwM‡q †bIqv hvq, Zvn‡j Zvi fvlvMZ `ÿZvi DbœwZ N‡U Ges AvµgYvZ¡K AvPiY K‡g hvq| ZvB wkÿK-cÖwkÿK‡`i Rvb‡Z n‡e Zuviv †ckv-c~e© cÖwkÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g †h-mKj wkÿK‡`i cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Qb Zuviv nvwg‡`i gZ wkÿv_©x‡`i ¸YMZ gvbm¤úbœ wkÿv w`‡Z cvi‡Qb Kxbv| hw` DËi bv nq, Zvn‡j bZzb wRÁvmv n‡”Q, wkÿv_©x‡`i wfbœ wfbœ Pvwn`v c~i‡Y `ÿ wkÿK Zwi Ki‡Z wkÿK‡`i †ckv-c~e© cÖwkÿY Kg©m~wPi DbœwZ Kxfv‡e Kiv hvq?

Gevi Avgv‡`i wkÿK cÖwkÿ‡Y Avm‡j Kx NU‡Q Zvi w`‡K `„wócvZ Kiv hvK| †ek K‡qKKwU wek¦we`¨vj‡qi (we‡klZ fviZ, evsjv‡`k,Px‡bi g‡Zv †`‡k) wkÿK cÖwkÿ‡Yi †cÖvMÖvg ch©‡eÿY Ges wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wkÿK‡`i mv‡_ Av‡jvPbvi wfwˆZ Rvbv hvq, †ewkifvM wkÿK cÖwkÿY †cÖvMÖvg GKiKg Awb”QvK…Zfv‡eB wkÿK‡`i g‡a¨ wewfbœ Pvwn`v-m¤úbœ wkï‡`i †kªwYK‡ÿ MÖnY Kivi PvB‡Z Zv‡`i ev` †`Iqvi cÖeYZvB ˆZwi K‡i w`‡”Q (see Forlin, 2010; Sharma &

Deppeler, 2005)| Avgv‡`i wek¦we`¨vjq mœvZKiv wkL‡Qb, GKxf~Z wkÿv GKwU fvj aviYv| wKš‘ mvaviY †kªwYK‡ÿ Gi cÖ‡qvM Am¤¢e | cÖwZewÜZv i‡q‡Q Ggb wkky‡`i wkÿvi Rb¨ ZvB we‡kl we`¨vjqB fvj| A_©vr cÖwZewÜZv i‡q‡Q Ggb wkïiv †Kej we‡kl wkÿ‡`i Øviv wkÿv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges GRb¨ Avjv`v GKwU wkÿY-weÁvb i‡q‡Q (special education pedagogy) A_©vr cÖwZewÜZv Av‡Q Ggb wkky‡`i Zv‡`i †hvM¨Zv Abyhvqx wfbœ wfbœ fv‡e wkÿv w`‡Z n‡e|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx50 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 51

GKxf~Z wkÿvi Rb¨ wkÿK‡`i cÖ¯‘Z Kivi c~‡e© wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wkÿK‡`i GKxf~Z wkÿvi mywbw`©ó GKwU msÁvq GKgZ nIqvUv Riæwi| †Kbbv Avgiv hw` mevB GKB aviYv wb‡q _vwK, Zvn‡j Avgv‡`i Kvh©µg †_‡K Kx AR©b Ki‡Z PvB Zv mn‡RB eyS‡Z cvie| Avi hw` G‡ÿ‡Î `yRb Kgx© wfbœ wfbœ aviYv †cvlY K‡ib, Z‡e Zv‡`i Kvh©µ‡gi djvdj GK n‡e bv| ev¯Í‡e G iKg nIqvUv A¯^vfvweK bq| ZvB GLv‡b GKxf~Z wkÿv‡K `y fv‡e msÁvwqZ Kiv nq‡Q| hvi cÖ_gwU †evSv‡Z †M‡j msÁvwU‡K AKvh©Ki e‡j g‡b n‡e Ges wØZxqwU‡Z, mvaviY †kªwYK‡ÿ GKxf~Z wkÿvi mdj ev¯Íevq‡b wewfbœ Ae`vbKvixi Kx ai‡bi fzwgKv cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e Zv †evSv hv‡e| mnR fvlvq GKxf~Z A_© nj †h-mKj wkïiv Avgv‡`i we`¨vjqe¨e¯’vi evB‡i i‡q‡Q ( †hgb: cÖwZeÜx wkï, Kb¨v wkï, `wi`ª cwiev‡ii wkï, c_wkï) Zv‡`i mvaviY †kªwYK‡ÿi AšÍfz©³ Kiv| G msÁvi mePvB‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© w`K n‡”Q , GKxf‚ZKi‡Yi Rb¨ we`¨vjq¸‡jvi wkÿY avivq cwieZ©b Avb‡Z n‡e, hv‡Z K‡i mKj wkï we`¨vj‡qi GKv‡WwgK, mvgvwRK Ges Ab¨vb¨ mKj Kvh©µ‡g mgfv‡e AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| msÁvwUi wØZxq As‡k we`¨vj‡qi cÖavb, we`¨vj‡qi wkÿK, AwffveK, bxwZ wba©viK Ges wkÿK-cÖwkÿKMY mKj wkïi Rb¨ G aviYvwU‡K Kvh©Kifv‡e cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ Kx ai‡bi f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡ib Zv e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q|

GKRb we`¨vjq caÖ v‡bi Kv‡Q GKxfZ~ KiY ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? wZwb Zvu i we`¨vj‡q fwZ© n‡Z Pvq Ggb †h-†Kvb wkÿv_x© ‡K fwZ© Kiv‡eb Ges †mB wkÿv_x© i Pvwn`v Abhy vqx m‡ev© ”P gv‡bi wkÿvi e¨e v’ Ki‡eb| GQvovI wZwb we`¨vj‡qi mKj wkÿK Ges KgP© vix‡`i GKxfZ~ wkÿv ev¯eÍ vq‡bi Rb¨ mnvqZv Ki‡eb| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, GKxfZ~ wkÿvi Rb¨ we`¨vj‡qi caÖ vb wZbwU gLy ¨ fw~ gKv cvjb Ki‡eb- mKj wkÿv_x© ‡K vMZ Rvbv‡bv, Zv‡`i Rb¨ ¸YMZ gvbm¤úbœ wkÿv wbwðZ Kiv Ges we`¨vj‡qi wkÿ‡`i mnvqZv cÖ vb| GKxfZ~ wkÿvi Rb¨ GKRb †kwª Y wkÿ‡Ki `vwqZ¡ nj Zvi †kwª YK‡ÿi c‡Ö Z¨K wkÿv_x© i Pvwn`v Abhy vqx m¤v¢ e¨ m‡ev© Ëg wkÿvi e¨e v’ Kiv| A‡bK wkÿ‡Ki g‡bB Ôm¤v¢ e¨ m‡ev© Ëg wkÿvÕ welqwU wRÁvmvi Rb¥ †`‡e| GKRb wkÿK hw` g‡b K‡ib wZwb Zvu i wkÿv_x© ‡`i m¤v¢ e¨ m‡ev© Ëg wkÿv w`‡”Qb, Zvn‡j wjUgvm cixÿvi Rb¨ Zvi wb‡R‡K ckÖ œ Ki‡Z n‡e - GB wkïwU hw` Avgvi cwiev‡ii m`m¨ n‡Zv Zvn‡j wK Avwg Zvi mv‡_ GKB iKg AvPiY KiZvg? DËi hw` Ônu vÕ nq, Zvn‡j †m wkÿK wkÿv_x© ‡`i m¤v¢ e¨ m‡ev© Ëg wkÿv w`‡Z cvi‡Qb e‡j g‡b Kiv n‡e|

GLv‡b YMZ gvbm¤úbœ wkÿvi 5wU ewkó¨ †`Iqv nj:

� wkï †kªwYK‡ÿ Avm‡Z AvMÖnx n‡e

� wkÿK hv †kLv‡eb, wkï Zv wkL‡Z PvB‡e

� cÖwZwU wkïi wfbœ wfbœ wkLb Pvwn`v Avjv`vfv‡e ^xK…wZ Ges gh©v`v jvf Ki‡e

� wkï cÖwZw`b A_©en wKQz wkL‡e

� wkïi g‡a¨ Aek¨B G †eva Zwi n‡Z n‡e †h, †m G †kªwYK‡ÿiB GKRb (†kªwYK‡ÿ eÜz _vK‡Z n‡e)|

AwffveK‡`i Rb¨ GKxf~Z wkÿv ej‡Z †evSvq †h, Zv‡`i mšÍvb evwoi Kv‡Qi we`¨vjqwU‡Z Drmvnx wkÿK‡`i Kv‡Q fv‡jv gv‡bi wkÿv MÖnY Ki‡e| AwffveK‡`i Aek¨B g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e GKxf~Z wkÿvi mdj ev¯Íevq‡b wkÿ‡Ki cvkvcvwk Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`iI iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| Avi

bxwZ wba©viK‡`i †ÿ‡Î GKxf~ZKiY ej‡Z †evSvq, eûw`b a‡i wewfbœ cwiev‡ii †h-mKj wkï (†hgb: cÖwZewÜZv Av‡Q Ggb wkï) D‡cwÿZ i‡q‡Q †m mKj wkï‡K we`¨vj‡q AšÍfz©³ K‡i Zv‡`i wkÿvi Rb¨ cÖ‡hvRbxq e¨e¯’v MÖnY Kiv|

Dc‡iv³ msÁv †_‡K GKwU welq my¯úó †h, GKxf~ZKi‡Yi mdj ev¯Íevqb GKwU PµvKvi cÖwµqv| hw` bxwZ wba©viKMY Zv‡`i fzwgKv h_vh_fv‡e cvjb K‡ib, Zvn‡j we`¨vj‡qi cÖavbiv GmKj wkï‡`i we`¨vj‡q fwZ© Ki‡Z AvMÖnx n‡eb | Avevi hw` we`¨vj‡qi cÖavb GKxfyZKi‡Yi Rb¨ †hvM¨ †bZvi vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib, Zvn‡j we`¨vj‡qi wkÿKMY Aek¨B mKj wkÿv_©x‡K YMZgvb-m¤úbœ wkÿv cÖ`vb Ki‡eb| d‡j AwffveKMY Zv†`i mšÍvb †h-gv‡bi wkÿv cv‡”Q Zv wb‡q mš‘ó _vK‡eb| PµvKvi G cÖwµqvi GKRb ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Ae`vbKvix n‡”Qb- wkÿK-cÖwkÿK| GKxf~ZKi‡Yi msÁv Gu‡`i Rb¨ †Kgb n‡e ev Zuviv Kxfv‡e GKxf~ZKiY †K msÁvwqZ K‡ib, †mwU GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| GKRb wkÿK-cÖwkÿK we`¨vjq cÖavb, we`¨vj‡qi wkÿK, AwffveK Ges bxwZ wbav©iKMY GKxf~Z wkÿv wb‡q Kx aviYv †cvlY K‡ib, †m wel‡q mevi Av‡M AeMZ _vK‡eb| wØZxqZ, YMZ gvbm¤úbœ wkÿv ej‡Z Kx †evSvq Ges ¸YMZ gvbm¤úbœ wkÿv`v‡bi Rb¨ Kxfv‡e wkÿK‡`i †ckvc~e© cÖwkÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g ÿ K‡i †Zvjv hvq, †m wel‡qI Lye fvjfv‡e AeMZ _vK‡eb|

GKRb wkÿK-cÖwkÿK Zuvi `vwqZ¡ mwVKfv‡e cvjb Ki‡Qb wKbv Zv Rvbvi Rb¨ wZwb wb‡R‡K wRÁvmv Ki‡Z cv‡ib †h, Avwg wb‡R †h-mKj wkÿK‡K †ckvc~e© cÖwkÿY w`‡qwQ, Avwg wK Avgvi mšÍvb‡K Zv‡`i †kªwYK‡ÿ Avwg cvwV‡q mš‘ó ne? aiv hvK, GKRb wkÿK cÖwkÿK nvwg` bv‡gi GK wkï‡K wb‡Ri mšÍvb wn‡m‡e g‡b Ki‡Qb, hvi fvlvMZ ÿZvq NvUwZ i‡q‡Q| †m †kªwYK‡ÿi wkÿY Kvh©µ‡g Avb›` cvq bv| d‡j †m wewfbœ AvµgYvZœK AvPi‡Yi gva¨‡g (†hgb: †m Zvi LvZv wQu‡o †d‡j w`‡Z Pvq) Zvi nZvkv cÖKvk K‡i| wKš‘ cÖK…Zc‡ÿ nvwg‡`i †Kvb cÖwZewÜZv †bB| A‡bK M‡elYvi (e.g. Peetsma, Verger, Roelveld & Karsten, 2001; Kalambouka, Farrelle, Dyson &

Kaplan, 2005) djvd‡j †`Lv †M‡Q †h, nvwg‡`i gZ wkÿv_x©‡`i hw` Dchy³ wkÿvi gva¨‡g Zvi mgeqmx‡`i mv‡_ mvg‡b GwM‡q †bIqv hvq, Zvn‡j Zvi fvlvMZ `ÿZvi DbœwZ N‡U Ges AvµgYvZ¡K AvPiY K‡g hvq| ZvB wkÿK-cÖwkÿK‡`i Rvb‡Z n‡e Zuviv †ckv-c~e© cÖwkÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g †h-mKj wkÿK‡`i cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Qb Zuviv nvwg‡`i gZ wkÿv_©x‡`i ¸YMZ gvbm¤úbœ wkÿv w`‡Z cvi‡Qb Kxbv| hw` DËi bv nq, Zvn‡j bZzb wRÁvmv n‡”Q, wkÿv_©x‡`i wfbœ wfbœ Pvwn`v c~i‡Y `ÿ wkÿK Zwi Ki‡Z wkÿK‡`i †ckv-c~e© cÖwkÿY Kg©m~wPi DbœwZ Kxfv‡e Kiv hvq?

Gevi Avgv‡`i wkÿK cÖwkÿ‡Y Avm‡j Kx NU‡Q Zvi w`‡K `„wócvZ Kiv hvK| †ek K‡qKKwU wek¦we`¨vj‡qi (we‡klZ fviZ, evsjv‡`k,Px‡bi g‡Zv †`‡k) wkÿK cÖwkÿ‡Yi †cÖvMÖvg ch©‡eÿY Ges wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wkÿK‡`i mv‡_ Av‡jvPbvi wfwˆZ Rvbv hvq, †ewkifvM wkÿK cÖwkÿY †cÖvMÖvg GKiKg Awb”QvK…Zfv‡eB wkÿK‡`i g‡a¨ wewfbœ Pvwn`v-m¤úbœ wkï‡`i †kªwYK‡ÿ MÖnY Kivi PvB‡Z Zv‡`i ev` †`Iqvi cÖeYZvB ˆZwi K‡i w`‡”Q (see Forlin, 2010; Sharma &

Deppeler, 2005)| Avgv‡`i wek¦we`¨vjq mœvZKiv wkL‡Qb, GKxf~Z wkÿv GKwU fvj aviYv| wKš‘ mvaviY †kªwYK‡ÿ Gi cÖ‡qvM Am¤¢e | cÖwZewÜZv i‡q‡Q Ggb wkky‡`i wkÿvi Rb¨ ZvB we‡kl we`¨vjqB fvj| A_©vr cÖwZewÜZv i‡q‡Q Ggb wkïiv †Kej we‡kl wkÿ‡`i Øviv wkÿv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges GRb¨ Avjv`v GKwU wkÿY-weÁvb i‡q‡Q (special education pedagogy) A_©vr cÖwZewÜZv Av‡Q Ggb wkky‡`i Zv‡`i †hvM¨Zv Abyhvqx wfbœ wfbœ fv‡e wkÿv w`‡Z n‡e|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx52 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 53

Avevi †`Lv †M‡Q, wewfbœ `ÿZvm¤úbœ GB wkï‡`i †Kb GKxf~Z †kªwYK‡ÿ Avbv n‡e (A_v©r M‡elYvi djvdj Ges k©b) Ges Kxfv‡e Zv‡`i GKxf~Z Kiv n‡e (A_v©r mn‡hvwMZvg~jK wkÿv, mgeqmx‡`i mv‡_ GKmv‡_ wkÿvmn wewfbœ †KŠkj) GmKj wel‡q Avgv‡`i wek¦we`¨vjq MÖvRy‡qUiv Lye KgB wkL‡Z cvi‡Q| Aciw`‡K Zviv GB aviYv cv‡”Q †h, wewfbœ `ÿZvm¤úbœ (†h mKj wkïi wewfbœ cÖwZewÜZv Av‡Q) wkï‡`i Rb¨ Zv‡`i †Kvb `vwqZ¡ †bB| Zvn‡j cÖkœ n‡”Q, Avgv‡`i wek¦we`¨vj‡qi MÖvRy‡qUm‡`i g‡a¨ †h GKxf~Z wkÿvi g‡bvfve ˆZwi bv n‡q ev` †`Iqvi g‡bvfve ˆZwi n‡”Q, GRb¨ †K `vqx? †ewki fvM wkÿK-cÖwkÿKB Gi `vq ¯^xKvi Ki‡eb bv| Ab¨w`‡K wkÿK cÖwkÿ‡Yi wkÿvµ‡g †h-mKj ÿZvi (wkÿKiv AR©b KiæK ev bv KiæK) K_v D‡jøL Av‡Q, Zv Zv‡`i GKxf~Z †kªwYK‡ÿi Rb¨ Dchy³ fv‡e ˆZwi K‡i bv| Ggb ev¯ÍeZvq Avgv‡`i MÖvRy‡qUm&‡`i Kxfv‡e Av‡iv fvj K‡i cÖ¯‘Z Kiv hvq, Zv wb‡q fve‡Z n‡e| Shulman (2004) GKwU g‡W‡ji cÖ¯Íve K‡i‡Qb hv wkÿK‡`i h_vh_fv‡e cÖ¯‘Z Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Zvi cÖ¯Ívebv Abymv‡i wkÿK‡`i †h †cÖvMÖv‡gi gva¨‡g cÖ¯‘Z Kiv n‡e Zv‡Z Aek¨B wZbwU Dcv`vb _vK‡Z n‡e| cÖ_gwU nj ÔÁv‡bi wkÿvbwek Kvj (Apprenticeship of head)Õ A_©vr †ckvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Ávbg~jK Ges ZvwË¡K wfwË| wØZxqwU, ÔKv‡Ri wkÿvbwekKvj (Apprenticeship of

hand)Õ A_©vr †ckvi cÖ‡qvRbxq f~wgKv cvj‡bi Rb¨ KvwiMwi Ges e¨envwiK ÿZv | Avi Z…ZxqwU nj ÔgvbwmKZvi wkÿvbwekKvj (Apprenticeship of heart)Õ A_©vr †ckvi cÖwZ bwZKZv, g~j¨‡eva, g‡bvfve Ges wek¦vm|

Shulman Gi g‡Wj hw` wkÿK‡`i cÖ¯‘Z Kivi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq Zvn‡j GKRb wkÿK Dchy³ Ávb (Head), e¨envwiK cÖ‡qv‡Mi `ÿZv (Hand) Ges BwZevPK gvbwmKZvi (Heart) mgš^‡q GKxf~Z wkÿvi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z n‡eb| Shulman Gi g‡WjwU Av‡iv e¨vL¨v K‡i Rouse (2010) e‡jb, hw` wkÿKMY GKxf~Z wkÿvi Rb¨ KvR Ki‡Z Pvb, Zvn‡j GKxf~Z wkÿvi aviYv cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ Zv‡`i Dcjwä Ki‡Z n‡e †h, ZvwË¡K Ávb I e¨envwiK `ÿZv Ges gb †_‡K wek¦vm Kivi gva¨‡gB G‡ÿ‡Î DbœwZ Kiv m¤¢e| Avi wkÿK cÖwkÿ‡Yi mgq GB wZbwU welq AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡ mnKv‡i †`Lv DwPZ|

wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b †`Lv †M‡Q, Avgv‡`i wkÿKiv Ávb I e¨envwiK `ÿZvi mxgve×Zv Ges †bwZevPK gvbwmKZv wb‡q cÖvK-PvKzwiKvjxb cÖwkÿY †kl K‡ib| d‡j, GB wkÿKiv wek¦w`¨vj‡qi wWwMÖcÖvß nb wVKB, wKš‘ Zuviv †kÖwYK‡ÿ wkÿv_x©‡`i wewfbœ ai‡bi Pvwn`v c~i‡Y e¨_© nb| GB ai‡bi wkÿK‡`i ZvB ÎæwUc~Y© wkÿK (Handicapped Teacher) e‡j‡Qb, hviv wek¦vm K‡ib Zvi †kªwYK‡ÿi †Kvb wkÿv_©x hw` wkL‡Z bv cv‡i Zvn‡j †m wkÿv_©xi g‡a¨B †Kvb mgm¨v i‡q‡Q; me wkï wkL‡Z cv‡i bv| Avevi GmKj wkÿK wkï‡K Kxfv‡e wkL‡Z DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z nq ev Kxfv‡e wkLbUv Avb›``vqK Kiv hvq †m mKj wel‡q LyeB Kg Rv‡bb| GQvov I †h-mKj wkï AK…ZKvh© n‡q Zvi mncvVx Ges ‹zj KZ…©c‡ÿi Kv‡Q AevwÂZ n‡q hvq Zv‡`i Rb¨I G mKj wkÿKiv wKQzB K‡ib bv| ZvB wkÿK cÖwkÿK‡`i Aek¨B G wel‡q Kvh©Ki wKQz Ki‡Z n‡e|

G †cÖwÿ‡Z mevi Av‡M Avgv‡`i‡K wb‡R‡`i w`‡K ZvKv‡Z n‡e| A_v©r Avgv‡`i wb‡R‡`i ZvwË¡K Ávb I e¨envwiK ÿZv Ges gvbwmKZv wK GKxf~Z wkÿvi mnvqK? Avgiv GKxf~Z wkÿvi Rb¨ †h ai‡bi cÖPviYv PvjvB Kv‡R Zvi cÖgvY cvIqv hvq wKbv? hw` GKRb wkÿK-cÖwkÿK wb‡RB GKxf~ZKi‡Y wek¦vm bv K‡ib, Zvn‡j wZwb †h-mKj wkÿK‡K cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡eb ZvivI GKxf~ZKi‡Y

wek¦vmx n‡eb bv| Avevi hw` GKRb wkÿK-cÖwkÿK wb‡RB GKxf~Z †kªwYK‡ÿ cvV`v‡bi `ÿZv¸‡jv AR©b Kiv‡Z bv cv‡ib, Zvn‡j wZwb †Kvbfv‡eB Ab¨ wkÿK‡`i g‡a¨ Kvw•ÿZ `ÿZv¸‡jv mÂvi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv| wPwKrmvkv‡¯¿i GKwU D`vni‡Yi gva¨‡g welqwU AviI ¯úó K‡i e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq| aiv hvK, †gwW‡Kj K‡j‡Ri GKRb Aa¨vcK Zuvi wkÿv_©x‡`i ü`‡ivM m¤ú‡K© covb| GLb hw` Aa¨vcK wb‡RB ü`h‡š¿i wewfbœ †ivM I Zvi wPwKrmv m¤ú‡K© †Zgb fv‡jv bv Rv‡bb, Zvn‡j wZwb Zvi wkÿv_©x‡`i KZUzKz †kLv‡Z cvi‡eb Zv mn‡RB Abygvb Kiv hvq| wKš‘ G Aa¨vcK hw` Zuvi wkÿv_©x‡`i ü`h‡š¿i hveZxq †ivM I wPwKrmv m¤ú‡K© Rvbv‡Z Pvb, Zvn‡j cÖ_‡g Zuv‡K ü`h‡š¿i wewfbœ mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z n‡e A_©¨vr ZvwË¡K Ávb AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e| Zvici Zuv‡K ü`h‡š¿i wewfbœ mvR©vwi‡Z ÿ n‡Z n‡e A_©vr e¨envwiK cÖ‡qv‡Mi ÿZv AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e| AZ:ci Aa¨vcK‡K Aek¨B ü`h‡š¿i †ivMx‡`i wPwKrmv †`Iqvi KvRwU fv‡jvevm‡Z n‡e A_©vr wb‡Ri †ckvi cÖwZ BwZevPK gvbwmKZv _vK‡Z n‡e| GLb hw` Aa¨vc‡Ki g‡a¨ GB wZbwU ¸Yvewji †h-†Kvb GKwU‡Z NvUwZ _v‡K Zvn‡j wZwb †gwW‡Kj K‡j‡R ü`h‡š¿i wel‡q cov‡Z Dchy³ e¨w³ n‡eb bv| ev¯Í‡e Ggb Aa¨vcK Luy‡R cvIhv KwVb whwb ü`h‡š¿i wewfbœ †ivM I Zvi wPwKrmv m¤ú‡K© bv †R‡b †gwW‡Kj K‡j‡R wkÿv_©x‡`i ü`h‡š¿i wel‡q cvV`vb K‡ib| wKš‘ `ytLRbK n‡jI mZ¨ †h, wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wkÿK ev wkÿvi mv‡_ mswkøó Ab¨vb¨ wkÿKMY, we‡kl K‡i GKxf~Z wkÿvi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ wkÿK‡`i †ÿ‡Î Avgiv G K_vwU †Rvi w`‡q ej‡Z cvwi bv| G Ae¯’v †Kb weivR Ki‡Q, Zv yÕfv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq| cÖ_gZ, wkÿK cÖwkÿ‡Yi mgq GKxf~Z wkÿvi welqwUi Ici †Zgb iæZ¡ †`Iqv nq bv, ZvB wkÿKiv G wel‡q Lye Aí cwigv‡Y ZvwË¡K Ávb w`‡q _v‡Kb| wØZxqZ, †ewkifvM wkÿK-cÖwkÿ‡Ki (we†kl K‡i `wÿ‡Yi †`k¸‡jv‡Z) GKxf~Z †kªwYK‡ÿ cvV`v‡bi AwfÁZv _v‡K bv, ZvB Zviv G ai‡bi †kªwYK‡ÿ cvV`v‡bi Rb¨ ev¯ÍweK Kx cÖ‡qvRb †m wel‡q †ewk Rv‡bb bv|

d‡j wkÿK-cwÖ kÿKMY †Kej cvðv‡Z¨i eB¸‡jv †_‡K ZvwËK¡ ÁvbB mieivn K‡i _v‡Kb| Dciš‘ G mKj cwÖ kÿK Ges Zvu ‡`i KvQ †_‡K cwÖ kÿY †bIqv wkÿKiv †kwª YK‡ÿ ZvwËK¡ Áv‡bi h_vh_ c‡Ö qvM NUv‡Z cv‡ib bv| ZvB GLb mgq G‡m‡Q RvZxq chv© ‡q bxwZ cwieZ‡© bi, hvi d‡j Avgv‡`i wkÿKiv GKxfZ~ wkÿvi mwZ¨Kv‡ii ev¯eÍ vq‡bi Rb¨ KvR Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| Av‡jvP¨ ceÖ ÜwUi evwK As‡k GKwU g‡Wj Dc¯v’ cb Kiv n‡e, hv evsjv‡`‡k wkÿK‡`i cvÖ K-PvKwz iKvjxb cwÖ kÿ‡Yi Rb¨ c‡Ö qvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| G g‡W‡j Shulman (2004) Ici wfwË K‡i GKxfZ~ wkÿvi Rb¨ Kxfv‡e wkÿK‡`i BwZevPK gvbwmKZv, ZvwËK¡ Ávb I e¨envwiK ÿZvi ew„ × Kiv hvq, Zv e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q|

gvbwmKZvi cwieZ©b (Changing Heart)wkÿK cÖwkÿK‡`i GKxf~Z wkÿvi cÖwZ g‡bvfve Kxfv‡e cwieZ©b Kiv hvq Zv wb‡q e¨vcK M‡elYv n‡q‡Q Ges n‡”Q (Avramidis, bayliss & Burden, 2000; Forlin, Cedillo et al, 2010, Sharma, Ei,

Desai, 2003; Sharma, Forlin & Loreman, 2008; Sharma, Moore & Sonawane, 2009) | M‡elKiv g‡b K‡ib GB cwieZ©b nIqvUv Riæwi, Z‡e GUv Lye mnR bq (e.g. Avramidis, Bayliss

& Burden, 2000; Sharma, Forlin & Loreman, 2008)| wkÿK‡`i gvbwmKZvq cwieZ©b Avbvi Ab¨Zg GKwU †KŠkj n‡”Q cÖvK-PvKzwiKvjxb cÖwkÿ‡Yi mgq Zv‡`i mvaviY †kªwYK‡ÿ we‡kl Pvwn`vm¤úbœ wkï‡`i ms¯ú‡k© Avbv| Z‡e GK_v we‡ePbvq ivL‡Z n‡e †h, Gmgq wkÿK‡`i we‡kl Pvwn`vm¤úbœ wkï‡`i ms¯ú‡k© Avmvi G AwfÁZv Aek¨B BwZevPK n‡Z n‡e| †Kbbv cÖwkÿY

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx52 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 53

Avevi †`Lv †M‡Q, wewfbœ `ÿZvm¤úbœ GB wkï‡`i †Kb GKxf~Z †kªwYK‡ÿ Avbv n‡e (A_v©r M‡elYvi djvdj Ges k©b) Ges Kxfv‡e Zv‡`i GKxf~Z Kiv n‡e (A_v©r mn‡hvwMZvg~jK wkÿv, mgeqmx‡`i mv‡_ GKmv‡_ wkÿvmn wewfbœ †KŠkj) GmKj wel‡q Avgv‡`i wek¦we`¨vjq MÖvRy‡qUiv Lye KgB wkL‡Z cvi‡Q| Aciw`‡K Zviv GB aviYv cv‡”Q †h, wewfbœ `ÿZvm¤úbœ (†h mKj wkïi wewfbœ cÖwZewÜZv Av‡Q) wkï‡`i Rb¨ Zv‡`i †Kvb `vwqZ¡ †bB| Zvn‡j cÖkœ n‡”Q, Avgv‡`i wek¦we`¨vj‡qi MÖvRy‡qUm‡`i g‡a¨ †h GKxf~Z wkÿvi g‡bvfve ˆZwi bv n‡q ev` †`Iqvi g‡bvfve ˆZwi n‡”Q, GRb¨ †K `vqx? †ewki fvM wkÿK-cÖwkÿKB Gi `vq ¯^xKvi Ki‡eb bv| Ab¨w`‡K wkÿK cÖwkÿ‡Yi wkÿvµ‡g †h-mKj ÿZvi (wkÿKiv AR©b KiæK ev bv KiæK) K_v D‡jøL Av‡Q, Zv Zv‡`i GKxf~Z †kªwYK‡ÿi Rb¨ Dchy³ fv‡e ˆZwi K‡i bv| Ggb ev¯ÍeZvq Avgv‡`i MÖvRy‡qUm&‡`i Kxfv‡e Av‡iv fvj K‡i cÖ¯‘Z Kiv hvq, Zv wb‡q fve‡Z n‡e| Shulman (2004) GKwU g‡W‡ji cÖ¯Íve K‡i‡Qb hv wkÿK‡`i h_vh_fv‡e cÖ¯‘Z Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Zvi cÖ¯Ívebv Abymv‡i wkÿK‡`i †h †cÖvMÖv‡gi gva¨‡g cÖ¯‘Z Kiv n‡e Zv‡Z Aek¨B wZbwU Dcv`vb _vK‡Z n‡e| cÖ_gwU nj ÔÁv‡bi wkÿvbwek Kvj (Apprenticeship of head)Õ A_©vr †ckvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Ávbg~jK Ges ZvwË¡K wfwË| wØZxqwU, ÔKv‡Ri wkÿvbwekKvj (Apprenticeship of

hand)Õ A_©vr †ckvi cÖ‡qvRbxq f~wgKv cvj‡bi Rb¨ KvwiMwi Ges e¨envwiK ÿZv | Avi Z…ZxqwU nj ÔgvbwmKZvi wkÿvbwekKvj (Apprenticeship of heart)Õ A_©vr †ckvi cÖwZ bwZKZv, g~j¨‡eva, g‡bvfve Ges wek¦vm|

Shulman Gi g‡Wj hw` wkÿK‡`i cÖ¯‘Z Kivi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq Zvn‡j GKRb wkÿK Dchy³ Ávb (Head), e¨envwiK cÖ‡qv‡Mi `ÿZv (Hand) Ges BwZevPK gvbwmKZvi (Heart) mgš^‡q GKxf~Z wkÿvi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z n‡eb| Shulman Gi g‡WjwU Av‡iv e¨vL¨v K‡i Rouse (2010) e‡jb, hw` wkÿKMY GKxf~Z wkÿvi Rb¨ KvR Ki‡Z Pvb, Zvn‡j GKxf~Z wkÿvi aviYv cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ Zv‡`i Dcjwä Ki‡Z n‡e †h, ZvwË¡K Ávb I e¨envwiK `ÿZv Ges gb †_‡K wek¦vm Kivi gva¨‡gB G‡ÿ‡Î DbœwZ Kiv m¤¢e| Avi wkÿK cÖwkÿ‡Yi mgq GB wZbwU welq AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡ mnKv‡i †`Lv DwPZ|

wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b †`Lv †M‡Q, Avgv‡`i wkÿKiv Ávb I e¨envwiK `ÿZvi mxgve×Zv Ges †bwZevPK gvbwmKZv wb‡q cÖvK-PvKzwiKvjxb cÖwkÿY †kl K‡ib| d‡j, GB wkÿKiv wek¦w`¨vj‡qi wWwMÖcÖvß nb wVKB, wKš‘ Zuviv †kÖwYK‡ÿ wkÿv_x©‡`i wewfbœ ai‡bi Pvwn`v c~i‡Y e¨_© nb| GB ai‡bi wkÿK‡`i ZvB ÎæwUc~Y© wkÿK (Handicapped Teacher) e‡j‡Qb, hviv wek¦vm K‡ib Zvi †kªwYK‡ÿi †Kvb wkÿv_©x hw` wkL‡Z bv cv‡i Zvn‡j †m wkÿv_©xi g‡a¨B †Kvb mgm¨v i‡q‡Q; me wkï wkL‡Z cv‡i bv| Avevi GmKj wkÿK wkï‡K Kxfv‡e wkL‡Z DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z nq ev Kxfv‡e wkLbUv Avb›``vqK Kiv hvq †m mKj wel‡q LyeB Kg Rv‡bb| GQvov I †h-mKj wkï AK…ZKvh© n‡q Zvi mncvVx Ges ‹zj KZ…©c‡ÿi Kv‡Q AevwÂZ n‡q hvq Zv‡`i Rb¨I G mKj wkÿKiv wKQzB K‡ib bv| ZvB wkÿK cÖwkÿK‡`i Aek¨B G wel‡q Kvh©Ki wKQz Ki‡Z n‡e|

G †cÖwÿ‡Z mevi Av‡M Avgv‡`i‡K wb‡R‡`i w`‡K ZvKv‡Z n‡e| A_v©r Avgv‡`i wb‡R‡`i ZvwË¡K Ávb I e¨envwiK ÿZv Ges gvbwmKZv wK GKxf~Z wkÿvi mnvqK? Avgiv GKxf~Z wkÿvi Rb¨ †h ai‡bi cÖPviYv PvjvB Kv‡R Zvi cÖgvY cvIqv hvq wKbv? hw` GKRb wkÿK-cÖwkÿK wb‡RB GKxf~ZKi‡Y wek¦vm bv K‡ib, Zvn‡j wZwb †h-mKj wkÿK‡K cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡eb ZvivI GKxf~ZKi‡Y

wek¦vmx n‡eb bv| Avevi hw` GKRb wkÿK-cÖwkÿK wb‡RB GKxf~Z †kªwYK‡ÿ cvV`v‡bi `ÿZv¸‡jv AR©b Kiv‡Z bv cv‡ib, Zvn‡j wZwb †Kvbfv‡eB Ab¨ wkÿK‡`i g‡a¨ Kvw•ÿZ `ÿZv¸‡jv mÂvi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv| wPwKrmvkv‡¯¿i GKwU D`vni‡Yi gva¨‡g welqwU AviI ¯úó K‡i e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq| aiv hvK, †gwW‡Kj K‡j‡Ri GKRb Aa¨vcK Zuvi wkÿv_©x‡`i ü`‡ivM m¤ú‡K© covb| GLb hw` Aa¨vcK wb‡RB ü`h‡š¿i wewfbœ †ivM I Zvi wPwKrmv m¤ú‡K© †Zgb fv‡jv bv Rv‡bb, Zvn‡j wZwb Zvi wkÿv_©x‡`i KZUzKz †kLv‡Z cvi‡eb Zv mn‡RB Abygvb Kiv hvq| wKš‘ G Aa¨vcK hw` Zuvi wkÿv_©x‡`i ü`h‡š¿i hveZxq †ivM I wPwKrmv m¤ú‡K© Rvbv‡Z Pvb, Zvn‡j cÖ_‡g Zuv‡K ü`h‡š¿i wewfbœ mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z n‡e A_©¨vr ZvwË¡K Ávb AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e| Zvici Zuv‡K ü`h‡š¿i wewfbœ mvR©vwi‡Z ÿ n‡Z n‡e A_©vr e¨envwiK cÖ‡qv‡Mi ÿZv AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e| AZ:ci Aa¨vcK‡K Aek¨B ü`h‡š¿i †ivMx‡`i wPwKrmv †`Iqvi KvRwU fv‡jvevm‡Z n‡e A_©vr wb‡Ri †ckvi cÖwZ BwZevPK gvbwmKZv _vK‡Z n‡e| GLb hw` Aa¨vc‡Ki g‡a¨ GB wZbwU ¸Yvewji †h-†Kvb GKwU‡Z NvUwZ _v‡K Zvn‡j wZwb †gwW‡Kj K‡j‡R ü`h‡š¿i wel‡q cov‡Z Dchy³ e¨w³ n‡eb bv| ev¯Í‡e Ggb Aa¨vcK Luy‡R cvIhv KwVb whwb ü`h‡š¿i wewfbœ †ivM I Zvi wPwKrmv m¤ú‡K© bv †R‡b †gwW‡Kj K‡j‡R wkÿv_©x‡`i ü`h‡š¿i wel‡q cvV`vb K‡ib| wKš‘ `ytLRbK n‡jI mZ¨ †h, wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wkÿK ev wkÿvi mv‡_ mswkøó Ab¨vb¨ wkÿKMY, we‡kl K‡i GKxf~Z wkÿvi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ wkÿK‡`i †ÿ‡Î Avgiv G K_vwU †Rvi w`‡q ej‡Z cvwi bv| G Ae¯’v †Kb weivR Ki‡Q, Zv yÕfv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq| cÖ_gZ, wkÿK cÖwkÿ‡Yi mgq GKxf~Z wkÿvi welqwUi Ici †Zgb iæZ¡ †`Iqv nq bv, ZvB wkÿKiv G wel‡q Lye Aí cwigv‡Y ZvwË¡K Ávb w`‡q _v‡Kb| wØZxqZ, †ewkifvM wkÿK-cÖwkÿ‡Ki (we†kl K‡i `wÿ‡Yi †`k¸‡jv‡Z) GKxf~Z †kªwYK‡ÿ cvV`v‡bi AwfÁZv _v‡K bv, ZvB Zviv G ai‡bi †kªwYK‡ÿ cvV`v‡bi Rb¨ ev¯ÍweK Kx cÖ‡qvRb †m wel‡q †ewk Rv‡bb bv|

d‡j wkÿK-cwÖ kÿKMY †Kej cvðv‡Z¨i eB¸‡jv †_‡K ZvwËK¡ ÁvbB mieivn K‡i _v‡Kb| Dciš‘ G mKj cwÖ kÿK Ges Zvu ‡`i KvQ †_‡K cwÖ kÿY †bIqv wkÿKiv †kwª YK‡ÿ ZvwËK¡ Áv‡bi h_vh_ c‡Ö qvM NUv‡Z cv‡ib bv| ZvB GLb mgq G‡m‡Q RvZxq chv© ‡q bxwZ cwieZ‡© bi, hvi d‡j Avgv‡`i wkÿKiv GKxfZ~ wkÿvi mwZ¨Kv‡ii ev¯eÍ vq‡bi Rb¨ KvR Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| Av‡jvP¨ ceÖ ÜwUi evwK As‡k GKwU g‡Wj Dc¯v’ cb Kiv n‡e, hv evsjv‡`‡k wkÿK‡`i cvÖ K-PvKwz iKvjxb cwÖ kÿ‡Yi Rb¨ c‡Ö qvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| G g‡W‡j Shulman (2004) Ici wfwË K‡i GKxfZ~ wkÿvi Rb¨ Kxfv‡e wkÿK‡`i BwZevPK gvbwmKZv, ZvwËK¡ Ávb I e¨envwiK ÿZvi ew„ × Kiv hvq, Zv e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q|

gvbwmKZvi cwieZ©b (Changing Heart)wkÿK cÖwkÿK‡`i GKxf~Z wkÿvi cÖwZ g‡bvfve Kxfv‡e cwieZ©b Kiv hvq Zv wb‡q e¨vcK M‡elYv n‡q‡Q Ges n‡”Q (Avramidis, bayliss & Burden, 2000; Forlin, Cedillo et al, 2010, Sharma, Ei,

Desai, 2003; Sharma, Forlin & Loreman, 2008; Sharma, Moore & Sonawane, 2009) | M‡elKiv g‡b K‡ib GB cwieZ©b nIqvUv Riæwi, Z‡e GUv Lye mnR bq (e.g. Avramidis, Bayliss

& Burden, 2000; Sharma, Forlin & Loreman, 2008)| wkÿK‡`i gvbwmKZvq cwieZ©b Avbvi Ab¨Zg GKwU †KŠkj n‡”Q cÖvK-PvKzwiKvjxb cÖwkÿ‡Yi mgq Zv‡`i mvaviY †kªwYK‡ÿ we‡kl Pvwn`vm¤úbœ wkï‡`i ms¯ú‡k© Avbv| Z‡e GK_v we‡ePbvq ivL‡Z n‡e †h, Gmgq wkÿK‡`i we‡kl Pvwn`vm¤úbœ wkï‡`i ms¯ú‡k© Avmvi G AwfÁZv Aek¨B BwZevPK n‡Z n‡e| †Kbbv cÖwkÿY

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx54 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 55

MÖn‡Yi mgq hw` wkÿ‡Ki AwfÁZv †bwZevPK nq, Zvn‡j Zvi g‡a¨ GKxf~ZKiY wb‡q gvbwmKZvI †bwZevPK n‡e| GKwU D`vniY w`‡q welqwU‡K e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq, cÖvK-PvKzwiKvjxb cÖwkÿY wb‡”Qb GKRb wkÿK‡K Ggb GKwU mvaviY †kªwYK‡ÿ cvVv‡bv nj, †hLv‡b wZb Rb wkÿv_©x i‡q‡Q hv‡`i AvPiYMZ mgm¨v Av‡Q| GLb hw` †kªwYwkÿK we‡kl Pvwn`v i‡q‡Q Ggb wkÿv_x©mn mKj wkÿv_©x‡K GK‡Î wb‡q †kªwYi mKj Kvh©µg h_vh_fv‡e cwiPvjbv bv Ki‡Z cv‡ib, Zvn‡j whwb cÖwkÿY wb‡”Qb Zvi g‡a¨ GKxf~Z wkÿvi wel‡q †Kvb BwZevPK gvbwmKZv Zwi n‡e bv|

G mKj wkÿvbwek wkÿK‡`i BwZevPK gvbwmKZv ˆZwii Rb¨ Kvw•ÿZ gv‡bi we`¨vjq Avgv‡`i mgv‡R Luy‡R cvIqv Lye KwVb | ZvB cieZ©x‡Z G mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Dcvq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q (e¨envwiK cÖ‡qv‡Mi `ÿZv As‡k)| GLb Avgv‡`i fve‡Z n‡e hw` G ai‡bi Kvw•ÿZ we`¨vj‡q cvVv‡bv GKwU eo mgm¨v nq, Zvn‡j wKfv‡e Gi mgvavb Kiv hvq| G‡ÿ‡Î hZw`b Kvw•ÿZ gv‡bi ¯‹zj ˆZwi bv n‡e ZZw`b Avgiv Avgv‡`i wkÿK‡`i gvbwmKZv cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ Avgv‡`i Rxeb- e¨e¯’vi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Ggb wKQy Dcv`v‡bi cÖ‡qvM NUv‡Z cvwi| D`vniY¯^iæc, Avgv‡`i BwZnv‡mi HwZn¨ Ges ag©| †Kbbv †`Lv †M‡Q, evsjv‡`k Ges fvi‡Zi gvby‡li Rxebe¨e¯’vi g‡a¨ GB `ywU Dcv`vb A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB †ek kw³kvjx wfwË wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| welqwUi e¨vL¨vq ejv hvq, e„×, Amy¯’ Ges cÖwZew܇`i mvnvh¨ Kiv Avgv‡`i Dcgnv‡`‡ki mvs¯‹…wZK HwZ‡n¨i Ask (Karna,

1999; Singh, 2000)| cÖwZewÜZv i‡q‡Q Ggb e¨w³‡`i fvj/g½j Kivi †h gvbwmKZv Zvi Drm LyuR‡Z wM‡q Karna e‡j‡Qb,

`wi`ª Ges `y:¯’ e¨w³‡`i mvnvh¨ Kiv Ges Lv`¨ I cvbxq mieivn Kiv fvi‡Zi kZ eQ‡ii BwZnv‡mi GKwU Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask| wn›`y a‡g© gvby‡li cÖwZ mg‡e`bv, Rb‡mev, `vZe¨ Kvh©µg Ges cviv®úwiK mn‡hvwMZv‡K AZ¨šÍ ¸iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_ g~j¨vqb Kiv nq| cÖvPxb fvi‡ZI cvi®úvwiK mn‡hvwMZvi Rb¨ mgevq msN M‡o †Zvjv nZ, hvi gva¨‡g mgv‡Ri myweavewÂZ RbMY‡K mvnvh¨ Kiv nZ (p.27) |

Avevi, †hŠ_ cwievi Ges i‡³i m¤ú‡K© m¤úwK©Z e¨w³‡`i GKmv‡_ _vKvi gvbwmKZv G ai‡bi mn‡hvwMZvg~jK gvbwmKZv‡K Av‡iv Drmvn †hvMvq| Miles (2000) Gi g‡Z, cÖwZeÜx wkï‡`i wkÿv`v‡bi c`‡ÿc BD‡iv‡ci Av‡M fvi‡ZB †bIqv n‡qwQj| wZwb e‡jb, Zÿwkjvq hLb cÖvPxb mf¨Zvi wb`k©b Luy‡R †ei Kivi Rb¨ Lbb Kiv nq, ZLb wkï‡`i †h mKj †Ljbv cvIqv wM‡qwQj Zv †_‡KB cÖgvY nq cÖvq 200 eQi Av‡M cÖwZeÜx wkï‡`i Rb¨ we‡kl wkÿvµg e¨envi Kiv nZ| GQvov cÖvPxb fvi‡Z wkÿv`v‡bi Rb¨ †h Ô¸iæKzjÕ cÖ_v cÖPwjZ wQj †mLv‡bI cÖ‡Z¨K wkï I Zvi cwiev‡ii wbR¯^ ms¯‹…wZ, mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK Pvwn`v Ges wkïi ÿgZv Abyhvqx wewfbœ `ÿZvi cÖwkÿY †`Iqv nZ (Singh, 2001)| Z‡e wkï‡`i wkÿv`v‡bi Ges `y:¯’‡`i cybe©vm‡bi G aviv Jcwb‡ewkK kvmbvg‡j G‡m ax‡i ax‡i nvwi‡q †h‡Z _v‡K (Singh, 2001) |

ag© welqwU A‡bK †jLK (Bazna & Hatab, 2005; Gupta, 2011; Miles, 1995, 2002) Zuv‡`i †jLvi gva¨‡g wewfbœfv‡e Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb | †jLK‡`i A‡b‡KB †ek wKQz D`vniY w`‡q ¯úófv‡e Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb †h, wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î ewÂZ gvbyl‡`i mv‡_ AvPiY Kivi †ÿ‡Î gvbyl Zvi ag© Øviv †ek cÖfvweZ nq| Z‡e GKRb gvbyl hZ †ewk ag©xq Abyf~wZ‡Z wek¦vmx nq, ag© Zvi Rxebavivq ZZ †ewk cÖfve iv‡L (hw`I G wb‡q weZK© Av‡Q)| D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv hvq, cvwK¯Ív‡bi bvMwiKiv †ek wKQz

RxebvPiY MÖnY K‡i _v‡K, †Kbbv Zviv wek¦vm K‡i, G¸‡jv cwðgv mgv‡R cÖPwjZ ixwZi PvB‡Z fvj| wKš‘ cÖK…Zc‡ÿ gymwjg mf¨Zvi BwZnvm †_‡KB Rvbv hvq gymwjg a‡g©B Lvivc KvR †_‡K weiZ _vK‡Z AZ¨waK ¸iæZ¡ †`Iqv n‡q‡Q (Miles, 1995, p. 51)| Miles Av‡iv A‡bK D`vniY (†hgb: f¨vKwm‡bmb / Rb¥ wbqš¿Y) w`‡q mn‡RB eywS‡q w`‡q‡Qb wKfv‡e ag© gvbyl‡K †ek mn‡RB A‡bK KvR Ki‡Z DØy× K‡i, hv Ab¨ †Kvbfv‡e GZ mn‡R m¤¢e nq bv| Z‡e A‡bK mgq G ai‡bi PP©vKvixiv ÔÁvbcvcx (Pious fraud)Õ wn‡m‡eI ^xK…wZ cvq| ZvB A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib ag©xq g~j¨‡eva GKxf~wZKiY‡K ev¯Íevq‡b mvnvh¨ Ki‡j G‡K Drmvn †`Iqv `iKvi| Z‡e ag©‡K a‡g©i RvqMvq †i‡L GKxf~ZKi‡Yi Rb¨ Ab¨vb¨ MVbg~jK Kvh©µg MÖnY Kiv n‡j Zvi djvdj Av‡iv †ewk `xN©¯’vqx Ges Kvh©Ki n‡e|

Bmjvg a‡g© cÖwZewÜZv‡K †Kvb `„wó‡Z †`Lv nq, Zv Luy‡R †ei Ki‡Z Bazna and Hatab (2005) cweÎ KziAv‡bi GKwU we‡kølY K‡i‡Qb| G we‡kølY AZ¨šÍ gvbm¤úbœ, KviY Zuviv we‡kølY Ki‡Z wM‡q ag©xq cwÐZ‡`i Øviv ZwiK…Z cweÎ KziAv‡bi e¨vL¨vi Avkªq bv wb‡q mivmwi Abyev` K‡i Zv †_‡K we‡kølY K‡i‡Qb| Zuviv e‡j‡Qb, cweÎ KziAv‡b cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³i wfbœZv‡K m¤§vb Rvbv‡bv Ges cÖwZewÜZv Av‡Q Ggb e¨w³‡`i mgv‡Ri me©Î AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kivi wb‡`©k i‡q‡Q| Bazna and

Hatab (2005) Gi we‡køl‡Yi yÕwU DׄwZ G welq‡K Av‡iv úó K‡i :

ÔkvixwiK Ae¯’v‡K cweÎ KziAv‡b †Kvb evav wKsev Avkxe©v` wn‡m‡e †`Lv nq wb, eis G‡K †Kej gvby‡li Aw¯Í‡Z¡i GKwU Ask wn‡m‡e †`Lv n‡q‡Q| GKRb gvby‡li kvixwiK Ae¯’v hvB †nvK bv †Kb, cweÎ KziAv‡b mgv‡Ri mKj †ÿ‡Î Zvi c~Y© AskMÖn‡Y †h-†Kvb ai‡bi evav mwi‡q †djvi wb‡`©k †`qv Av‡Q|Õ (p24)

Ôgymwjg mgvR hviv †bZ…Z¡ w`‡”Qb Zuv‡`i Rb¨ wb‡`©k n‡”Q-Zuviv mgv‡Ri myweavewÂZ e¨w³‡`i Luy‡R †ei Ki‡eb, G‡`i Avcb fvB-‡ev‡bi gZ gh©v`v †`‡eb Ges hv‡`i mvg_©¨ Av‡Q Zv‡`i mvnv‡h¨ G ai‡bi e¨w³‡`i Rxebgvb DbœZ Ki‡eb|Õ (p24)

Bmjvg Zvi Abymvix‡`i cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡`i cÖwZ mnvbyf~wZkxj nIqvi wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Q| Bmjvg ag© g‡Z, Avjøvn cÖ‡Z¨K gvbyl‡K c„w_ex‡Z †cÖiY K‡i‡Qb| ZvB †Kvb gvby‡li Rb¨ †Kvb ai‡bi evav ˆZwi Kivi AwaKvi gvby‡li †bB| eis Avjøvni B”Qv nj Avgiv †hb Ávb I m¤ú‡`i h_vh_ e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g mKj wkï‡K eo K‡i Zzwj (Miles, 1995)| hviv G aviYvq wek¦vm iv‡Lb bv, Zviv cÿvšÍ‡i Avjøvni qvkxj wb‡`©‡ki weiæ×vPiY K‡ib| Avevi hv‡`i iæZi gvÎvi cÖwZewÜZv Av‡Q Zv‡`i wb‡q e‡j‡Qb,

e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g mKj wkï‡K eo K‡i Zzwj (Miles, 1995)| hviv G aviYvq wek¦vm iv‡Lb bv, Zviv cÿvšÍ‡i Avjøvni qvkxj wb‡`©‡ki weiæ×vPiY K‡ib| Avevi hv‡`i iæZi gvÎvi cÖwZewÜZv Av‡Q Zv‡`i wb‡q e‡j‡Qb,

Ôhviv DcvRb© Ki‡Z GKevi‡B Aÿg Ges Avi †Kvb ai‡bi mn‡hvwMZv cvevi m‡y hvM †bB Zv‡`i Rb¨ mn‡hvwMZvgj~ K wKQz Kiv c‡Ö Z¨K mvg_© evb gvb‡y li vwqZ|¡ Avjvø n †h-mKj e¨w³‡`i †Kvb ai‡bi AÿgZv w`‡q cw„ _ex‡Z cvVvb, Zv‡`i Rb¨ wKQy Kiv Aek¨B Avjvø ni ev›`v‡`i KZe© ¨| G ai‡bi vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi Rb¨ A¯w^ ¯‡Í Z †fvMvi †Kvb m‡y hvM †bB|Ó (p. 58)

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx54 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 55

MÖn‡Yi mgq hw` wkÿ‡Ki AwfÁZv †bwZevPK nq, Zvn‡j Zvi g‡a¨ GKxf~ZKiY wb‡q gvbwmKZvI †bwZevPK n‡e| GKwU D`vniY w`‡q welqwU‡K e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq, cÖvK-PvKzwiKvjxb cÖwkÿY wb‡”Qb GKRb wkÿK‡K Ggb GKwU mvaviY †kªwYK‡ÿ cvVv‡bv nj, †hLv‡b wZb Rb wkÿv_©x i‡q‡Q hv‡`i AvPiYMZ mgm¨v Av‡Q| GLb hw` †kªwYwkÿK we‡kl Pvwn`v i‡q‡Q Ggb wkÿv_x©mn mKj wkÿv_©x‡K GK‡Î wb‡q †kªwYi mKj Kvh©µg h_vh_fv‡e cwiPvjbv bv Ki‡Z cv‡ib, Zvn‡j whwb cÖwkÿY wb‡”Qb Zvi g‡a¨ GKxf~Z wkÿvi wel‡q †Kvb BwZevPK gvbwmKZv Zwi n‡e bv|

G mKj wkÿvbwek wkÿK‡`i BwZevPK gvbwmKZv ˆZwii Rb¨ Kvw•ÿZ gv‡bi we`¨vjq Avgv‡`i mgv‡R Luy‡R cvIqv Lye KwVb | ZvB cieZ©x‡Z G mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Dcvq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q (e¨envwiK cÖ‡qv‡Mi `ÿZv As‡k)| GLb Avgv‡`i fve‡Z n‡e hw` G ai‡bi Kvw•ÿZ we`¨vj‡q cvVv‡bv GKwU eo mgm¨v nq, Zvn‡j wKfv‡e Gi mgvavb Kiv hvq| G‡ÿ‡Î hZw`b Kvw•ÿZ gv‡bi ¯‹zj ˆZwi bv n‡e ZZw`b Avgiv Avgv‡`i wkÿK‡`i gvbwmKZv cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ Avgv‡`i Rxeb- e¨e¯’vi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Ggb wKQy Dcv`v‡bi cÖ‡qvM NUv‡Z cvwi| D`vniY¯^iæc, Avgv‡`i BwZnv‡mi HwZn¨ Ges ag©| †Kbbv †`Lv †M‡Q, evsjv‡`k Ges fvi‡Zi gvby‡li Rxebe¨e¯’vi g‡a¨ GB `ywU Dcv`vb A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB †ek kw³kvjx wfwË wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| welqwUi e¨vL¨vq ejv hvq, e„×, Amy¯’ Ges cÖwZew܇`i mvnvh¨ Kiv Avgv‡`i Dcgnv‡`‡ki mvs¯‹…wZK HwZ‡n¨i Ask (Karna,

1999; Singh, 2000)| cÖwZewÜZv i‡q‡Q Ggb e¨w³‡`i fvj/g½j Kivi †h gvbwmKZv Zvi Drm LyuR‡Z wM‡q Karna e‡j‡Qb,

`wi`ª Ges `y:¯’ e¨w³‡`i mvnvh¨ Kiv Ges Lv`¨ I cvbxq mieivn Kiv fvi‡Zi kZ eQ‡ii BwZnv‡mi GKwU Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask| wn›`y a‡g© gvby‡li cÖwZ mg‡e`bv, Rb‡mev, `vZe¨ Kvh©µg Ges cviv®úwiK mn‡hvwMZv‡K AZ¨šÍ ¸iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_ g~j¨vqb Kiv nq| cÖvPxb fvi‡ZI cvi®úvwiK mn‡hvwMZvi Rb¨ mgevq msN M‡o †Zvjv nZ, hvi gva¨‡g mgv‡Ri myweavewÂZ RbMY‡K mvnvh¨ Kiv nZ (p.27) |

Avevi, †hŠ_ cwievi Ges i‡³i m¤ú‡K© m¤úwK©Z e¨w³‡`i GKmv‡_ _vKvi gvbwmKZv G ai‡bi mn‡hvwMZvg~jK gvbwmKZv‡K Av‡iv Drmvn †hvMvq| Miles (2000) Gi g‡Z, cÖwZeÜx wkï‡`i wkÿv`v‡bi c`‡ÿc BD‡iv‡ci Av‡M fvi‡ZB †bIqv n‡qwQj| wZwb e‡jb, Zÿwkjvq hLb cÖvPxb mf¨Zvi wb`k©b Luy‡R †ei Kivi Rb¨ Lbb Kiv nq, ZLb wkï‡`i †h mKj †Ljbv cvIqv wM‡qwQj Zv †_‡KB cÖgvY nq cÖvq 200 eQi Av‡M cÖwZeÜx wkï‡`i Rb¨ we‡kl wkÿvµg e¨envi Kiv nZ| GQvov cÖvPxb fvi‡Z wkÿv`v‡bi Rb¨ †h Ô¸iæKzjÕ cÖ_v cÖPwjZ wQj †mLv‡bI cÖ‡Z¨K wkï I Zvi cwiev‡ii wbR¯^ ms¯‹…wZ, mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK Pvwn`v Ges wkïi ÿgZv Abyhvqx wewfbœ `ÿZvi cÖwkÿY †`Iqv nZ (Singh, 2001)| Z‡e wkï‡`i wkÿv`v‡bi Ges `y:¯’‡`i cybe©vm‡bi G aviv Jcwb‡ewkK kvmbvg‡j G‡m ax‡i ax‡i nvwi‡q †h‡Z _v‡K (Singh, 2001) |

ag© welqwU A‡bK †jLK (Bazna & Hatab, 2005; Gupta, 2011; Miles, 1995, 2002) Zuv‡`i †jLvi gva¨‡g wewfbœfv‡e Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb | †jLK‡`i A‡b‡KB †ek wKQz D`vniY w`‡q ¯úófv‡e Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb †h, wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î ewÂZ gvbyl‡`i mv‡_ AvPiY Kivi †ÿ‡Î gvbyl Zvi ag© Øviv †ek cÖfvweZ nq| Z‡e GKRb gvbyl hZ †ewk ag©xq Abyf~wZ‡Z wek¦vmx nq, ag© Zvi Rxebavivq ZZ †ewk cÖfve iv‡L (hw`I G wb‡q weZK© Av‡Q)| D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv hvq, cvwK¯Ív‡bi bvMwiKiv †ek wKQz

RxebvPiY MÖnY K‡i _v‡K, †Kbbv Zviv wek¦vm K‡i, G¸‡jv cwðgv mgv‡R cÖPwjZ ixwZi PvB‡Z fvj| wKš‘ cÖK…Zc‡ÿ gymwjg mf¨Zvi BwZnvm †_‡KB Rvbv hvq gymwjg a‡g©B Lvivc KvR †_‡K weiZ _vK‡Z AZ¨waK ¸iæZ¡ †`Iqv n‡q‡Q (Miles, 1995, p. 51)| Miles Av‡iv A‡bK D`vniY (†hgb: f¨vKwm‡bmb / Rb¥ wbqš¿Y) w`‡q mn‡RB eywS‡q w`‡q‡Qb wKfv‡e ag© gvbyl‡K †ek mn‡RB A‡bK KvR Ki‡Z DØy× K‡i, hv Ab¨ †Kvbfv‡e GZ mn‡R m¤¢e nq bv| Z‡e A‡bK mgq G ai‡bi PP©vKvixiv ÔÁvbcvcx (Pious fraud)Õ wn‡m‡eI ^xK…wZ cvq| ZvB A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib ag©xq g~j¨‡eva GKxf~wZKiY‡K ev¯Íevq‡b mvnvh¨ Ki‡j G‡K Drmvn †`Iqv `iKvi| Z‡e ag©‡K a‡g©i RvqMvq †i‡L GKxf~ZKi‡Yi Rb¨ Ab¨vb¨ MVbg~jK Kvh©µg MÖnY Kiv n‡j Zvi djvdj Av‡iv †ewk `xN©¯’vqx Ges Kvh©Ki n‡e|

Bmjvg a‡g© cÖwZewÜZv‡K †Kvb `„wó‡Z †`Lv nq, Zv Luy‡R †ei Ki‡Z Bazna and Hatab (2005) cweÎ KziAv‡bi GKwU we‡kølY K‡i‡Qb| G we‡kølY AZ¨šÍ gvbm¤úbœ, KviY Zuviv we‡kølY Ki‡Z wM‡q ag©xq cwÐZ‡`i Øviv ZwiK…Z cweÎ KziAv‡bi e¨vL¨vi Avkªq bv wb‡q mivmwi Abyev` K‡i Zv †_‡K we‡kølY K‡i‡Qb| Zuviv e‡j‡Qb, cweÎ KziAv‡b cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³i wfbœZv‡K m¤§vb Rvbv‡bv Ges cÖwZewÜZv Av‡Q Ggb e¨w³‡`i mgv‡Ri me©Î AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kivi wb‡`©k i‡q‡Q| Bazna and

Hatab (2005) Gi we‡køl‡Yi yÕwU DׄwZ G welq‡K Av‡iv úó K‡i :

ÔkvixwiK Ae¯’v‡K cweÎ KziAv‡b †Kvb evav wKsev Avkxe©v` wn‡m‡e †`Lv nq wb, eis G‡K †Kej gvby‡li Aw¯Í‡Z¡i GKwU Ask wn‡m‡e †`Lv n‡q‡Q| GKRb gvby‡li kvixwiK Ae¯’v hvB †nvK bv †Kb, cweÎ KziAv‡b mgv‡Ri mKj †ÿ‡Î Zvi c~Y© AskMÖn‡Y †h-†Kvb ai‡bi evav mwi‡q †djvi wb‡`©k †`qv Av‡Q|Õ (p24)

Ôgymwjg mgvR hviv †bZ…Z¡ w`‡”Qb Zuv‡`i Rb¨ wb‡`©k n‡”Q-Zuviv mgv‡Ri myweavewÂZ e¨w³‡`i Luy‡R †ei Ki‡eb, G‡`i Avcb fvB-‡ev‡bi gZ gh©v`v †`‡eb Ges hv‡`i mvg_©¨ Av‡Q Zv‡`i mvnv‡h¨ G ai‡bi e¨w³‡`i Rxebgvb DbœZ Ki‡eb|Õ (p24)

Bmjvg Zvi Abymvix‡`i cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡`i cÖwZ mnvbyf~wZkxj nIqvi wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Q| Bmjvg ag© g‡Z, Avjøvn cÖ‡Z¨K gvbyl‡K c„w_ex‡Z †cÖiY K‡i‡Qb| ZvB †Kvb gvby‡li Rb¨ †Kvb ai‡bi evav ˆZwi Kivi AwaKvi gvby‡li †bB| eis Avjøvni B”Qv nj Avgiv †hb Ávb I m¤ú‡`i h_vh_ e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g mKj wkï‡K eo K‡i Zzwj (Miles, 1995)| hviv G aviYvq wek¦vm iv‡Lb bv, Zviv cÿvšÍ‡i Avjøvni qvkxj wb‡`©‡ki weiæ×vPiY K‡ib| Avevi hv‡`i iæZi gvÎvi cÖwZewÜZv Av‡Q Zv‡`i wb‡q e‡j‡Qb,

e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g mKj wkï‡K eo K‡i Zzwj (Miles, 1995)| hviv G aviYvq wek¦vm iv‡Lb bv, Zviv cÿvšÍ‡i Avjøvni qvkxj wb‡`©‡ki weiæ×vPiY K‡ib| Avevi hv‡`i iæZi gvÎvi cÖwZewÜZv Av‡Q Zv‡`i wb‡q e‡j‡Qb,

Ôhviv DcvRb© Ki‡Z GKevi‡B Aÿg Ges Avi †Kvb ai‡bi mn‡hvwMZv cvevi m‡y hvM †bB Zv‡`i Rb¨ mn‡hvwMZvgj~ K wKQz Kiv c‡Ö Z¨K mvg_© evb gvb‡y li vwqZ|¡ Avjvø n †h-mKj e¨w³‡`i †Kvb ai‡bi AÿgZv w`‡q cw„ _ex‡Z cvVvb, Zv‡`i Rb¨ wKQy Kiv Aek¨B Avjvø ni ev›`v‡`i KZe© ¨| G ai‡bi vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi Rb¨ A¯w^ ¯‡Í Z †fvMvi †Kvb m‡y hvM †bB|Ó (p. 58)

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx56 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 57

Hassan (1990) Bmjvg ag© Ges ms¯‹…wZi we‡kølY †_‡K gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Qb, cÖwZewÜZv Av‡Q Ggb wkï‡`i Rb¨ fv‡jv wKQz Kiv †Kej †`L‡Z fvj jv‡M Zv bq, eis GwU Avjøvni Kv‡Q †_‡K ingZ cvIqvi GKwU Dcvq|

GKB ai‡bi †ek wKQz D`vniY wn›`y, †eŠ× Ges wLª÷vb a‡g©I cvIqv hvq| wKš‘ `~f©vM¨RbK mZ¨ n‡”Q, Avgiv Avgv‡`i wkÿK‡`i cÖ¯‘Z Kivi mgq a‡g©i G mKj ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wb‡`©kbvi e¨envi Kwi bv, hvi gva¨‡g wkÿK‡`i gvbwmKZvq cwieZ©b Avbv m¤¢e| Z‡e Avgv‡`i wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wkÿK cÖwkÿKMY weZK© Ki‡Z cv‡ib GB †f‡e †h, ag©xq wek¦vm‡K wK wkÿK cÖwkÿ‡Yi g‡a¨ AšÍf©y³ Kiv wVK n‡e? GLb cÖkœ n‡”Q, wkÿKiv hw` me mgq ag©xq wek¦vm‡K g‡b iv‡Lb (†hgb : wkïi wfbœ wfbœ Pvwn`vi cÖwZ mnbkxj _vKv) , Zvn‡j †kªwYK‡ÿ cvV`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î †Kb ag©xq wek¦v‡mi cÖwZ kª×vkxj _vK‡Qb bv (†hgb: wfbœ wfbœ Pvwn`v Av‡Q, Ggb wkï ¯‹y‡j fwZ© Kiv‡”Qb bv)? ZvB Avgv‡`i wkÿv e¨e¯’vq †h mgm¨v we`¨gvb, Zv mgvav‡bi Rb¨ cvðv‡Z¨i w`‡K bv ZvwK‡q Avgv‡`i HwZn¨ I ag©xq wek¦v‡mi Ici iæZ¡ †`Iqv DwPZ wKbv, Zv †f‡e †`Lvi mgq G‡m‡Q|

ZvwË¡K Áv‡bi cwieZ©b (Changing Head)GKxf~Z †kªwYK‡ÿ cvV`v‡bi Rb¨ GKRb fwel¨r wkÿK‡`i Kx ai‡bi ZvwË¡K Ávb I `ÿZvi cÖ‡qvRb, Zv GKwU AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wRÁvmv| G wel‡q †ek wKQ~ djcÖm~ M‡elYv Kiv n‡q‡Q| G mKj M‡elYvi g‡a¨ European Agency for Development in Special Needs Education (2005) KZ…©K cwiPvwjZ M‡elYvwU AZ¨šÍ mg‡qvc‡hvMx| we`¨vj‡q GKxf~Z wkÿvi PPv© †Kgb n‡”Q Zv Rvbvi Rb¨ GB M‡elYvwU‡Z wewfbœ AvšÍ©RvwZK M‡elYvcÎ chv©‡jvPbv K‡i‡Q, wewfbœ we‡klÁ‡`i mv‡_ Av‡jvPbvi cvkvcvwk 14wU †`‡ki we`¨vjq Ges †kªwYKÿ ch©‡eÿY Kiv n‡q‡Q| M‡elYvwUi GKwU D‡jø¨L‡hvM¨ djvdj nj, †h wkÿv c×wZ we‡kl Pvwn`vm¤úbœ& wkï‡`i Rb¨ fvj Zv mvaviY wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨I Kvh©Ki (p.4) | G M‡elYvq wkÿK‡`i Rb¨ 5wU †KŠkj wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q, hv Zviv GKxf~Z †kªwYK‡ÿ e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| G¸‡jv nj: mn‡hvwMZvg~jK wkLb (Co-operative

learning) , mn‡hvwMZvg~jK wkÿY (Co-operative teaching), mevi mv‡_ GK‡Î mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiv (Collaborative problem solving), wewfbœ `ÿZvi wkï‡`i wb‡q `j MVb Kiv Ges Kvh©Ki wkÿ‡bi cÖ‡qvM NUv‡bv|

mn‡hvwMZvg~jK wkLb (Co-operative learning) ej‡Z †evSvq †kªwYK‡ÿ PviR‡bi Kg wkÿv_©x wb‡q GKwU `j MVb Kiv, hviv G‡K Aci‡K mvnvh¨ Kivi gva¨‡g wkL‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î mePvB‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡”Q ‡ji cÖ‡Z¨K m`‡m¨i Ávb I ÿZv AR©‡bi Rb¨ Ab¨ m`m¨‡`i mn‡hvwMZvi Ici wbf©i K‡i| hw` ‡ji GKRb m`m¨ wVKgZ Zvi vwqZ¡ cvjb bv K‡i, Zvn‡j cy‡iv ‡ji Kvh©µ‡gi Ici Zvi †bwZevPK cÖfve †d‡j|

mn‡hvwMZvg~jK wkÿY (Co-operative teaching) ej‡Z †evSvq, GKRb wkÿK Zuvi we`¨vjq wKsev evB‡ii GK ev GKvwaK wkÿ‡Ki mn‡hvwMZv wb‡q Zvi †kªwYK‡ÿ cvV`vb Ki‡eb| G ai‡bi c×wZ‡Z †kªwYwkÿK Zvi we`¨vjq Ges we`¨vj‡qi evB‡ii m¤ú` e¨envi K‡i †kªwYK‡ÿi Rb¨ Kvw•ÿZ wkLb cwi‡ek Zwi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

mevi mv‡_ GK‡Î mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z cviv (Collaborative problem solving) GKwU †gŠwjK `ÿZv, hv GKRb wkÿK GKxfZ~ †kwª YKÿ Qvov Ab¨vb¨ †kwª YK‡ÿI c‡Ö qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| GRb¨

wkÿKMY Aek¨B Zvu ‡`i mnKgx© , AwffveK I bxwZ wbav© iK‡`i mv‡_ Avjvc-Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g †kwª YK‡ÿi wewfbœ mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡eb| GRb¨ GKRb wkÿK‡`i g‡a¨ wy U Yvewj _vKv DwPZ, Gi c_Ö gwU n‡jv; †h-†Kvb D™Z~¢ mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z cviv, wØZxqwU n‡jv GKRb KvhK© i †kvª Zv nIqv|

wfbœ wfbœ ˆewk‡ó¨i wkÿv_©x‡`i wb‡q Kvh©Ki `j MVb KivI wkÿ‡Ki Av‡iKwU cÖ‡qvRbxq `ÿZv| D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv hvq, hw` GKRb wkïi „wó‡Z mgm¨v _v‡K, Zvn‡j j MV‡bi mgq Zv‡K Ab¨vb¨ wkÿv_x© hv‡`iI `„wó‡Z mgm¨v Av‡Q, Zv‡`i mv‡_ bv ewm‡q eis Ggb GKwU `‡ji AšÍf©y³ Ki‡Z n‡e †hLv‡b wkïiv ¯^vfvweK `„wó m¤úbœ n‡e| Avevi †Kvb †Kvb wkÿv_x©i AvPi‡Y mgm¨v _vK‡Z cv‡i, †m‡ÿ‡Î Zv‡KI GKB ai‡bi wkÿv_©x‡`i mv‡_ bv †i‡L †kªwYi Ab¨vb¨ wkÿv_x© we‡kl K‡i hv‡`i `ÿZv fv‡jv Zv‡`i mv‡_ `j MVb Ki‡Z n‡e| GLv‡b GKwU welq jÿbxq †h, GB `‡ji m`m¨‡`i me mgq cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡e|

me‡kl ÿZv †hwU LyeB cÖ‡qvRbxq Zv nj ÔGKxf~Z wkÿYÕ (Inclusive teaching), †hLv‡b GKRb wkÿK‡K Zuvi wkÿv_x©‡`i `ÿZv m¤ú‡K© cy‡ivcywi aviYv ivL‡Z nq Ges cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki cÖ‡qvRb‡K we‡ePbv K‡i cvV cwiKíbv cÖYqb I wkÿvµ‡gi wewfbœ w`K cwieZ©b Kivi †ÿ‡Î wkÿK‡K `ÿ n‡Z nq|

wkÿK‡`i Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Av‡iv `yÕwU ¸Yvewji cÖ_gwU nj †kªwYK‡ÿi mKj wkï‡K DÏxß Ki‡Z cvivi ÿZv| Avi wØZxqwU nj cÖwkÿ‡Ki wbR¯^ wkÿY c×wZ g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z cvivi ÿgZv| cÖ_g `ÿZvwU AR©b Kivi Rb¨ GKRb wkÿK‡K Aek¨B cÖ‡Z¨K wkÿv_©xi m¤ú‡K© Ges Zv‡`i fvj jvMvi welq m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z n‡e| GKRb wkÿK hw` Rv‡bb Zvi †kªwYK‡ÿi †ewki fvM wkÿv_©xB wµ‡KU †Lj‡Z fvjev‡m, Zvn‡j wZwb G Z_¨wU cvV cwiKíbvi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| †hgb, hw` wkÿK AvZ¥Rxebx wKfv‡e wjL‡Z nq wkÿv_©x‡`i Zv †kLv‡Z Pvb, Zvn‡j wZwb wkÿv_©x‡`i Zv‡`i cQ‡›`i wµ‡KU †L‡jvqvo m¤ú‡K© wjL‡Z ej‡Z cv‡ib| ZLb wkÿK †`L‡Z cv‡eb wkÿv_©xiv †jLvi e¨vcv‡i A‡bK AvMÖn †`Lv‡”Q, KviY GwU Zv‡`i cQ‡›`i wel‡qi mv‡_ mswkøó| Gfv‡e wkÿK hw` wkÿv_©x‡`i wewfbœ cQ‡›`i welq‡K †K›`ª K‡i cvV`vb K‡ib, Zvn‡j wkÿv_©xiv †kªwYK‡ÿ A‡bK †ewk g‡bv‡hvMx n‡e|

wØZxq `ÿZvwUi Rb¨ wkÿ‡Ki wb‡Ri wkÿY †KŠkj‡K g~j¨vqb Kivi `ÿZv AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e| wkÿK Aek¨B Zvi wb‡Ri wkÿY †KŠk‡ji †h welq¸‡jv wkÿv_©x‡`i wkL‡b Kvh©Ki f~wgKv ivL‡Q bv Zv Luy‡R †ei Ki‡eb| GQvov wkÿ‡Ki g‡a¨ Aek¨B cÖwZwbqZ A‡b¨i KvQ †_‡K †kLvi AvMÖn _vK‡e, GgbwK wkÿv_©x‡`i gZvgZI wZwb MÖnY Ki‡eb|

GZÿ‡Y nqZ A‡b‡Ki g‡a¨ cÖkœ †R‡M‡Q, hviv cÖvK-PvKzwiKvjxb cÖwkÿY wb‡”Qb wewfbœ cÖwZewÜZv m¤ú‡K© RvbvUv Zv‡`i Rb¨ iæZ¡c~Y© nIqv m‡Ë¡I G wb‡q †Kvb Av‡jvPbv wKsev w`K wb‡`©kbv †`Iqv n‡”Q bv †Kb? Gi Rb¨ g~jZ `yÕwU KviY i‡q‡Q| cÖ_gZ, we‡kl wkÿvi Rb¨ Avjv`v †Kvb wkÿY weÁvb †bB| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, cÖwZewÜZv Av‡Q ( †hgb: Down syndrome ) Ggb wkïi wkÿvi Rb¨ †Kej †h †Kvb GKwU c×wZB Kvh©Ki n‡e G ai‡bi wbðqZv †`qv hvq bv| wØZxqZ, cÖwZewÜZv m¤ú‡K© †R‡b Zvici cÖwZeÜx wkï‡`i wkÿvq Kvh©Ki f~wgKv ivLvi wPšÍv Kiv AZ¨šÍ fzj GKwU aviYv| g~jZ wkÿK‡`i cÖwkÿ‡Y cÖwZewÜZv wb‡q Lye †ewk ¸iæË¡ bv †`Iqvi GwUB cÖavb KviY|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx56 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 57

Hassan (1990) Bmjvg ag© Ges ms¯‹…wZi we‡kølY †_‡K gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Qb, cÖwZewÜZv Av‡Q Ggb wkï‡`i Rb¨ fv‡jv wKQz Kiv †Kej †`L‡Z fvj jv‡M Zv bq, eis GwU Avjøvni Kv‡Q †_‡K ingZ cvIqvi GKwU Dcvq|

GKB ai‡bi †ek wKQz D`vniY wn›`y, †eŠ× Ges wLª÷vb a‡g©I cvIqv hvq| wKš‘ `~f©vM¨RbK mZ¨ n‡”Q, Avgiv Avgv‡`i wkÿK‡`i cÖ¯‘Z Kivi mgq a‡g©i G mKj ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wb‡`©kbvi e¨envi Kwi bv, hvi gva¨‡g wkÿK‡`i gvbwmKZvq cwieZ©b Avbv m¤¢e| Z‡e Avgv‡`i wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wkÿK cÖwkÿKMY weZK© Ki‡Z cv‡ib GB †f‡e †h, ag©xq wek¦vm‡K wK wkÿK cÖwkÿ‡Yi g‡a¨ AšÍf©y³ Kiv wVK n‡e? GLb cÖkœ n‡”Q, wkÿKiv hw` me mgq ag©xq wek¦vm‡K g‡b iv‡Lb (†hgb : wkïi wfbœ wfbœ Pvwn`vi cÖwZ mnbkxj _vKv) , Zvn‡j †kªwYK‡ÿ cvV`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î †Kb ag©xq wek¦v‡mi cÖwZ kª×vkxj _vK‡Qb bv (†hgb: wfbœ wfbœ Pvwn`v Av‡Q, Ggb wkï ¯‹y‡j fwZ© Kiv‡”Qb bv)? ZvB Avgv‡`i wkÿv e¨e¯’vq †h mgm¨v we`¨gvb, Zv mgvav‡bi Rb¨ cvðv‡Z¨i w`‡K bv ZvwK‡q Avgv‡`i HwZn¨ I ag©xq wek¦v‡mi Ici iæZ¡ †`Iqv DwPZ wKbv, Zv †f‡e †`Lvi mgq G‡m‡Q|

ZvwË¡K Áv‡bi cwieZ©b (Changing Head)GKxf~Z †kªwYK‡ÿ cvV`v‡bi Rb¨ GKRb fwel¨r wkÿK‡`i Kx ai‡bi ZvwË¡K Ávb I `ÿZvi cÖ‡qvRb, Zv GKwU AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wRÁvmv| G wel‡q †ek wKQ~ djcÖm~ M‡elYv Kiv n‡q‡Q| G mKj M‡elYvi g‡a¨ European Agency for Development in Special Needs Education (2005) KZ…©K cwiPvwjZ M‡elYvwU AZ¨šÍ mg‡qvc‡hvMx| we`¨vj‡q GKxf~Z wkÿvi PPv© †Kgb n‡”Q Zv Rvbvi Rb¨ GB M‡elYvwU‡Z wewfbœ AvšÍ©RvwZK M‡elYvcÎ chv©‡jvPbv K‡i‡Q, wewfbœ we‡klÁ‡`i mv‡_ Av‡jvPbvi cvkvcvwk 14wU †`‡ki we`¨vjq Ges †kªwYKÿ ch©‡eÿY Kiv n‡q‡Q| M‡elYvwUi GKwU D‡jø¨L‡hvM¨ djvdj nj, †h wkÿv c×wZ we‡kl Pvwn`vm¤úbœ& wkï‡`i Rb¨ fvj Zv mvaviY wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨I Kvh©Ki (p.4) | G M‡elYvq wkÿK‡`i Rb¨ 5wU †KŠkj wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q, hv Zviv GKxf~Z †kªwYK‡ÿ e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| G¸‡jv nj: mn‡hvwMZvg~jK wkLb (Co-operative

learning) , mn‡hvwMZvg~jK wkÿY (Co-operative teaching), mevi mv‡_ GK‡Î mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiv (Collaborative problem solving), wewfbœ `ÿZvi wkï‡`i wb‡q `j MVb Kiv Ges Kvh©Ki wkÿ‡bi cÖ‡qvM NUv‡bv|

mn‡hvwMZvg~jK wkLb (Co-operative learning) ej‡Z †evSvq †kªwYK‡ÿ PviR‡bi Kg wkÿv_©x wb‡q GKwU `j MVb Kiv, hviv G‡K Aci‡K mvnvh¨ Kivi gva¨‡g wkL‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î mePvB‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡”Q ‡ji cÖ‡Z¨K m`‡m¨i Ávb I ÿZv AR©‡bi Rb¨ Ab¨ m`m¨‡`i mn‡hvwMZvi Ici wbf©i K‡i| hw` ‡ji GKRb m`m¨ wVKgZ Zvi vwqZ¡ cvjb bv K‡i, Zvn‡j cy‡iv ‡ji Kvh©µ‡gi Ici Zvi †bwZevPK cÖfve †d‡j|

mn‡hvwMZvg~jK wkÿY (Co-operative teaching) ej‡Z †evSvq, GKRb wkÿK Zuvi we`¨vjq wKsev evB‡ii GK ev GKvwaK wkÿ‡Ki mn‡hvwMZv wb‡q Zvi †kªwYK‡ÿ cvV`vb Ki‡eb| G ai‡bi c×wZ‡Z †kªwYwkÿK Zvi we`¨vjq Ges we`¨vj‡qi evB‡ii m¤ú` e¨envi K‡i †kªwYK‡ÿi Rb¨ Kvw•ÿZ wkLb cwi‡ek Zwi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

mevi mv‡_ GK‡Î mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z cviv (Collaborative problem solving) GKwU †gŠwjK `ÿZv, hv GKRb wkÿK GKxfZ~ †kwª YKÿ Qvov Ab¨vb¨ †kwª YK‡ÿI c‡Ö qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| GRb¨

wkÿKMY Aek¨B Zvu ‡`i mnKgx© , AwffveK I bxwZ wbav© iK‡`i mv‡_ Avjvc-Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g †kwª YK‡ÿi wewfbœ mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡eb| GRb¨ GKRb wkÿK‡`i g‡a¨ wy U Yvewj _vKv DwPZ, Gi c_Ö gwU n‡jv; †h-†Kvb D™Z~¢ mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z cviv, wØZxqwU n‡jv GKRb KvhK© i †kvª Zv nIqv|

wfbœ wfbœ ˆewk‡ó¨i wkÿv_©x‡`i wb‡q Kvh©Ki `j MVb KivI wkÿ‡Ki Av‡iKwU cÖ‡qvRbxq `ÿZv| D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv hvq, hw` GKRb wkïi „wó‡Z mgm¨v _v‡K, Zvn‡j j MV‡bi mgq Zv‡K Ab¨vb¨ wkÿv_x© hv‡`iI `„wó‡Z mgm¨v Av‡Q, Zv‡`i mv‡_ bv ewm‡q eis Ggb GKwU `‡ji AšÍf©y³ Ki‡Z n‡e †hLv‡b wkïiv ¯^vfvweK `„wó m¤úbœ n‡e| Avevi †Kvb †Kvb wkÿv_x©i AvPi‡Y mgm¨v _vK‡Z cv‡i, †m‡ÿ‡Î Zv‡KI GKB ai‡bi wkÿv_©x‡`i mv‡_ bv †i‡L †kªwYi Ab¨vb¨ wkÿv_x© we‡kl K‡i hv‡`i `ÿZv fv‡jv Zv‡`i mv‡_ `j MVb Ki‡Z n‡e| GLv‡b GKwU welq jÿbxq †h, GB `‡ji m`m¨‡`i me mgq cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡e|

me‡kl ÿZv †hwU LyeB cÖ‡qvRbxq Zv nj ÔGKxf~Z wkÿYÕ (Inclusive teaching), †hLv‡b GKRb wkÿK‡K Zuvi wkÿv_x©‡`i `ÿZv m¤ú‡K© cy‡ivcywi aviYv ivL‡Z nq Ges cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki cÖ‡qvRb‡K we‡ePbv K‡i cvV cwiKíbv cÖYqb I wkÿvµ‡gi wewfbœ w`K cwieZ©b Kivi †ÿ‡Î wkÿK‡K `ÿ n‡Z nq|

wkÿK‡`i Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Av‡iv `yÕwU ¸Yvewji cÖ_gwU nj †kªwYK‡ÿi mKj wkï‡K DÏxß Ki‡Z cvivi ÿZv| Avi wØZxqwU nj cÖwkÿ‡Ki wbR¯^ wkÿY c×wZ g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z cvivi ÿgZv| cÖ_g `ÿZvwU AR©b Kivi Rb¨ GKRb wkÿK‡K Aek¨B cÖ‡Z¨K wkÿv_©xi m¤ú‡K© Ges Zv‡`i fvj jvMvi welq m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z n‡e| GKRb wkÿK hw` Rv‡bb Zvi †kªwYK‡ÿi †ewki fvM wkÿv_©xB wµ‡KU †Lj‡Z fvjev‡m, Zvn‡j wZwb G Z_¨wU cvV cwiKíbvi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| †hgb, hw` wkÿK AvZ¥Rxebx wKfv‡e wjL‡Z nq wkÿv_©x‡`i Zv †kLv‡Z Pvb, Zvn‡j wZwb wkÿv_©x‡`i Zv‡`i cQ‡›`i wµ‡KU †L‡jvqvo m¤ú‡K© wjL‡Z ej‡Z cv‡ib| ZLb wkÿK †`L‡Z cv‡eb wkÿv_©xiv †jLvi e¨vcv‡i A‡bK AvMÖn †`Lv‡”Q, KviY GwU Zv‡`i cQ‡›`i wel‡qi mv‡_ mswkøó| Gfv‡e wkÿK hw` wkÿv_©x‡`i wewfbœ cQ‡›`i welq‡K †K›`ª K‡i cvV`vb K‡ib, Zvn‡j wkÿv_©xiv †kªwYK‡ÿ A‡bK †ewk g‡bv‡hvMx n‡e|

wØZxq `ÿZvwUi Rb¨ wkÿ‡Ki wb‡Ri wkÿY †KŠkj‡K g~j¨vqb Kivi `ÿZv AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e| wkÿK Aek¨B Zvi wb‡Ri wkÿY †KŠk‡ji †h welq¸‡jv wkÿv_©x‡`i wkL‡b Kvh©Ki f~wgKv ivL‡Q bv Zv Luy‡R †ei Ki‡eb| GQvov wkÿ‡Ki g‡a¨ Aek¨B cÖwZwbqZ A‡b¨i KvQ †_‡K †kLvi AvMÖn _vK‡e, GgbwK wkÿv_©x‡`i gZvgZI wZwb MÖnY Ki‡eb|

GZÿ‡Y nqZ A‡b‡Ki g‡a¨ cÖkœ †R‡M‡Q, hviv cÖvK-PvKzwiKvjxb cÖwkÿY wb‡”Qb wewfbœ cÖwZewÜZv m¤ú‡K© RvbvUv Zv‡`i Rb¨ iæZ¡c~Y© nIqv m‡Ë¡I G wb‡q †Kvb Av‡jvPbv wKsev w`K wb‡`©kbv †`Iqv n‡”Q bv †Kb? Gi Rb¨ g~jZ `yÕwU KviY i‡q‡Q| cÖ_gZ, we‡kl wkÿvi Rb¨ Avjv`v †Kvb wkÿY weÁvb †bB| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, cÖwZewÜZv Av‡Q ( †hgb: Down syndrome ) Ggb wkïi wkÿvi Rb¨ †Kej †h †Kvb GKwU c×wZB Kvh©Ki n‡e G ai‡bi wbðqZv †`qv hvq bv| wØZxqZ, cÖwZewÜZv m¤ú‡K© †R‡b Zvici cÖwZeÜx wkï‡`i wkÿvq Kvh©Ki f~wgKv ivLvi wPšÍv Kiv AZ¨šÍ fzj GKwU aviYv| g~jZ wkÿK‡`i cÖwkÿ‡Y cÖwZewÜZv wb‡q Lye †ewk ¸iæË¡ bv †`Iqvi GwUB cÖavb KviY|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx58 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 59

gv‡S gv‡S wkÿv_©x‡`i cov‡bvi mgq cÖvqB GKwU D`vniY Avwg e¨envi Kwi| Avwg Avgvi wkÿv_©x‡`i Kv‡Q Rvb‡Z PvB, nvwg` bv‡gi 14 eQ‡ii evjK hvi eyw×MZ cÖwZewÜZv Av‡Q, Zvi c‡ÿ Kx Kx Kiv m¤¢e| Avgvi †ewki fvM wkÿv_©xB eyw× cÖwZewÜZvi gvÎv Abyhvqx nvwg` Kx Kx †bwZevPK KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvi ZvwjKv ˆZwi K‡i| nqZ GKRb wKsev `yRb wkÿv_©x nvwg` BwZevPK hv hv Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvi ZvwjKv ˆZwi K‡i (D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv hvq: nvwg` nqZ QvqvQwe †`L‡Z cQ›` Ki‡e wKsev †gvUi mvB‡K‡j Po‡Z cQ›` Ki‡e BZ¨vw`)| GUvB cÖPwjZ ixwZ †h Avgv‡`i hLb cÖwZeÜx wkï‡`i Kg©KvÐ wb‡q wPšÍv Ki‡Z ejv nq, ZLb Avgiv Zv‡`i †bwZevPK AvPiY wb‡qB †ewk fvwe| Avevi Avwg hLb Avgvi wkÿv_©x‡`i Kv‡Q nvwg‡`i Rb¨ Dchy³ wkÿv`v‡bi †KŠkj m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z PvB, ZLb Zv‡`i DËi¸‡jv Avwg GZÿY hv Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ Zvi mv‡_ A‡bKvs‡kB wg‡j hvq| A_©vr mePvB‡Z ¸iæË¡c~Y© e¨vcvi n‡”Q wkÿK‡`i cÖvK-PvKzwiKvjxb cÖwkÿ‡Yi mgq †kLv‡Z n‡e cÖ‡Z¨K wkÿv_©xB G‡K Ac‡ii †P‡q wfbœ Ges wkÿK nIqvi ci GUv Zviv Avwe®‹vi Ki‡eb †Kb GK wkÿv_©xi PvB‡Z Ab¨ wkÿv_©xi AvPiY I Pvwn`v wfbœ| Av‡iKwU ¸iæË¡c~Y© welq n‡”Q wkÿKiv cÖwkÿ‡Yi mgq cÖ‡Z¨K wkÿv_©xi `ye©j w`K bv †`‡L Zvi mej w`K¸‡jv Lyu‡R †ei Kivi ÿZv AR©b Ki‡eb|

e¨envwiK `ÿZvi cwieZ©b (Changing hands)cÖvK-PvKzwiKvjxb cÖwkÿ‡Yi mgq GKwU Ab¨Zg evav nj cÖvKwUKvg / Abykxj‡bi Rb¨ Av`k© we`¨vjq Luy‡R cvIqv †ek KwVb| d‡j wkÿKiv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K †h ZvwË¡K Ávb AR©b K‡i Zvi e¨envwiK Abykxjb Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| G ai‡bi Av`k© we`¨vjq Luy‡R bv cvIqvi A‡bK KviY Av‡Q| †hgb: GKxf~ZKi‡Yi aviYv wb‡q we`¨vjq KZ…©cÿ Ges bxwZ wba©viK‡`i g‡a¨ gZv`©‡ki cv_K©¨| cÖv_wgK wKsev gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi wkÿK‡`i †ewki fvMB GKxf~Z wkÿvi Ici †Kvb AvbyôvwbK †Kvm© m¤úbœ K‡ib wb| ZvB G mKj wkÿ‡Ki Kv‡Q GKxf~ZKi‡Yi PP©v †`LvUvI A‡hŠw³K| Z‡e Lye Aí msL¨K wkÿK Av‡Qb huviv GKxf~ZKi‡Yi gvbwmKZv wb‡q Zwi n‡q‡Qb|

G‡ÿ‡Î wkÿv gš¿Yvjq wKsev wkÿv †evW©¸‡jv mviv †`k †_‡K Av`k© wkÿK‡`i Luy‡R †ei K‡i cyi¯‹…Z Ki‡Z cv‡i, Gi d‡j Zviv wb‡Riv †hgb DrmvwnZ n‡eb †Zgwb Ab¨‡`i Kv‡QI D`vniY n‡q _vK‡eb| Avgiv hw` GKxf~Z wkÿvi GKwU g‡Wj Luy‡R †c‡Z PvB Zvn‡j evB‡ii †`‡k bv ZvwK‡q Avgv‡`i †`‡kB nq‡Zv †Kvb cÖZ¨šÍ MÖvgv‡j ev kn‡i GKxf~Z wkÿvi Rb¨ Av`k© GKwU †kªwYKÿ Lyu‡R †c‡Z cvwi| wKš‘ mePvB‡Z eo mgm¨v n‡e hw` Avgiv G ai‡bi we`¨vjq I wkÿK Luy‡R bv cvB, Zvn‡j Avgv‡`i Kx KiYxq? wek¦we`¨vjq wKsev wkÿK cÖwkÿK Bbw÷wUD‡Ui KvQvKvwQ GKwU g‡Wj we`¨vjq ¯’vcb Kiv GKwU mgvavb n‡Z cv‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wkÿK‡`i DwPZ n‡e we`¨vj‡qi wkÿK‡`i mv‡_ GK‡Î KvR Kiv| G‡Z K‡i we`¨vj‡qi wkÿKiv `ÿ †ckvRxex e¨w³‡`i ms¯ú‡k© †_‡K KvR Kivi my‡hvM cv‡eb Ges Zv‡`i Kv‡Ri gvb fv‡jv n‡e| Avevi Ab¨w`‡K wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wkÿKivI Zv‡`i M‡elYvi GKwU cwi‡ek Luy‡R cv‡eb| Avm‡j welqwU h‡Zv mnRfv‡e †jLv †M‡Q, ev¯Íevqb KivUv A‡Zv mnR KvR bq| GRb¨ wek¦we`¨vjq Ges we`¨vjq `ywU cÖwZôv‡bi wkÿK I Ab¨vb¨ Kgx©‡`i GK‡Î KvR Kivi Rb¨ cÖwZÁve× n‡Z n‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î we`¨vjq KZ…©c‡ÿiI wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wkÿK‡`i KvQ †_‡K mn‡hvwMZv †bIqvi gvbwmKZv _vK‡Z n‡e| Avi Dfq cÖwZôv‡b ch©vß Avw_©K Aby`v‡bi e¨e¯’v _vK‡Z n‡e|

`vZv ms¯’v¸‡jvi g‡a¨ UNESCO, Aus-Aid, Save the Child, Plan Australia G ai‡bi cÖ‡R‡± mnvqZv Ki‡Z AvMÖnx| d‡j G ai‡bi cÖ‡R±¸‡jv `xN© †gqv‡` cwiPvjbv Kiv m¤¢e| G ai‡bi cÖ‡R± †KejgvÎ wkï, Zvi cwievi, wkÿK Ges we`¨vj‡qi Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b K‡i bv, eis Zv cÖwZeÜx Ges myweavewÂZ e¨w³‡`i cÖwZ mgv‡Ri g‡bvfve cwieZ©‡b f~wgKv iv‡L| Avevi hviv cÖvK-PvKzwiKvjxb cÖwkÿY wb‡”Qb, Zv‡`i‡K hw` †kl ch©šÍ GKxf~Z ‹z‡j Abykxj‡bi Rb¨ cvVv‡bv m¤¢e bv nq, Zvn‡j Zv‡`i G ai‡bi we`¨vj‡q Av¨vmvBb‡g›U †`Iqv †h‡Z cv‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î Av¨vmvBb‡g‡›Ui welq n‡Z cv‡i, †kªwYK‡ÿ ev¯Í‡e Kx n‡”Q Ges Zviv wkÿK n‡j GKwU Av`k© GKxf~Z †kªwYKÿ Zwi Ki‡Z Kx Kx Ki‡Zb| Gi gva¨‡g Zviv PvKzwi ïiæ Kivi c~‡e© ev¯Íe AwfÁZv jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Dcmsnvi RvwZms‡Ni bxwZgvjvi bw_cÎ (e.g World Plan of Action for the International decade of

Disabled Persons, 1983) we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †mLv‡b cÖwZewÜZv I Zv‡`i wkÿvi wel‡q cvðv‡Z¨i D`vi gvbwmKZv‡K Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| hw`I RvwZmsN-†NvwlZ Gme bxwZgvjvwU D`vi gvbwmKZvi ewn:cÖKvk, wKš‘ Ab¨w`‡K Gai‡bi bxwZgvjv cÖYqb Awb”QvK…Zfv‡e n‡jI Jcwb‡ewkK ms¯‹…wZi cÖfve †dj‡Q (Miles, 1995)| A_v©r GmKj bxwZgvjv cvðv‡Z¨i cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡`i Pvwn`v c~iY Ki‡Z cvi‡jI Ab¨vb¨ †`‡k Zv cvi‡e bv (Miles, 1995)| Zvn‡j GB welqwU wK we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`‡ki miKv‡ii wbR¯^ bxwZ _vKv m‡Ë¡I Z…Yg~j ch©v‡q ev †kªwYK‡ÿ GKxf~Z wkÿvi ev¯Íevq‡b Kvh©Ki f~wgKv ivL‡Z evav w`‡”Q? ZvB AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’vi cvkvcvwk cÖwZwU †`‡ki miKvi‡K fve‡Z n‡e †h, Avgv‡`i cÖPwjZ e¨e¯’vq GKxf~ZKi‡Yi Rb¨ †ek kw³kvjx wKQz Dcv`vb we`¨gvb ( †hgb: mg„×kvjx HwZn¨ I ag©xq wek¦vm) hvi gva¨‡g Avgiv `xN©w`b a‡i †h cwieZ©‡bi ¯^cœ †`LwQ Zvi ev¯Íevqb m¤¢e|

GLb Avgv‡`i wkÿK cÖwkÿ‡Yi welqwU wb‡q bZzbfv‡e fve‡Z n‡e, †hLv‡b wkÿK‡`i e¨envwiK `ÿZv e„w×i Rb¨ KvR Ki‡Z n‡e| hw` Avgiv GKRb wkÿK‡K e¨envwiK Kv‡R ÿ bv K‡i †Kej

gvbwmKZv, ZvwË¡K Ávb I e¨envwiK cÖ‡qv‡Mi `ÿZv e„w×i cwieZ©b NUv‡Z PvB, Zvn‡j wkÿKiv ïay ˆ`bw›`b iæwUbgvwdK wkÿ‡Yi / cvV`v‡bi `ÿZv AR©b Ki‡e| wKš‘ Avgiv Rvwb wkÿK cÖwkÿ‡Yi Rb¨ †h †cÖvMÖvg eZ©gv‡b Pvjy Av‡Q Zvi cwieZ©b mvab Kiv Lye mnR bq| Avevi GLbB hw` G †cÖvMÖvg cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ †Kvb c`‡ÿc †bIqv bv nq, Zvn‡j we`¨gvb Ae¯’v Av‡iv Lvivc n‡e| d‡j Avgv‡`i mgv‡R hv‡`i Av‡iv †ewk gh©v`v, DbœZ gv‡bi wkÿv I AvZ¥m¤§vb cvIqvi AwaKvi i‡q‡Q Zviv µgvMZ Ae‡nwjZ Ges ewÂZ n‡Z _vK‡eb|

References

Avramidis, E., Bayliss, P., & Burden, R. (2000) Student teachers attitudes towards the inclusion of children with special educational needs in the ordinary school. Teaching and Teacher Education. 16(3), 277-293.

Bazna M.S. & Hatab, T.A. (2005): Disability in the Qur'an, Journal of Religion, Disability & Health, 9(1), 5-27

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx58 evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx 59

gv‡S gv‡S wkÿv_©x‡`i cov‡bvi mgq cÖvqB GKwU D`vniY Avwg e¨envi Kwi| Avwg Avgvi wkÿv_©x‡`i Kv‡Q Rvb‡Z PvB, nvwg` bv‡gi 14 eQ‡ii evjK hvi eyw×MZ cÖwZewÜZv Av‡Q, Zvi c‡ÿ Kx Kx Kiv m¤¢e| Avgvi †ewki fvM wkÿv_©xB eyw× cÖwZewÜZvi gvÎv Abyhvqx nvwg` Kx Kx †bwZevPK KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvi ZvwjKv ˆZwi K‡i| nqZ GKRb wKsev `yRb wkÿv_©x nvwg` BwZevPK hv hv Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvi ZvwjKv ˆZwi K‡i (D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv hvq: nvwg` nqZ QvqvQwe †`L‡Z cQ›` Ki‡e wKsev †gvUi mvB‡K‡j Po‡Z cQ›` Ki‡e BZ¨vw`)| GUvB cÖPwjZ ixwZ †h Avgv‡`i hLb cÖwZeÜx wkï‡`i Kg©KvÐ wb‡q wPšÍv Ki‡Z ejv nq, ZLb Avgiv Zv‡`i †bwZevPK AvPiY wb‡qB †ewk fvwe| Avevi Avwg hLb Avgvi wkÿv_©x‡`i Kv‡Q nvwg‡`i Rb¨ Dchy³ wkÿv`v‡bi †KŠkj m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z PvB, ZLb Zv‡`i DËi¸‡jv Avwg GZÿY hv Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ Zvi mv‡_ A‡bKvs‡kB wg‡j hvq| A_©vr mePvB‡Z ¸iæË¡c~Y© e¨vcvi n‡”Q wkÿK‡`i cÖvK-PvKzwiKvjxb cÖwkÿ‡Yi mgq †kLv‡Z n‡e cÖ‡Z¨K wkÿv_©xB G‡K Ac‡ii †P‡q wfbœ Ges wkÿK nIqvi ci GUv Zviv Avwe®‹vi Ki‡eb †Kb GK wkÿv_©xi PvB‡Z Ab¨ wkÿv_©xi AvPiY I Pvwn`v wfbœ| Av‡iKwU ¸iæË¡c~Y© welq n‡”Q wkÿKiv cÖwkÿ‡Yi mgq cÖ‡Z¨K wkÿv_©xi `ye©j w`K bv †`‡L Zvi mej w`K¸‡jv Lyu‡R †ei Kivi ÿZv AR©b Ki‡eb|

e¨envwiK `ÿZvi cwieZ©b (Changing hands)cÖvK-PvKzwiKvjxb cÖwkÿ‡Yi mgq GKwU Ab¨Zg evav nj cÖvKwUKvg / Abykxj‡bi Rb¨ Av`k© we`¨vjq Luy‡R cvIqv †ek KwVb| d‡j wkÿKiv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K †h ZvwË¡K Ávb AR©b K‡i Zvi e¨envwiK Abykxjb Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| G ai‡bi Av`k© we`¨vjq Luy‡R bv cvIqvi A‡bK KviY Av‡Q| †hgb: GKxf~ZKi‡Yi aviYv wb‡q we`¨vjq KZ…©cÿ Ges bxwZ wba©viK‡`i g‡a¨ gZv`©‡ki cv_K©¨| cÖv_wgK wKsev gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi wkÿK‡`i †ewki fvMB GKxf~Z wkÿvi Ici †Kvb AvbyôvwbK †Kvm© m¤úbœ K‡ib wb| ZvB G mKj wkÿ‡Ki Kv‡Q GKxf~ZKi‡Yi PP©v †`LvUvI A‡hŠw³K| Z‡e Lye Aí msL¨K wkÿK Av‡Qb huviv GKxf~ZKi‡Yi gvbwmKZv wb‡q Zwi n‡q‡Qb|

G‡ÿ‡Î wkÿv gš¿Yvjq wKsev wkÿv †evW©¸‡jv mviv †`k †_‡K Av`k© wkÿK‡`i Luy‡R †ei K‡i cyi¯‹…Z Ki‡Z cv‡i, Gi d‡j Zviv wb‡Riv †hgb DrmvwnZ n‡eb †Zgwb Ab¨‡`i Kv‡QI D`vniY n‡q _vK‡eb| Avgiv hw` GKxf~Z wkÿvi GKwU g‡Wj Luy‡R †c‡Z PvB Zvn‡j evB‡ii †`‡k bv ZvwK‡q Avgv‡`i †`‡kB nq‡Zv †Kvb cÖZ¨šÍ MÖvgv‡j ev kn‡i GKxf~Z wkÿvi Rb¨ Av`k© GKwU †kªwYKÿ Lyu‡R †c‡Z cvwi| wKš‘ mePvB‡Z eo mgm¨v n‡e hw` Avgiv G ai‡bi we`¨vjq I wkÿK Luy‡R bv cvB, Zvn‡j Avgv‡`i Kx KiYxq? wek¦we`¨vjq wKsev wkÿK cÖwkÿK Bbw÷wUD‡Ui KvQvKvwQ GKwU g‡Wj we`¨vjq ¯’vcb Kiv GKwU mgvavb n‡Z cv‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wkÿK‡`i DwPZ n‡e we`¨vj‡qi wkÿK‡`i mv‡_ GK‡Î KvR Kiv| G‡Z K‡i we`¨vj‡qi wkÿKiv `ÿ †ckvRxex e¨w³‡`i ms¯ú‡k© †_‡K KvR Kivi my‡hvM cv‡eb Ges Zv‡`i Kv‡Ri gvb fv‡jv n‡e| Avevi Ab¨w`‡K wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wkÿKivI Zv‡`i M‡elYvi GKwU cwi‡ek Luy‡R cv‡eb| Avm‡j welqwU h‡Zv mnRfv‡e †jLv †M‡Q, ev¯Íevqb KivUv A‡Zv mnR KvR bq| GRb¨ wek¦we`¨vjq Ges we`¨vjq `ywU cÖwZôv‡bi wkÿK I Ab¨vb¨ Kgx©‡`i GK‡Î KvR Kivi Rb¨ cÖwZÁve× n‡Z n‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î we`¨vjq KZ…©c‡ÿiI wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wkÿK‡`i KvQ †_‡K mn‡hvwMZv †bIqvi gvbwmKZv _vK‡Z n‡e| Avi Dfq cÖwZôv‡b ch©vß Avw_©K Aby`v‡bi e¨e¯’v _vK‡Z n‡e|

`vZv ms¯’v¸‡jvi g‡a¨ UNESCO, Aus-Aid, Save the Child, Plan Australia G ai‡bi cÖ‡R‡± mnvqZv Ki‡Z AvMÖnx| d‡j G ai‡bi cÖ‡R±¸‡jv `xN© †gqv‡` cwiPvjbv Kiv m¤¢e| G ai‡bi cÖ‡R± †KejgvÎ wkï, Zvi cwievi, wkÿK Ges we`¨vj‡qi Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b K‡i bv, eis Zv cÖwZeÜx Ges myweavewÂZ e¨w³‡`i cÖwZ mgv‡Ri g‡bvfve cwieZ©‡b f~wgKv iv‡L| Avevi hviv cÖvK-PvKzwiKvjxb cÖwkÿY wb‡”Qb, Zv‡`i‡K hw` †kl ch©šÍ GKxf~Z ‹z‡j Abykxj‡bi Rb¨ cvVv‡bv m¤¢e bv nq, Zvn‡j Zv‡`i G ai‡bi we`¨vj‡q Av¨vmvBb‡g›U †`Iqv †h‡Z cv‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î Av¨vmvBb‡g‡›Ui welq n‡Z cv‡i, †kªwYK‡ÿ ev¯Í‡e Kx n‡”Q Ges Zviv wkÿK n‡j GKwU Av`k© GKxf~Z †kªwYKÿ Zwi Ki‡Z Kx Kx Ki‡Zb| Gi gva¨‡g Zviv PvKzwi ïiæ Kivi c~‡e© ev¯Íe AwfÁZv jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Dcmsnvi RvwZms‡Ni bxwZgvjvi bw_cÎ (e.g World Plan of Action for the International decade of

Disabled Persons, 1983) we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †mLv‡b cÖwZewÜZv I Zv‡`i wkÿvi wel‡q cvðv‡Z¨i D`vi gvbwmKZv‡K Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| hw`I RvwZmsN-†NvwlZ Gme bxwZgvjvwU D`vi gvbwmKZvi ewn:cÖKvk, wKš‘ Ab¨w`‡K Gai‡bi bxwZgvjv cÖYqb Awb”QvK…Zfv‡e n‡jI Jcwb‡ewkK ms¯‹…wZi cÖfve †dj‡Q (Miles, 1995)| A_v©r GmKj bxwZgvjv cvðv‡Z¨i cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡`i Pvwn`v c~iY Ki‡Z cvi‡jI Ab¨vb¨ †`‡k Zv cvi‡e bv (Miles, 1995)| Zvn‡j GB welqwU wK we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`‡ki miKv‡ii wbR¯^ bxwZ _vKv m‡Ë¡I Z…Yg~j ch©v‡q ev †kªwYK‡ÿ GKxf~Z wkÿvi ev¯Íevq‡b Kvh©Ki f~wgKv ivL‡Z evav w`‡”Q? ZvB AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’vi cvkvcvwk cÖwZwU †`‡ki miKvi‡K fve‡Z n‡e †h, Avgv‡`i cÖPwjZ e¨e¯’vq GKxf~ZKi‡Yi Rb¨ †ek kw³kvjx wKQz Dcv`vb we`¨gvb ( †hgb: mg„×kvjx HwZn¨ I ag©xq wek¦vm) hvi gva¨‡g Avgiv `xN©w`b a‡i †h cwieZ©‡bi ¯^cœ †`LwQ Zvi ev¯Íevqb m¤¢e|

GLb Avgv‡`i wkÿK cÖwkÿ‡Yi welqwU wb‡q bZzbfv‡e fve‡Z n‡e, †hLv‡b wkÿK‡`i e¨envwiK `ÿZv e„w×i Rb¨ KvR Ki‡Z n‡e| hw` Avgiv GKRb wkÿK‡K e¨envwiK Kv‡R ÿ bv K‡i †Kej

gvbwmKZv, ZvwË¡K Ávb I e¨envwiK cÖ‡qv‡Mi `ÿZv e„w×i cwieZ©b NUv‡Z PvB, Zvn‡j wkÿKiv ïay ˆ`bw›`b iæwUbgvwdK wkÿ‡Yi / cvV`v‡bi `ÿZv AR©b Ki‡e| wKš‘ Avgiv Rvwb wkÿK cÖwkÿ‡Yi Rb¨ †h †cÖvMÖvg eZ©gv‡b Pvjy Av‡Q Zvi cwieZ©b mvab Kiv Lye mnR bq| Avevi GLbB hw` G †cÖvMÖvg cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ †Kvb c`‡ÿc †bIqv bv nq, Zvn‡j we`¨gvb Ae¯’v Av‡iv Lvivc n‡e| d‡j Avgv‡`i mgv‡R hv‡`i Av‡iv †ewk gh©v`v, DbœZ gv‡bi wkÿv I AvZ¥m¤§vb cvIqvi AwaKvi i‡q‡Q Zviv µgvMZ Ae‡nwjZ Ges ewÂZ n‡Z _vK‡eb|

References

Avramidis, E., Bayliss, P., & Burden, R. (2000) Student teachers attitudes towards the inclusion of children with special educational needs in the ordinary school. Teaching and Teacher Education. 16(3), 277-293.

Bazna M.S. & Hatab, T.A. (2005): Disability in the Qur'an, Journal of Religion, Disability & Health, 9(1), 5-27

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx60

European Agency for International Development in Special Needs Education (2003) Inclusive Education and Classroom Practice. Denmark: EAIDSNE

Forlin, C. (2010) Teacher education for inclusion: Changing paradigms and innovative approaches. Routledge: London, UK.

Forlin, C., Cedillo, I. G., Romero-Contreras S., Fletcher, T., Javier, H. & Hernández, R. (2010) Inclusion in Mexico: ensuring supportive attitudes by newly graduated teachers. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 14(7), 723 -739.

Gupta, V.B. (2011) How Hindus Cope with Disability, Journal of Religion, Disability & Health, 15 (1), 72-78

Hassan, I.N. (1990) An overview of Muslim spiritual therapy and other practices in dealing with mental health problems in Pakistan. M.H. Mubbashar & A.R. Syed (Eds) Proceedings of the Eighth International Psychiatric Conference, 11-14 December, 1990, Islamabad, Pakistan, Vol. 2, (Pakistan Psychiatric Society).

Karna, G. N. (1999). United Nations and rights of disabled persons: A study in Indian perspective. New Delhi: A.P.H. Publishing Corporation.

Kalambouka, A., Farrelle, P., Dyson, A., Kaplan, I. (2005) The impact of population inclusivity on student outcomes: DfEs/Institue of Education. Retrieved on 12th August from

http://eppi.ioe.ac.uk/EPPIWeb/home.aspx?page=reel/review_groups/inclusion/Review_three.htm

Miles, M. (1995). Disability in an eastern religious context: Historical perspectives. Disability and Society, 10(1), 49-69.

Miles, M. (1997). Disabled learners in South Asia: Lessons from the past for educational exporters. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 44(2), 97-104.

Miles, M. (2000). Disability in South Asia- millennium to millennium. Asia Pacific Disability Rehabilitation Journal, 11(1), 1-10.

Miles, M. (2002) Belief into practice. Journal of Religion, Disability & Health, 6(2), 21-34.

Peetsma, T., Verger, M. etal (2001) Inclusion in education: comparing pupils’ development in special and regular education. Educational Review, (53(2) 125-135.

Rouse, M. (2010) Reforming initial teacher education: A necessary but not sufficient condition for developing inclusive practice. In C. Forlin (ed) Teacher education for inclusion: Changing paradigms and innovative approaches. Routledge: London, UK.

Sharma, U. & Deppeler, J (2005) Inclusive Education in India: Challenges and Prospects. Disabilities Studies Quarterly, 25(1). Available online at: http://www.dsq-sds.org/2005_winter_toc.html Sharma, U., Forlin, C. & Loreman, T. (2008) Impact of training on pre-service teachers’ attitudes and concerns about Inclusive Education and sentiments about persons with disabilities. Disability & Society, 23(7), 773–785

Sharma, U., Moore, D., & Sonwane, S. (2009) Attitudes and concerns of pre-service teachers regarding inclusion of students with disabilities into regular schools in Pune, India. Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education, 37, 319-331

Singh, R. (2001, February). Need of the hour- A paradigm shift in education. Paper presented at the NorthSouth Dialogue on Inclusive Education, Mumbai, India.

bv‡g Kx Av‡m hvqAvey nvwg` jwZd `viæwPwb cÖKvkbxcÖ”Q`: Aveyj gbmyig~j¨ : 200 UvKv

†ek Awfbe, PgKcÖ`| g‡b cÖkœ Rv‡M eB‡qi G bvg †Kb? cÖ_‡gB GiKg GKwU cÖkœwe× gb eBwUi †fZ‡i wK Av‡Q Rvbvi Rb¨ AvMÖnx n‡q I‡V| gyLe‡Üi KcvU †cwi‡q eB‡qi m~Pbv nq bvge„ËvšÍ w`‡q, †mLv‡b cÖm½ Av‡m bvbv dz‡ji bv‡gi| iex›`ªbv_ A‡bK dz‡ji bvgKiY K‡iwQ‡jb †m bvg¸‡jv GLbI Avgv‡`i g‡b †`vjv †`q, †Kvb dzj g‡b Avðh© Abyf‚wZ RvMvq| wKš‘ bvge„Ëv‡šÍ †h K_vwU Bw½‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q-DËie‡½i GK cÖZ¨šÍ AÂj VvKziMuv‡qi cxiM‡Äi †Q‡j hv‡K eÜz-evÜeiv †jU jwZd e‡j VvÆv gkKiv KiZ wZwbB A_©vr Aa¨vcK Avey nvwg` jwZd GKw`b Zuvi wbR Rxe‡bi mvabv I K…wZ‡Z¡i Øviv myevm Qwo‡q‡Qb|eB‡qi ïiæi Aa¨vqwU‡K ïay bvge„ËvšÍ bv e‡j ejv hvq G eB‡qi cÖ‡ekK ev DcµgwYKv| Zuvi bvg cÖm‡½ A‡bK K_v G‡m‡Q| wKš‘ †mUvB †h gyL¨ Zv bq, GLv‡b Zuvi wkÿK‡`i K_v, XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wkÿv I M‡elYv Bbw÷wUD‡U D`©yfvlx‡`i AvwacZ¨, evOvwj Aa¨vc‡Ki Cl©vcivqYZv I KzUeyw×, we‡`wk wkÿ‡Ki †mœncivqYZv I mwZ¨Kvi K…wZ I †hvM¨ e¨w³‡K †Pbvi †h ÿgZv wZwb wbcyYfv‡e eb©bv w`‡q‡Qb| Zuvi AveŸv †Lvi‡k` Avjx Avng` yRb eÜyi m‡½ civgk© K‡i cy‡Îi bvg wVK K‡iwQ‡jb Avey nv‡g` †gvnv¤§` Avãyj jwZd| c‡i ¯‹z‡ji †Kivbx, †jL‡Ki wb‡Ri B”Qv, eÜz‡`i †`Iqv Avey bvg, n¯Í‡iLv wek¨vi‡`i fwel¨ØvYx I ney k¦ïi K_vmvwnwZ¨K Aveyj dR‡ji Ô†iLvwPÎÕ c‡o bvbv bvg weeZ©‡bi d‡j nv‡g` n‡q hvq Ônvwg`Õ Ges bv‡gi ˆ`N¨© wKQyUv †QvU n‡q Ae‡k‡l hv `uvovq Zv nj-Avey nvwg` jwZd| eÜz‡`i WvK bvg AveyI †_‡K hvq| Z‡e †QvU‡ejvi Av`yy‡i WvK bvg jvj nvwi‡q hvq| GKw`b G eB‡qi †jLK‡K bvivqYM‡Äi n¯Í‡iLvwe` fwel¨ØvYx K‡i e‡jwQ‡jb ÔjwZd bvgwU †Zvgvq †fvMv‡e, †Zvgv‡K bvbv Sv‡gjvq co‡Z n‡eÕ| †jL‡Ki wb‡R‡KI bvbv mgm¨vq hLb co‡Z n‡q‡Q ZLb †f‡e‡Qb nqZ jwZd bv‡gi Rb¨B Zv‡K

ïay AvZ¥Rxe‡bi cÖwZfvm bq-GK Kvjcwiwai ˆbe¨w³K `c©Ybv‡g Kx Av‡m hvq

kwdDj Avjg *

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* wkÿvµg we‡klÁ I cÖvewÜK|

evsjv‡`k wk¶v mvgwqKx60

European Agency for International Development in Special Needs Education (2003) Inclusive Education and Classroom Practice. Denmark: EAIDSNE

Forlin, C. (2010) Teacher education for inclusion: Changing paradigms and innovative approaches. Routledge: London, UK.

Forlin, C., Cedillo, I. G., Romero-Contreras S., Fletcher, T., Javier, H. & Hernández, R. (2010) Inclusion in Mexico: ensuring supportive attitudes by newly graduated teachers. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 14(7), 723 -739.

Gupta, V.B. (2011) How Hindus Cope with Disability, Journal of Religion, Disability & Health, 15 (1), 72-78

Hassan, I.N. (1990) An overview of Muslim spiritual therapy and other practices in dealing with mental health problems in Pakistan. M.H. Mubbashar & A.R. Syed (Eds) Proceedings of the Eighth International Psychiatric Conference, 11-14 December, 1990, Islamabad, Pakistan, Vol. 2, (Pakistan Psychiatric Society).

Karna, G. N. (1999). United Nations and rights of disabled persons: A study in Indian perspective. New Delhi: A.P.H. Publishing Corporation.

Kalambouka, A., Farrelle, P., Dyson, A., Kaplan, I. (2005) The impact of population inclusivity on student outcomes: DfEs/Institue of Education. Retrieved on 12th August from

http://eppi.ioe.ac.uk/EPPIWeb/home.aspx?page=reel/review_groups/inclusion/Review_three.htm

Miles, M. (1995). Disability in an eastern religious context: Historical perspectives. Disability and Society, 10(1), 49-69.

Miles, M. (1997). Disabled learners in South Asia: Lessons from the past for educational exporters. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 44(2), 97-104.

Miles, M. (2000). Disability in South Asia- millennium to millennium. Asia Pacific Disability Rehabilitation Journal, 11(1), 1-10.

Miles, M. (2002) Belief into practice. Journal of Religion, Disability & Health, 6(2), 21-34.

Peetsma, T., Verger, M. etal (2001) Inclusion in education: comparing pupils’ development in special and regular education. Educational Review, (53(2) 125-135.

Rouse, M. (2010) Reforming initial teacher education: A necessary but not sufficient condition for developing inclusive practice. In C. Forlin (ed) Teacher education for inclusion: Changing paradigms and innovative approaches. Routledge: London, UK.

Sharma, U. & Deppeler, J (2005) Inclusive Education in India: Challenges and Prospects. Disabilities Studies Quarterly, 25(1). Available online at: http://www.dsq-sds.org/2005_winter_toc.html Sharma, U., Forlin, C. & Loreman, T. (2008) Impact of training on pre-service teachers’ attitudes and concerns about Inclusive Education and sentiments about persons with disabilities. Disability & Society, 23(7), 773–785

Sharma, U., Moore, D., & Sonwane, S. (2009) Attitudes and concerns of pre-service teachers regarding inclusion of students with disabilities into regular schools in Pune, India. Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education, 37, 319-331

Singh, R. (2001, February). Need of the hour- A paradigm shift in education. Paper presented at the NorthSouth Dialogue on Inclusive Education, Mumbai, India.

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¯§„wZPviYg~jK G MÖ‡š’ Avgvi Kv‡Q me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© g‡b n‡q‡Q ÔAvgvi †e‡o IVvÕ| G Aa¨v‡q †jLK Zuvi ˆkke, ˆK‡kv‡ii A‡bK gayi ¯§„wZi K_v wj‡L‡Qb †h¸‡jv Avgv‡`i g‡Zv eq‡mi †jvK‡`i §„wZKvZi K‡i †Zv‡j, wKš‘ G cÖR‡b¥i wK‡kvi‡`i Kv‡Q Gme K_v g‡b n‡e †jvKK_vi M‡íi g‡Zv| G As‡k Avey nvwg` jwZ‡di gvbm MV‡bi wKQz cwiPq cvIqv hvq| cwiPq cvIqv hvq Zuvi wcZvi msMÖvgx Rxeb cwiµgvi, whwb KjKvZvq we-G-Abvm© c‡o‡Qb, Avevi GjjweI c‡o‡Qb Ges Rxe‡b GKUz mv”Q›`¨ Avbvi j‡ÿ¨ IKvjwZ Kivi Rb¨ KZ K‡Vvi cwikªg K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ GKRb Av`k©evb †nWgv÷vi †h fv‡jv DwKj n‡Z cv‡ib bv Zv Avgiv †`‡LwQ| wcZvi K‡Vvi kvmb I wbqš¿‡Yi eb©bv w`‡Z wM‡q Avey nvwg` jwZd e‡j‡Qb-

ÔcÖK…Zc‡ÿ cxiMÄ nB¯‹z‡j cov‡kvbvi Pvi eQi Avgvi Rxeb mnR mvejxj I ^”Q›` wQj bv| ejv hvq Avwg A‡bKUv hvwš¿K Rxe‡b Af¨¯Í n‡q cwo| fq-fxwZi g‡a¨ me©`v ZU¯’ _vK‡Z n‡Zv| wcZv I cy‡Îi g‡a¨ †h ^vfvweK m¤úK© Zv M‡o I‡V wb|Õ

Avey nvwg` jwZd Zuvi evevi GK”Q¡Î cÖfvewe¯Ívix †gRvR‡K e‡j‡Qb- ÔPÛvjx †gRvRÕ| wZwb Aek¨ Av`k©ev`x evevi A‡bK gvbweK ‡Yi K_v e‡j‡Qb, mvgvwRK vqe×Zvi K_vI e‡j‡Qb|

¯‹zj Rxe‡bB gv‡qi Rb¨ Zuvi mnvbyf~wZ, gv‡qi Kó, ev‡iv fvB‡ev‡bi msmvi, A_©K‡ói K_v wZwb AKc‡U e‡j‡Qb| evevi 1954 mv‡j Gg Gj G nIqvi Rb¨ gymwjg jx‡Mi cÖv_x© nIqv, Avi wbe©vP‡bi mg~`q mgš^q‡Ki KvR Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q Zuvi g‡Zv GKRb g¨vwUªK cixÿv_©x c~·K| Avey nvwg` jwZ‡di wcZv wbe©vP‡b cÖwZ`w›ØZv K‡iwQ‡jb weL¨vZ evgcš’x †bZv I hy³ d«‡›Ui cÖv_©x nvRx †gvnv¤§` v‡b‡ki m‡½| myZivs G cÖwZØw›ØZv wQj †ek KwVb|

wbe©vP‡b mgš^q‡Ki ØvwqZ¡ QvovI evevi wb‡`©‡k wK‡kvi jwZd‡K †gv‡li Mvwo‡Z K‡i nv‡U wM‡q †jvnvi Zwi ZRmcÎ †hgb wewµ Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q, †Zgwb evwoi nvUevRvi Kiv †_‡K bvbv KvR GB

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¯‹zjco–qv QvÎwU‡KB Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q| ‹zj †cwi‡q w`bvRcyi kn‡i hLb wZwb my‡i›`ªbv_ K‡j‡Ri QvÎ ZLbI evevi Abycw¯’‡Z PvPvi †Mv‡q›`vwMwi I †m Abyhvqx evevi c‡ivÿ ZËveavb mewKQz Kvh©Z Zuv‡K †g‡b wb‡Z n‡q‡Q|

Abvm© covi cÖ_g e‡l© wZwb Rxebvb›` `v‡ki Kve¨MÖš’ ebjZv †mb hLb c‡ob ZLb Rxebvb›` `v‡ki †kÖô KweZv †ewi‡q‡Q 1956 mv‡j| hvB †nvK GK Aeiæ× cwi‡e‡k g‡bvweKv‡ki †Kvb my‡hvM wK‡kvi Avey nvwg` jwZ‡di wQj bv| Aek¨ e„nr cwiev‡ii Lvjv-Lvjy, PvPv-PvPx I †QvU fvB‡evb‡`i †mœn ggZvi ¯úk© †c‡qwQ‡jb wZwb| G‡Zv †Mj †jL‡Ki ˆkke-ˆKk‡ii bvbv Uvbv-†cv‡o‡bi K_v| XvKv wUPvm© †Uªwbs K‡j‡R we GW covi mgqI Zuv‡K gy‡LvgywL n‡Z n‡q‡Q bvbv wZ³ AwfÁZvi| Zvici XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡q wkÿv I M‡elYv Bbw÷wUD‡U GgGW fwZ© nIqvi ci †jL‡Ki Rxe‡bi †gvo cwiewZ©Z n‡q hvq| Zuvi we‡`‡k co‡Z hvIqv, wegvb-ågY, we‡`‡k A_©vr Av‡gwiKv hy³iv‡óª covi AwfÁZvI Kg PgKcÖ` bq| wek¦we`¨vj‡q evmv cvIqvi ci †m evmv wUwK‡q ivLvi Rb¨ Zuvi we‡qi †h BwZe„Ë †mUvI †ek †ivgvÂKi, †KŠZzn‡jvÏxcK I bvbv Awfbe AwfÁZvq Vvmv| †kl ch©šÍ GK e‡iY¨, Av`k©evb mvwnwZ¨‡Ki RvgvZv nb wZwb| †m me eY©bvI AZ¨šÍ PgrKvi| Avey nvwg` jwZd Rxe‡bi N‡U hvIqv bvbv KvKZvjxq NUbv‡K AZ¨šÍ wbwj©ß I ˆbe©¨w³Kfv‡e ivL-XvK bv K‡i e‡j‡Qb- G‡Z eBwU GKwU Kv‡ji I hy‡Mi mwZ¨Kvi mgvR `c©Y wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡Z cv‡i|

Aa¨cK Avey nvwg` jwZ‡di Av‡jvP¨ AvZ¥Rxebg~jK MÖ‡š’ wkÿvgš¿Yvj‡q Zuvi Pvi eQ‡ii bvbv NUbveûj AwfÁZvi K_v G‡m‡Q, Avgjv‡`i KvRK‡g©i bvbv BwZevPK I †bwZevPK `„wófw½i PgrKvi cwiPq wZwb Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb cÖZ¨ÿ AwfÁZvi gva¨‡g| we‡`‡k Zuvi civgk©K wn‡m‡e mybv‡gi m‡½ KvR Kivi K_vI Rvb‡Z cvwi Avgiv|

bv‡g Kx Av‡m hvq eB‡qi g~j bvqK Avey nvwg` jwZd n‡jI G eB‡qi †bc_¨ bvqK Zuvi evev Av`k©ev`x I †Z‡Rv`„ß cÖavb wkÿK †Lvi‡k` Avjx Avng`| †kl ch©šÍ evevi wPšÍv‡PZbvi GK cÖZxKx gvbyl wn‡m‡e wZwb wb‡R‡K M‡o Zz‡j‡Qb evevi civgk© I wb‡`©kg‡Zv| eBwU‡K †m A‡_© evOvwj gymjgvb ga¨we‡Ëi mgvR †_‡K M‡o IVv GKRb wK‡kvi‡K bvbv wmuwo cvi n‡q Avmvi ˆewPΨc~Y© Rxeb cÖwZfvm ejv hvq|

Avey nvwg` jwZd Zuvi eB‡q wj‡L‡Qb ÔfvM¨ ev NUbvcÖevn Kv‡K †Kvbc‡_ Nywi‡q †Kv_vq wb‡q uvo Kwi‡q †`q Zv inm¨ve„Z †_‡K hvq|Õ Z‡e inm¨ hvB _vK bv‡g Kx Av‡m hvq MÖš’wU c‡o g‡b n‡q‡Q- G MÖš’ †_‡K Avgv‡`i ZiæY wkÿv_©xiv, Rxebc‡_i bZzb cw_Kiv A‡bK c‡_i mÜvb cv‡e, Rxeb‡K M‡o †Zvjvi †cÖiYv I DÏxcbv cv‡e|

wkíx Aveyj gbmy‡ii my›`i cÖ”Q‡`i, fvj g~`ªYgv‡bi AvZ¥Rxebg~jK cwiwgZ K_‡bi G MÖš’wU‡K Avgvi Kv‡Q †ivgvÂKi Dcb¨v‡mi g‡Zv AvKl©Yxq I ü`qMÖvnx g‡b n‡q‡Q| g‡b n‡q‡Q bv‡g A‡bK wKQz Av‡m hvq GUvI mZ¨|

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq- Avey nvwg` jwZ‡di bv‡g Kx Av‡m hvq ïay Zuvi AvZ¥Rxe‡bi cÖwZ”Qwe bq, G MÖš’ GKwU Kv‡ji cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix Rxeb cÖwZfvmI e‡U| Avwg, G eB eûcwVZ n‡e G cÖZ¨vkv Kwi|

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¯‹zjco–qv QvÎwU‡KB Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q| ‹zj †cwi‡q w`bvRcyi kn‡i hLb wZwb my‡i›`ªbv_ K‡j‡Ri QvÎ ZLbI evevi Abycw¯’‡Z PvPvi †Mv‡q›`vwMwi I †m Abyhvqx evevi c‡ivÿ ZËveavb mewKQz Kvh©Z Zuv‡K †g‡b wb‡Z n‡q‡Q|

Abvm© covi cÖ_g e‡l© wZwb Rxebvb›` `v‡ki Kve¨MÖš’ ebjZv †mb hLb c‡ob ZLb Rxebvb›` `v‡ki †kÖô KweZv †ewi‡q‡Q 1956 mv‡j| hvB †nvK GK Aeiæ× cwi‡e‡k g‡bvweKv‡ki †Kvb my‡hvM wK‡kvi Avey nvwg` jwZ‡di wQj bv| Aek¨ e„nr cwiev‡ii Lvjv-Lvjy, PvPv-PvPx I †QvU fvB‡evb‡`i †mœn ggZvi ¯úk© †c‡qwQ‡jb wZwb| G‡Zv †Mj †jL‡Ki ˆkke-ˆKk‡ii bvbv Uvbv-†cv‡o‡bi K_v| XvKv wUPvm© †Uªwbs K‡j‡R we GW covi mgqI Zuv‡K gy‡LvgywL n‡Z n‡q‡Q bvbv wZ³ AwfÁZvi| Zvici XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡q wkÿv I M‡elYv Bbw÷wUD‡U GgGW fwZ© nIqvi ci †jL‡Ki Rxe‡bi †gvo cwiewZ©Z n‡q hvq| Zuvi we‡`‡k co‡Z hvIqv, wegvb-ågY, we‡`‡k A_©vr Av‡gwiKv hy³iv‡óª covi AwfÁZvI Kg PgKcÖ` bq| wek¦we`¨vj‡q evmv cvIqvi ci †m evmv wUwK‡q ivLvi Rb¨ Zuvi we‡qi †h BwZe„Ë †mUvI †ek †ivgvÂKi, †KŠZzn‡jvÏxcK I bvbv Awfbe AwfÁZvq Vvmv| †kl ch©šÍ GK e‡iY¨, Av`k©evb mvwnwZ¨‡Ki RvgvZv nb wZwb| †m me eY©bvI AZ¨šÍ PgrKvi| Avey nvwg` jwZd Rxe‡bi N‡U hvIqv bvbv KvKZvjxq NUbv‡K AZ¨šÍ wbwj©ß I ˆbe©¨w³Kfv‡e ivL-XvK bv K‡i e‡j‡Qb- G‡Z eBwU GKwU Kv‡ji I hy‡Mi mwZ¨Kvi mgvR `c©Y wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡Z cv‡i|

Aa¨cK Avey nvwg` jwZ‡di Av‡jvP¨ AvZ¥Rxebg~jK MÖ‡š’ wkÿvgš¿Yvj‡q Zuvi Pvi eQ‡ii bvbv NUbveûj AwfÁZvi K_v G‡m‡Q, Avgjv‡`i KvRK‡g©i bvbv BwZevPK I †bwZevPK `„wófw½i PgrKvi cwiPq wZwb Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb cÖZ¨ÿ AwfÁZvi gva¨‡g| we‡`‡k Zuvi civgk©K wn‡m‡e mybv‡gi m‡½ KvR Kivi K_vI Rvb‡Z cvwi Avgiv|

bv‡g Kx Av‡m hvq eB‡qi g~j bvqK Avey nvwg` jwZd n‡jI G eB‡qi †bc_¨ bvqK Zuvi evev Av`k©ev`x I †Z‡Rv`„ß cÖavb wkÿK †Lvi‡k` Avjx Avng`| †kl ch©šÍ evevi wPšÍv‡PZbvi GK cÖZxKx gvbyl wn‡m‡e wZwb wb‡R‡K M‡o Zz‡j‡Qb evevi civgk© I wb‡`©kg‡Zv| eBwU‡K †m A‡_© evOvwj gymjgvb ga¨we‡Ëi mgvR †_‡K M‡o IVv GKRb wK‡kvi‡K bvbv wmuwo cvi n‡q Avmvi ˆewPΨc~Y© Rxeb cÖwZfvm ejv hvq|

Avey nvwg` jwZd Zuvi eB‡q wj‡L‡Qb ÔfvM¨ ev NUbvcÖevn Kv‡K †Kvbc‡_ Nywi‡q †Kv_vq wb‡q uvo Kwi‡q †`q Zv inm¨ve„Z †_‡K hvq|Õ Z‡e inm¨ hvB _vK bv‡g Kx Av‡m hvq MÖš’wU c‡o g‡b n‡q‡Q- G MÖš’ †_‡K Avgv‡`i ZiæY wkÿv_©xiv, Rxebc‡_i bZzb cw_Kiv A‡bK c‡_i mÜvb cv‡e, Rxeb‡K M‡o †Zvjvi †cÖiYv I DÏxcbv cv‡e|

wkíx Aveyj gbmy‡ii my›`i cÖ”Q‡`i, fvj g~`ªYgv‡bi AvZ¥Rxebg~jK cwiwgZ K_‡bi G MÖš’wU‡K Avgvi Kv‡Q †ivgvÂKi Dcb¨v‡mi g‡Zv AvKl©Yxq I ü`qMÖvnx g‡b n‡q‡Q| g‡b n‡q‡Q bv‡g A‡bK wKQz Av‡m hvq GUvI mZ¨|

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq- Avey nvwg` jwZ‡di bv‡g Kx Av‡m hvq ïay Zuvi AvZ¥Rxe‡bi cÖwZ”Qwe bq, G MÖš’ GKwU Kv‡ji cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix Rxeb cÖwZfvmI e‡U| Avwg, G eB eûcwVZ n‡e G cÖZ¨vkv Kwi|

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YBD‡b‡¯‹vi mn‡hvwMZvq ev‡dW I weBD-AvBBwW-Gi GKwU †hŠ_ lv §vwmK cÖKvkbvev‡dW weBD-AvBBwW